VOL. 28 (3) SEP. 2020

Journal of Social S

ciences & H

umanities

Journal of S

ocial Sciences &

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anities Journal of S

ocial Sciences &

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VOL. 28 (3) SEP. 2020Vol. 28 (3) 2020

Pertanika Editorial O�ce, Journal DivisionO�ce of the Deputy Vice Chancellor (R&I) 1st Floor, IDEA Tower II UPM-MTDC Technology CentreUniversiti Putra Malaysia43400 UPM SerdangSelangor Darul EhsanMalaysia

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Pertanika Journal of Social Sciences & Humanities Vol. 28 (3) 2020

Contents

Contents

Tel: +603 9769 8851

ForewordAbu Bakar Salleh

i

EducationRole of Prior Intercultural Learning in Chinese University Students’ Cross-cultural Adaptation

Fan Fang, Shuyi Zhang and Tariq Elyas

1599

University Management -MalaysiaIsmail Hussein Amzat, Muhajir Taslikhan, Lynne M. Walters and Tim Walters

1621

A Challenge Made Easy: Contributing Factors for SuccessfulMultigrade Teaching in a Small School

Mariyam Shareefa, Visal Moosa, Rohani Mat Zin, Nor Zaiham Midawati Abdullah and Rosmawijah Jawawi

1643

The Relevance of Traditional Personal Teaching Theories in a Technological Advanced Educational Environment

Johannes A. Wiid, Michael C. Cant and Monique Du Bruyn

1663

Action Research in Examining the Enquiry Approach of Lesson Study in Mathematics

S. Kanageswari Suppiah Shanmugam, Mohan Chinnappan and Kwan Eu Leong

1675

The Mediating Role of Cognitive Emotion Regulation Strategies in the Development of Social Behavior Among Adolescents

Samsilah Roslan, Noorhayati Zakaria, Siaw Yan-Li and Noorlila Ahmad

1695

School Readiness, Cognitive, and Language Abilities of Six 6-Year-Old Malay Children with Cochlear Implants: A Case Study

Nanthanat Uttraphan Pim, Rogayah A. Razak, Cila Umat, Normah Che Din, Siti Zamratol Mai-Sarah Mukari, Siti Sabzah Mohd Hashim, Tengku Mohamed Izam Tengku Kamalden and

1717

Predictors of Parental Involvement in Malaysian Secondary SchoolsA. Keetanjaly, Suhaida Abdul Kadir, Wong Su Luan and Arnida Abdullah

1743

JSSHJournal of Social Sciences & Humanities

AN INTERNATIONAL PEER-REVIEWED JOURNALEDITOR-IN-CHIEFWong Su Luan, MalaysiaInformation and Communication Technology in Education

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EDITORIAL OFFICEJOURNAL DIVISION Office of the Deputy Vice Chancellor (R&I) 1st Floor, IDEA Tower II UPM-MTDC Technology Centre Universiti Putra Malaysia 43400 Serdang, Selangor Malaysia.Gen Enq.: +603 9769 1622 | 1616E-mail: [email protected]: www.journals-jd.upm.edu.my

PUBLISHERUPM PressUniversiti Putra Malaysia 43400 UPM, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.Tel: +603 9769 8855 | 8854 Fax: +603 9679 6172E-mail: [email protected] URL: http://penerbit.upm.edu.my

Abdul Mansur M. MasihEconomics, Econometrics, FinanceKing Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Saudi Arabia.

Ain NadzimahModern Languages and Communication,Universiti Putra Malaysia, Malaysia.

Alan Maley English Language Studies, Teaching of English Language and LiteratureLeeds Metropolitan University, UK.

Ali Reza Kaldi Medical Sociology, Sociology of Development Ageing, GerontologyUniversity of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation, Tehran, Iran.

Brian Tomlinson English Language Studies, The Evaluation, Adaptation and DevelopmentLeeds Metropolitan University, UK.

Deanna L. Sharpe Economics, Consumer and Family Economics, Personal FinanceUniversity of Missouri, Columbia, USA.

Dessy IrawatiEconomist and Business Development StrategistBNI Bank Representative in the Netherlands, EduPRIME Consulting, the Netherlands.

Dileep K. MohanachandranPsychology, Sociology, TechnologyBerjaya University College, Malaysia.

Jacqueline Pugh-Kitingan Music, Ethnomusicology, Borneo and Papua New Guinea StudiesUniversiti Malaysia Sabah, Malaysia.

James R. Stock Management Studies, Marketing, Logistics and Supply Chain Management, Quantitative MethodUniversity of South Florida, USA.

Jayum A. Jawan Sociology, Politics and Government, Civilization StudiesTun Abd Razak Chair & Visiting Professor of Political ScienceOhio University, Athens Ohio, USA (2015-2017).Universiti Putra Malaysia, Malaysia.

