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Managing Editor : Soe Yu WaiExecutive Editor : Ko HtikeSenior Editor : Aung Pho (Mg Phone-Law) Myint SweEditor : Thein Yu WaiResearch & Development Editor : Tin Maung AyeEnglish Editor : Dr Mg Mg Myint ThanEnglish Proof : Si Thu Kyaw Tin Arkar MaungConsultant (Chinese) : Stephen LeeChinese Editor : Sai WinChinese Translation : Thein AungR & D Group : Zan Bo Htet Tin Zarni Maung Naw Phu Ngone Ko KoDTP : Mya Thi KhaingMarketing Group : Su Myat MonDistribution Manager : Chan Lin ThuDistribution Group : Myint Myat Mon, Hnin Pwint PhyuFinance Group : Nan Thuzar (Manager)Reception : Moe SandarPublisher : U Tin Maung AyeGraphic Design : Pwint PhyuColor Separation : Color KingPrinter : Color KingCirculation : 1000Price : 1500
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Build A-3-1, Room (703) MyanmaGonyi Housing, Upper Pansodan St,Mingalar Taung Nyunt TownshipPost Code 11221, Yangon, Myanmar.Phone : + 95- 1 -393-102 + 95-95-200-200 + 95-95-158-838 + 95-95-174-887Fax : + 95- 1 -392-099Email : [email protected]
Yangon Office
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Cover Article
4
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acgif;aqmifuGyfuJtkyfcsKyfonfh Armh vGwfvyf
a&; wyfrawmfppfXmecsKyf? AdkvfrSL;BuD;aZ,s
(udkvSarmif) OD;pD;onfh wyfr (1)ESifh AdkvfrSL;BuD;
ae0if; (ocif½Iarmif) OD;pD;onfh wyfr (2)ESifh
txufjrefrmjynfodkY NAdwdoQe,fcsJUwdkUudk tNyD;
tjywf jrefrmEdkifiHtwGif;rS wdkufcdkuf&Sif;vif;
&ef csDwufcJhMuonf/ odkYESifh Armhwyfrawmfonf
1942 ckESpf? arvwGif jrpfBuD;em; tp&Sdonfh
NrdKUrsm;udk *syefppfwyfrsm;ESifh &ifaygifwef;?
csDwufwdkufcdkufodrf;,lNyD; txufjrefrmEdkifiH
wpf0Srf;vHk; odrf;ydkufEdkifcJhonf/ odkYaomf
*syefwdkYu wdkif;jynfvGwfvyfa&;udk uwd
twdkif; aMunmay;jcif; r&SdMujyefyg/
*syefrsm;onf txufwGif a&;om;azmfjy
NyD;cJhonfh uwd(2)csufudk vHk;0zsufcJhonf/
4if;jyif jrefrmEdkifiHtwGif;odkY 0ifa&mufvmpOf
uyif ,if;wdkY\ zufqpfvrf;pOft& rw&m;?
twif;t"r® vkyfaqmifcsufrsm;udk Armh
vGwfvyfa&;wyfrawmfu aumif;pGm od&Sd
onf/ xdkYaMumifh zufqpf*syefudk qefYusif
awmfvSefpdwfrsm; wzGm;zGm; ay:aygufvmcJh
onf/ 1943 ckESpf? Mo*kwfv 1 &ufaeYwGif
*syefu vGwfvyfa&;ay;onfqdkonfrSmvnf;
twkta,mifom jzpfonf/
þodkYaomf *syef-jrefrm qufqHa&;
tajctaewGif ArmhvGwfvyfa&; wyfrawmf\
tajctaeudk wifjyoGm;ygrnf/ NAdwdoQudkvdkeD
e,fcsJUwdkYtm; ESifxkwfí EdkifiHwpf0Srf;udk
jyefvnfodrf;ydkufNyD;onfhtcg wyfrawmf\
tiftm;onf ig;aomif;cefY &Sdvmonf/ þ&Jabmf
wyfom; tiftm;rsm;ESifhtwl jynfoljynfom;
wpf&yfvHk;uvnf; AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;\
acgif;aqmifrIudk vHk;0vufcHvmMuNyD; trsKd;om;
acgif;aqmiftjzpf todtrSwfjyKMuonf/
4if;jyif jynfolvlxkonf pnf;vHk;nDñTwf
MuNyD; wdkif;jynfvGwfvyfa&;twGuf wpfcJeuf
axmufcHtm;ay;aomaMumifh atmifjrifpGm
wdkufcdkufEdkifonfh tcsufrsm;udk *syefwdkYu
aumif;pGm od&Sdonf/
NAdwdoQudkvdkeD e,fcsJUwdkYonf 1824 ckESpf
rSpí 1942 ckESpftxd rdrdwdkif;jynfudk tqifh
qifhodrf;ydkufNyD; tkyfcsKyfa&;pepf trsKd;rsKd;
ajymif;vJum qefpyg;? uRef;opf? a&eH? owåK
ponfh o,HZmwypönf;rsm;udk aoG;pkyfjc,f
vS,fí jynfwGif;ü umvMum&SnfpGm ajccs
aexdkifcJhMuonf/ xdkYjyif aer0iftifyg,mBuD;
udk xlaxmifEdkifonfh tiftm;&Sdonfh e,fcsJU
wdkYtm; wpfESpfrjynfhrD tcsdeftwGif; atmif
AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef; ArmhumuG,fa&;wyfrawmfwyf&if; (2) wGif rdefYcGef; ajymMum;aepOf
5
jrifpGm awmfvSefwdkufcdkufEdkifjcif;rSm Armh
vGwfvyfa&;wyfrawmf\ udk,fusKd;rzuf?
&JpGrf;owåd? wdkif;jynfvGwfvyfa&; rkcsraoG
&&rnf ponfhcdkifrmpGJNrJaom cH,lcsufESifh
jynfolvlxk\ tjynfht0 axmufcHrI&&Sdonf
wdkYaMumifh jzpfonf/ þae&mwGif av;eufpGm
azmfjya&;om;vdkonfrSm jynfolvlxk\
vGwfvyfaom oabmqE´t& (ajcmufvSefY
csKyfcs,fí r[kwf? EdkifxufpD;epfr[kwf)
axmufcHrIonf wdkif;jynftwGuf rnfrQ
ta&;BuD;aMumif;yif jzpfonf/ jynfolvlxk\
vGwfvyfaom qEt& axmufcHvQif atmif
jrifrnf odkYr[kwfu usqHk;rnf/
taMumif;aMumif;aMumifh ArmhvGwfvyfa&;
wyfrawmfonf 4if;wdkYtwGuf tEÅ&m,f
jzpfvmonfudk *syefwdkY odjrifvmaomaMumifh
wyfrawmfudk zsufodrf;&efyif &nf&G,fonf/
tu,fí zsufodrf;vdkufyguvnf; *syefwdkYudk
&Sdonfhvufeufjzifh jyefvnfawmfvSefrnfudk
od&Sdem;vnf oabmaygufonf/ xdkYaMumifh
*syefwdkYonf ArmhvGwfvyfa&; wyfrawmfudk
&Jabmftiftm; oHk;axmifrS ig;axmiftxd
avQmhcsí ArmhumuG,fa&;wyfrawmfudk
jyefvnf zGJUpnf;NyD; ydkrdkpepfuspGm ppfynm
ykdrd kwwfuRrf;onfhwyftjzpf zG J Upnf;&ef
AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESifh tjcm; acgif;aqmif
BuD;rsm;tm; tBuHjyKonf/ *syefwdkYu vdrfvnf
í y&d,m,foHk;vdkufjcif; jzpfonf/
AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESifh Armh vGwfvyfa&;
wyfrawmfu tiftm;avQmhcsjcif;udk vHk;0
rauseyfacs/ e,fcsJU NAdwdoQwdkYudk awmfvSef
wdkufcdkuf&ef ArmhvGwfvyfa&;wyfrawmfodkY
cHpm;csuftjynfht0? ppfrSefaom rsKd;cspfpdwf"mwf
tjynfht0ESifh 0ifa&mufvmMuaom tiftm;
pkBuD; NydKuGJoGm;rnfudk txl;rvdkvm;acs/
odkYaomf AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;u atmufyg
taMumif;rsm;aMumifh *syefwdkY\ tBuHjyKcsufudk
tajrmftjrifBuD;pGmjzifh vufcHcJhonf/
(1) AdkvfcsKyfonf *syefwyfrsm;ESifhtwl jrefrm
jynf vGwfvyfa&;twGuf awmfvSefwdkuf
cdkufjcif;rSm *syefwdkY\ rl0g'udk ESpfouf
,HkMunfí r[kwf? rlvyxrwnf;uyif
e,fcsJUwdkYudk wGef;vSefwdkufcdkuf&ef/ rnf
onfhEdkifiHjcm; wdkif;jynfrSrqdk ppfynmESifh
vufeuf&,l&ef jzpfonf/ *syefrsm;rS
þonfrsm;udk ay;rnf[k uwd&í *syefodkY
oGm;a&mufppfynm&,l oifMum;cJhjcif;/
(2) ArmhvGwfvyfa&; wyfrawmfonf &Jabmf
wyfom;tiftm;t& *syefudk ,SOfNydKif
Edkifygaomfvnf; ppfynmESifh ppftawGUtBuHK
t& *syefudk awmfvSefEdkifonfh tajctae
vdktyfaeao;jcif;/
(3) jynfolvlxktwGif;ü xda&mufeuf½Idif;pGm
pnf;½Hk;rI&Sd&ef vdktyfaeao;jcif;/
odkYESifh tiftm; ig;aomif;cefY&Sdaom wyf
rawmfudk 1942 ckESpf? Zlvdkifv 27 &ufaeYwGif
tiftm; oHk;axmifcefYjzifh Armh umuG,fa&;
wyfrawmftjzpf jyefvnfzGJUpnf;cJhonf/ jynfol
vlxkESifh ArmhvGwfvyfa&;wyfrawmfwdkYu
*syef\ aqmif&Gufcsufudk vHk;0rvdkvm;? rESpf
NcdKufMuay/ *syefwdkYtm; jyefvnfawmfvSef
wdkufcdkufvdkonfh pdwf"mwfonf vGefrif;pGm
jyif;jyvsuf&Sdonf/
ArmhvGwfvyfa&; wyfrawmfonf jynfol
rsm;rS aygufzGm;vmonfh jynfolYwyfrawmf
jzpfonfESifhtnD ArmhumuG,fa&; wyfrawmf
onfvnf; jynfolYwyfrawmfom;rsm;\ wyf
jzpfayonf/ vGwfvyfa&;wdkufyGJ qifETJ&rnf
jzpfí ppfynmwwfuRrf;&rnf[laom &yfwnf
csufESifh *syefrsm;uay;onfh ppfynmudk
vGefrif;pGm tepfemcH? tyifyef;cHí &,lMu
onf/ tpm;qif;&J? taeqif;&J? t0wfqif;&J
'Pfudk vspfvsL½Ixm;cJhMuonf/ cdkifrm? NrJjref
aom &nf&G,fcsufrSm EdkifiHawmf vGwfvyfa&;
yif jzpfonf/
AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;onf wyfrawmfudk
wdk;csJU zGJUpnf;&ef *syefppfwyfodkY tBuHjyK wifjy
cJhonf/ ppfBuD;NyD;qHk;onfhtcgrS wyfrawmf
wdk;csJU zGJUpnf;a&;udk pOf;pm;oifhonf[lí jrefrm
jynf e,fajrqdkif&m *syefppfaoemywdu
ydwfyif[efYwm;cJhonf/ odkYaomfvnf; 1944
ckESpfydkif;wGif AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;onf wyfom;
opf ig;axmif odkYr[kwf ckESpfaxmiftxd
pkaqmif;&ef pDrHaqmif&GufcJhonf/
1943-1944 ckESpfrsm;wGif zufqpfemZD
0if;½dk;wef;EdkifiHrsm;udk r[mrdwfEdkifiHrsm;[k
ac:wGifaom t*Fvdyf-tar&duefwdkYu wefjyef
xdk;ppfrsm;qifETJí atmifjrifrIrsm; &&Sdaeonf/
xdkodkY qifETJMu&mwGif jrefrmEdkifiHudk NAdwdoQ
e,fcsJUwdkYu jyefvnfodrf;ydkuf&ef tpDtpOfudk
vnf; csrSwfcJhonf/ r[mrdwfEdkifiHrsm;u
jrefrmEdkifiH ppfrsufESmzGifhvSpfcJhonf/ *syefwyf
*syefacwf jrefrmtpdk;&tzGJUtm; *syefbk&ifu aewHqdyfrsm; ay;tyfNyD;aemuf tjyefc&D;wGif
awGUjrif&aom AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESihf jrefrmtpdk;&tzGJU
6
rsm; 1944 ckESpfwGif pwifppfa&;edrfhcJhonf/
xdkaom tcsdeftcgusrS AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;
,cifu wifjycJhaom wyfrsm; wdk;csJUpDrHudef;udk
*syefrsm;u oabmwlcJhonf/
AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESifh EdkifiHa&;acgif;
aqmifBuD;rsm;onf rdrdEdkifiH vHk;0vGwfvyfa&;
&&rnf [laom OD;wnfcsuf jyif;xefvmum
zufqpf*syefwdkYudk awmfvSefwdkufcdkuf&ef
tpOfwpdkuf BudK;yrf;tm;xkwfvsuf &SdMuonf/
rdrdwdkif;jynf tcsKyftjcmtmPmydkifrIESif h
vGwfvyfa&;twGuf vufeufudkifí awmf
vSefwdkufcdkufrI jyKvkyfaqmif&GufrSomvQif
&Edkifrnfjzpfonf/ zufqpf*syefwdkYonf zufqpf
OD;xkyfBuD;udk xif&Sm;pGm aqmif;xm;onfrSm
ay:vGifxif&Sm;aeayNyD/ vGwfvyfa&;udkvnf;
ay;rnfr[kwf/ jrefrmEdkifiH vGwfvyfa&;
wdkufyG JtwGuf jynfyrSaeí tultnD
ay;ygrnf[laom yxru ay;cJhonfh uwdudk
*syefwdkY vHk;vHk;vsm;vsm; arhaysmuf oGm;NyD
jzpfonf/ ,aeYtcsdeftcgwGif zufqpf*syefwdkYtm;
vufeufpGJudkifí awmfvSefwdkufcdkuf&efom
wpfckwnf;aom enf;vrf; &Sdawmhonf/
*syefppfwyfwdkYonf rdrdwyfrsm;xuf
ppfynmuRrf;usifonf/ vufeuftiftm;
aumif;rGefonf/ odkYaomf ppfwdkuf&mrSm
pdwf"mwftiftm;onf ta&;ygaom tcsuf
vnf; jzpfonf/ 4if;wdkY vdktyfonfh vufeuf?
cJ,rf;? rD;ausmuf? pm;eyf&du©mrsm; ay;ydkY&ef
qufoG,fa&;vrf;aMumif;u a0;vHonf/
txl;ojzifh qufoG,fa&;vrf;aMumif;rSm
r[mrdwfwyfrsm;\ avaMumif;wdkufcdkufrI
aMumifh vHkNcHKrIvHk;0r&Sdawmhay/ *syefppfwyf
wdkYonf tdE´d,ppfrsufESmwGif ppf½IH;vmNyDjzpf
aomaMumifh pdwf"mwftxl;avsmhusaeMu
onf/
rdrdwyfrsm;\ tajctaeudk MunfhjyefvQif
wyfrsm;rSm ae&mtESHUtjym;wGif pcef;csvsuf
&SdaeNyD; ppfa&;vIyf&Sm;rIrsm;udk aqmif&Guf
Muonf/
ppfynmudk aumif;rGefpGm oif,lEdkifjcif;
r&Sdonfhtjyif vdktyfonfh avhusifhrIrsm;udk
vnf; rjyKvkyfEdkifMuyg/ *syefwyfrsm;u Armh
wyfrawmf wyf&if;? wyfzGJUrsm;udk jyefvnf
pnf;½Hk;NyD; avhusifha&;rsm; jyKvkyfaqmif&Guf&ef
oabmwlnDcJhMuonf/
*syefrsm;onf jrefrmjynftm; vGwfvyf
a&; ay;rnf[laomuwdrsm; tBudrfBudrf
zsufcJhonfrsm;udk txufwGif a&;om;azmfjy
cJhNyD; jzpfonf/ 4if;jyif EdkifiH\ xGufukef[l
orQudk aoG;pkyf,lonf/ *syefwyfom;rsm;ESifh
uifaywdkifac: *syefppfykvdyfwdkYu jynfolvlxk
tay: &ufpufMurf;MuKwfpGm ESdyfpufn§if;yef;rI
rsm;aMumifh jynfolvlxk jyif;xefpGm cHpm;Mu&
onf/ vGefrif;pGm tepfemcHMu&onf/ jynfol
vlxk (wyfrawmftygt0if)u *syefrsm;tay:
&GH&Sm pufqkwfrkef;wDaejcif;rsm; txG#ftxdyfodkY
a&mufaeNyDjzpfonf/
wyfrawmfonf tpOfwpdkuf zufqpf
*syefrsm;udk awmfvSefwdkufcdkuf&ef BuHpnfMu
onf/ pnf;½Hk;Muonf/ odkYESifh zufqpf*syef
rsm;udk awmfvSefwdkufcdkufí jynfwGif;rS armif;
ESifxkwf&ef acgif;aqmifBuD;rsm;u qHk;jzwf
vdkufonf/
Ad kvfcsKyfatmifqef;onf zufqpf
awmfvSefa&;twGuf atmufygvkyfief;ESpf&yfudk
pDpOf aqmif&Gufonf/
yxrrSm wyfrawmfom;rsm;udk ppfynm
tjynfht0&&SdEdkifap&ef avhusifhrIrsm; jyKvkyf
aqmif&Gufaponf/
'kwd,rSm nDnGwfaom EdkifiHa&;tiftm;
pkBuD; jzpfay:vmap&ef pnf;½Hk;onf/ jynfol
vlxkESifh EdkifiHa&;ygwDtoD;oD;wdkY nDnGwfpGm
yl;aygif;&ef vdktyfaomaMumifh jynfolU ta&;
awmfyHk ygwDESifh uGefjrLepfygwDwdkYudk odrf;oGif;
um ]zufqpfwdkufzsufa&; jynfolUtzGJUcsKyf}
udk 1944 ckESpf? Mo*kwfv 23&ufwGif zGJUpnf;cJh
onf/
þtzGJUcsKyfwGif AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;onf
A[kdOD;pD;tzGJU Ouú|ESifh A[dkppfaumifpD\ obm
ywdtjzpf ygvmonf/ odkYESifh zufqpf*syef
rsm;udk awmfvSefwdkufcdkuf&ef wdusaom pDrH
csufrsm; csrSwfMuonf/ þtcsdefü jynfolvlxk
onf AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESifh wyfrawmfwdkYtay:
cspfcifav;pm;Muonf/
zufqpf*syefwdkYtm; awmfvSefwdkufcdkuf
wGef;vSefypf&ef y&d,m,fvdktyfonf/ *syef
wyfrsm;onf r[mrdwfwyfrsm;\ wefjyef
xdk;ppfqifvmonfhtcg ½IH;edrfhvmMuonf/
xdkYaMumifh AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;u y&d,m,fqifí
Armhwyfrawmfu ppfrsufESmwpfckzGifh&ef awmif;
qdk&m *syefwdkYu oabmwlcJhonf/
odkYESifh zufqpfwdkufzsufa&; jynfolU
tzGJUcsKyfudk zufqpfwdkufzsufa&;? jynfolU
vGwfvyfa&;tzGJUcsKyf[k trnfajymif;NyD;
awmfvSefa&;twGuf ppfe,fajrrsm;? wyfzGJU
trnfrsm;udkyg owfrSwfay;um wm0efcHrsm;udk
cefYtyfcJhonf/ txufArmjynf wdkif;rSL; AdkvfrSL;
Axl;onf zufqpf*syefESifh AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;
OD;pD;tkyfcsKyfuGyfuJaom Armhwyfrawmfudkyg
awmfvSefykefuefonfhtaejzifh 1945 ckESpf?
rwfv 8 &ufaeYwGif zufqpf*syefwdkYudk
wdkufcdkufcJhonf/ AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef; OD;pD;
tkyfcsKyfonfh wyfrawmfudk awmfvSefonfqdk
onfrSm zufqpf*syefwdkYtay: y&d,m,f oHk;
vkdufjcif;yif jzpfonf/Adkvfrdk;BudK; (AdkvfrSL;BuD; qlZluD;)
7
awmfvSefa&;atmifjrifrItwGuf y&d,m,f
oHk;&onf/ enf;vrf;trsKd;rsKd; oHk;&onf/
awmfvSefa&;ppfe,fajra'orsm; owfrSwfjcif;?