Jonathan Newton Classroom-based Second Language Acquisition, Language Teaching Methodology, the Interface of Culture and Language in Language Teaching and Learning, and Language/Communication Training and Material Design for the Multicultural WorkplaceVictoria University of Wellington, New Zealand.

Marcus Bion GRIFFINHuman Ecology, Anthropology, Tropical Agriculture, FisheriesCultural Learning Solutions, USA.

Mary Susan PhilipEnglish Language Theatre in Malaysia and Singapore; Postcolonial TheatreUniversity of Malaya, Malaysia.

Muzafar Shah Habibullah Economics, Monetary Economics, Banking, MacroeconomicsUniversiti Putra Malaysia, Malaysia.

Patricia Matusky Music, Ethnomusicology, Malay and Indonesian language, Literature and CultureGrand Valley State University, USA.

Rama Mathew Teacher Education, English Language Education including Young Learners and Language AssessmentDelhi University, India.

Rohany Nasir Psychology-Career counseling, Counseling for Adolescents and Adults, Marriage and Family counseling, Counseling industry and OrganizationUniversiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Malaysia.

Shameem Rafik-GaleaEnglish Language Studies, Linguistics, Applied Linguistics, Language and CommunicationUniversity College Sedaya International, Malaysia.

Stephen J. HALL English Language Studies, Linguist, Teacher Educator, TESOLSunway University, Malaysia.

Stephen J. THOMA Phsycology, Educational Psychology,The University of Alabama, USA.

Vahid NimehchisalemModern Languages and Communication,Universiti Putra Malaysia, Malaysia.

Victor T. King Anthropology / Southeast Asian StudiesWhite Rose East Asia Centre,University of Leeds, UK.

Barbara WejnertPolitical Sociologist: Gender Studies, Macro Political and Social Changes University at Buffalo, SUNY, USA.

Carolyn GrahamMusic, Jazz Chants Harvard University, USA.

Faith Trent AM FACEEducation: Curriculum development Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia.

Gary N. McleanCommunity and Social Development, International Human Resource Development, Organizational Development Executive Director, International Human Resource Development Programs, EAHR, Teas A&M University, USA.

Graham Thurgood English Language Studies, General Linguistics, Discourse and Syntax California State University, Chico., USA.

Handoyo Puji Widodo English Language Teaching, ESP, Language Curriculum-Materials Design and Development, and Language MethodologyEnglish Language CenterShantou University, China.

John R. Schermerhorn Jr. Management Studies, Management and Organizational Behaviour, International BusinessOhio University, USA.

Kent Matthews Economics, Banking and Finance, Modelling and Forecasting the Macro EconomyCardiff Business School, UK.

Lehman B. Fletcher Economics, Agricultural Development, Policy Analysis and PlanningIowa State University, USA.

Mohamed Ariff Economics, Finance, Capital Market, Islamic Finance, FIscal PolicySunway University, Malaysia.

Pal Ahluwalia African Studies, Social and Cultural Theory, Post-colonial TheoryPro Vice-Chancellor(Research and Innovation),University of Portsmouth, UK.

Phillip Jones Architectural Science, Sustainability in the Built EnvironmentWelsh School of Architecture,Cardiff University, UK.

Rance P. L. Lee SociologyThe Chinese University of Hong Kong, China.

Royal D. Colle CommunicationCornell University, USA.

Shonda Buchanan American Literature Interim ChairHampton University, USA.

Vijay K. Bhatia Education: Genre Analysis and Professional CommunicationCity University of Hong Kong, China.

INTERNATIONAL ADVISORY BOARD2018-2021

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The publisher of Pertanika will not be responsible for the statements made by the authors in any articles published in the journal. Under no circumstances will the publisher of this publication be liable for any loss or damage caused by your reliance on the advice, opinion or information obtained either explicitly or implied through the contents of this publication.All rights of reproduction are reserved in respect of all papers, articles, illustrations, etc., published in Pertanika. Pertanika provides free access to the full text of research articles for anyone, web-wide. It does not charge either its authors or author-institution for refereeing/publishing outgoing articles or user-institution for accessing incoming articles.No material published in Pertanika may be reproduced or stored on microfilm or in electronic, optical or magnetic form without the written authorization of the Publisher.Copyright © 2018-19 Universiti Putra Malaysia Press. All Rights Reserved.