awmfvSefa&; ppfe,fajrwm0efcHrsm; cefYtyfjcif;
rsm; NyD;qHk;onfESifh wpfNydKifeuf ]ppfrsufESmwpfck
topfzGJU&ef}[laom taMumif;jycsuft& awmf
vSefa&;wyfzGJUtoD;oD;wdkYonf owfrSwfxm;
NyD;onfh ppfe,fajrtoD;oD;wdkYudk AdkvfcsKyf
atmifqef;\ atmufygrdefYcGef;udk Mum;cH,lNyD;
csDwufMuonf/ rdefYcGef;rSm -
]&JabmfwdkY -
tus,fcsJU NyD; &Snf&Snfrajymcsifbl;/ tck
ppfajrjyifudk xGuf&r,f/ qif;&Jr,f/ iwfr,f/
tcuftcJawGeJY &ifqdkif&r,f/ ArmyDyD Armh
aoG;udkjyyg/ txufAdkvfrsm;&JU trdefYudk emcH
Muyg/ txufAdkvfawGuvnf; omwlnDrQ
&Jabmfpdwfxm;yg/ &JabmfwdkYudk uwday;xm;wJh
twdkif; usKyfudk,fwdkif &JabmfawGeJYtwl csD
wufr,f/
Armh&efoludk acsrIef;Mu/
teD;uyfqHk;&efoludk&SmNyD; wdkufMu/'gyJ}
[k jzpfonf/
þodkYjzifh jynfolvlxkESifh awmfvSefa&;
&Jabmfrsm; wpfaoG;wnf;? wpfom;wnf;
&SdMuum rsKd;cspfArmhwyfrawmf[k ac:wGifvmNyD;
1945 ckESpf? rwfv 27 &ufaeYwGif zufqpf
*syefwdkYudk wpfEdkifiHvHk;wGif wNydKifwnf; pwif
awmfvSefwdkufcdkufcJhMuonf/ jrefrmjynfol
jynfom;rsm; aoG;pnf;nDnGwfrIudk azmfxkwf
jyovdkufjcif; jzpfonf/ rdrdwdkif;jynf tcsKyftjcm
tmPmydkifNyD; vHk;0vGwfvyfa&;&&Sd&ef zufqpf
*syefwdkYudk wdkufcdkufonfhaeY&ufjzpfaom
1945 ckESpf? rwfv 27 &ufaeYonf ]zufqpf
*syefawmfvSefa&;aeY}jzpfonf[k xifxif&Sm;
&Sm; &SdvSayonf/
zufqpf*syefawmfvSefa&;aeY tcrf;
tem;udk pwifusif;yonfhtcgwGif ]wyfrawmfaeY}
[k ac:a0:owfrSwfcJhjcif; r&SdcJhbJ ]zufqpf*syef
awmfvSefa&;aeY}[k ac:a0:cJhonf/ rdrdwdkif;jynf
onf 1948 ckESpf? Zefe0g&Dv 4 &ufaeYü
tcsKyftjcmtmPmydkif vGwfvyfa&;&&Sdonfhtcg
a&&SnftajrmftjrifESifh EdkifiHwumqufqHa&;
ajyjypfap&ef ]zufqpf*syef}[laom pmom;
rsm;udk csefvSyfí ]awmfvSefa&;aeY}[k *kPf,l
0Hh<um;pGm ac:a0:cJhonf/
]awmfvSefa&;aeY}tcrf;tem; usif;yyHkrSm
nae ae0ifcgeD;tcsdefwGif BudKwifowfrSwf
xm;aom ]pk&yf} toD;oD;rS ppfaMumif;rsm;
onf rD;wkwfrsm;udkifaqmifí ],aeYwdkif
awmfvSefa&;yef;NcH}[k ac:wGifaeonfh XmeodkY
pk½Hk;Muonf/ pk½Hk;MuNyD; umuG,fa&;0efBuD;
Xmeu wm0efay;tyfjcif;cH&aom wyfrawmf
t&m&SdBuD;wpfOD;u awmfvSefa&;ESifh ywfouf
onfh rdefYcGef; ajymMum;onf/ ppfaMumif;rsm;
twGuf rnfonfhvHkNcHKa&;tpDdtpOfrS jyKvkyf&ef
rvdkojzifh rvkyfMuyg/ wyfrawmfppfaMumif;
toD;oD;rS t&m&Sd? tMuyfwyfom;rsm;udk
jynfolvlxku cspfcifav;pm;MuNyD; 4if;wdkY
todpdwf"mwf? udk,fydkifqE´jzifh rnfonfh
vIHYaqmfjcif;rSjyK&bJ atmifoajyyef;pnf;rsm;
ay;urf;í vufckyf? vuf0g;wD;um atmifoajy
rsm;udk ajr§mufum? ajr§mufum ]atmifygap?
atmifygap}[k atmfoHrnf[def;í [pfatmf
a<u;aMumfum wpfcJeuftm;ay;ajr§mufpm;
Muygonf/
1941 ckESpf? 'DZifbmv 27 &ufaeYjzpf
aom ]wyfrawmfaeY} ESifh 1945 ckESpf? rwfv
27 &ufaeYjzpfaom ]awmfvSefa&;aeY}wdkYonf
1948 ckESpf? Zefe0g&Dv 4 &ufaeYwGif jrefrm
EdkifiH\ tcsKyftjcmtmPmydkif vGwfvyfa&;udk
qGwfcl;EdkifaomaMumifh vGwfvyfa&;ordkif;
rSwfwdkifBuD;rsm;tjzpf a'gif;zef0g ol&d,aerif;
uJhodkY xGef;awmufvsuf&Sdaeygí jrefrmjynfol
jynfom;rsm;twGuf tNrJxm0pOf vHk;0rarh
ypftyfbJ 0Hh<um;pGm *kPf,laeMu&rnfh aeYxl;?
aeY&ufrsm; jzpfayonf/
ArmhvGwfvyfa&;wyfrawmfudk pwifzGJU
pnf;wnfaxmifcJhaom 1941 ckESpf? 'DZifbmv
27 &ufaeYonf ]wyfrawmfaeY} ppfppfjzpf
aMumif; ppfrSefaomordkif;t& a&;om;cJhNyD;
jzpfonf/
odkYygojzifh rSefuefaom ordkif;aMumif;
udk ajymif;vGJí r&Edkif? vSD;vTJír&Edkif? rvkyf
xdkufonfaMumifh ESpfpOfESpfwdkif; rwfv 27
&ufaeY onf zufqpf*syefudk awmfvSefaom
aeY ]awmfvSefa&;aeY}jzpfovdk 'DZifbmv 27
&ufaeYonfvnf; wyfrawmfudk wnfaxmif
wnfaqmufcJhonfhaeY ]wyfrawmfaeY} jzpf
ayonf/ ESpfpOfESpfwdkif; 'DZifbmv 27 &uf
aeYonf ]awmfvSefa&;aeY} r[kwfEdkifouJhodkY
rwfv 27 &ufaeYudkvnf; ]wyfrawmfaeY}
[k ac:qdkEdkifjcif; rjyKEdkifacs/
(vGifOD;pmayrS xkwfa0 jzefYcsdonfh
68 ESpfajrmuf zufqpfawmfvSefa&;aeY
txdrf;trSwfpmpkrsm; pmtkyfrS jyefvnf
ul;,l azmfjyonf/) n
ocifvSNrdKifESifh AdkvfcsKyf
8
awmfvSefa&;aeYxufjruf
1945 ckESpf? rwfv (27)&ufaeY?
zufqpf*syefwdkUudk pwifawmfvSefcJhaom aeYudk
,cifu awmfvSefa&;aeY[k tpOfwpdkuf
owfrSwfcJhaomfvnf; 1962 ck ppftpdk;&
tmPm odrf;NyD;aemuf wyfrawmfaeY[k
ajymif;vJac:a0:cJh\/ jrefrmhwyfrawmfonf
tpOftvmBuD;rm;NyD; AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef; pwif
xlaxmifvdkufonfh jynfolvlxkyg0ifaom
wyfrawmf jzpfygonf/ wyfrawmfonf jynfol
\ om;orD;jzpfovdk wyfrawmf\ rdbrSm
jynfolrsm;om jzpfonf/ wyfrawmfxJrS
wyfom;0wfpHk 0wfxm;olrsm;rSpí umuG,f
a&;OD;pD;csKyf0wfpHk 0wfxm;oltxd jynfolu
zGJUpnf;ay;cJhNyD; jynfoludk tvkyftauR;jyK&ef
jynfol\ tusKd;pD;yGm;udk umuG,f apmifha&Smuf
ay;&ef wm0ef&Sdavonf/
,aeY jrefrmhwyfrawmf\ tpjyK&mrSm
1941 ckESpf? 'DZifbmv (26)&uf? jrefrm
ouú&mZf 1303 ckESpf? jymodkvqef; (10)&uf?
,dk;',m;jynf befaumufNrdKU rsKd;cspfyk*¾dKvfBuD;
OD;vGef;az\ tdrfwGif pk½Hk;a&muf&Sdaeaom
&JabmfoHk;usdyfwdkYu pwifzGJUpnf;vdkufaom
Armh vGwfvyfa&; wyfrawmf Burma Independent Army (BIA) jzpfonf/ xdktcsdef
u bDtdkifat wyfrawmf[k ac:avonf/
vli,fwyfom;aygif; 3776 a,mufjzifh pwif
zGJUpnf;cJhygonf/ befaumufNrdKUwGif &Jabmf
9
oHk;usdyf0ifrsm;onf vufarmif;aoG;udk azmuf
í vGwfvyfa&;twGuf toufay;wdkufyg
rnf[k opömjyKcJ h Muonf/ xdkbDtdkifat
wyfrawmfudk OD;pD;OD;aqmifjyKcJholrSm AdkvfcsKyf
atmifqef; jzpfavonf/
NAdwdoQe,fcsJUorm;rsm;udk bDtdkifat
wyfrsm;u wdkufxkwfcJhNyD;aemuf bDtdkifat
onf jynfolvlxk\ om;orD;rsm;tjzpf
jynfolvlxk\ touftdk;tdrf pnf;pdrfwdkYudk
umuG,fapmifha&Smuf ay;cJhavonf/ bDtdkif
atESifhtwl ygvmaom *syefwyfrsm;rSm tajym
wpfrsKd;? tvkyfwpfrsKd;jzifh jynfolrsm;udk &uf
pufpGm n§if;yef;ESdyfpufcJhaomaMumifh 1945
ckESpf? Zlvdkifv (27)&ufaeYwGif wpfEdkifiHvHk;ESifh
wyfrawmfwpfckvHk;u zufqpf*syef wdkYudk
wGef;vSefcJhjcif; jzpfonf/
*syefzufqpfwdkU\ uifaywdkifac: ppf
ykvdyfrsm;onf Armjynfolrsm;ESifh bkef;awmf
BuD;rsm;ygrusef olvQKd[k pGyfpGJum n§if;yef;
ESdyfpuf owfjzwfaomaMumifh jynfol\ om;
orD;rsm;jzpfaom Armhwyfrawmfom;rsm;u
*syefudk awmfvSefzdkY jyifqifcJhMuonf/ xdktcg
rsKd;cspfrsm;ESifh wyfrawmfu zufqpf wdkuf
zsufa&; jynfolUvGwfvyfa&;tzGJUcsKyf (zwyv)
udk zGJUpnf;cJhMuonf/ xdktzGJU BuD;udk AdkvfcsKyf
atmifqef; OD;pD;aom Armhwyfrawmf? ocifpdk;?
ocifoef;xGef;wdkY OD;aqmifaom Armjynf
uGefjrLepfygwD? jynfolUta&;awmfyHkygwDwdkY
yl;aygif;um 1944 ckESpf? Mo*kwfvwGif zGJUpnf;
cJhMuonf/
xdkzGJUpnf;vdkufaom zufqpfwdkufzsufa&;
jynfolYvGwfvyfa&;tzGJU BuD;\ OD;aqmifrIjzifh
ArmhvGwfvyfa&;wyfrawmfonf jynfolvlxkESifh
twl zufqpf*syefwdkYudk awmfvSef wdkufcdkufcJh
ojzifh *syefwdkYrSm jrefrmEdkifiH ppfajrjyifwGif
tBuD;tus,f ½IH;edrfhusqHk;NyD; r[mrdwfwdkY\
ppfqifa&;rsm;rSm ydkrdkvsifjrefpGm atmifyGJqifEdkif
cJhonf/ xdkYaMumifh 1945 ckESpf? rwfv (27)
&ufaeYudk zufqpf*syef awmfvSefa&;aeY?
wpfenf; zufqpfawmfvSefa&;aeYtjzpf tpOf
tquf jrefrmjynfolrsm;u owfrSwfcJhonf/
wyfrawmfaeY[k owfrSwfcJhpOfu EdkifiHa&;
orm;rsm;ESifh ynm&Sifrsm;u wyfrawmfaeYudk
rwfv (27)&uftpm; Armhwyfrawmf pwif
zGJUpnf;cJhonfh 'DZifbmv (26)&ufaeYudkom
wyfrawmfaeY[k owfrSwfoifhonf[k qdkMu
ygonf/
rnfodkYyifjzpfap 1945 ckESpf? rwfv
(27)&ufaeYrSm jrefrmjynfolwpf&yfvHk; Armh
wyfrawmfESifhvufwGJum zufqpf*syefwdkYudk
awmfvSefcJhaom awmfvSefa&;aeYtjzpf pGJNrJae
cJhygonf/ rwfv (27)&ufaeYrSm wpfEdkifiHvHk;
twdkif;twmtjzpf zufqpf*syefwdkYudk awmf
vSefcJhjcif;jzpfaomfvnf; tapmqHk; awmfvSef
cJhonfrSm txufjrefrmjynfrS AdkvfrSL;BuD; Axl;
OD;aqmifaom wyfrawmfrS wyfom;rsm; jzpf
ygonf/ ,ckqdkvQif zufqpf*syefwdk Yudk
awmfvSefcJhonfrSm 68 ESpf&SdcJhayNyD/ *syef
awmfvSefa&;aeY[k owfrSwfvQif rwfv
(27)&uf awmfvSefa&;aeYrSm 68 ESpfjynfh 69
Budrfajrmuf awmfvSefa&;aeY jzpfayNyD/
wyfrawmfaeY[k owfrSwfygu ArmhvGwfvyf
a&; wyfrawmf wnfaxmifcJhonfh 1941
ckESpfudk t"duxm;NyD; owfrSwfvQif ydkrdk
oifhavsmfaom owfrSwfcsuf jzpfayvdrfhrnf/
rnfodkYyif jzpfap rwfv 27 &ufaeYum;
wyfrawmf? jynfolESifh EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm;?
wdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;pkrsm; pnf;pnf;vHk;vHk;
nDnDnGwfnGwfESifh aoG;pnf;cJhaom aeYwpfaeY
tjzpf ordkif;wGif rSwfwrf;wifxdkufaom
aeY&uf jzpfygawmhonf/
n
&JabmfoHk;usdyf0iftcsKdU
Memory
10
uRefawmfonf &moDpmuAsmrsKd;a&;cJ
vSonf/ a&;avhr&Sd/ odkYwdkif rwfv awmfvSefa&;
aeYudkawmh trSwfw&a&;zGJUcJhzl;onf/ (rdk;a0
r*¾Zif;trSwf 2? rwfv? 1968) q&mwm&m\
]rwfvawmfvSefa&;uAsm}onf uRefawmfwdkY
tm½HkxJwGif pGJxifaeonf/ (wcsKdUae&mrsm;wGif
uAsmtrnfudk ]teDxJu Mu,fjzLyGifh}[k
ay;xm;wm awGUzl;onf/) xdk teDxJu Mu,f
jzLyGifhqdkwJh pum;[m xif&Sm;aom ta&mif
rsm;aMumifh uRefawmfwdkY tm½HkxJwGif pGJxif
aeyHk&onf/ zufqpf*syefudk awmfvSefcJhpOf
uyif awmfvSefa&;wyfom;rsm;rSm ,leD
azmif;u rjynfhpHk/ t&yfom; awmfvSefa&;
orm;awGvnf; ygonf/ olwdkY oauFwu
olwdkY vufarmif;wGif ywfxm;aom ]teDxJu
Mu,fjzLyGifh} wpfxGmomomcefY t0wfp
wpfckom/ teDa&mifonf &J&ifhjcif;? tjzLa&mif
Mu,fyGifhonf jzLpifjcif;ESifh awmufyjcif;/
rwfv 27 &ufaeYonf awmfvSefa&;aeY/
jrefrmEdkifiHudk zdpD;ESdyfpufaeaom ppftmPm
&Sif zufqpf*syefwdkYudk wyfrawmfESifh yl;aygif;
um wpfrsKd;om;vHk;u awmfvSefwdkufcdkufcJh
aomaeY/ xdkaeYonf awmfvSefa&;aeY jzpfonf/
wyfrawmfaeY r[kwfyg/ wyfrawmfaeYwpfaeY
owfrSwfcsifonf&Sdaomf? &JabmfoHk;usdyfwdkY
opömqdkum bDtdkifat wyfrawmf pwifzGJU
pnf;aom aeYudkom ]wyfrawmfaeY}[k owf
rSwfoifhygonf/ 'DvdkvGJaewmawG &Sdonf/
rwfv (2)&ufaeYudk awmifolv,form;aeY
owfrSwfxm;wmrsKd;/ wu,fawmh rwfv
(2)&ufaeYonf awmfvSefa&;aumifpDu tmPm
odrf;um 'Drdkua&pDudk ajrjr§KyfoN*ØKvfcJhonfh
aeYjzpf&m? xdkaeYwGif tcrf;tem;usif;yrnf
teDxJu Mu,fjzLyGifhopömeD
a'gufwmbarmf? ocifjr? a'gufwmodrf;armif wdkYESifhtwl/
11
qdkvQif ]'Drdkua&pD atmufarhbG,f tcrf;
tem;aeY}tjzpfom usif;yzdkY oifhonf/ ]awmif
ol v,form;aeY} usif;yrnfqdkygu xdkaeY
onf yJcl;wdkif;taemufbufjcrf; om,m
0wDc½dkifwGif q&mpH OD;aqmifonfh awmifol
v,form;ta&;awmfyHkBuD; pwifcJhonfh 'DZif
bmv 22&uf? 1930 omjzpfoifhavonf/
awmfvSefa&;aeY[k ac:&ajym&onfrS
&ifxJu xGufvmonfh pum;vdk pl;pl;epfepf
&Sdonf/ Nrdefa&,Sufa& &Sdonf/ t"dyÜm,fvnf;
jynfh0avonf/ rwfvonf waygif;? waygif;
onf aEGOD;? aEGOD;wGif &Gufa[mif;wdkY a<uí
&Gufopfa0onf/ ta[mif;wdkY csKyfNidrf;jcif;
oauFw/ topfwdkY arG;zGm;jcif; vu©Pm?
awmfvSefa&;qdkaom a0g[m&u Mum;ol\
aoG;udk qlyGufaponf/ rw&m; zdESdyfrIudk
wGef;vSefz,f&Sm;cJhonfhoabm/ bmaMumifh
wpfcsdefwGif ]awmfvSefa&;aeY}qdkaom ae&mü
]wyfrawmfaeY}[k ajymif;vJ oHk;pGJcJh&oenf;/
awmfvSefa&; (Revolution) qdkaom pum;udkyif
rMum;csifavmufatmif &GHUaMumufaeíavm/
a&Twd*Hkbk&m; taemufbufrkcf yef;NcH
ae&monf ,cifu qif;&Jom;&yfuGuf wpfck\
ae&m jzpfonf/ (t*FvdyfppfwyfrS uyÜvD
wyfrsm; pcef;cs&mae&m jzpfcJhojzifh ]uyÜvD
uGufopf}[k ac:Muonf/) xdk&yfuGufudk
a&TUajymif;ypfum yef;NcHwpfcktoGif zefwD;í
]awmfvSefa&;yef;NcH}[k trnfay;cJh\/ rwfv
(27)wGif usa&mufonfh awmfvSefa&;aeY
rsm;wGif Munf;? a&? av wyfrawmfom;rsm;
onf xdkyef;NcHodkY pka0;csDwufum tiftm;
jyMuonf/ ,ckawmh xdkyef;NcHudkvnf;
awmfvSefa&;yef;NcH[k trnfwGifapwmhrnf
rxif/
,ck yGifhvif; vGwfvyfpjyKvmaom
tcsdefwGif wpfcsdefu usif;ycGifhr&cJhaom?