EDITORIAL BOARD2018-2020

Pertanika Journal of Social Sciences & Humanities Vol. 28 (3) Sep. 2020

Contents

ForewordAbu Bakar Salleh

i

EducationRole of Prior Intercultural Learning in Chinese University Students’ Cross-cultural Adaptation

Fan Fang, Shuyi Zhang and Tariq Elyas

1599

Likert’s 4-Management System Instrument Psychometric Properties - University Management -Malaysia

Ismail Hussein Amzat, Muhajir Taslikhan, Lynne M. Walters and Tim Walters

1621

A Challenge Made Easy: Contributing Factors for SuccessfulMultigrade Teaching in a Small School

Mariyam Shareefa, Visal Moosa, Rohani Mat Zin, Nor Zaiham Midawati Abdullah and Rosmawijah Jawawi

1643

The Relevance of Traditional Personal Teaching Theories in a Technological Advanced Educational Environment

Johannes A. Wiid, Michael C. Cant and Monique Du Bruyn

1663

Action Research in Examining the Enquiry Approach of Lesson Study in Mathematics

S. Kanageswari Suppiah Shanmugam, Mohan Chinnappan and Kwan Eu Leong

1675

The Mediating Role of Cognitive Emotion Regulation Strategies in the Development of Social Behavior Among Adolescents

Samsilah Roslan, Noorhayati Zakaria, Siaw Yan-Li and Noorlila Ahmad

1695

School Readiness, Cognitive, and Language Abilities of Six 6-Year-Old Malay Children with Cochlear Implants: A Case Study

Nanthanat Uttraphan Pim, Rogayah A. Razak, Cila Umat, Normah Che Din, Siti Zamratol Mai-Sarah Mukari, Siti Sabzah Mohd Hashim, Tengku Mohamed Izam Tengku Kamalden and Zulkiflee Salahudin

1717

Predictors of Parental Involvement in Malaysian Secondary SchoolsA. Keetanjaly, Suhaida Abdul Kadir, Wong Su Luan and Arnida Abdullah

1743

A Measurement Model of Teachers’ Motivation Factors in Primary Schools

Anis Salwa Abdullah and Siti Noor Ismail

1769

Management Studies

Married Female Employees’ Work-Life Balance and Job Performance: The Role of Affective Commitment

Rizqa Anita, Muhammad Rasyid Abdillah, Weishen Wu, M. Faizal Sapthiarsyah and Ria Nelly Sari

1787

Does the Work-Life-Balance of Resident and Expatriate Women Employees Differ?

Manakkattil MohammedIsmail Sulphey and Shaha Faisal

1807

The Study of Job Embeddedness and its Effect on Employee Retention in the Hospitality Industry of Pattaya City, Chonburi Province

Kevalin Puangyoykeaw Setthakorn

1819

Motivational Factors for Knowledge Sharing in Co-Working Spaces:Co-Working Spaces in Thailand from the Management Perspective

Suthiluk Lapsomboonkamol, Mongkolchai Wiriyapinit, Pattarasinee Bhattarakosol and Kittichai Rajchamaha

1835

Revisiting SERVQUAL as a Formative Construct Using PLS-SEMTwo-Stage Approach in Service Quality Research

Beenish Tariq, Hammad Najam, Nik Kamariah Nik Mat, Thurasamy Ramayah and Waseem Hassan

1855

Marketing of Apricot Supplied to the Market in Kandahar, AfghanistanSardar M. Hashimi, Nolila Mohd Nawi, Norsida Man and Khal Mohammad Ahmadzai

1875

Case StudyResidents’ Awareness of Inbound Tourism in Rural Community in Japan: Case Study on Tambasasayama City, Hyogo Prefecture

Ji Li and Masaya Nakatsuka

1891

Sociology

Domestic Violence among Married Thai Muslim Couples in Satun Province: Solutions from Muslim Leaders’ Perspectives

Kasetchai Laeheem

1909

Teenage Substance Abuse: Impact on The Family System and Parents’ Coping Strategies

Prudence Mafa and Jabulani Calvin Makhubele1925

Millennials as Digital Natives: Examining the Social Media Activities of the Philippine Y-Generation

Joseph Ching Velasco

1939

Dynamics of Ethnic Relations in MalaysiaJayum Jawan, Siti Noranizahhafizah Boyman and Stanley Bye Kadam-Kiai

1959

Position of Islam as a Federal Religion and a Determinant of Stable Socio-Religious Relations in Malaysia: Medina Charter for Reference

Mohd Zuhdi Ahmad Khasasi, Ahmad Dahlan Salleh and Mohammad Zaini Yahaya

1975

Short CommunicationPost-Retirement Experience among Retirees: A Case Study in Malaysia

Yamunah Devi Apalasamy, Halima Awang, Norma Mansor and Tey Nai Peng

1995

Language and Linguistics

Review ArticleWhat’s Perfect and What’s Not: Indonesian and Acehnese Phonemic Correspondences

Denni Iskandar, Mulyadi, Khairina Nasution, Ridwan Hanafiah and Yunisrina Qismullah Yusuf

2005

The Investigation of Flipped Classrooms on Students’ Speaking Performance and Self-regulated Learning

I Putu Indra Kusuma

2027

Lexical Bundles in the Discussion Section Moves of High Impact Medical Research Articles

Yasir Bdaiwi Jasim Al-Shujairi, Helen Tan, Ain Nadzimah Abdullah, Vahid Nimehchisalem and Lee Geok Imm

2043

The High and Low-Context Communication Styles in Refusal Strategies by Jordanian Arabic and American English Speakers

Yasser Al-Shboul and Marlyna Maros

2063

A Comparative Study of EFL Listening Difficulties in Public and Private Ecuadorian High Schools

Ana Quinonez-Beltran, Paola Cabrera-Solano, Paul Gonzalez-Torres, Luz Castillo-Cuesta and Cesar Ochoa-Cueva

2081

Psychology

Assessment of Household Happiness in Slum Environment Using the Expected Value Rules

Bagus Sumargo, Zarina Akbar and Agus Wibowo

2101

Psychometric Properties of the WHO Quality of Life Disability (WHOQOL-DIS) among Persons with Disabilities in Malaysia

Rohana Jani, Abd Aziz Alias, Halimah Awang and Ruth Selvaranee Arunasalam

2113

Relationship between Alienation and Suicide Ideation among Malaysian Indians

Kok Jin Kuan, M Sultana Alam and Tan Soon Aun

2129

Psychometric Properties of an Adapted Yemeni Version of Rejection Sensitivity Questionnaire

Sumaia Mohammed Radman Zaid, Shahrir Jamaluddin, Zuraidah Baharuldin and Sahar Mohammed Taresh

2149

Literature

The Member of ‘Quality’ and the ‘Other’: Colonial Fallacy and Othering in James G. Farrell’s Troubles

Prashant Maurya and Nagendra Kumar

2167

The Transformative, Dialectical Anti-Colonial Discourse in Lillian Horace’s Angie Brown

Hamzeh A. Al-Jarrah

2181

Nature and Urban Life – A Juxtaposition in the Short Story Anthology Keinginan Kecil Di Celah Daun

Saravanan P. Veeramuthu

2197

Consumer and Family Economics

Gender Differences in Body Image, Body Mass Index and Dietary Intake among University Students

Yi Ling Lee and Shi-Hui Cheng

2213

Factors Associated with Savings and Withdrawals among Employees Provident Fund Members

Halimah Awang, Nur Fakhrina Ab. Rashid, Tey Nai Peng and Norma Mansor

2239

Value for Money of Retirement Insurance Plans in Malaysia with Consideration of Longevity Factor

Nurin Haniah Asmuni, Sharifah Nazatul Shima Syed Mohamed Shahruddin and Norkhairunnisa Redzwan

2265

Law

Legal analysis on the Right to Livelihood for Stateless Persons in Malaysia

Tamara Joan Duraisingam and Harmahinder Singh Iqbal Singh

2279

Personal Data Protection in P2P Lending: What Indonesia Should Learn from Malaysia?

Russel Butarbutar

2295

Mediation as a Suitable Dispute Resolution Method in Medical Negligence Cases: Special Reference to the Malaysian Position

Hanna Ambaras Khan, Andriea Bastiampillai and Su Wai Mon

2309

Finance

Effects of Ownership and Board Structures on Acquisitions ReturnsNorhamiza Ishak, Kamarun Nisham Taufil Mohd and Hanita Kadir Shahar

2325

An Investigation of the Factors Influencing the Financial Performance of Agricultural Cooperatives in Thailand

Prajya Ngamjan and Jiroj Buranasiri

2343

Arts and Culture

Scrutinizing Social out- of- placers: Euripides, Madness and Jaspersian Psychopathology

Mozhgan Shirazi and Bahee Hadaegh

2359

Tourism

Catch-and-release Behavior of Anglers in Tasik Muda, KedahMuhammad Adi Syarqawi Shaefe and Izharuddin Shah Kamaruddin

2373

Economics

Characterisation of Workers with Full-Time and Part-Time Work Schedules: The Labour Market in Penang, Malaysia

Jacqueline Liza Fernandez and Ee Shiang Lim

2389

Religious Studies

Thematic-Based Text Structure Analysis as a Function of Text Memorization: Surah Yasin

Harison Mohd. Sidek, Muhammad Hafiz Saleh and Hayati Husin

2405

Anthropology

Toponym and Evocation of Cultural Landscape Heritage: A Case of an African Community

Isa Bala Muhammad, Abubakar Danladi Isah, Mohammed Bala Banki and Ahmed Salawu

2427

Media and Communication Studies

Analysis of American Television and Its Impact on the Cultural Perception on Malaysian Youth