usif;y&ef? pdwful;,Of&efyif cufcJaom
&Spfav;vHk;ESpfywfvnfaeY? OD;oefY (38 ESpfjynfh)
ta&;tcif; ESpfywfvnfaeY? bkef;armfaeY
pojzifh toD;oD;usif;yvmMuonfudk awGU&
onf/ xdkYtwl trnfa&m tESpfom&yg
ajymif;a&GUvmaom txufygawmfvSefa&;aeY
(wyfrawmfaeY)vdk aeYrsKd;udkvnf;? tESpfom&
jynfhjynfh00? EdkifiHa&;wefbdk;&Sd&Sd? *kPfodu©m
jrifhrm;pGm jyefvnfusif;yzdkY vdkonf/ Oyrm
jynfaxmifpkaeYvdk aeYrsKd;? wdkif;&if;om;awG
pkac:um trsKd;om;Zmwf½HkxJ oGif;í wdkif;&if;
om; tuawG uckefcdkif;wmrsKd;avmufjzifh
wdkif;&if;om; cspfMunfa&;udk rjznfhpGrf;
Edkifovdk? jynf0aom jynfaxmifpk\ tESpfom&
udkvnf; aqmifusOf;Edkifjcif;? azmfusL;Edkifjcif;
r&Sday/
xdkYtwl EdkifiHESifh vlrsKd;twGuf ta&;yg
vSaom ]vGwfvyfa&;aeY} ]tmZmenfaeY}vdk
aeYrsKd;udka&m/ uRefawmfwdkY ayghysufysuf?
rxdkufravsmuf usif;yvmcJhonfrSm tb,f
rQMumjrifhcJhavNyDenf;/ olUuRefb0rS vGwf
ajrmufvmaomaeY (vGwfvyfa&;)udk wpf
EdkifiHvHk; wpfrsKd;om;vHk;? wpfcJeuf &nf&G,fcsuf
&Sd&Sd *kPfjrifhpGm usif;yoifhonfr[kwfygvm;/
xdkaeYwGif vGwfvyfa&;\ wefbdk;? vGwfvyf
a&;udk apmifha&SmufumuG,fcsifpdwfawG
&ifhoefatmif uRefawmfwdkY ysKd;axmifoifhonf
r[kwfavm/
xdk Ytwl awmfvSefa&;aeYonfvnf;
jynfolvlxk\ rw&m;zdESdyfrIudk rcH? wGef;vSef
NzdKzsufrnfqdkaom tnHhrcHonfhpdwfudk ESpfpOf
trSwf&ap&ef? &nf&G,fcsuf&Sd&Sd usif;yoifh
onf r[kwfoavm/ uRefawmfwdkYuawmh
awmfvSefa&;aeYudk trnfa[mif;ESifhyif? rl&if;
tESpfom&rysuf usif;yapcsifvSygonf/
n&JabmfoHk;usdyf0iftcsKdU
AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESihf Adkvfawmufxdef
Memory
12
V O I C E S
]ppfrSefonfh Nidrf;csrf;a&;&&ef acgif;aqmif
rsm; vufqGJEIwfquf½Hk? npmpm;yGJrsm; usif;y
ae½HkrQESifh rvHkavmufqdkwmudk em;vnf vufcH
xm;ygw,f/ 'Dvdk tpjyK awGUqHkrIrsm;rSwpfqifh
cspfMunf&if;ESD;rIESifh ,HkMunfrIrsm; &,lNyD;
a&&SnfcdkifrmwJh Nidrf;csrf;a&; wnfaqmuf&ef
tajccHtkwfjrpfrsm; wnfaqmuf&rSm jzpfyg
w,f/}
EdkifiHawmfor®w OD;odef;pdef? rwfv (1)&uf eHeuf
7 em&Du jynfolodkY ajymMum;onfh wwd,tBudrfajrmuf
a&'D,dkrdefYcGef;rS
]tck uRefawmfwdkY uGif;qif;wJhtcg wcsKdU
Oya'ynm&SifawGu uRefawmfwdkYu yGifhyGifh
vif;vif;ajymygqdkwmawmifrS rajym&J rqdk&JeJY
taMumufw&m; BuD;pdk;aew,f/ uRefawmfwdkY
jzpfapcsifwmu ol&JUynmeJY qifjcifwHkw&m;eJY
odu©morm"deJY vGwfvyfpGm w&m;pD&ifapcsif
w,f/ 'gayrJh tckxd 'DvdkOya'ynm&SifawG
udk,fwdkifu acguf½dk;usKd;NyD; taMumufBuD;
aewJhtcgusawmh uRefawmfwdkYu awmfawmf
udkBudK;pm;NyD; vkyf&r,f/ bmjzpfvdkYvJqdkawmh
ESpf 50 avmuf ½dk;wGif;jcifqDpGJaewJh[mudk
aeYcsif;ncsif;awmh aysmufzdkY rvG,fygbl;/
enf;enf; enf;enf;awmh BudK;pm;,l&rSmyg/}
azazmf0g&Dv 21 &ufaeYxkwf Envoy owif;*sme,fyg ]w&m;Oya'pdk;rdk;a&;ESifh wnfNidrfat;csrf;a&;
aumfrwD twGif;a&;rSL; OD;0if;jrifhESifh pum;ajymjcif;}rS
aumufEkwfcsuf
]uRefawmfwdkYEdkifiHrSm pme,fZif;qdkwm
[m 'Drdkua&pD&SifoefzdkYtwGuf touf½I&ef
avaumif;avoefYvdk ta&;BuD;ygw,f/
pme,fZif;avmuom;rsm;&JU Edk;Mum;wuf<urI
&Sdoavmuf pdwfapwemaumif;oavmuf
vlYtzGJUtpnf;&JU 'Drdkua&pDtwGuf ta&GUudk
wGef;tm;ay; ulnDEdkifygw,f/ pme,fZif;
orm;rsm;&JU 'Davmufta&;BuD;wJh wm0efudk
aumif;rGefpGm xrf;aqmifEdkif&atmifvdkY t[efY
twm; enf;yg;oufomatmif wpfqifhNyD;
wpfqifh aqmif&Gufvsuf&Sdygaomfvnf; pmay
pdppf½kyfodrf;NyD;oGm;csddefrSmawmh q&mawmf
oHCmawmfrsm;eJY rdbjynfolrsm;[m txuf
azmfjywJhtwdkif; pme,fZif;avmuxJu tqdyf
tawmuf tcdk;taiGUawG rTefxlvmaewmawG
udkMunfhNyD; tem*wf bmom? omoema&;
twGufvnf;aumif;? rsKd;qufopfvli,frsm;eJY
tvGefEke,fvGef;vSwJh uav;oli,frsm;twGuf
vnf;aumif; &wufrat;zG,f ,aeYvufawGU
BuHKawGUaeMu&ygw,f/ vTwfawmf udk,fpm;vS,f
BuD;rsm;eJY uRefawmfwdk Y&JU om;orD;rsm;?
ajr;jrpfrsm;udk 'Dvdktqdyftawmuf ywf0ef;
usifrSm 'Dtwdkif;xm;ypfvdkMur,f r[kwfbl;
vdkY uRefawmf ,HkMunfygw,f/
jyefMum;a&;0efBuD;Xme? jynfaxmifpk0efBuD;OD;atmifMunf
rwfv 7 &uf? yHkESdyfxkwfa0jcif;vkyfief; Oya'Murf;
jynfolYvTwfawmfodkY wifoGif;jcif;rS aumufEkwfcsuf
]atmufajc0efxrf; wpfa,muf[m
oleJY olYrdom;pk pm;0wfaea&;? vlrIa&;
tqifajyatmif b,fvdkvkyfrvJ b,fvkdae
rvJ qdkwmudk pOf;pm;Munfhzdk Y vdkovdk
½Hk;vkyfief;rsm; yHkrSefvnfywfa&;ESifh *kPfodu©m
&SdpGm &yfwnf aqmif&GufEdkifa&;twGuf pOf;pm;
ay;zdkY vdkrSmjzpfygw,f/ udk,fhEdkifiHrSm oifMum;
wwfajrmufxm;wJh ynmeJY tpdk;&0efxrf;
tjzpf 0ifvkyfr,fqdk&if &wJhvpmeJY p&dwfu
b0&yfwnf&Sifoefa&;twGuf tcuftcJ&SdvdkY
EdkifiH&yfjcm;udk xGufcGmoGm;aewmawG b,f
avmuf&SdNyDvJ/
atmufajc0efxrf;awG tqifrajybl;
qdkwmudkod&if 'Dvdkjzpf&wm b,folYrSm wm0ef
&SdMuovJ/ b,folawG wm0ef,lrvJ/ wm0ef,l
wm0efcH&r,fh tzGJUtpnf;rsm; r&Sdbl;qdkvQif
jynfaxmifpkvTwfawmfuyJ wm0ef,l wm0efcH
aqmif&GufvdkufvQif roifhbl;? raumif;bl;vm;?}
ol&OD;a&Tref; (jynfolUvTwfawmfOuú|)
13
AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;\ rdefY cGef;aumufEIwfcsufrsm;
]&JabmfwdkY -
tus,fcsJU NyD; &Snf&Snfrajymcsifbl;/ tck ppfajrjyifudk xGuf&r,f/
qif;&Jr,f/ iwfr,f/ tcuftcJawGeJY &ifqdkif&r,f/ ArmyDyD Armh
aoG;udkjyyg/ txufAdkvfrsm;&JU trdefYudk emcHMuyg/ txufAdkvfawGu
vnf; omwlnDrQ &Jabmfpdwfxm;yg/ &JabmfwdkYudk uwday;xm;wJh
twdkif; usKyfudk,fwdkif &JabmfawGeJYtwl csDwufr,f/
Armh&efoludk acsrIef;Mu/
teD;uyfqHk; &efoludk&SmNyD; wdkufMu/ 'gyJ}
1945 ckESpf? rwfv (17)&uf
awmfvSefa&;yef;NcHwGif ajymMum;cJhonfh wyfxGufrdefYcGef;rS
'Drdkua&pD0g'om vGwfvyfa&;ESifh qDavsmfw,f/ 'D0g'om
Nidrf;csrf;a&;udk tm;ay;w,f/ tJ'gaMumifh 'D0g'udkom uRefawmfwdkY
&nf&G,f&r,f/ 'gjzifh 'D0g'[m bmvJ qdkwmudkvJ &Sif;jycsifao;w,f/
uRefawmfwdkY tjrift&qdk&if wdkif;jynf&JU acgif;aqmifrI[m
vlwpfOD;wnf;u acgif;aqmifrIrsKd; r[kwfbJESifh tzGJUESifh acgif;aqmifrIrsKd;
jzpf&r,f/ tzGJU&JU qEr[kwfbJ ighqE? igoabmvkyfwJh acgif;aqmifrI
rsKd;r[kwfbJ? tzGJU&JU qE,lNyD; tzGJU&JU tkyfcsKyfrIatmufrSm&SdwJh acgif;aqmif
rIrsKd; jzpf&r,f/
1945 ckESpf? Mo*kwfv? pwkw¬tBudrfajrmuf
EdkifiHacgif;aqmifrsm;? tpnf;ta0;ü ajymMum;cJhonfh rdefYcGef;rS
uskKyftaMumif;udk cifAsm;wdkYudk enf;enf; ajymcsifw,f/ tcktcg
usKyf[m (ywfAvpfrSm ay:jyLvmjzpfaewJh vlyJ) 'gayrJh usKyf[m
bk&m;vJr[kwf? arSmfq&m? rsufvSnfhq&mvJr[kwf? vlyJ/ ewfvJ
r[kwf? vlavmufyJ tpGrf;&SdrSmyJ/ usKyftouf[m tifrwef i,fw,f/
usKyftck xrf;&wJh wm0ef[mvnf; wpfwdkif;jynfvHk;&JU wm0efudk
a&SUqHk;u xrf;aew,f/ usKyfudk,fudk,f 'Dwm0efawG xrf;Edkifatmif
t&nftcsif;jynfhpHkw,fvdkY r,lqbl;/ NyD;awmh usKyfpdwfwdkwwfw,f
qdkwmudkvnf; vltrsm;odMuwmyJ/ 'gusKyfe*dkyJ/ tvkyf½IyfNyD; taESmifh
t,Sufrsm;&if pdwfwdkwwfw,f/ 'gudk jyKjyifEdkiforQ jyKjyifzdkY BudK;pm;
r,f/ odkYaomfvnf; cifAsm;wdkYvnf; pdwf&Snf&Snf xm;Muyg/ usKyf
pdwf&Snf&Snfxm;NyD;? uaeYjywJh tiftm;rsKd;xuf qxufxrf;ydk;wdk;atmif
vkyfNyD;? usKyfwdkYu cifAsm;wdkYtwGuf vkyfwJhae&mrSm tm;ay;r,fqdk&if?
usKyfwdkY vdkcsifwJh vGwfvyfa&;? vlxkaumif;pm;a&;awGudk &atmif
ydkvkyfEdkifr,f/ ydktusKd;&SdrSmyJ/ 'gaMumifh vlxkawGudk qufawmifhxm;Mu
ygOD;vdkYqdkwm xyfajymcJhcsifw,f/
1946 ckESpf? pufwifbmv?
puúLjzLpDrHudef;? uefYuGufqE´jyyGJü ajymMum;cJhonfh rdefYcGef;rS
usKyfwdkY[m awmfvSefa&;orm;yJ/ 'gudkvnf; cifAsm;wdkYtm;vHk;
odwmyJ/ 'gayrJh usKyfwdkY[m &nf&G,frSef;xm;csufr&SdbJ? rsufuef;vdk
vkyfwJh awmfvSefa&;rsKd;udkawmh rBudKufbl;/ trSefpifppf awmfvSefa&;
qdkwm bmvJ/ usKyftjrif ajym&r,fqdk&if awmfvSefa&;qdkwm tMurf;
ywrf;wdkufcdkufwJhudpöudkrS awmfvSefa&;vdkY qdkvdkwmr[kwfbl;/ vuf&Sd
pepfa[mif;udk awmfvSefNyD; pepfopf bGm;ueJay:aygufvmwmudk
qdkwmyJ/ tJ'Dawmh awmfvSefa&;qdkwm wqufwnf;jzpfaewmyJ/
wpfcsufwpfcsufusrS bGm;ueJ? bGm;ueJ t&nftwGufuaeNyD;
t&nftcsif;ajymif;vJrIBuD;awGjzpfwmudk awmfvSefa&;vdkY qdkwmyJ/
qlwm ylwm? aomif;usef;wm? wdkufwm? cdkufwmawGqdkwm rvkyfrjzpfrS
vkyf&wmrsKd;yJ/ bmyJjzpfjzpf? pwdkufcdkufcsifw,fqdkwm t"dyÜm,f
r&Sdbl;/ NyD;awmh udk,fvdkcsif&mudk at;at;eJY&r,fqdk&if b,folrvdkcsif
&SdyghrvJ/ rvdkcsifwJhvl[m t½l;yJ/ NyD;awmh tJ'Dudk,fvdkcsif&mudk
at;at;aq;aq;ESifh &atmifvnf; b,folrqdk ÚmPf&SdwJhvlrSef&if
BudK;pm;csifwmyJ/ r&EdkifrS wjcm;enf;vkyf&rSmaygh/
1946 ckESpf? 'DZifbmv 18 &uf? armfvNrdKif? oHjzLZ&yfü ajymMum;
cJhonfh rdefYcGef;rS (þrdefYcGef;udk t*Fvdyfbmomjzifh ajymMum;cJhonf/)
uRefawmfwdkY EdkifiHa&;vkyfMuwJh ae&mr,f txl;ojzifh acgif;aqmif
vkyfwJhvl[m aemufvdkufvlawGxuf ydkNyD; tjrifus,f&w,f/
acgif;aqmif[m [kdvlajym [kwfEdk;Edk;? 'Dvlajym [kwfEdk;Edk;? a,mifcsmcsm
vkyf&if acgif;aqmifr[kwfbl;/ acgif;aqmifvkyfwJh vlawG[m udk,f
,HkMunfwJhudpöudk wdkif;oljynfom;awGudk ajym&J&r,f/ &Sif;jyEdkif&r,f/
toufpGefYoifhwJh ae&mr,f pGefY&J&r,f/ trsm;a,mifvdkY a,mif&w,f/
tarmifawmifrSef; ajrmufrSef;rod&if acgif;aqmifr[kwfbl;/ udk,fhudk,f
udk,f r,HkwJhvl[m b,ftcgrS wjcm;vludk r,Hkbl;/ udk,fhwdkif;ol
jynfom;udkvnf; r,Hkbl;/ uRefawmfhtzdkY uRefawmfhudk uRefawmf
,Hkw,f/ cifAsm;wdkYudkvnf; ,HkMunfw,f/ b,fudpörqdk vkyf&if
rSm;w,f/ rSefw,fqdkwm &mZ0ifu qHk;jzwfvdrfhr,f/
1947 ckESpf? azazmf0g&Dv 27 &uf? &efukef jrLeDpy,fvlBuD;rsm;ESifh
NrdKUrdNrdKUzrsm;\ *kPfjyK{nfhcHyGJü ajymMum;cJhonfh rdefYcGef;rS
14
uRefawmfESifh tusifhqdk;rsm; (4)csrf;,OfvIdif (AMK Foundation)
aMu;rHkowif;pmwGif pmwnf;BuD;\
]trSm;udkjrif? trSefjyif}qdkonfh pmwnf;
½Iaxmifhudk zwf½IcJh&ygonf/ pmwnf;BuD;rS
uRefawmfwdk Y pmzwfy&dowfudk vlawmf
vlaumif;rsm;jzpfap&ef? wuf<uaumif;rGef
aom EdkifiHol? EdkifiHom;rsm;jzpfap&ef? xdkrS
wqifh zGHU NzdK;aumif;rGefaom EdkifiHawmfBuD;
jzpfay:Edkifap&ef tajccHtkwfjrpfwpfck csvdkuf
onf[k rSwf,lvdkuf&ygonf/ aumif;aom
tBuHjyKcsufrsm;udk vufawGUb0wGif rnfuJhodkY
toHk;jyK&rnfudk qifjcifrdygawmhonf/
trSm;udk rjrifvdkjcif;ESifh r&ifqdkifvdkjcif;
uRefawmf\ i,fpOfb0wGif trSm;udk
rvkyfvdkonfh t"dutaMumif;&if;rSm rdbESifh
q&morm;rsm;\ qlylrIESifh Budrf'Pfudk aMumuf&GHU
rIwdkYaMumifh jzpfygonf/ rdbESifh q&mrsm;\
em;vnfatmif qdkqHk;rrIESifh Budrf'Pf avQmhaygh
jcif;rsm;onf trSm;ESifhtrSefudk ydkrdk qifjcif
vmEdkifNyD; trSm;rsm;udkvnf; ydkrdk0efcHwwfonfh
tusifhrsm; ESvHk;om;wGif udef;0yfcJh&ygonf/
1985 ckESpfwGif uRefawmf EdkifiHjcm; wuúodkvf
wpfckü ynmoifcGifh &&SdcJhygonf/ ausmif;aezuf
zdvpfydkifEdkifiHom; ausmif;om;rS olwdkYEdkifiH\
pD;yGm;a&;? vlrIa&;? usqif;rIrsm;onf tmPm&Sif
rmudkUpf\ tkyfcsKyfrIaMumifh jzpfonf[k yGifhvif;
pGm 0efcHajymqdkonfudk Mum;&í tHhMordcJh&
ygonf/ xdktcsdefwGif jrefrmEdkifiHwGifvnf;
tmPm&Sif OD;ae0if; tkyfcsKyfaeNyD;? wdkif;jynf\
pD;yGm;a&; cRwfNcHKusaeonfudk uRefawmf
0efrcH&JcJhyg/ tb,faMumifhenf;/ t&Sdudk t&Sd?
trSefudk trSef? trSm;udk trSm; rqef;ppf
&Jaom? 0efcHrwwfaom uRefawmfh\ tusifhqdk;
aMumifhygwnf;/ þtusifhqdk;onf trSm;ESifh
trSefudk qef;ppf&SmazG&mwGif taESmifht,Suf
tay;qHk; tusifhqdk;[k owfrSwf&ygonf/
þodkYjzifh uRefawmfuJhodkY trSm;0efrcH
wwfaom tusifhqdk;ydkif&SifOD;a& jrefrmEdkifiHwGif
enf;yg;apygaMumif; yPmr qkawmif;vdkuf&
ygonf/
trSm;ESifh trSef vkyfaqmifMu&mwGif
þavmuwGif um,uH? 0pDuH? raemuH
jzifh rdrdjyKvkyfrnfh tvkyfrsm;onf rSefonf?
rSm;onfudk yxr od&Sd&ef vdktyfygonf/ rdrd
vkyfaom tvkyfonf rSm;onf[k od&SdvQif
qufrvkyfonfu rsm;ygonf/ trsm;tm;jzifh
rSm;onf[k rod&Sdí qufvkyfMuonfu
rsm;ygonf/ þwGif rSm;onf rSefonfudk
qifjcif? a0zef? oHk;oyfEdkifpGrf;tm;onf y"me
usvmygonf/ wpfzef rSm;onfhtvkyfudk od&Sd
NyD;onfhtcgwGifvnf; 0efcHEdkifpGrf;tm; enf;
wwfMuygonf/ wpfyg;olwdkY\ a0zefrIESifh
txifao;rIrsm;udkvnf; &GHUwwfMuygonf/
NcHK Munfhaomf trSm;udk odaomfvnf; BudwfrSdwfí
vkyfwwfMuygonf/ rwwfEdkifonfh tqHk;rS
0efcH jyKjyifwwfMuygonf/ trSefudk jyifEdkifaom
owådonf tajymvG,foavmuf tvkyfrvG,f
[k xifjrifrdygonf/ taumif;jrif a0zefrIrsm;udk
tm;ay;oifhygonf/ txifao;rIrsm;udkawmh
vufrcHoifhyg/ wpfzef trSm;udk 0efcHolwdkYudk
vnf; tBuHjyKrIrsm;ESifh az;rtm;ay;rIrsm;jzifh
taxmuftul ay;oifhygonf/ A[dkOD;pD;pepf\
tm;enf;csufrsm;udk 0efcHí 'Drdkua&pDpepfudk
jynfolYqE´ESifhtnD OD;aqmifcsDwufaeaom
olrsm;udk csrf;,OfvIdif csD;usL;tm;ay;rdygonf/
a&SUavQmufrSmvnf; rSm;wm&SdvQif 0efcHNyD;
trSefw&m;&SmazGí qufvufcsDwufEdkifap&ef
twGuf BuKdwifí aumif;csD;ay;rdygonf/
þenf;jzifh trSm;udk 0efcHNyD; trSefudkjyifEdkifol
trSm;udk rjrifvdkjcif;ESifh
trSefudk rjyif0Hhjcif;
15
Opinion
OD;a& jrefrmjynfwGif ydkrdkrsm;vmygrnf/ þ
urÇmwGif bk&m;&SifrSwpfyg; &mEIef;jynfhtrSef
w&m; &SmazGEdkifol r&Sdyg/ vlwdkif;trSm;ESifh
ruif;onfrSm obm0yg/
trSm;ESifh trSeftwGuf
uRefawmf\ tjrif
trSm;onf trSef\ qefYusifbufjzpfyg
onf/ odkYygí trSefw&m;taMumif; OD;pGm
avhvmoifhygonf/ trSefw&m;rSm tajccH
tm;jzifh (2)rsKd; &Sdygrnf[k uREfawmfqifjcif
rdygonf/ yxrtrsKd;tpm;rSm urÇmwnf
oa&GU rSefuefaom (y&rwfw&m;)rsm; jzpf
ygonf/ avmukwå&mtrSefw&m;onf jrwfpGm
bk&m; a[mMum;aom w&m;rsm; jzpfygonf/
Oyrm- owåavmuwGif awGU BuHK&aom tedpö?