Edina Mohd. Nasseri, Tse Kian Neo and Vimala Perumal

2441

Sports

Fundamental Motor Skills Proficiency in Children with Down SyndromeWan Hazree Wan Zakaria, Hosni Hasan and Noor Azila Azreen Md Radzi

2465

Political Sciences and Public Policy

Case StudyEgypt and the United States after the Egyptian Revolution in 2011

Hossein Taghdar, Zaid Ahmad and Abdolreza Alami

2477

Pertanika J. Soc. Sci. & Hum. 28 (3): 2005 - 2026 (2020)

ISSN: 0128-7702e-ISSN 2231-8534

SOCIAL SCIENCES & HUMANITIESJournal homepage: http://www.pertanika.upm.edu.my/

Article history:Received: 29 January 2020Accepted: 13 May 2020Published: 25 September 2020

ARTICLE INFO

E-mail addresses:[email protected] (Denni Iskandar)[email protected] (Mulyadi)[email protected] (Khairina Nasution)[email protected] (Ridwan Hanafiah)[email protected] (Yunisrina Qismullah Yusuf)*Corresponding author

© Universiti Putra Malaysia Press

Review Article

What’s Perfect and What’s Not: Indonesian and Acehnese Phonemic Correspondences

Denni Iskandar1,2, Mulyadi1, Khairina Nasution1, Ridwan Hanafiah1 and Yunisrina Qismullah Yusuf3*1Linguistics Department, Universitas Sumatera Utara, 20222 Medan, Indonesia2Department of Indonesian Education, Universitas Syiah Kuala, 23111 Banda Aceh, Indonesia3Department of English Education, Universitas Syiah Kuala, 23111 Banda Aceh, Indonesia

ABSTRACT

This qualitative research aimed to identify the Indonesian phonemic correspondence with Acehnese. It was based on the comparative historical linguistic theory or diachronic theory by identifying the form and regularity of sound language changes. It was limited only to phonemic correspondence between Indonesian and Acehnese without reconstructing the proto of both languages and seeing its kinship. Ten (10) Acehnese from East Aceh who fitted the criteria for this research were selected as informants to obtain data. Data collection used field linguistic methods, namely direct elicitation methods, inspection of the elicitation, and reflection. Data were analyzed using the qualitative descriptive technique. The results showed that there were 19 Indonesian phonemic correspondences with

Acehnese. The phonemic correspondences were found to occur in the initial, middle, and end of vowels. Meanwhile, for the consonants, they occurred in the initial and final. From the 19 correspondence findings, three phonemic correspondences were found to be impeccable, they were s ≈ h, h ≈ Ø, and r ≈ Ø, meanwhile, 16 other correspondences were found to be imperfect, such as u ≈ ɛə, a ≈ o, ɛ ≈ i, and k ≈ g. Henceforth, the results can be used as a reference for further research on other


2006 Pertanika J. Soc. Sci. & Hum. 28 (3): 2005 - 2026 (2020)

linguistic relations between Indonesian and Acehnese, and even alternative learning materials for Acehnese speakers who study Indonesian or vice versa.

Keywords: Acehnese, Indonesian, phonemic

correspondences

INTRODUCTION

Aceh is one of the provinces in Indonesia. In this province, about 90% of the population is of the Acehnese ethnic (McCulloch, 2005) and they speak the Acehnese language as their heritage language and Indonesian as their national language. Acehnese itself is one of the languages that are related to the Austronesian language family (Thurgood, 2007). Acehnese’s relationship with Indonesia has long been established before Aceh became part of Indonesia and Indonesia became an independent country in 1945 (Istiqamah, 2017; Reid, 2005). The neighboring Malay is related to Acehnese since Aceh was the first receptacle of “classical” Malay literature in the 17th century (Reid, 2005), or Jawi Pasai it was once called (Hermansyah, 2014). In Jawi Pasai, the system writing is Malay in Arabic script (Reid, 2005). Meanwhile, the Malay language is known as the root of Indonesian. In 1928, the Congress of Indonesian Youth used Malay as the language of the congress, but the new name Bahasa Indonesia (Indonesian) was first introduced as the language of future independent Indonesia from the Dutch (Paauw, 2009).

Referring back to Acehnese as one of the spoken ethnic languages out of

hundreds in the Indonesian archipelago is the relationship between Acehnese and Indonesian in terms of phonemic or sound correspondence. Typically, sounds have a regular shift between languages. Since the law of sound contains the tendency of strict bonding, this term is replaced by phonemic or sound correspondence. Thus, sound correspondence was defined by Brown et al. (2013) as “two sound segments that correspond when they occur in cognate words of genealogically related languages”. There is an alignment of sound in the same position found in derived languages based on basic words. Segments that correspond or align to the same gloss are both seen in terms of form and meaning in different languages compared to each other (Crowley, 1987; Hock, 1986). Therefore, sound correspondence is the result of sound changes in a language over time and is the foundation of the comparative method of historical linguistics (Brown et al., 2013). The patterns of sound correspondence have an important role in linguistic reconstruction such as “to reconstruct proto-forms and for classical phylogenetic reconstruction based on shared innovations” (List, 2018).