'ku©? tewå w&m;rsm; ponfwdkY jzpfygonf/
avmuD trSefw&m;rsm;onf odyÜHynm&Sif
rsm; &SmazGawGU&Sdxm;aom trSefw&m;rsm;
jzpfygonf/ Oyrm-yef;oD;onf tyifay:rS
urÇmYqGJiiftm;aMumifh ajray:odkY jyKwfusonf/
(e,lwef\ Oya'o) 'kwd, trsKd;tpm;onf
vlYywf0ef;usifwGif aeYpOf BuHKawGUae&aom
tjzpftysuf tawGUtBuHKrsm;t& vlUtodkif;
t0dkif;u owfrSwfxm;aom pHcsdefpHñTef;
rsm;jzifh wdkif;wmí&aom tajzay:wGif rlwnf
aeygonf[k csrf;,OfvIdif rSwfcsufcsrdygonf/
pHcsdefpHñTef; owfrSwfcsufrsm;ESifh udkufnDvQif
rSefygonf/ rudkufnDvQif rSm;ygonf/ þwGif
tjzpftysufwpfckudk pHcsdef pHñTef;wpfckjzifh
wdkif;wmvQif rSefaeaomfvnf; aemufpHcsdef
pHñTef;wpfckjzifh wdkif;wmvQif rSm;aeEdkifygonf/
þtrSefw&m;rsm;onf tdkif;pwdkif;\ EIdif;
,SOfrI oDtdk&D (Relativity Theory) uJhodkYyif
jzpfayawmhrnf/ Oyrmtm;jzifh ucsifjynf
e,fwGif tpdk;&wyfESifh KIA wyfrsm;\ wdkufyGJ
rsm; jyif;xefaeygonf/ tpdk;&wyfrSmvnf;
olwdkY owfrSwfxm;aom pHcsdefpHñTef; owfrSwf
csufrsm;jzifh csdefxdk;MunfhNyD; rSefonfqdkum
wdkufyGJ0ifonf/ KIA bufrSvnf; olwdkY
owfrSwfcsufjzifh csdefxdk;um rSefonf[kqdk
um wdkufyGJ0ifygonf/ uRefawmf jynfol
wpfOD;taejzifh tpdk;&wyfom;vnf; 'DEdkifiH
om;? KIA wyfom;vnf; 'DEdkifiHom;? 'gaMumifh
b,fbufuaoao uRefawmf0rf;enf;&rSmygyJ?
b,folyJ'Pf&m&& uRefawmfylaqG;&rSmygyJ/
jrefrmEdkifiHom; wpfa,muf\ pHcsdefpHñTef;ESifh
wdkif;wmygu þwdkufyGJrsm;onf rSm;aeyg
onf/ þjzpfpOfrsKd;wGif rdrdbufrS owfrSwf
xm;aom pHcsdef pHñTef; owfrSwfcsufrsm;udk
w&m;ao udkifqGJxm;jcif;rsKd;udk a&Smif&Sm;Edkif
&efESifh tjcm;bufrsm;rS pHcsdefpHñTef;rsm;ESifh
vnf; csifhcsdefEdkif&ef rdacsmif;rif;? a&cif;jy
qdkouJhodkYjzifh csrf;,OfvIdif ÚmPfrDoavmuf
tBuHjyKvdkuf&ygonf/
omrmefjynfolrsm;twGuf trSm;trSef
qifjcifjcif;
omrmefjynfolwpfOD;taejzifh rdrdESifh
rdrd\ rdom;pktwGuf tusKd;&Sdapaom vkyf
aqmifrIrsm;onf trSefw&m;yif jzpfayrnf/
odkY&mwGif rdrdywf0ef;usif? NrdKU? &GmESifh EdkifiHudk
rxdcdkufapaom vkyfaqmifrIrsm;onfom
jynfhpHkaom trSefw&m; jzpfayrnf/
rdrd\ NrdKU? &Gm? EdkifiHtusKd;&Sdapaom vkyf
aqmifrIrsm;onfvnf; trSefw&m; jzpfay
rnf/ xdkYtwl tjcm;NrdKU? &Gm? EdkifiHrsm;udk
rxdcdkufaprS jynfhpHkaom trSefw&m;jzpfyg
rnf/ trSefw&m;udk od&SdEdkif&ef rdrdvkyfaqmifrI
rsm;udk jyefvnf oHk;oyfqifjcifEdkifpGrf;&Sd&yg
rnf/ odkYrSom rdrd\ vkyf&yfonf rSef? rrSefESifh
jynfhpHkaom trSef w&m;jzpf? rjzpfudk od&SdEdkifyg
rnf/ tESpfig;q,fcefY txufrSay;aom
ñTefMum;csufrsm;udkom wpfaoGrwdrf; vkyf
aqmifcJh&ojzifh tvkyfwpfck vkyfaqmifNyD;wdkif;
tay:udkom armhMunfhwwfaom tusifhqdk;BuD;
uRefawmfwdkYwGif pGJuyfcJhygNyD/ ab;bDudk rMunfh
wwfawmhyg/ trSefESifh trSm; qifjcifEkdif
pGrf;tm;rsm;vnf; usqif;cJh&ygNyD/
,aeY 'Drdkua&pDvrf;aMumif;ay:wGif
avQmufvSrf;&mwGif txufrS ñTefMum;csufrsm;udk
vkyfaqmif&mwGif4if;? rdrdÚmPfjzifh vkyfaqmif
tmPm&Sif-rm;udkYpf tmPm&Sif-OD;ae0if;
16
&mwGif4if;? ab;ywf0ef;usifudk avhvmqifjcif
oHk;oyfNyD;rS vkyfaqmifwwfaom tusifhrsm;
arG;jrLjcif;jzifh trSm;ESifhtrSefudk jynfhpHkatmif
qifjcifwwfvmayrnf/ txl;owdjyK&efrSm
'Drdkua&pDacwfrwdkifcifu trSefw&m;rsm;onf
,aeYcsdefwGif rSefcsifrS rSefygawmhrnf/
vTwfawmfrsm;twGuf trSm;? trSef
qifjcifjcif;
'Drkdua&pDacwfwGif EdkifiHawmfESifh jynfol
wdkYudk vrf;aMumif;ay;aeaom ae&mrsm;onf
vTwfawmftoD;oD;yif jzpfayonf/ vTwf
awmfrsm;onf trSefrsm;rsm; vkyfEdkifrS EdkifiH
wdk;wufí jynfolrsm;vnf; taeoufom
ygrnf/ arQmfvifhcsufaumif;rsm;vnf; ydkrdk
ay:xGef;vmygrnf/ vTwfawmfrsm;wGif trSm;?
trSeftwGuf pHcsdefpHñTef;rsm;rSm jynfolUtusKd;
ESifh jynfolUqErsm;yif jzpfoifhygonf/ jynfolY
tusKd;ESifh qE´ESifh udkufnDygu trSefw&m;
jzpfNyD; rudkufnDygu trSm;w&m;rsm;yif jzpfay
rnf/ odkYygí jynfolUqE? vTwfawmfqE ponfh
aqmifyk'frsm;yif ay:xGef;vmayonf/
þwGif jynfpHkaom 'Drdkua&pD tESpfom&
rsm; ay:xGef;vmap&ef jynfolUtusKd;ESifh
qErsm;udk rnfonfhaywHjzifh wdkif;wmrnfenf;
qdkonfh ar;cGef;onf ta&;ygvmygonf/
'Drdkua&pDrqefaom vTwfawmfrsm;? tpdk;&
rsm;onf udk,fvkyfcsifaom tvkyfrsm;udk
jyKvkyfí jynfolUqE jynfolYoabmxm;[lí
uifyGef;wyfavh&Sdygonf/ odkYygí jynfolU
tusKd;ESifh qErsm;udk wdkif;wmrnfh pHcsdefpHñTef;
rsm; tjrefay:aygufapa&;onf vTwfawmf
rsm;\ wm0efwpf&yfjzpfonf[k uRefawmf
,lqrdygonf/ þae&mwGif jynfolYtusKd;ESifh
jynfolYqE´wdkYonfvnf; o[Zmw jzpf&ef
vdktyfayonf/ o[Zmwrjzpfygu a&&SnfwGif
trSm;w&m;bufodkY qdkufa&mufwwfygonf/
vwfwavm jynfolYqE´ESifh rudkufnDaomf
vnf; a&&SnfwGif jynfoltusKd;jzpfrnfh udpö
rsm;udkvnf; jynfolwdkY em;vnfoabmayguf
atmif &Sif;jyEkdifpGrf; &Sd&ygrnf/
jynfolYqE´twGuf pHcsdefpHñTef;rsm;udk
Oyrmay;í tBuHjyK&aomf jynfol wpfaxmif
txuf vufrSwfxdk; awmif;qdkaomf vTwfawmf
wGif xnfhoGif;aqG;aEG;jcif;? jynfol wpfodef;
txuf vufrSwfxdk; awmif;qdkaomf vTwf
awmfwGif ta&;wBuD;udpötjzpf aqG;aEG;
jcif;? jynfol q,fodef; txuf vufrSwfxdk;
awmif;qdkaomf ta&;wBuD;vTwfawmf ac:,ljcif;
ponfwdkY jzpfayrnf/
,aeYvTwfawmfrsm;ESifh tpdk;&rsm;onf
jynfolwdkY\ qE´ESifh tusKd;? EdkifiH\ tusKd;
twGuf &mEIef;rnfrQ jznfhqnf;ay;Edkifoenf;
qdkonfh ar;cGef;rsm;udk qef;ppfay;Edkifrnfh
tzGJUtpnf;rsm; tvQiftjrefay:xGef;&ef vdktyf
aeonf[k uRefawmf ,HkMunfrdygonf/ jynfolU
vTwfawmfwGif tpdk;&\ uwdu0wfrsm; pDppf
avhvmaom aumfrwD ay:xGef;aeonfudk
od&Sd&í ueOD; 0rf;omrdygonf/
trSm;? trSefqifjcifEdkif&ef jynfolwpfOD;\
qE´wifjyjcif;
jynfolwpfOD;taejzihf jrefrmEdkifiHudk
pD;yGm;a&;t& wdk;wufapcsifygonf/ xdkYtwl
vlrIa&;? usef;rma&;? ynma&; u@toD;oD;
wGifvnf; wdk;wufapcsifygonf/ tukefvHk;udk
tvGefaumif;apcsifygonf/ 'gqdk avmb
tvGefBuD;ayNyDaygh/ rawmfavmbqdk&ifvnf;
qdkEdkifygonf/ pD;yGm;a&; pHcsdefpHñTef;taejzifh
trsKd;om; jynfwGif;xkwfukefwefbdk; (GSP) &mEIef; rnfrQwdk;wufrnfpojzifh owfrSwf
oifhygonf/ xdkYtwl vlrIa&; pHcsdefrsm;tjzpf
ESpfpOf tedrfhqHk;vpm? vlrsm;\ oHk;pGJEdkifrI
pGrf;tm; (Buying Power)? qif;&Jcsrf;om
uGm[csufESifh vlrsm;\ aysmf&TifEdkifrIpGrf;tm;
(GHP) ponfwdkYjzifh owfrSwfoifhygonf/
EdkifiHawmfor®w\ rdefYcGef;rsm;wGif jrefrm
jynf\ trsKd;om; xkwfukefudk rnfuJhodkY
jr§ifhwifrnf? rnfonfhESpfwGif b,fESpfqjzpf
atmif BudK;yrf;rnf[laom pHcsdefpHñTef;rsm;udk
csjyygonf/ tpdk;&tzGJUu csjyaom pHcsdefpHñTef;
rsm;udk oufqdkif&mvTwfawmf tzGJUtpnf;rsm;?
pD;yGm;a&;qdkif&m (NGO) rsm;? oufqkdkif&m
wuúodkvfrsm;ESifh ynm&Sifrsm;rS pDppf? oHk;oyf
a0zeftBuHjyKrIrsm; jyKvkyfoihfygonf/ odkYrSom
ydkrdkjynfhpHk rSefuefEdkifygonf/
t½Sdefudk vdktyfonfxufydkjr§ifhwifygu
ysufpD;EdkifouJhodkY avQmhaerdyguvnf; ydkí
aemufuscJhygrnf/ jrefrmha&ajrESifh udkufnD
aom pHcsdefpHñTef;? &nfrSef;csufrsm; (Optimum Specification & Goals) jzpfrSomvQif jynfhpHk
aom trSefw&m;rsm;jzpfay:í rudkufnDygu
trSm;w&m;rsm;udk vkyfaqmifrdygrnf/
tcsKyftm;jzifhqdkaomf aMu;rHkowif;pm
pmwnf;BuD;\ trSm;udkjrif? trSefjyifqdkaom
pum;&yfonf csrf;,OfvIdifwdkYvdk omrmef
jynfolrsm;twGufomru vTwfawmfrsm;?
tpdk;&rsm;ESifh A[dkOD;pD;pepfrS 'Drdkua&pDpepfodkY
ajymif;ump jrefrmEdkifiHtwGuf tvGefta&;yg
aMumif; ESvHk;om;xJ udef;0yfaerdygonf/
trdjrefrmEdkifiH wdk;wufygapaMumif;twGuf
uRefawmf jrifrdorQ odorQ a0iSvdkuf&yg
awmhonf/ þaqmif;yg;udk a0zef? tBuHjyK
yg&efvnf; arwåm&yfcHtyfygonf/
n
zufqpfawmfvSefa&; ol&Jaumif; AdkvfrSL; Axl;ESifh ol&JU ajymufusm; ppfAsL[m0if;xG#faZmf
uRefawmfwdkY EdkifiH&JU ordkif;twGuf ta&;
ygvSwJh ouú&mZf&xm;BuD;wpfpD; ckwfarmif;
oGm;cJhwm[m ,aeYqdk&if ESpfaygif; ajcmuf
q,fh&SpfESpfyif MumjrifhcJhygNyD/ odkYayrJh xdk
&xm;BuD;&JU ckwfarmif;oHawG[m ,aeYwdkif
atmif uRefawmfwdkY EdkifiHeJY ordkif;tay:rSm
½dkufcwfaeqJyJ jzpfygw,f/
jrefrmEd kifiHrSm qifET JcJ hwJh zufqpf
awmfvSefa&;eJY vGwfvyfa&; wdkufyGJtaMumif;
ajymMur,fqdk&if b,fvdkrS csefvSyfxm;vdkY
r&EdkifwJh yk*¾dKvfwpfOD; &Sdygw,f/ xdkyk*¾dKvf
uawmh Armhwyfrawmf&JU taemufajrmuf
wdkif;ppfXmecsKyf wdkif;rSL; AdkvfrSL;Axl;ygyJ/
1945 ckESpf? rwfv twGif;u AdkvfrSL;
Axl;u ol&JU ppfXmecsKyfukd rEÅav; r[m
jrwfrkedbk&m;BuD; ausmif;wdkufrSm ½Hk;pdkuf
xm;ygw,f/ AdkvfrSL;Axl;&JU ppfbufqdkif&m
wm0efwpfcku pufrIvufrIwyf&if;udk BuD;
MuyfuGyfuJwJh wm0efjzpfw,f/ odkYayrJh tjcm;
wm0efuawmh *syefzufqpfawGudk wdkufcdkuf
&rJh awmfvSefa&; wm0efyJ jzpfygw,f/
wu,fawmh xdkpOfu AdkvfrSL;Axl;[m
txufjrefrmEdkifiH&JU zufqpf qefYusifa&;
jynfolUvGwfajrmufa&; tzGJUcsKyf&JU wdkufcdkuf
a&;acgif;aqmif jzpfygw,f/ AdkvfrSL;Axl;&JU
vufatmufrSm ppfudkif; Adkvfodef;OD;&JU puf
tajrmufwyfcGJ? jrpfi,f Adkvf&Jacgif&JU puf
tajrmufwyfcGJ? rEÅav; rsufyg;&yf Adkvf
tmVm0u&JU puftajrmufwyfcGJwdkY &Sdygw,f/
AdkvfrSL;Axl;[m ajratmuf awmfvSefa&;
&JabmfawGudk tdE´d,eJY jrefrm e,fpyfwpf
avQmuf ul;vl;oGm;vm&mrSma&m awmfvSefa&;
vkyfief;awG aqmif&Guf&mrSmyg tumtuG,f
ay;cJhw,f/
awmfvSefa&; pmapmifawG xnfhxm;wJh
vG,ftdwfudk vG,fNyD; wyfxJ 0ifoGm;wJh
&Jabmfwpfa,muf[m wyfwGif;rS jyefxGuf
vmcsdefrSmawmh ppf0wfpHk0wfNyD; "m;vG,fudk
cg;rSm csdwfum xGufvmwmudk awGUEdkifygw,f/
xdkpOfu AdkvfrSL;Axl;&JU wyfwGif;rSm EdkifiHa&;
oifwef;awGudkvnf; ydkYcscJhw,f/
xdktcsdefrSmawmh &JabmfawG tm;vHk;[m
ra0;uGmvSwJh aeY&ufwpf&ufrSm *syefzufqpf
awGudk vufeufeJY awmfvSefMu&awmhr,f
qdkwmudk od&Sdxm;ygw,f/ odkYayrJh b,faeY
b,f&ufrSm awmfvSefa&;BuD; pwifr,fqdkwm
udkawmh b,folrS twdtusrodMuygbl;/
awmfvSefa&;udk BudKNyD; pwifcJh&
xdkpOfu wpfEdkifiHvHk;rSm wpfNydKifeuf
wnf; awmfvSefa&; pwifMuzdkY AdkvfcsKyfeJYwuG
awmfvSefa&; acgif;aqmifBuD;awG qHk;jzwf
xm;wJh aeU&ufuawmh {NyDv (2)&ufyg/
odkYayrJh uav;0? a&OD;? a&Tbdk pwJh a'oawG
bufu csDwufvmwJh t*FvdyfwyfawG[m
rwfv (7)&uf? (8)&ufaeYawGrSm rwå&m
teD;udk a&mufaeMuygNyD/
wu,fvdkYom rlvu owfrSwfxm;wJh
twdkif; {NyDv (2)&ufaeYrS awmfvSefa&;
pwifr,fqdk&if AdkvfrSL;Axl;&JU wyfawG[m
*syefwyfawG 0dkif;ydwfNyD; wdkufcdkufwmudk cH&
Edkifygw,f/ 'ghtjyif em;vnfrI &xm;wJh
r[mrdwft*FvdyfawG&JU txiftjrifvGJwmudk
vnf; cH&Edkifygw,f/
'ghtjyif rwfv (8)&uf eHeufrSmawmh
*syefppf tBuHay; t&m&Sdwpfpk[m jrpfi,frSm
&SdwJh Adkvf&JacgifxHudk vma&mufum ppful
jrefrmhwyfrawmf\ *kPfxl;aqmif AdkvfrSL;BuD; Axl;
ArmhvGwfvyfa&; wyfrawmf jrefrmEdkifiHwGif;odkY 0ifa&mufvmpOf/
Memory
17
awmif;cHvmcJhw,f/ *syefawG[m t*Fvdyf
ppfwyfawGeJY wdkufaewJh ppfyGJawGudk Armh
wyfrawmftaeeJY ulwdkufay;zdkY ppful awmif;
Muwmyg/
Adkvf&Jacgif[m ol rqHk;jzwfEdkifwJhtwGuf
*syefawGudk Adkvfrif;armif&JU wyfpdyfeJYtwl
AdkvfrSL;Axl;xH apvTwfvdkufygw,f/ wdkuf
cdkuf&rJh ppfajrjyifuawmh rEÅav;ajrmuf
bufu awmifajcrSmyg/
AdkvfrSL;Axl;taeeJY *syefawG ppful
awmif;wmudkvnf; jiif;y,fzdkY rjzpfEkdifygbl;/
tu,fí awmfvSefa&;udk rlvowfrSwfxm;
wJh &ufrSpwifr,f qdk&ifvnf; &JabmfawG
tm;vHk; r[mrdwfwyfawG&JU 0dkif;n§yfum
zrf;qD;wmudk cH&zdkY aocsmaeygw,f/ 'DvdkrS
r[kwf&ifvnf; *syefwyfawGeJYtwl t*Fvdyf
awGudk wdkufcdkuf&if; qkwfcGmzdkYyJ &Sdaeygw,f/
'gaMumifh AdkvfrSL;Axl;[m jrpfi,fwyf
pdyfudk *syeft&m&SdawGeJYtwl rEÅav;awmif
ajcudk ppfxGufzdkY trdefYay;vdkufw,f/ xdk
trdefYeJY wpfqufwnf;rSmyJ ppfajrjyifa&muf
wmeJY teD;qHk;&efol (*syef)bufudk aoewf
ajymif;awG vSnfhzdkY awmfvSefa&; ppfrdefYudkyg
ay;vdkufygw,f/
AdkvfrSL;Axl;&JU ppf½Hk;rSm&SdwJh &JabmfawG
tm;vHk;[m rdrdwdkY&JU tvkyfwm0efawGudk
xrf;&Guf&if; olwdkY tarQmfvifhqHk;jzpfwJh
tcsdefudk apmifhqdkif;aeMuygw,f/ xdktcsdef
uawmh ppfajrjyifudk a&muf&SdoGm;NyD;aemuf
jrpfi,fwyfrS &JabmfawGu *syefppft&m&Sd
awGudk okwfoifypfrJhtcsdefygyJ/
xdktcsdef usa&mufwJhtcgrSm rsufyg;&yf
rSm&SdwJh AdkvftmVm0u wyfu tajr§mufypfNyD;
tcsufay;&rSm jzpfw,f/ ,if;tajr§mufoHudk
Mum;wJh tcsdefrSm jrpfi,feJY ppfudkif;wdkYrSm&SdwJh
tajrmufwyfawGuvnf; tajrmufawG
ypfazmufNyD; tcsufay;um awmfvSefa&;udk
pwif&rSm jzpfygw,f/
*syefzufqpfawGudk ppfaMunm
AdkvfrSL;Axl;&JU ½Hk;cef;xJrSm &SdaewJh *syefppf
tBuHay;t&m&Sd oHk;av;OD;[m AdkvfrSL;udk
tuJcwf&if; pm;yGJa&SUrSm xdkifaeMuygw,f/
AdkvfrSL;&JU rsufESm[m tvGefw&mrS av;eufwJh
toGifukd aqmifaeygw,f/ AdkvfrSL;Axl;[m
pm;yGJay:u pm&GufawGudk vSefMunfh aeYayrJh
ol&JU OD;aESmufuawmh wpfpHkwpf&mudk tav;
teuf pOf;pm;aeyHk&ygw,f/
xdktcsdefrSmyJ AdkvfrSL; apmifhqdkif;aewJh
tcsdef[m a&muf&SdvdkU vmygw,f/ AdkvfrSL;
Axl;&JU rsufESm[m wpfr[kwfcsif; wif;rm
vmw,f/ AdkvfrSL;&JU rsufvHk;awG[m ta&mif
wpfvufvuf awmufyvmw,f/ AdkvfrSL;
Axl;u jrefrmwpfrsKd;om;vHk;&JU udk,fpm;
*syefzufqpfawGudk ppfaMunmvdkufaMumif;
atmifjrifcHhnm;wJh avoHeJY xkwfazmf ajym
Mum;vdkufw,f/ xdktcsdefrSmyJ awmfvSefa&;
&JabmfawG[m vufjrefajcjrefeJY *syefppf
t&m&SdawGudk xdef;csKyfvdkufMuygw,f/
*syefppft&m&SdawGudk okwfoifcJhNyD;
aemuf rMumjrifhrDrSmyJ uifaywdkifawG&JU ppfum;
awG[m AdkvfrSL;Axl;&JU ppfXmecsKyfa&SUudk
a&mufvmcJhw,f/ odkYayrJh AdkvfrSL; acgif;aqmif
wJh awmfvSefa&; &JabmfawG tm;vHk;[m
BudKwifa&G;cs,fxm;wJh awmfvSefa&; ajcukyf
pcef;qDudk qkwfcGm oGm;EdkifcJhMuw,f/
arSmif&D0dk;0g; atmufrSmyJ awmfvSefa&;
&JabmfawG[m ypf&if;cwf&if; qkwfcGmcJh
Muw,f/ AdkvfrSL;Axl;&JU awmfvSefa&; ajcukyf
pcef; ae&muawmh atmifyifv,fbufudk
ygyJ/
atmifyifv,f awmfvSefa&;
ajcukyfpcef;
wu,fawmh atmifyifv,f[m uefvdkY
qdkayrJh xdktcsdefrSmawmh us,fjyefYwJh v,fuGif;
jyifBuD;tjzpfodkY a&muf&SdaeygNyD/ uefBuD;[m
rsufaphwpfqHk;&SdNyD; &Gmuav;awG [dkwpfpk
'Dwpfpk &Sdaeygw,f/ AdkvfrSL;Axl;&JU awmfvSefa&;
&JabmfawG[m olwdkY&JU aoewfawGudk aumuf
½dk;yHkawGxJrSm 0Sufxm;Muum &Gmom;awG
toGif,lNyD; wJpkwpfckrSm oHk;av;a,mufpD
cGJNyD; aexdkifcJhMuw,f/
wcsKdUaom awmfvSefa&; &JabmfawG
uawmh qif&Gm? ykodrfBuD;? opfcsKdukef; pwJh
&GmwGrSm vlcGJNyD; aeMuygw,f/ &JabmfawG[m
aeYbuf tcsdefawGrSm qefzGyf? armif;axmif
wJhtvkyf? xif;acG? a&cyfwJh tvkyfawGudk
vkyfMuNyD; nOhftcsdefawGrSm ajymufusm; ppf
qifa&;udk qifETJMuygw,f/ wpfcgwpf&HrSm
qdk&if &JabmfawG[m wyfeJUuGJNyD; b,foGm;&
b,fvm&rSef;rodjzpfaewJh *syefawGudk
aoewfyif roHk;bJ ZD0defacRcJhMuw,f/
AdkvfrSL;Axl;&JU ajymufusm;ppfqifa&;
AdkvfrSL;Axl;u ol&JU &JabmfawGukd
tNrJwrf; ppfwyfyHkpHrsKd;eJY zGJUpnf;rxm;bJ
ajymufusm;yHkpHeJYom zGJUpnf;xm;wmyg/ AdkvfrSL;
[m rdrd&JU &JabmfawGudk ppfaMumif;wpfavQmuf
(0JrS,m) Adkvf&efatmif? AdkvfausmfaZm? Adkvf&JxG#f (aemufwef;) Adkvfjrifhatmif? AdkvfAxl;
18
rSm [dkwpfpk 'DwpfpkcGJNyD;? wdkufcdkufapcJh
w,f/ wpfcgwpf&HrSmqdk&if &JabmfESpfa,muf
oHk;a,mufavmufeJY *syefppfom; oHk;av;q,fudk
wdkufcdkufacsrIef;apcJhygw,f/
arNrdKU (jyifOD;vGif)bufuae qkwfcGm
vmwJh tiftm; 3000 ausmf&SdwJh *syef ppfwyf
BuD;[m qkwfvrf;wpfavQmufrSm AdkvfrSL;
Axl;&JU ajymufusm;&JabmfawG&JU wdkufcdkufrI
aMumifh rtdyfEdkif rpm;EdkifbJ pdwf"mwfawG
ysufjym;ukefMuygw,f/
wpfcgwpf&HrSmawmh ajymufusm;&Jabmf
awG[m wu,fh tNrJwrf; ppfwyfBuD;awGyrm
NrdKUodrf; wdkufyGJawGudkyif qifETJcJhMuw,f/
]NrdKU BuD;} wdkufyGJrSmqdk&if Adkvf&JacgifeJY AdkvftmVm
0uwdkY[m NrdKUudk t&ifodrf;EdkifzdkYtwGuf tNydKif
tqdkif wdkufcJhMuw,f/ xdkwdkufyGJrSm Adkvf&Jacgif
wyfrS &Jabmfwpfa,mufjzpfwJh &Jabmfjr[m
&efolu pufaoewfeJY ypfaewJhMum;u
twif;ajy;0ifNyD; pufaoewf&Sd&mudk vufypf
AHk;eJY ypfwJhtwGuf usqHk;cJh&ygw,f/
aMuuGJp&m qHk;½IH;rI
AdkvfrSL;Axl;wdkY&JU awmfvSefa&; ppfyGJ
twGif;rSm aMuuGJp&maumif;vSwJh qHk;½IH;rI
awGeJYvnf; &ifqdkifcJh&w,f/
'kwfxdk;a& pcef;[m oQdKajrmifawG
ausmufvTm ausmufcsyfawG&JU tv,frSm
wnf&Sdwmyg/ awmfvSefa&; &JabmfawG&JU wdkuf
cdkufrIaMumifh qkwfcGmoGm;cJhMuwJh *syefawG
[m nOfhbufrSm 'kwfxkd;a& pcef;qDudk
wdwfwqdwf jyefvnf0ifa&mufcJhMuygw,f/
odkYayrJh xdktjzpfudk uif;axmuf &JabmfawG
[m rod&SdcJhMuygbl;/ aemufaeYrSm 'kwfxdk;a&
pcef;udk odrf;zdkY pdwfat;vufat;csDwuf
cJhMuwJh ajymufusm; &JabmfawG[m ausmufvTm
ausmufcsyfawGMum;rSm ykef;atmif;aeMuwJh
*syefawG&JUtvpf wdkufwmudk cHcJhMu&w,f/
xdkwdkufyGJrSm vufzwifeif Adkvfoef;Munf
eJYwpfuG olOD;aqmifwJh pufBuD; b,fawmifyH
wpfckvHk; usqHk;cJhMu&ygw,f/
AdkvfrSL;Axl;&JU ajymufusm;ppfqifa&;
*kPfowif;[m wpfaeYwpfjcm; ausmfMum;
vmcJhw,f/ 'gaMumifhyJ r[mrdwfwyfawGu
AdkvfrSL;Axl;eJY ol&JU ajymufusm; &JabmfawG
udk txl;av;pm;cJ h Muw,f/ Ad kvfrSL;&JU
ajymufusm; &Jabmfwpfa,mufu vrf;rSm
awGU&wJh r[mrdwf&JU um;wpfpD;udk vufwm;NyD;
Axl;ajymufusm;vdkY ajymvdkufwm&JU r[mrdwf
ppfum;u xdk&JabmfoGm;vdk&mudk ydkYaqmif
ay;Muygw,f/
AdkvfrSL;Axl;&JU ajymufusm;y&d,m,f
AdkvfrSL;[m ajymufusm;ppfqifa&; wpfck
vkyfzdkY vkdtyfvmwJhtcgrsKd;rSm zswfvwfNyD;
&J&ifhwJh &JabmfESpfa,muf oHk;a,mufudk
a&G;cs,fvdkufum &Jabmfwpfa,mufvQif
vufypfAHk; oHk;av;vHk;avmufudk o,faqmif
apNyD; *syefppfpcef;&SdwJh ae&mudk taotcsm
ñTefjyvdkufygw,f/
xdk&JabmfawGudk ESpf&ufoHk;&uftwGif;
rykyfrodk;EdkifwJh *sHKeJYvkyfwJh csmygwDrIefYawGudk
vHkvHkavmufavmuf ay;vdkufygw,f/
xdk&JabmfawG[m *syefppfpcef;eJY eD;Edkif
orQ eD;atmif csOf;uyfNyD; *syeffawG&JU uif;csyHk?
t0iftxGuf tdyfcsdef pm;csdef? vufeufxm;
&SdrI pwmawGudk wpf&uf odkYr[kwf ESpf&ufMum
avhvmMu&ygw,f/ rdrdwdkY&JU ajy;vrf;udk
vnf; &Smxm;&ygw,f/
'DvdkeJY nOfhtcsdef *syefawG tdyfpuf
tem;,laepOfrSm xdk&JabmfawG[m ygorQ
vufypfAHk;awGeJY *syefawGudk ypfNyD; rdrdwdkY
a&G;cs,fxm;wJh ajy;vrf;twdkif; wyfpcef;
qDudk jyefajy;Mu&ygw,f/
awmfvSefa&;XmecsKyf ajrpdkufwJuav;
xdkpOfu ajymufusm; ppfqifa&;aMumifh
r[mrdwf ppfwyfu t&m&SdawGuyif av;pm;
&wJh AdkvfrSL;&JU XmecsKyf[m tus,ft0ef;
ig;awmif ywfvnfom&SdNyD; tifzufawG rdk;um
wJh ajrpdkufwJuav;om jzpfygw,f/ AdkvfrSL;
Axl;u xdkpcef;uaeNyD; ppfqifa&;awG
twGuf trdefYay; ñTefMum;vsuf&Sdaeygw,f/
rdk;&GmwJhtcgawGrSm AdkvfrSL;&JU wJwpfckvHk;
twGif;rSm aep&mr&Sdatmif &TJ&T Jpd koGm;yg
awmhw,f/ AdkvfrSL;&JU wJxJrSm uRwfawG
uvnf; jrifraumif;atmif aygrsm;vSygw,f/
aq;0g;eJY tpmt[m&vnf; aumif;pGm rrSD0J
&bJ tvkyfudk yifyifyef;yef;vkyfae&wJh AdkvfrSL;
[m aemufqHk;rSm yg;acsmif em;acsmifusNyD;
a&m*gtrsKd;rsKd;0ifum tm;jywfoGm;cJhygw,f/
xdktcsdefrSm AdkvfrSL;&JU toufudk u,fwifzdkY
twGuf *vl;udkY(pf)tm;aq;yif xdk;ray;Edkif
wmaMumifh aq;rSL;BuD; apmaemifcrf;[m
vufrIdifcscJh&ygw,f/
rdrd&JU tajctaeudk aumif;pGm odaeyHk
&wJh AdkvfrSL;u olY&JabmfawGudk AdkvftmVm0u
wyf&Sdr,fh ae&mudk ar;NyD; ]tmVm0uudk jyef
ac:? ppfudk qufwdkufMu}qdkwJh aemufqHk;
trdefYudk ay;cJhygw,f/
AdkvfrSL;Axl;[m w,fvl;pcef;rSmyJ
uG,fvGefcJhw,f/ wm0ef&SdolawG[m AdkvfrSL;
uG,fvGefwmudk xkwfazmfraMunmao;bJ
wyfawGudk atmifyef;odkY qufvufcsDwuf
apcJhw,f/ vrf;c&D;wpfavQmufrSmvnf;
zufqpfawGudk okwfoif acsrIef;cJhMuw,f/
atmifyef;NrdKUudk odrf;ydkuftNyD;rSmawmh
&JabmfawGtm;vHk; taysmfBuD; aysmfNyD; ykqdk;awG
tusÐawG avxJudk ajr§mufum ckefayguf
atmf[pf aeMuygw,f/ aumif;uifxufrSm
awmh 0dkif,mvuf(pf)eJY owif;ydkYxm;wJhtwGuf
a&mufvmMuwJh r[mrdwfav,mOfawG[m
ysH0Jaeygw,f/ xdktcsdefrSmyJ wm0ef&SdolawGu
AdkvfrSL;uG,fvGefwJh owif;udk xkwfjyefaMunm
cJhygonf/
aysmf&Tif jrL;wl;aeMuwJh &JabmfawG
tm;vHk;[m ½kwfw&uf idkifusoGm;NyD; csufcsif;
qdkovdkyJ ½dIufBuD;wiifeJY atmf[pfidka<u;
Muygawmhw,f/ n
19
20
vlxkESifh a':atmifqef;pkMunf (8)The Future
udk0PÖarmif (&efukef) - tefwDcifAsm/ tckwavmjzpfaewJh
EdkifiHa&; taetxm;t& cefYrSef;MuwJh[mawGa&m arQmfvifhaeMuwJh
[mawGa&mrSm tefwDhtaeeJY OD;odef;pdeftpdk;&u tpdk;&tzGJUxJrSm
wm0ef,lzdkY urf;vSrf;vmr,fqdk&if b,fvdk oabmxm;ygovJ/
aemufwpfckuawmh tJvdkrsKd; urf;vSrf;vmwJh[mudk vufcHNyD;awmh
wm0ef,lr,fqdk&if wdkif;jynftaeeJY trsKd;om; jyefvnf&ifMum;apha&;udk
ydkNyD; vkyfaqmifEdkifw,fvdkY ,lqygovm;/ uRefawmfwdkYvnf; odcsifvdkYyg/
tefwDtaeeJY ajzMum;ay;apcsifygw,f/
a':atmifqef;pkMunf - udpöwpfck[m jzpfr,f rjzpfbl;vJ rod?