Phonemic correspondences between Indonesian and Acehnese are relatively systematic, e.g. phoneme /a/ in Indonesian corresponds to phoneme /u/ in Acehnese, phoneme /s/ in Indonesian corresponds to phoneme /h/ in Acehnese, and so on. In addition to its systematic occurrence, the correspondence of Indonesian and Acehnese sounds also occurs in many words. The inter-language phonemic correspondence g e n e r a l l y o c c u r s b e t w e e n v o w e l

Indonesian and Acehnese Phonemic Correspondences

2007Pertanika J. Soc. Sci. & Hum. 28 (3): 2005 - 2026 (2020)

phonemes, including the correspondence of the Indonesian and Acehnese phonemes. Indonesian vowels consist of two types, namely monophthong, and diphthong, and there are no nasal vowels. According to Alwi et al. (2003), Chaer (2009) and Sanjoko (2015) there are ten monophthongs as shown in Table 1.

In Table 1, it is seen that there are two types of /i/ phonemes in Indonesian, namely the low phoneme /I/ as shown in example number two, and the high phoneme /i/ as shown in example number 3. Two phonemes of /u/ are also distinguished in Indonesian; the low phoneme /ʊ/ as shown in example

number four and the high phoneme /u/ as shown in example number 5.

In addition to monophthongs, there are three diphthongs in Indonesian (Alwi et al., 2003; Marsono, 1993) as shown in Table 2.

In the meantime, there are also two types of Acehnese vowels, namely monophthong, and diphthong. Acehnese has 17 monophthongs vowels, divided into ten oral monophthongs and seven nasal monophthongs (Asyik, 1987; Durie, 1985; Pillai & Yusuf, 2012; Wildan, 2010). The oral monophthong vowels are shown in Table 3, and the nasal monophthongs vowels are shown in Table 4.

No. Vowels Examples1. /a/ anak ‘children’, apa ‘what’, anda ‘you’2. /I/ ini ‘this’, kiri ‘left’, pipi ‘cheek’3. /i/ itik ‘duck’, tabib ‘physician’, murid ‘student’4. /ʊ/ susu ‘milk’, lucu ‘funny’, aku ‘me’5. /u/ kapur ‘chalk’, duduk ‘sit’, sumur ‘well’ 6. /e/ sate ‘satay’, gule ‘vegetable’, rante ‘chain’7. /ə/ kera ‘monkey’, beli ‘buy’, kabel ’cable’8. /ɛ/ hemat ‘saving’, ember ‘bucket’, karet ‘rubber’ 9. /o/ toko ‘shop’, risiko ‘risk’, kado ‘gift’10. /ͻ/ tokoh ‘figure’, bola ‘ball’, bohong ‘lie’

Table 1Indonesian monophthongs (Chaer, 2009)

Table 2Indonesian diphthongs (Alwi et al., 2003)

No. Vowels Examples1. /ai/ pantai ‘beach’, balai ‘hall’, andai ‘if’2. /au/ kerbau ‘buffalo’, bakau ‘mangrove’, kilau ‘luster’ 3. /oi/ amoi ‘greetings for Chinese girls’, konvoi ‘convoy’, asoi ‘delicious’



There are 17 diphthongs in Acehnese (Wildan, 2010). They are divided into 12 oral diphthongs (as shown in Table 5) and five nasal diphthongs (as shown in Table 6).

Consequently, research on phonemic or sound correspondence is not new and is one of the wide research issues undertaken by researchers in linguistics education (Earle & Sayeski, 2017; Musayyedah, 2014; Sayeski et al., 2017). Nevertheless, none has worked on the correspondence

between Indonesian and Acehnese sounds. This research intended to fill in the gap. The existence of a systematic description of sound correspondences in Indonesian and Acehnese is believed to be helpful and can become a reference for further research on other linguistic relations between Indonesian and Acehnese, and even alternative learning materials for Acehnese speakers who study Indonesian or vice versa. Accordingly, one of the language learning hypotheses also

Table 3Acehnese oral monophthongs (adapted from Asyik, 1987; Durie, 1985; Pillai & Yusuf, 2012; Wildan, 2010)

No Vowel Examplecit /i/ iku ‘tail’, cit ‘also, even’, ija ‘cloth, fabric’peut /ɯ/ peut ‘four’, aneuk ‘child’, leubèh ‘more’cut /u/ cut ‘small, countess’, bu ‘rice’, karu ‘noisy’pét /e/ pét ‘to shut the eyes’, éh ‘sleep’, padé ‘paddy’ tet /ə/ tet ‘burn’ le ‘many’, tahe ‘pensive’pôt /o/ pôt ‘blow; to fan’, ôk ‘hair’, lôn ‘I, me’cèt /ɛ/ cèt ‘paint’, bèk ‘don’t’, mugè ‘sales’göt /ʌ/ göt ‘good, fine’, gadöh ‘disappear’, deungö ‘hear’cop /ↄ/ cop ‘sew’, pujo ‘praise’, po ‘owner’pat /a/ aduen ‘brother’, pat ‘where’, saka ’sugar’

Table 4Acehnese nasal monophthongs (adapted from Asyik, 1987; Durie, 1985; Wildan, 2010)

No. Vowel Example Words1. /a/ ‘ap ‘bribe, feed’, s’ah ‘whisper’, ‘adé ‘fair’2. /i/ t’ing ‘sound’, sa’i ‘be alone’3. /ɛ/ ‘èt ‘short’, pa’è ‘gecko’, la‘èh ‘weak’4. /ɯ/ ‘eu ‘yes’, ta’eun ‘plague’5. /o/ ‘oh ‘when’, kh’op ‘stench’, ch’op ‘stab’6. /ʌ/ is’öt ‘slide’, ph’öt ‘the sound of fire goes out’7. /u/ meu’u ‘plowing the fields’



states that similarities in the first language (FL) learning process can influence the learning of the second language (SL) (Krashen, 1982). The language elements are obtained in the foreseen sequence where certain linguistic elements are obtained first, while other linguistic elements are obtained later (Chaer, 2003). Moreover, the knowledge on the phoneme-grapheme correspondence also contributes to language major students’ understanding of the writing

system principle because they are related to sound representation that deals with the systematic relations between letters and sounds (Huang et al., 2014; Larsen et al., 2020; Rangriz & Marzban, 2015).

METHODS

This research was based on the comparative historical linguistic theory developed by, among others, Bynon (1979), Dimmendaal

Table 5Acehnese oral diphthongs (adapted from Asyik, 1987; Durie, 1985; Pillai & Yusuf, 2012; Wildan, 2010)

No. Vowels Examples1. /iə/ ie ‘water’, iem ‘keep quiet’, tiep ‘every, each’2. /ɛə/ batèe ‘stone’, bajèe ‘clothes’, kayèe ‘wood’3. /ɯə/ beuet ‘study, learn’, pageue ‘fence’, keubeue ‘buffalo’ 4. /ↄə/ adoe ‘sister’, bloe ‘buy’, toe ‘near’5. /ʌə/ lagöe ‘shocking expression’, dhöe ‘clogged up’6. /uə/ bue ‘monkey’, alue ‘groove’, buet ‘work, job, action’7. /ai/ gatai ‘itching’, kapai ‘ship’, jai ‘many, much’8. /əi/ hei ‘to call’9. /ↄi/ boinah ‘treasure’, poih ‘mail, post’10. /oi/ bhôi ‘sponge cake’, cangkôi ‘hoe’, dôdôi ‘a kind of cake’11. /ʌi/ lagöina ‘very, greatly’12. /ui/ bui ‘pig’, phui ‘light’, tikui ‘down’

Table 6Acehnese nasal diphthongs (adapted from Asyik, 1987; Durie, 1985; Wildan, 2010)

No. Vowels Examples1. /iə/ p’iep ‘suction’2. /ɛə/ ‘èet ‘short’3. /ɯə/ ‘eue ‘crawl’4. /uə/ ‘uet ‘swallow’, c’uet ‘tighten up’5. /ai/ meuh’ai ‘expensive’



(2011), Driem (2018), and Hock (1986). This theory is also called a diachronic theory, which involves the analysis of the form and regularity of changes in languages equipped with sound changes, to reconstruct the language of the past, the ancient language (proto) that lived in thousands of years before that. However, this research is limited to only phonemic correspondences between Indonesian and Acehnese languages without reconstructing the proto of both languages or studying its kinship.

Following Erbach (2020), Mallinson and Blake (1981), Rasul (2018) and Swart (2016), there are three sources of data used in the study across languages, namely (1) the grammar books of the language being researched, (2) examples used by other authors who are recognized for their truth, and (3) native speakers of the language being studied. This research only uses all three of the sources. Data on sound examples of Indonesian were obtained from books and articles written by Marsono (1993), Alwi et al. (2003), Chaer (2009), and Sanjoko (2015). Data on examples of Acehnese sounds were obtained from Durie (1985), Asyik (1987), Wildan (2010), Djunaidi (1996), and Pillai and Yusuf (2012).