jzpf&ifvnf; b,fvdk tajctaersKd;rSm jzpfr,fvJrodbJeJY vufcH
p&m taMumif;r&SdbJeJY ajzzdkY&m roifhawmfygbl;/ tefwDwdkYu
jrefrmEdkifiHrSm ppfrSefwJh 'Drdkua&pD taqmufttHk cdkifcdkifrmrm aqmuf
wnfzkdYudk BudK;pm;aewm jzpfwJhtwGuf bmudkyJvkyfvkyf BudK;pm;csuf
udk taxmuftul jzpfrvm;qdkwm MunfhNyD; qHk;jzwfrSm jzpfyg
w,f/
udkbdkbdkZif (rHk&Gm) - r*Fvmyg tar/ om;emrnfuawmh
armifbdkbdkZifyg/ tarpk pdwfcsrf;om udk,fusef;rmeJY EdkifiHtusKd; vlrsKd;
tusKd;udk aqmif&GufEdkifygapvdkY arwåmrsm; ydkYovdkufygw,f/ ,ckvuf&Sd
jrefrmEdkifiHrSm a':vmaps;awGvnf; jyKwfus? tdrfeD;csif;EdkifiHawG&JU
aiGaMu;aps;awGvJ jyKwfusNyD; jrefrmEdkifiH&JU aiG[m tenf;i,f jrifhwuf
vmwmudk awGU&ygw,f/ NyD;awmh jrefrmEdkifiH&JU vloHk;ukefypönf;awG[m
tjcm;EdkifiHrsm;eJY ,SOfvQif aps;EIef;tenf;i,f csKdomygw,f/ 'gayrJhvnf;
jrefrmEdkifiHrSm aiG&Sm&wm tifrwefrS cufcJNyD; oHk;pGJ&wJhtcgrSm odyfudk
vG,fulaeygw,f/ tareJY or®w OD;odef;pdef aqG;aEG;yGJrSm jynfolawG&JU
pD;yGm;a&;Muyfwnf;rI jyóemudk ajz&Sif;zdkY aqG;aEG;cJhygovm;/
wu,fvdkY aqG;aEG;cJhw,fqdk&ifvnf; aemiftem*wf vli,fawG&JU
pD;yGm;a&; tcGifhtvrf;awGudk uRefawmfwdkY odyg&ap/
a':atmifqef;pkMunf - jynfolawG&JU pD;yGm;a&; jyóemawGeJY
ywfoufvdkY tvkyf½Hk aqG;aEG;yGJawG vkyfcJhw,fqdkwm om;Mum;NyD;
jzpfygvdrfhr,f/ pD;yGm;a&; jyóemaygif;rsm;pGmeJY &ifqdkifae&wJh EdkifiH
wpfEdkifiHrSm wdk;wufrI&SdzdkYqdkwm awmfawmfBudK;pm;vkyf,l&rJh udpöyg/
'gayr,fh jynfolawG&JU vdkvdkvm;vm; yg0ifvkyfaqmifrIeJY urÇmYtodkif;
t0dkif;&JU 0dkif;0ef; ulnDrIwdkYudk &,lEdkifr,fqdk&if atmifjrifwJh jyKjyif
ajymif;vJa&;awG jzpfvmEdkifygw,f/ om;wdkYvdk vli,fawGyg0ifzdkYuvnf;
odyfta&;BuD;ygw,f/ 'gaMumifh tm;ri,fygeJY/ tifwdkuf tm;wdkuf
0dkif;NyD; ulnDEdkifwJh tcGifhta&;awG ay:vmwJhtcg wufwuf<u<ueJY
yg0ifapcsifygw,f/ 'DvdkjzpfEdkifzdkYvnf; BudK;pm;aeygw,f/
Questions & Answers
21
raxG; (tif'D;&m;em;) - r*Fvmyg/ uRefr emrnfu raxG;vdkY
ac:ygw,f/ jynfolUacwf*sme,frSm a':pk&JU aqmif;yg;udk pmaypdppfa&;
tzGJUu uif;vTwfcGifhay;vdkufNyD; azmfjycGifh jyKvkdufwmudk a':pk b,fvdk
xifjrifcHpm;&ygovJ/ aus;Zl;wifygw,f/
a':atmifqef;pkMunf - EdkifiHwpfEdkifiHrSm 'Drdkua&pD taqmufttHkawG
cdkifNrJzdkYqdk&if pmaya&;om; xkwfa0jzefYcsda&; vGwfvyfrI vdkygw,f/
'gaMumifh uRefraqmif;yg;rdkY&,fvdkY r[kwfygbl;/ ,cifu xkwfa0EdkifcGifh
r&cJhwJh pmayta&;tom;awG wcsKdU tck xkwfa0ydkifcGifh &vmwmudk
BudKqdkygw,f/
aemftdk;&Sif; (tar&duefjynfaxmifpk) - tefwDpk&Sifh orD;uawmh
tar&duef jynfaxmifpk e,l;a,mufrSmaewJh aemftkd;&Sif; jzpfygw,f/
jrefrmjynf[m tajymif;tvJjzpfEdkifwJh tajctaerSm a&mufaeNyDvdkY
urÇmY Nidrf;csrf;a&;aeYrSm tefwDajymqdkcJhwmudk Mum;&ygw,f/ 'DtwGuf
orD;wdkY t&rf; 0rf;omrdw,f/ 'Dtajymif;tvJawG[m b,fawmhavmuf
yDyDjyifjyif jzpfvmEdkifr,fvdkY xifygovJ&Sif? tefwDpk usef;rmygapvdkY
qkawmif;vdkufygw,f&Sif/
a':atmifqef;pkMunf - tajymif;tvJ jzpfEkdifwJh tajctaeawG
a&mufaeNyDqdkawmh vrf;pjrifae&NyDvdkY qdkvdkwmyg/ qufavQmuf
vSrf;zdkYuvJ &Sdao;w,fav/ b,fvdkyHkeJY b,favmufjrefjrefoGm;r,f
qdkwmudk jrifEdkifvmrSyJ c&D;b,favmuf &Snfr,fqdkwm cefYrSef;EdkifrSm
jzpfygw,f/ tjrefqHk; jynfolawG&JU arQmfvifhcsufawG jynfhEdkifzdkYawmh
BudK;pm;ygr,f/
tda&Tpif (vef'ef) - tarpk r*Fvmyg/ uRefruawmh rtda&Tpif
jzpfygw,f/ vef'efNrdKUrSm aeygw,f/ uRefr ar;csifwJh ar;cGef;av;
uawmh OD;odef;pdeftpdk;& zGJUr,fh jynfwGif; Nidrf;csrf;a&;aumfrwDrSm
tarhudk yg0ifoifhw,f qdkNyD;awmh ygvDrefxJrSm tqdkjyKwifoGif;
xm;w,fvdkY od&ygw,f/ tJh'DaumfrwDrSm tar yg0ifzdkY tpDtpOf
&Sdygovm;/ &Sdw,fqdk&if b,fvdktaetxm;rsKd;eJY yg0ifr,f qdkwmudk
odcsifygw,f/ aus;Zl; trsm;BuD;wifygw,f/
a':atmifqef;pkMunf - aumfr&SifrSm tarhudk xnfhzdkY tqdk
wifoGif;xm;w,fvdkYawmh Mum;cJhygw,f/ 'Dtqdkt& jzpfajrmufvmr,f
rjzpfajrmufvmzl;qdkwmudkawmh rodao;vdkY orD;odcsifwmudk ajzEdkifwJh
tajctae r&Sdao;ygbl;/ tajzay:vmawmh orD;wdkY od&rSmaygh/
nRef : RFA (Radio Free Asia)
22
aEGOD;yHk&dyf odkYr[kwf teDxJu Mu,fjzLyGifhcsrf;Nidrf;
]waygif;&,fwJh rdef&moD &Gufa[mif;udk
avESifvdkY yefawmf0if a&TtifMuif;i,f oif;ysHU
cJhNyD/}
OMowGefoH Mum;&avNyD/
waygif;wefcl; &moDtul;wGif jrL;wl;
&,foGrf; aEGvufo&rf;aMumifh ajrouf
usa&muf &GufajcmufESifhtwl yif,HxufrS
OMooHonf jznf;jznf;rSefrSef wGefavNyD/
aqmif;uRwfvkNyD aEG&moDvnf; ryDwwfao;
0dk;0g;axG;[k a&S;pmqdkwpfOD; pyfcJhovdk awm
awmifa&ajr pdrfhprf;utp ½IzG,frqHk;aom
jrifuGif;wdkYwGif t&m&mwdkif;onf &moD pyful;
rwful;umvü ryD0dk;w0g; jrLrsm; &pfqdkif;
aewwfonf/
xdktcsdefonf awmolawmifom;wdkY
pyg;ay:NyD; aiG&Tifcsdef? yJodrf;csdef? xef;oD;
csKdifNyD; xef;vsufcsufcsdefvnf; jzpfonf/
aus;vufawm&Gmrsm;ü bk&m;yGJusif;ycsdef?
oJyHkapwDyJG usif;ycsdefvnf; jzpf\/ rMumrD
wmoBuFefumv usa&mufvmawmhrnf
jzpfygonf/
zufqpfawmfvSefa&;ed'gef;
1940 jynfhvGefESpfrsm;u xdkodkY r[kwfyg/
'kwd, urÇmppfrD;aMumifh tNrJwap at;at;
vlvl aewwfaom awmolawmifom; jrefrm
jynfoltrsm;pkonf v,fxJ ,mxJ aumif;pGm
xGef,uf r&? pdkufysKd; r&? taetpm; qif;&J
pGmjzifh usD;vefYpmpm; aexkdifcJh&onf/ &Jabmf
oHk;usdyfOD;aqmifrIESif h bDtdkifat (Armh
vGwfvyfa&;wyfrawmf)onf *syefwdkYESifhtwl
jrefrmjynftwGif;odkY ppfaMumif;BuD;rsm; cGJum
0ifa&mufcJhNyD; ESpfaygif;wpf&mausmfMum pdk;rdk;
aeaom NAdwdoQwdkYtm; armif;xkwf wdkufcdkuf
cJhNyD;aemuf at;at;vlvlae&awmhrnf[k
jrefrmjynfolwdkY awG;xifírSrqHk; zufqpf
wdkYu ZmwdjyMuavawmhonf/ 1942ckESpf?
Zefe0g&Dv (31)&ufaeYwGif armfvNrdKif? rwfv
(8)&ufaeYwGif &efukef? arv (8)&ufaeYwGif
jrpfBuD;em;udk odrf;ydkufNyD;aomfvnf; *syef
wdkYonf rlvu xm;&SdcJhonfh uwdtwdkif;
jrefrmhvGwfvyfa&;udk csufcsif; raMunmcJh?
jrefrmjynfudk odrf;ydkufxm;aom zufqpf
*syefwdkY\ umeDAdk? *dk½Id? rpfqlbD&SD tp&Sdaom
ukrÜPDBuD;rsm;u NAdwdoQwdkY\ bDtkdpD? &GdKufpf
ukrÜPDrsm;ae&m tpm;xdk;0ifa&mufNyD; pD;yGm;
a&; vuf0g;BuD;tkyf&ef ta&SU tm&SomwlnD
rQa&;[k a<u;aMumfum udkvdkeDjyK&ef ½kyfvHk;
azmfvmMuonf/ xkdYtjyif uifaywdkif[k ac:
aom *syefppfykvdyf wdkYuvnf; jrefrm
jynfolrsm;tm; yg;½dkuf? em;½dkuf? aeylvSrf;?
vufonf;cGm? usifpufwdkY? vHSpGyfxdk; ponfh
zufqpfenf;rsm;jzifh trsKd;rsKd; ESdyfpuf½HkrQru
trsKd;orD;rsm;ESifh oHCmawmfrsm;udkyg wjznf;
jznf; apmfum;vmMuonf/ *syef0ifpOfu
oajyyef;ESifh vSrf;qufcJhaom jrefrmjynfol
wdkYu tHhMoaMuuGJ&avonf/ wnfrdwJh bk&m;
vif;wyifem;em; qdk½dk;pum; &Sdaomfjim;
q&mBuD; ocifudk,fawmfrIdif;uyif ]rif;wdkY
yifhvmwJhbk&m; rif;wdkY jyefac:oGm;} [lí
rsK d;cspfjrefrm vli,facgif;aqmifrsm;tm;
ajymMum;cJhonf/ xdktcsdefuwnf;u Armh
wyfrawmfESifh jrefrmjynfol jynfom;wdkY
pdwf0,f *syefudk jyefvnfawmfvSef&ef wtHk
aEG;aEG; tHwBudwfBudwf jzpfaeavNyD/
1944 ckESpf Mo*kwfvwGif *syefu
ESpfodrfhonfh oabmjzifh a&T&nfpdrf vGwfvyf
a&; ay;aomfvnf; wpfzufü jrefrm
ArmhvGwfvyfa&; wyfrawmf jrefrmEdkifiHwGif;odkY 0ifa&mufvmpOf/
23
acgif;aqmifrsm;onf zufqpfwdkufzsufa&;
jynfolU vGwfvyfa&;tzGJU BuD;udk zGJUpnf;&ef
wdwfwqdwf jyifqifcJhMuonf/ aemifwpfcsdef
z.q.y.v tzGJUcsKyfBuD;tjzpf ay:aygufvm
rnfjzpfaom z.w.y.v tzGJUcsKyfudk uGefjrLepf
ygwD? jynfolU ta&;awmfyHkygwDESifh tm&Svli,f
tpnf;t½Hk;wdkY pkpnf;í zGJUpnf;cJhMuonf/
*syef0ifpuyif tdEd,odkY wdwfwqdwf xGuf
cGmoGm;aom ocifodef;azESifh &Jabmf wifa&T
wdkYuvnf; r[mrdwfESifh qufoG,f&ef BudK;pm;
Muovdk ocifpdk; OD;aqmifaom ajratmuf
ajymufusm;rsm;u jrpf0uRef;ay:a'owGif
vlxktm; pnf;½Hk;odrf;oGif;EdkifcJhum vufeuf
rsm;udkvnf; wdwfwqdwfjzefYa0ay;cJhonf/
&cdkifjynfe,fwGif jrefrmbkef;awmfBuD; OD;ynm
oD[ESifh udkndKxGef;wdkYu ajymufusm;ppf qif
ETJ&ef v,form;wdkYtm; wdwfwqdwf ppfynm
ay;vsuf&Sdonf/
jyifqifjcif; tiftm; BuD;xGm;vmaom
ArmhvGwfvyfa&; wyfrawmf (bDtkdifat)udk
ArmhumuG,fa&; wyfrawmf (bD'Dat)tjzpf
tiftm;csnfheJYatmif zufqpfwdkYu tiftm;avQmh
zGJUpnf;ay;cJhaomfvnf; wyfrawmf\ tjrKawrSm
jynfolvlxkyif jzpfygonf/ AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;?
AdkvfaZ,s? AdkvfvusfmwdkY acgif;aqmifaom
Armhwyfrawmfonf jynfolwdkY\tm;udk ,lí
vQdKU0SufwyfzGJUrsm; wdwfwqdwf zGJUpnf;cJh&m
ajymufusm;tiftm; &Spfaomif;ausmf &Sdvmonf/
wtHkaEG;aEG; tHwBudwfBudwfjzifh tajctae
aumif;udk apmifhqdkif;í *syeftm; xcs&ef
"m;aoG;aeMuNyD/ Armhwyfrawmfonf a&S;
OD;pGm o&ufNrdKUwGif taemufwdkif;ESifh rEÅav;
NrdKUü taemufajrmufwdkif;ppfXmecsKyfudk zGifh
vSpfcJhonf/ ,if;aemuf AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;u
txufjrefrmjynfwyfrsm;udk AdkvfrSL;Axl;
tkyfcsKyfí ppfaMumif;zGifh wdkufcdkuf&ef? ppfXme
csKyftzGJUESifh ppf0efBuD;½Hk;tzGJU tm;vHk;udk
AdkvfrSL;BuD; aZ,s tkyfcsKyfí o&ufpcef;rS
rif;wkef;pcef;odkY csDwuf&ef pDrHcJhNyD; atmuf
jrefrmjynfü Armhwyfrawmfu wdkif; 7 wdkif;
zGJUpnf;um zufqpfwdkYtm; wdkufcdkuf&ef
vQKdU0SufpGm BuHpnfcJhavonf/
,if;odkYaom tajctaewGif Oa&myü
zufqpf *smreDESifh tDwvDwdkY ½IH;edrfhum
jrefrmjynf ppfwvif;jyifüvnf; 1944 ckESpf?
rwfv rPdyl& tifzmwdkufyGJwGif ppfa&;
csdefcGifvQm ajymif;vJoGm;onf/ ,if;rSm xdk;ppf
qifvmaom *syefwyfrBuD;rsm;udk r[mrdwf
wdkYu BuHhBuHhcH wGef;vSefvdkufNyD; r½IrvS
½IH;edrfhcJh&aom *syefwyfrsm;aemuf wefjyef
xdk;ppfqifavonf/ r[mrdwfESifh tquf
toG,f&cJhaom Armhwyfrawmfonf tcsdef
tcgaumif; tcGifhtcgaumif; usa&muf
awmhrnfudk od\/ AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef; OD;aqmif
aom Armhwyfrawmf acgif;aqmifrsm;onf
zufqpfwdkYtm; vdr®myg;eyfpGm t,HkoGif;í
r[mrdwfwdkYtm; wdkufcdkuf&ef taMumif;jyum
wpfrsKd;om;vHk; vTwfajrmufa&;twGuf awmf
vSef&ef jyifqifavonf/
zufqpfawmfvSefa&;twGuf vQdKU0Suf
trnf ay;Mu&m AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;udk
OD;aemifcsKd? ocifpdk;udk OD;xGef;a0? ocif
oef;xGef;udk OD;barmif[lí owfrSwfcJh
Muonf/
awmfvSefjcif;
½IyfaxG;aeaom tajctaersm;Mum;
uyif awmfvSefvdkpdwf jyif;jyvSonfh rsKd;cspf
jrefrm wdkif;&if;om; trsm;tjym;onf *syef
uifaywdkifwdkY\ vufcsufjzifh &uf&ufpuf
puf n§if;yef;cH&um aoG;ajrus touf
qHk;½IH;cJh&onf/ xdkYtxJwGif NrdKUae vltrsm;
omru aus;vufawm&Gmrsm;rS wm0efod
awmifol v,form;rsm;? wHig aus;vufrS
wHig a&vkyfom;rsm;? rsKd;cspfpdwf jyif;jyvGef;
aom trsKd;orD;BuD;i,frsm;txd yg0ifcJh\/
vlrod olrod tnMw aoqHk;cJh&aom qif;&J
om;jynfolrsm;um; renf;/ odkYaomf awmfvSef
aoG;opöm wdkifwnfoHum; wdwfqdwfroGm;?
b0*f nHatmif yJhwifxyfvsuf aeavonf/
wpfckaom wefcl;vwGifum; aumuf½dk;yHkxJ?
pyg;usDxJ ½dkifz,f aoewfrsm; a&mufvm
onf/ wHigonfrsm;\ avS0rf;AdkufxJ ig;yd?
Memory
24
ig;ajcmufrsm;atmuf vufeufcJ,rf;rsm;
a&mufvmonf/ avSrsm;? vSnf;rsm;jzifh
tqifhqifh vQdKU0Sufo,faqmifum vufeuf
rsm; wpfjynfvHk; jzefYa0NyD;avNyD/
&efukefNrdKU a&Twd*HkapwDawmf taemuf
ajrmufbuf&Sd uGif;jyif (,ck awmfvSefa&;
yefNcH)ü ppfa&;jy tcrf;tem;wpf&yfudk usif;y
um ppfaoemywdESifh ppf0efBuD; AdkvfcsKyf
atmifqef;onf teD;qHk; &efol&SmNyD; wdkufMu
[lí &J&Jawmuf ppfxGuf rdefYcGef;ajymMum;
NyD; udk,fwdkifvnf; o&ufc½dkif ykPÖm;uRef;
wGif zGifhvSpfxm;aom wyfrawmfXmecsKyfqD
ppfcsDavonf/
,if;aemuf 1945 ckESpf? rwfv (27)&uf
(wefcl;vjynfaeY)n (7)em&DwGif zufqpf
*syefwdkYtm; jrefrm wpfrsKd;om;vHk;u awmf
vSefvdkufNyDjzpfaMumif; aMunmcsuf wpfapmif
twdtvif; xkwfjyefum ordkif;0if zufqpf
awmfvSefa&;udk qifETJavonf/ Armh wyfrawmf
udkvnf; jynfolESifh wpfom;wnfjzpfatmif
]jynfolY wyfrawmf}[k ajymif;vJ owfrSwf
cJhonf/
jynfolUwyfrawmfonf &cdkifbufrS jzwf
í qkwfcGmvmaom *syefwdkYudk o&ufc½dkif
ESifh jynfc½dkifrS rEÅav;ESifh rdw¬DvmwdkYrS
qif;vmaom *syefwyfrsm;udk ysOf;rem;?
awmifil? yJcl;c½dkif? z½dkz&J <uif;usefaom *syef
wyfcGJwyfusefrsm;udk jrpf0uRef;ay:ESifh &cdkif
a'orS ,dk;',m;vrf;rBuD;ü cHppf wnfaqmuf
aeaom *syefwyfrsm;udk weoFm&Dwdkif; trSwf
(5)wdkYu tjyif;txef wkdufcdkufMuavonf/
,if;odkY wdkufcdkufjcif;aMumifh *syefbufrS
8826 OD;usqHk;um 2304 OD; 'Pf&m&NyD; 215
OD;udk vuf&zrf;qD;EdkifcJhonf/ 1945 ck Zlvdkifv
23 &ufaeYwGifum; jynfolYwyfrawmf udk
rsK d;cspfArmhwyfrawmf trnfajymif;um
zufqpf*syefwdkYtm; jrefrmhajray:rS &Gyf&GyfcRHcRH
wdkufxkwfEdkifcJhojzifh *syefppfom; 3200 rSm
ppfawmif;jrpf0Srf;ü r½IrvS usqHk;cJh&onf/
xdkYtwl awmfvSefa&;twGif; ArmhwyfrawmfESifh
rsKd;cspfjynfolU ajymufusm; wyfzGJU0iftcsKdUvnf;
toufudk tyfESif;cJh&avonf/
zufqpfawmfvSefa&;\ &v'fonfum;
vGwfvyfa&;\ tajccH tkwfjrpfjzpfaom
pnf;vHk;nDñGwfrIudk wnfaqmufEdkifcJhjcif;
jzpfonf/ xdktajccHtkwfjrpfrSpí ordkif;0if
yifvHknDvmcHudk usif;yum wdkif;&if;om;
pnf;vHk;nDnGwfa&;udk xyfrH wnfaqmuf
EdkifcJhjcif; jzpfonf/ pifppfwGifrlum; jrefrm
wdkif;&if;om;tm;vHk; pnf;vHk; nDnGwfpGm
wdkufyGJ0ifcJhaom tqdkyg awmfvSefa&;onf
vlrsKd;wpfrsKd;udkom awmfvSefjcif; r[kwf?
xdktcsdefu urÇmü tjrpfpGJcdkifrmatmif 0g'
jzefYaeaom zufqpfpepfudk wdkufzsufjcif;
om jzpfayonf/
xdkuJhodkY jrefrmEdkifiH ordkif;wGif azsmuf
zsufí r&onfh ordkif;wefzdk;BuD;rm;onfh
]awmfvSefa&;aeY} onf vmrnfh rwfv
(27)&ufaeYwGif ESpfaygif; 68 ESpfwdkifcJhNyD
jzpfayonf/ n
[dkifeefppfoifwef;ausmif;wGif &JabmfoHk;usdyf0ifrsm; ppfajryHk avhvmaeMuyHk/
l rdk;ukyfukyf0,f
tdk ½kwfw&uf? rsOf;jzLpufí
uGJtufaMumif;&m? [ [ vmNyD;
rdk;jymudkjzwf? ywåjrm;&nf
pD;vnft[kef? eDjref;ukefonf
t½kPfay:p 0dk;w0g;/
l rIefrTm;rTm;vQif
0dk;0g;wdwfqdwf? Mu,fa&mif&dyf0,f
jrpfqdyfESifhvnf;? reD;ra0;
acsmif;½dk;ab;rSm ajz;ajznif;nif;
avSwpif;xuf? awmwGif;om;ysKd
zsOfvufwdkESifh? udk,fudk0yfí
pdkufpdkufa&GUonf? ajcmufaoGU jrufxHk;
aumuf½dk;zHk;vsuf? uG,fykef;0Sufvm
,lumvufaxmuf? tvsm;arSmufonf
avSatmuf0rf;rS pufaoewf/
ltarSmif&dyf0,f
arS;rSdwfNidrfouf? acsmif;auGUxufwGif
tkyf,SufaxG;a&m? oifaygif;awm\
aemufausmap;yspf? aomifa&ppfrS
zufqpfuif;apmifh ppfpcef;/
lacsmif;udkauGUaomf? awGUvQifawGUcsif;
ajril&if;odkY? csOf;uyfavSmfum? eD;í
vmvQif
tom½kwfcsif;? wdwfqdwfrif;udk
NzdKcGif;jyif;xef? aoewfoHonf
jrpf,HyJhwif xyfownf;/
laiGva&mifvQif? tarSmifn&dyf
ao;ao;pdwfom? rdk;xdyfwdrfaomf
NidrfhNidrfhay:onf? paEémfNyHK;vSnfh
iHkYumMunfh&Sifh? xGef;onfhnOfhcg
xdefxdefomaomf? us,fpGm0rf;vsm;
v,fuGif;em;rS? awmzsm;ndKtkyf
rSdwfwkwfwkwfvQif? ,drf;vIyfjyum
rD;tdrf0gESifh? tmumjymrIdif;
wGJvGJqdkif;í? jzL0dkif;pufpuf
qif;vmoufrS? vufvufa&mifxif
usoGifoGifonf? av,mOfay:rS ppf&du©m/
l&Gmwpf&Gmum;? rIdif;jymrnf;ndKU
rD;½dIUavmifuRrf;? wif;0if&rf;aMumifh
y&rf;ywm? xGufajy;&Sm&
v[maoGUaoGU? cdk;aiGUa0a0
rD;avmifajrrS? EGrf;acGaysmif;vJh
nif;avzGJUu? oJhoJhacG;a[mifoHwum;/
lca&yGifhvQif? a<u&ifh0g0g
ajrürSmvQif? a&mumaygif;,Suf
a[mif;opf&GufESifh? w0ufarmif;eD
a0hvnfvnfudk? avcsDokwfjzL;
eD0gul;onf? aEGOD;aygufrdkY a&mf&Gufa<u/
l&ifha<uanmif;onfh? &Gufa[mif;pGefUypf
b0opfodkY? oepfajymif;rnf
zl;opfrSDonf? teDxJrS <u,fjzLyGifh/
rwfv awmfvSefa&;'*kefwm&m
25
Poem
26
vlrsKd;a&; cGJjcm;rI? tom;ta&mifcGJjcm;rI
ESifh vdifcGJjcm;rIwdkYaMumifh jzpfay:vmaom
rw&m;rIwdkYESifh ywfoufí pOf;pm;NyD; tajz
&Sm&mwGif odyfrcufcJvSyg/ ,if; rw&m;rIwdkY
onf vlwdkY\ rSm;,Gif;aom vkyfaqmifcsuf
aMumifh jzpfay:vmonfjzpf&um; þodkY cGJjcm;
qufqHrI rjyKvkyfEdkifap&ef wm;qD;jcif;tm;
jzifh ajz&Sif;Edkifayrnf/ vlrsKd;jcm;rsm;ESifh tom;
ta&mif rwlolrsm;udk xdkufwefaom vkyfc
ay;&ef jiif;qdkonfh tvkyf&Sif? a,musfm;ESifh
rdef;rcGJjcm;í qufqHaom ukrÜPDtzGJUtpnf;
wdkYtm; w&m;Oya'jy|mef;í ta&;,l wm;
jrpfEdkifayonf/
odkY&mwGif vlom;wdkY\ rSm;,Gif;aom
ya,m*aMumifh r[kwfbJ jzpfay:vmaom rnD
rQrIrsm;? rw&m;rIrsm;taMumif;udk pOf;pm;í
tajz&Sm&mwGifrl tawmfyif½IyfaxG;í cufcJ
vSonfudk awGU&ayonf/
vlYtzGJUtpnf;wpf&yftwGif; qif;&J
csKdUwJhaom rdbrsm;rS arG;zGm;vmolwdkYrSm rdrd
wdkY\ rSm;,Gif;aom vkyfaqmifcsuf wpfpHkwpf&m
ryg&SdygbJvsufESifh b0wGif tajccH pm;0wfae
a&;rStp ynma&;? usef;rma&;? tvkyftudkif
wdkYtxd nHhzsif;? edrfhyg;? csKdU iJh aeMu&onf/
þodkYjzpf&onfrSm uHraumif; taMumif;
rvSí jzpf&wmyg[kqdkum vlom;wpfOD;pD\
uHMur®mtay: yHkcsvdkuf&rnfavm? pOf;pm;ÚmPf
&Sdolrsm; vufcHEdkifonfhenf; r[kwfacs/ tvkyf
jzpfrnfh ajz&Sif;csufvnf; r[kwfacs/
þodkYqdkvQif ,if;rnDrQrI? rw&m;rIwdkY
onf csrf;omol olaX; ol<u,frsm;aMumifh
jzpfay:vm&onf[k qdk&rnfavm/ vlYtzGJU
tpnf;wpf&yftwGif; vlwdkY rnfodkY csrf;om
vmMuoenf;[laom tcsufudk OD;pGm pOf;pm;
Munfh&ayrnf/ tcsKdUu csrSwfxm;aom Oya'
w&m;rQwrI 'óe armifMunfopf
ESifhtnD aumif;a&mif; aumif;0,fvkyfum
csrf;omvmMu\/ tcsKdUurl enf;vrf;aygif;pHk
oHk;um 'kp½dkufvkyfief;rsm;aMumifh rw&m;rI
rsm; jzpfay:vm&onf[kqdkvQif ,if; 'kp½dkuf
aumifrsm;tm; vIyf&Sm;vkyfudkifcGifhay;aom
vlYtzGJUtpnf; odkYr[kwf tpdk;&onfvnf;
tvdkyg jzpfojzifh tjypfruif;ay/ ,if;wdkYtm;
w&m;rQwrIudk vkdvm;onfh vlom;wdkY\
yifudk,fpdwf\ OD;aqmifrIjzifh wpfcsdefcsdefwGif
y,fzsufypfEdkifrnfom jzpfayonf/
odkYaomf vlYtzGJUtpnf;twGif; vltcsKdU
onf tjcm;olrsm;xufydkí pD;yGm;a&; tuGuf
jrifum aiGaMu;&SmazG pkaqmif;wwfMu\/
ypönf;Opöm ydkí &SmazGwwfMu\/ xdkYaMumifh
ydkifqdkifrI ydkí ydkírsm;jym;vmum csrf;om
<u,f0vmMu\/ olwdkYonf rdrdwdkY\ om;orD;
rsKd;qufrsm;udk bufaygif;pHk aumif;pGm
axmufyHhEdkifMu\/ rdrdwdkYcsrf;omol vlwef;pm;
tcsif;csif; aygif;oif;qufqH vufxyfMu\/
þodkYjzifh rsKd;quf wpfqufNyD;wpfquf ydkí
ydkí csrf;omvmMuNyD; olwdkYESifh tjcm;vl
trsm;tjym; vlrIrwlnDcsufrsm; social inequalities jzpfay:vmayonf/ ,if; rnDrQ
csufonf xdkxdkaom vlcsrf;omrsm;\ rSm;,Gif;
aom rormrIrsm;aMumifh ay:ayguf vm&
onf[k vufn§dK;xdk;pGyfpGJí &Edkifygrnfavm/
27
Political
trSefpifppf olwdkY\ rsKd;½dk;pOfquf tarGtESpf
ydkifqdkifrI? aiGaMu; &SmazGpkaqmif;wwfrI?
om;orD;wdkYtm; taxmuftyHhaumif;pGm
ay;EdkifolwdkYonf rSm;,Gif;aom vkyfaqmif
csufrsm;? rormrIrsm;[k owfrSwfajymqdkEdkif
rnf r[kwfacs/ odkYaomf olwdkY\ vkyfaqmif
csufrsm;aMumifh xGufay:vmaom &v'furl
pdwfrouf omp&m jzpf&onf/ xdk&v'fum;
tjcm;vltrsm;onf vlUb0udk vlom;tjzpf
taetm;jzifh rqDavsmf rxkdufwefvSonfh
qdk;&Gm;edrfhusonfh tajctaewdkYjzifh pwif
Mu&jcif; jzpfayonf/
xdkYaMumifh vlYtzGJUtpnf;twGif; vlrI
rnDrQcsufrsm;udk jzpfay:apaom t"du
taMumif;&if; ESpf&yf&Sdonf[k qdkEdkifayonf/
4if;wdkYrSm vlwdkYarG;zGm;&aom vlrI pD;yGm;a&;
b0 tqifhtwef;rwl uGJjym;rIESifh vlwpfOD;
csif;pD&Sd vkyfief;uRrf;usifrI pGrf;aqmif&nf?
yifudk,f udk,f&nfudk,faoG; jcm;em;csufwdkY
jzpfayonf/ þtaMumif;w&m;wdk Yonf
vlom;wdkY\ ,if;rnDrQcsufrsm;? rw&m;rI
rsm;onf b0uHay &v'frsm;om jzpfonf[k
cH,lvdkufygvQif aemufxyfbmrQ qufvuf
pOf;pm; aqG;aEG;zdkYvdkawmhrnf r[kwfay/
uka#<u,folaX;rsm;\ ukd,fydkifaiGaMu;
oHk;pGJrI? rdom;pkb0 aexdkif[efyef? tvkyf
tudkif a&G;cs,fcefYxm;EdkifrItp&Sdaom yk*¾v
a&G;cs,fcsufrsm;ESifh ywfoufírl wdkuf½dkuf
0ifa&mufpGufzuf xdef;csKyfí roifhawmfay/
odkYaomf 4if;wdkY\ Opöm"eydkifqdkifrIudk oG,f0dkuf
í 0ifa&mufxdef;csKyfEdkifaom enf;vrf; wpf&yf
&Sd\/ ,if;rSm tcGefaumufcHjcif; (Taxation) enf;jzpf\/ 0ifaiGcGef? ukefypönf;cGef? vkyfief;
cGefrsm;udk csrf;omolrsm;tay: ydkrdkpnf;Muyf
aumufcHjcif; jzpfonf/ þenf;rSm qif;&J
csrf;om uGm[rI BuD;xGm;vmjcif;udk avsmh
yg;oGm;ap&ef tpdk;&u toHk;jyKEdkifaom enf;
jzpfonf/
tcGefaumufcHjcif;xuf ydkíta&;BuD;
onfrSm aumufcH&&SdaiGudk cGJa0oHk;pGJjcif;
jzpf\/ tcGefaumufcHjcif;trsKd;rsKd;rS &&Sdvmaom
jynfolUb@maiG trsm;pkudk qif;&Jom;
atmufajc vlwef;pm;wdkYtwGuf ynma&;?
usef;rma&;? tpm;tpm? aetdrf? t0wftpm;
vdktyfcsufrsm;udk wwfEdkiforQ jznhfqnf;
axmufyHhay;&rnf jzpfonf/ vltrsm;twGuf
b0wnfaqmufrI tcGifhtvrf;rsm;udk zGifhay;
&rnfjzpf\/ þodkYaom jynfolUb0 vlrI
zlvHka&; vkyfief;pOfrsm;onf vlrI rnDrQcsuf
rsm;udk wdkuf½dkuf wdkufzsufay;aom tpDtrH
rsm; jzpfayonf/
yifudk,f vkyf&nfudkif&nf odkYr[kwf
udk,f&nfudk,faoG; uGm;jcm;rIaMumifh jzpfay:
vmaom vlrIa&; rrQwrIrsm;ESifh ywfoufírl
0ifa&mufpGufzuf xdef;n§dzdkYqdkonfrSm ydkí
cufcJvSayonf/ txl;ojzifh yk*¾v t&nf
taoG;pGrf;aqmif&nf NydKifqdkifrIudk cGifhjyKaom
pD;yGm;a&;pepf (Compitative Economic System) twGif;ü ydkí cufcJvSayonf/
vkyfief;&Sifu olUvkyfief;twGuf ydkrdkpGrf;aqmif
&nf&Sdaom tvkyform;udk vdkcsifayonf/
pm;yGJxdk;csif; twlwl? refae*smcsif; twlwl
ydkrdk vkyf&nfudkif&nf&Sdaom pm;yGJxdk;udk vdkcsif
ayonf/ ydkrdk pDrHcefYcGJwwfaom refae*smudk
vpmydkay;NyD; iSm;&rf;rnfom jzpfonf/ ESpfcsKyf
tjrwf0ifaiGydkí &Smay;Edkifaom trIaqmif
t&m&SdcsKyf (CEO)udk vpmaiG tqrwef
ay;í cefYxm;rnfom jzpfonf/ aumfydk&dwf
tzGJUtpnf;rsm;\ trIaqmif t&m&SdcsKyfawG?
aumfydka&;&Sif; ñTefMum;a&;rSL;awG? pm;aomuf
qdkif pm;yGJxdk;awG udk,fhvkyfief;tvkduf vpm
0ifaiG wpfajy;nD wpfrsKd;wnf; ,l&rnf[k
A[dku csKyfudkifNyD; owfrSwfvdkufvQif vkyfief;
xda&mufatmifjrifrI usqif;NyD; 0ifaiGvnf;
,kwfavsmhNyD; tajctaeydkí qdk;&Gm;nHhzsif;
oGm;rnfom jzpfayonf/ vlom;wdkY\ pGrf;
aqmif&nf udk,f&nfudk,faoG;udk usqif;
oGm;aprnfom jzpfayonf/
þodkYaom tcGefpnf;Muyfí jynfolU
b@maiG pkaqmif;NyD; 0ifaiGedrfhyg;ol qif;&J
om;rsm;tm; jyefvnfcGJa0axmufyHhaom
enf;udk a0zefuefYuGufolrsm;vnf; &SdMu
ayonf/ odkYaomf vuf&Sd vlYtzGJUtpnf;\
taetxm;t&qdkvQif xdkvkyfief;pOfonf
toifhawmfqHk;? vufcHEdkifqHk; jzpfonf[k
qdk&ayrnf/
odkYaomf tcGefpnf;Muyfí jynfolUb@m
aiG pkaqmif;rIudpöwGif t"dutcef;u@u
wm0ef,lvkyfaqmif&aom tpdk;&onf rnfodkY
aom tpdk;&jzpfoenf;/ odu©m? orm"d&Sdaom?
w&m;rQwaom? oefY&Sif;aom tpdk;&omvQif
xdkudpöudk xdxda&mufa&muf aqmif&Guf
taumiftxnfazmfEdkifrnf jzpfayonf/
n
28
jynfaxmifpkor®wEdkifiH\ taxGaxG
wdk;wufajymif;vJrIrsm;twGuf t"duusaom
pD;yGm;a&; jyKjyifajymif;vJrI tcef;u@wGif
ta&;ygvSonfh jrefrmEdkifiH EdkifiHjcm;&if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrI
Oya' (2012)tm; 2012 ckESpf Edk0ifbmv (2)
&ufaeYwGif EdkifiHawmfrS twnfjyK jy|mef;cJhyg
onf/ Oya'\ tajccHoabmt& jy|mef;Oya'
wpfcktm; rnfodkYrnfyHk taumiftxnfazmf
usifhoHk;&rnf[laom udpö&yfrsm;wGif u@
tvdkuf pepfwus&Sdap&efESifh enf;vrf;wus
vdkufemusifhoHk;Edkif&ef enf;Oya'rsm; xyfrH
xkwfjyef&ayonf/ odkYtwGufaMumifh jynfaxmifpk
or®w jrefrmEdkifiHawmftpdk;& trsKd;om;pDrHudef;
ESifh pD;yGm;a&;zGHU NzdK;wdk;wufrI 0efBuD;Xmeonf
EdkifiHjcm;&if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrIOya' yk'fr (56) yk'frcGJ
(u)t& tyfESif;xm;aom vkyfydkifcGifhudk
usifhoHk;í jynfaxmifpktpdk;&tzGJU\ oabm
wlnDcsufjzifh ]EdkifiHjcm;&if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrI enf;Oya'
rsm;}udk trdefYaMumfjimpmtrSwf 11^2013 jzifh
2013 ckESpf? Zefe0g&Dv (31)&ufaeYwGif xkwfjyef
jy|mef;cJhygonf/
enf;Oya'wGif atmufygtwdkif; tcef;
(22)cef;jzifh yg0ifzGJUpnf;xm;ygonf/
(1) tcef; (1) trnfESifh t"dyÜm,fazmfjy
csuf/
(2) tcef; (2) oufqdkifonfh pD;yGm;a&;
vkyfief;rsm;/
(3) tcef; (3) &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrIyHkpH/
(4) tcef; (4) aumfr&SifzGJUpnf;jcif; ESifh
tpnf;ta0;usif;yjcif;/
(5) tcef; (5) cGifhjyKrdefYavQmufxm;jcif;/
(6) tcef; (6) tqdkjyKcsuftay: qufvuf
aqmif&Gufjcif;/
(7) tcef; (7) tqdkjyKcsufudk pdppfjcif;/
(8) tcef; (8) cGifhjyKrdefY xkwfay;jcif;/
(9) tcef; (9) cGifhjyKrdefY&&SdNyD;aemuf quf
vufaqmif&Gufjcif;/
(10) tcef; (10) wnfaqmufrIumv owf
rSwfjcif;/
(11) tcef; (11) &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrI vkyfief;rsm;
tm; iSm;&rf;jcif;? aygifESHjcif;?
tpk &S,f,mvTJajymif;jcif;?
vkyfief; vTJajymif;jcif;/
(12) tcef; (12) tmrcHxm;&Sdjcif;/
(13) tcef; (13) trIxrf;rsm;ESifh tvkyform;
rsm; cefYxm;jcif;/
(14) tcef; (14) uif;vTwfcGifhESifh oufom
cGifhrsm;/
(15) tcef; (15) ajrtoHk;jyKcGifh/
(16) tcef; (16) EdkifiHjcm;rwnfaiG&if;/
(17) tcef; (17) EdkifiHjcm;aiGajymif;EdkifcGifh/
(18) tcef; (18) EdkifiHjcm;aiGa&;aMu;a&;udpö/
(19) tcef; (19) Xmeqdkif&m yl;aygif;vkyfief;
tzGJU/
(20) tcef; (20) pDrHcefYcGJa&;qdkif&m jypf'Pfrsm;/
(21) tcef; (21) tjiif;yGm;rI ajz&Sif;jcif;/
(22) tcef; (22) taxGaxG
xdkYtjyif Z,m; (4)ckjzifh aemufqufwGJ
azmfjyNyD; EdkifiHom;rsm; vkyfudkifEdkifaom
pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;? EdkifiHom;rsm;om vkyfudkif
Edkifaom pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;udk jy|mef; owf
rSwfxm;onf/
(1) Z,m; (1) EdkifiHom;rsm;om vkyfudkif
Edkifonfh ukefxkwfvkyfief;rsm;
0efaqmifr Ivkyfief;rsm;
(enf;Oya'-7 udk &nfñTef;
onf/)
(2) Z,m; (2) EdkifiHom;rsm;om vkyfudkif
Edkifonfh v,f,mpdkufysKd;
a&;vkyfief;ESifh ESpfwdkESpf&Snf
pdkufysKd;a&; vkyfief;rsm;
(enf;Oya'-8 udk &nfñTef;
onf/)
(3) Z,m; (3) EdkifiHom;rsm; vkyfudkifEdkif
onfh arG;jrLa&;vkyfief;rsm;
(enf;Oya'-9 udk &nfñTef;
onf/)
(4) Z,m; (4) EdkifiHom;rsm; vkyfudkifEdkif
onfh jrefrmhyifv,fjyif ig;
zrf; vkyfief;rsm; (enf;Oya'
-10 udk &nfñTef;onf/)
EdkifiHjcm; &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrI enf;ynmrsm;tm; avhvmjcif;
a'gufwm armifarmifjrifhoef;
29
Business
jynfaxmifpk or®w jrefrmEdkifiHawmf?
jrefrmEdkifiH &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrIaumfr&Sifonf trdefY
aMumfjimpmtrSwf 1^2013 udk 2013 ckESpf?
Zefe0g&Dv (31)&ufwGif xkwfjyefaMunmNyD;
]pD;yGm;a&; vkyfief;trsKd;tpm;rsm; owfrSwf
jcif;}udk jy|mef;cJhonf/ 4if;wdkYrSm -
(1) cGifhrjyKonfh pD;yGm;a&; vkyfief; trsKd;
tpm;rsm;pm&if;/
(2) EdkifiHom;ESifh zufpyfpepfjzifhom
aqmif&GufcGifhjyKonfh pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief; trsKd;
tpm;pm&if;/
(3) oD;jcm;jy|mef;onfh tajctaewpf
&yf&yfjzifh aqmif&GufcGifhjyKonfh pD;yGm;a&;
vkyfief;trsKd;tpm;rsm;pm&if;/
(u) oufqdkif&m 0efBuD;Xme\ oabm
xm;rSwfcsufjzifh aqmif&GufcGifhjyKonfh pD;yGm;a&;
vkyfief;trsKd;tpm;rsm;pm&if;/
(c) tjcm;cGifhjyKcsufjzifh aqmif&GufcGifh
jyKonfh pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief; trsKd;tpm;rsm;
pm&if;/
(*) ywf0ef;usifxdcdkufrI qef;ppfcsuf
&,l&ef vdktyfonfh pD;yGm;a&; vkyfief;trsKd;
tpm;rsm;pm&if;/
vlYobm0t& udk,fhtwGuf tusKd;r&Sd
onfh tvkyfudk rvkyfMuyg/ vkyfNyDqdkvQifvnf;
tusKd;tjrwfwpfckckudk &nf&G,fí vkyfjcif;
jzpfygonf/ txl;ojzifh pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;udk
qdkvdkygonf/ y&[dwvkyfief;rsm;? vlrIa&;
tusKd;jyKvkyfief;rsm;udk qdkvdkjcif; r[kwfyg/
odkYaomf urÇmESifh csDí vkyfaeMuaom vlom;
tusKd;jyK vkyfief;BuD;rsm;aemufwGifyif pD;yGm;a&;?
EdkifiHa&; vQdKU0Sufcsufrsm;? aESmifBudK;rsm; yg&Sd
aewwfonfudk OyrmjyKí tjcm;obm0wpfck
jzpfaom? udk,fusKd;pD;yGm; umuG,fa&;udkvnf;
tajctaeESifhtnD vdkufavsmnDaxG usifhoHk;
wwf&rnf jzpfonf/ enf;ynmuRrf;usifrI?
aiGaMu;t&if;tESD;uGm[rIaMumifh wdkif;wpfyg;
om;\ vuf0g;BuD;tkyfcH&rIudk umuG,fEdkif&
rnfrSm trSefyifjzpfonf/ tjcm;wpfzufü
vnf; xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;&rnfhtcsufrSm
&if;ESD;&aom aiGaMu;yrmP? &if;ESD;jr§KyfESH&rnfh
tcsdefumvponfwdkYudk rlwnfwGufcsufNyD;
usdK;aMumif;qDavsmfonfh tjrwftpGef;wpfck
rusefEdkifvQif xdkodkYaom tajctae&Sdonfh
vkyfief;rsKd;udk &if;ESD;jr§KyfESHrI jyKvkyfrnf r[kwfyg/
tjcm;wpfzufüvnf; EdkifiHawmf jy|mef;
Oya'? vkyfxHk;vkyfenf;rsm;udk udkifwG,ftoHk;
csí vkyfief;xdef;aMumif;ay;&aom tpdk;&
Xmewm0ef&Sdolrsm;taejzifhvnf; ,cifh,cif
umvrsm;u rSm;,Gif;pGm trSm;udk trSm;vdkYyif
rxif&awmhatmif t½dk;pGJpGm vufcHusifhoHk;
aeMuaom "avhp½dkufqdk;rsm;udk jyKjyif ajymif;vJ
usifhoHk;Mu&awmhrnfh tcsdefvnf; jzpfygonf/
Oya'jyKolrsm;rSmvnf; vlom;rsm;om
jzpfygonf/ trSm;uif;Edkifrnf r[kwfyg/ tcsdef
tcgt&vnf;aumif;? awmif;qdkvmaom
tajctaersm;t&vnf;aumif;? vufawGU
rusaom trsm;jynfoltusKd;pD;yGm;udk qefY
usifaom? jy|mef;csufrsm;&Sdaeygu &Sdvmygu
jy|mef;Oya'? pnf;urf;owfrSwfcsufrsm;ESifh
tnD aemufqHk;tajctae tcsdeftcgESifh vdkuf
avsmnDaxGrI &Sdap&ef udkufnDrI&Sdap&ef jyKjyif
&OD;rnf jzpfygonf/
ed*Hk;jyK&aomf csrSwfxm;aom pnf;urf;
enf;vrf;rsm;ESifhtnD vkyfief;taumiftxnf
azmfMu&mwGif Oya'? enf;Oya'rsm;tm;
t"dyÜm,f aumuf,ljcif;udpöonfvnf; ta&;
BuD;vSygonf/ odkYygí vkyfief;rpwifrD em;vnf
wwfuRrf;olrsm; vufawGUtaumiftxnf
azmfaeolrsm;? wm0ef&Sdolrsm;ESifh pepfwus
wdkifyifaqG;aEG; vkyfaqmifjcif;jzifh? trSm;enf;NyD;
atmifjrifrI&rnfjzpfaMumif; aqG;aEG;wifjy
vdkufygonf/
n
30
½dk;&Sif;wJhb0 aexdkifrI
uyÜvD&GmyGJawmfwGif eHeufpm pm;aeaom AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;/
1946 ckESpf 'DZifbmvu AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef; tif;av;wGif
w&m;a[majym&ef toGm;/
vGwfvGwfvyfvyf &,f&,farmarm/
31
Photo Essay
jrefrmEdkifiH owif;pmq&mrsm;ESifhtwl eD;eD;uyfuyf w&if;wESD;/ (1947 ckESpf? arv 30 &ufaeY)
1947 ckESpf Zefe0g&Dvu ArmEkdifiH ½kyf&SifESihf jyZmwftpnf;t½Hk;rS BuD;rSL;
usif;yonhf a&Twd*HktaemufrkcfjyyGJü awGY&onfh jynfolxJu jynfolwpfOD;/
]]uRefawmf bdvyfu jyefvmawmh bm&ovJ ar;vdrfhr,f/ uRefawmfhtwGufawmh ,leDazmif;wpfpHk &vmw,f}}
oHjzLZ&yf o&P*Hkwif a&pufcstcrf;tem;wGif awGUjrif&yHk/
uRefawmf zufqpfawmfvSefa&;orm;Munfpdk;xGef;
AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef; ½kyf&SifZmwfñTef;udk
a&;awmhrnf[k pdwfydkif;jzwfvdkufonfhaeYwGif
ZmwfñTef;a&;q&monf tjcm;bmtaMumif;
t&mudkrS rpOf;pm;awmh? bmudpöudkrSvnf;
rvkyfawmhacs/ eHeufrdk;vif;onfrS nrdk;csKyf
onftxd AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef; taMumif;t&m
awGudkcsnf; pOf;pm;onf/ AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;
ESifh ywfoufaom pmtkyfawGudkcsnf; zwfcJh
onf/
eHeufvif;onfESifh NcHxJwGif pm;yGJwpfvHk;
cif;í ZmwfñTef;a&;&ef jyifonf/ A4 pm&Guf
tvGwf? abmvfyifteD? abmvfyifteuf?
abmvfyiftjym? aywHwpfacsmif;? AdkvfcsKyf
atmifqef;ESifh ywfoufaom pmtkyfrsm;
xnfhxm;onfh jcif;BuD; ]ESpf}jcif; 0J? ,m
csxm;onf/
abmvfyifteufu tcef;acgif;pOfawG
a&;zdkYESifh ZmwfaumifemrnfawG a&;zdkYjzpfNyD;?
abmvfyiftjymu ZmwfaumifvIyf&Sm;yHkESifh
pum;ajymrsm;udk a&;&efjzpfonf/ olUtkyfpkESifhol
cGJjcm;Edkif&ef aywHESifh cJwHoHk;&onfhtcg oHk;&
jyefonf/ ZmwfñTef;qdkonfrSm twwfynmESifh
tEkynm acgif;pnf;xm;aom ynm&yfrsKd;
jzpfyg\/ wdus&onf/ pnf;pnf;vHk;vHk;&Sd&
onf/ 0w¬KZmwfvrf;awGvdk zGJU EGJU ír&/ vdk&if;
wdk&Sif; a&;&onf/ wpfenf;tm;jzifh ½kyf&Sif
jzpfvmzdkYtwGuf pmtñTef;yif jzpfavonf/
y&rf;ywm pnf;rJhurf;rJh vkyfwwfavh
&Sdaom ZmwfñTef;q&monf AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;
ZmwfñTef;udkawmh ayghayghwefwefrvkyf&J/
ZmwfñTef;wdkY\ t*Fg&yfESifhtnD wdwdusus
pnf;pnf;vHk;vHk;&Sdatmif a&;enf;xHk;ESif h
avsmfnDpGm a&;om;zefwD;cJh&onf/
a&;xHk;enf;pmtkyfudkvnf; rSDjirf;&ovdk
tcsuftvufjynfhpHkatmifvnf; pmtESHUzwf
&onf? cHpm;csufjzpfay:vmatmifvnf; BudK;pm;
zefwD;cJh&onf/ þodkYaom tcsuftvufrsm;
jynfhpHkapzdkY ZmwfñTef;q&monf ocifatmifqef;?
w½kwfjynf trGdKifNrdKUodkY aemfa0EdkifiHydkif [dkif;vD
oabFmjzifh vdkufygpOfutp AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;
b0 &JabmfoHk;usdyfESifh jynfawmfjyefvmonf
txd ajcz0g;xyfcsyf vdkufygcJh&onfhtaMumif;
,cifaqmif;yg;rsm;wGif azmfjycJhNyD;avNyD/
xdkodkY bDtdkifatppfaMumif;rsm;ESifh vdkufyg
cJhaomaMumifhvnf; Adkvfapmatmif? Adkvfrdk;?
AdkvfnmP? tp&Sdaom &JabmfoHk;usdyf ol&Jaumif;
rsm;taMumif;udkvnf; a&;cJhzl;avNyD/
1942 ckESpf? ZGefvrStpjyKí bDtdkifat
wyfudk bD'Datwyftjzpf jyefvnfzGJUpnf;cJh
onf/ *syefzufqpfwdkY\ vufatmufwGif
n§if;yrf;ESdyfpufrI trsKd;rsKd;udk cHpm;cJh&aom
jynfolESif htwl Ad kvfcsKyfatmifqef;onf
wyfrawmfBuD;udk tiftm;BuD;atmif BuHaqmif
&if; usef;rma&;xdcdkufvmcJhavonf/ xdkY
aMumifh aq;½Hkwufa&mufuko&mrS tqdk;xJu
taumif;taejzifh zl;pm&Sif rcifMunfESifh
qHkpnf;cJh&onf/
zufqpf*syefwdkY\ EdkifxufpD;eif;vkyfrIrsm;
tvGefrsm;jym;vmonfhtavsmuf jrefrmvlrsKd;
rsm;\ &ifxJwGif *syefudk jyefvnf wGef;vSef
vdkpdwf ay:aygufaeaMumif;? AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;
od&Sd em;vnfNyD; jzpfonf/ odkYaomf AdkvfcsKyf
atmifqef;onf *syefudk rvdkvm;aomfvnf;
y&d,m,fjzifh [efaqmifyl;wGJ vkyfaqmifcJh&
&Smonf/
xdkodkY vkyfaqmifaeonfh tcsdeftwGif;rSmyif
AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;\ pum;tcsKdUu ol\
&ifwGif;rS cHpm;csufrsm;udk jyoEdkifcJhonf/
Oyrm-*syefwdkYay;cJhonfh vGwfvyfa&; wpfESpf
ajrmufaeYwGif a[majymcJhonfh rdefYcGef; -
]tck ArmjynfvGwfvyfa&;&wm wpfESpf
aphvmNyD? 'DtawmtwGif;rSm usKyfwdkY bmawG
&cJhMuovJ? trSefajym&&ifawmh usKyfwdkY
wdkif;oljynfom;awG[m vGwfvyfa&;t&om
qdkwm rcHpm;&ao;bl;? cHpm;&wJhvlawG[m
vlenf;pkyJ jzpfw,f/ uRefawmftygt0if
usKyfwdkYtxufu tpdk;& t&m&SdBuD;awG?
'DvlawGudk uyfajr§mifNyD; pm;aewJhvlawG?
tjrwftpGef;BuD;BuD;,lNyD; vlawG&JU'ku©udk
&if;ESD;NyD; pD;yGm;&SmaeMuwJh acwfysufolaX;awG
tJ'gawGavmufyJ}
]trSefuawmh tckvGwfvyfa&;[m
trsm;odMuwJhtwdkif; pmay:vGwfvyfa&;yJ
&Sdao;w,f/ vufawGUoabm txnfeJY udk,feJY
j'yfeJY taumiftxnfudk rjrif&? rawGU&?
rcHpm;&ao;bl;/ usKyfwdkYa&SUqufNyD; pcef;
oGm;EdkifOD;rS vGwfvyfa&; taumiftxnf
BuD;udk jrif&r,f/ tckrjrif&ao;bl;/}
32
zufqpf*syeftkyfcsKyfrIatmufwGif AdkvfcsKyf
atmifqef;ajymcJhonfh &J&JawmufrdefYcGef;
jzpfavonf/
þrdefYcGef;onf aemifwpfESpfausmftMum
zufqpfudk awmfvSefonfhaeYtwGuf rsKd;aphqdku
trSm;Edkifygacs/
ZmwfñTef;q&monf AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;
oGm;orQ vmorQ aeorQ xdkiforQ ajymorQ
qdkorQ tm;vHk;udk rSwfom;ae&onf/ t&m&m
tm;vHk;udk ZmwfñTef;twGif;odkY xnfha&;
oGif;&efawmh rjzpfEkdif/ AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;
ZmwfñTef;rjzpfbJ wpfaxmifhwpfn ZmwfñTef;
jzpfoGm;rSmvnf; pdk;&drf&onf/
onfawmh ta&;BuD;wmawG xnfha&;
&onf/ ta&;rBuD;wmawG csefvSyfypfcJh&onf/
wu,fawmh AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef; taMumif;t&m
rSeforQtm;vHk;u pdwf0ifpm;p&m? tm;vHk;u
ta&;BuD;wmawG csnf;yJjzpfw,f/ cufvdkufyHk
rsm; tukefxnfha&;csifvdkYuvnf; b,fvdkrSr&/
onfawmh ta&;BuD;onfxifonfht&mudk
OD;pm;ay;xnfha&;&onf/ a&G;cs,f&onf/
udk,fu ta&;rBuD;[kxifNyD; csefvSyfxm;cJhaom
t&mudk wpfpHkwpfa,mufu ta&;BuD;onf[k
xifaejyefvQifvnf; &Sif;avOD;awmh rNyD;Edkif
rpD;Edkif/ odkYaomf rwwfEdkifNyD/ cdkifrmonf?
rSefuefonf? pdwf0ifpm;zG,faumif;onf?
ta&;BuD;onf[k pdwfwGifxifaom taMumif;
t&mrsm;udk a&G;xkwfum ZmwfñTef;tjzpf
zefwD;&onf/ ZmwfñTef;a&;&onfu tyif
yef;rBuD;/ a&G;cs,f&onfhtvkyfu wm0efBuD;
vGef;vSonf/
*syef awmfvSefa&;umvtaMumif;
ZmwfñTef;a&;&awmhr,fqdkaomtcg ,cifu
vlydef;odxm;ovdk 1945 ckESpf? rwfv 27
&ufaeYwGif ArmhumuG,fa&;wyfrawmfu
*syefwdkYtm; nDnDnGwfnGwf jyefvnfwGef;vSef
wdkufcdkifEdkkifí jrefrmEdkifiHtwGif;rS armif;xkwf
vdkufavawmhonf[k a&;½Hkjzifhr&/
*syeftkyfcsKyfa&;ESifh teD;uyfae&aom
AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;b0? *syefrodatmif *syefudk
awmfvSefzdkY tpDtrHvkyfcJhyHkrsm;rSm &Sif;&Sif;
vif;vif; vG,fvG,fulul r[kwfygacs/ *syef
awG ,HkMunfatmifvnf; aejy&onf/ wpfzuf
u r[mrdwfawGESifhvnf; vQdKU0Suf tquf
toG,fawG vkyf&onf/
aemufqHk; AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;onf
(rdwfaqGjzpfvdkaom) &efolr[mrdwfrsm;udk
ppfrsufESmzGifh&ef ppfxGuf&rnfhaeY 1945 ckESpf?
rwfv (17)&ufaeYwGif (,ck awmfvSefa&;
yefNcHae&mü) ppfxGufrdefYcGef; ajymcJh&onf/
pifppf xdkrdefYcGef;onf te,fe,f t&yf&yf
wGif&Sdaeaom *syefudkawmfvSefvdkonfh jrefrm
tm;vHk;udk tcsufjyvdkufonfh rdefYcGef;qdkvQif
rrSm;acs/
]&JabmfwdkY tus,fcsJUNyD; &Snf&Snfa0;a0;
rajymcsifbl;/ tck ppfajrjyifudk xGuf&r,f/
qif;&Jr,f? iwfr,f? tcuftcJawGeJY &ifqdkif
&r,f/ ArmyDyD ArmhaoG;udk jyMuyg/ txuf
Adkvfrsm;&JU trdefYudkemcHMuyg/ txufAdkvfawG
uvnf; omwlnDrQ &Jabmfpdwfxm;yg/ &Jabmf
wdkYudk uwday;xm;wJhtwdkif; usKyfudk,fwdkif
&JabmfwdkYeJYtwl csDwufr,f/ Armh&efoludk
acsrIef;Mu/ teD;uyfqHk;&efoludk&SmNyD; wdkufMu
'gyJ}
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pwifrnfhtcsdefum; jywfjywfom;om; r&SdcJh/
yxrawmfvSefa&;aeYudk {NyDv (2)&ufaeYudk
a&TUqdkif;cJh&onf/
xdkrSwpfzef AdkvfcsKyfausmfaZmu *syef
wyfrsm; wpfpwpfp &dyfrdaeNyDjzpfí {NyDv
(2) &ufrS rwfv (25)&ufodkY a&TUay;&ef trdefY
awmif;cHpma&mufvmojzifh AdkvfcsKyfatmif
qef;onf wyftm;vHk;tqifajypGm awmfvSef
Edkifrnfh rwfv (27)&ufaeYodkY ajymif;a&TU
owfrSwfEdkifcJhonf/
þodkYjzifh 1945 ckESpf? rwfv (27)&ufaeY
onfum; zufqpf*syefwdkYtm; jrefrmwdkY
&Gyf&GyfcRHcRH awmfvSefwdkufcdkufcJhaom ordkif;0if
awmfvSefa&;aeY jzpfcJhavawmhonf/
pifppf xdkaeYxdktcgu ZmwfñTef;q&monf
tnma'o &Gmav;wpf&GmrS aus;&Gmol rdcif\
0rf;MumwdkuftwGif; cdkatmif;ump umvav;
rQomjzpfyg\ odkYaomf
ESpfaygif; (68)ESpfMumaomtcg ZmwfñTef;
q&monf twdwfpuf0dkif;BuD;udk aemufjyef
vSnfh NyD; Ad kvfcsKyfatmifqef;wdk YESif htwl
awmfvSefa&;ppfyGJudk (ZmwfñTef;ay:ü) &Gyf&Gyf
cRHcRH qifETJvsuf &Sdaeygawmhownf;/
n
Memory
33
34
e,fpyfukefoG,fa&;pcef;
13 ckrS vuf&Sdb@mESpf ukefoG,f
rIyrmPrSm ,cifb@mESpf ukef
oG,frI yrmPxuf tar&duef
a':vm oef; 180 ausmf ydkrkd&&SdcJh
aMumif; pD;yGm;a&;ESifh ul;oef;
a&mif;0,fa&; 0efBuD;Xme? e,fpyf
ukefoG,fa&;OD;pD;XmerS owif;
&&Sdonf/
e,fpyfukefoG,fa&; pcef;rsm;
jzpfonfh rlq,f? vG,f*s,f? csif;
a&Ta[mf? uHydkufwD;? wmcsDvdwf?
jr0wD? aumhaomif;? Nrdwf? ebkv,f?
ppfawG? armifawm? wrl;ESifh &d'f
pcef;rsm;rSm ydkYukef? oGif;ukef ukef
oG,frI yrmPrSm 2012-2013
b@mESpf Zefe0g&D 18 &uftxd
tar&duefa':vm 2786 'or
838 oef; jzpfNyD; ,cifb@mESpf
jzpfonfh 2011-2012 b@mESpf
Zefe0g&Dv 18 &uftxd ukefoG,frI
yrmPrSmrl tar&duefa':vm
2605 'or 992 oef; jzpfaom
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,cifESpfxuf tar&duefa':vm
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od&onf/
2012 - 2013 b@mESpf
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MAPCO wdkY jrefrmhv,f,mu@
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35
News
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36
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