Data collection started by field linguistic methods, namely direct elicitation methods and elicitation check (Cortes et al., 2018; Liebenberg, 2019; Mithun, 2001). The direct elicitation method was carried out by collecting language data which began with preparing a list of Indonesian and Acehnese words that corresponded phonemically. Then, interviews with informants were done

to check the number of language sounds that were still questionable. This method was the elicitation check. Three out of the four authors of this paper were also native speakers of Acehnese.

Acehnese has four main dialect groups, which are the Greater Aceh dialect, the Pidie dialect, the North Aceh dialect and the West Aceh dialect (Asyik, 1987). Acehnese linguists claim that the standard form of Acehnese is the North Aceh dialect (e.g. Asyik, 1987; Durie, 1985; Hanafiah & Makam, 1984; Sulaiman et al., 1983). This is due to its consistency in language structure and a large number of speakers. Asyik (1987) further explained that this dialect was “phonologically homogeneous” compared to the other dialects in Acehnese, which meant that there was not much variation in the pronunciation from its speakers. The North Aceh dialect is spoken by speakers residing North Aceh and East Aceh. Therefore, for this research, the speakers of the North Aceh dialect were chosen, and the data were taken from those speakers residing in East Aceh with their consent to participate in this research.

The selection of these informants was intended to describe the nature of the language speakers (Bungin, 2007). The selection was not determined by the number of speakers, but more to the quality and abilities of the speakers in mastering Acehnese. The purposive sampling of the informants was based on these criteria: (1) native speakers, (2) between the ages of 20 and 70 years old who acquired Acehnese as their first language and use it widely



with family members and fellow Acehnese (3) physically and mentally healthy (no speech impairment), (4) had consented to participate in this research. Every interview with the speaker lasted for about half an hour and they were recorded, transcribed and extracted for relevant information (Djajasudarma, 2006; Etikan et al., 2016; Suri, 2011).

a. Furthermore, the data was analyzed qualitatively through the following steps:

b. Registered Indonesian and Acehnese words that have correspondence;

c. Identified the phonemes of each Indonesian and Acehnese word for correspondence;

d. Determined the corresponding sounds that occurred between two comparable languages.

The orthography of Acehnese presented in this paper follows the conventions proposed by Pillai and Yusuf (2012) and Yusuf and Pillai (2013).

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The results showed a number of 19 phonemic correspondences between Indonesian and Acehnese. Each correspondence is explained in the following sub-sections.

Correspondence of /u/ ≈ /ɛə/ - #

The correspondence of phoneme /u/ in Indonesian with phoneme /ɛ/ in Acehnese occurs in the final syllable after a consonant, as shown in Table 7. This correlation does not depend on one or two consonants that precede it, but it can happen to many other consonants. The examples in Table 7 shows the consonant that precedes the phoneme /u/ is /j/, /y/, /t/, /l/, /g/, /b/, /p/, /b/, /r/ /k/ and /m/. This kind of correspondence is classified as an incomplete correspondence (Mahsun, 1995) because not all words ending in the phoneme /u/ in Indonesian turn into the phoneme /ɛ/ in Acehnese. For example, the words madu /ma⸱du/ ‘honey’ and ragu /ra⸱gu/ ‘doubt’ in Indonesian remain madu /ma⸱du/ ‘honey’ and ragu /ra⸱gu/ ‘doubt’ in Acehnese. There are some Acehnese who say ie unoe /iə⸱u⸱noə/ for ‘honey’, but this word also means ‘bee’. However, according to the Acehnese dictionary by Bakar (1985), the word madu is ‘honey’ in Acehnese. In addition, some words end with the phoneme /u/ in Indonesian but in Acehnese, they change into other phonemes, for example, sapu /sa⸱pu/ ‘broom’ in Indonesian become sampoh /sam⸱poh/ ‘broom’ respectively.

Table 7Phonemic correspondence of /u/ (Indonesian) with /ɛə/ (Acehnese)

No. Meaning Indonesian Acehnese1.2.

clotheswood

baju /ba⸱ʤu/kayu /ka⸱ju/

bajèe /ba⸱ʤɛə/kayèe /ka⸱jɛə/



Correspondence of /u/ ≈ /ↄ/ - K #

The correspondence of phoneme /u/ in Indonesian with /ↄ/ in Acehnese occurs in the final syllable after a consonant, as shown in Table 8.

Examples in Table 8 show consonants that precedes the phoneme /u/, they are /ŋ/, /k/, /m/, /b/, /j/, and /n/. The consonant following the phoneme /ↄ/ in Acehnese is mostly the same as the consonant following the phoneme /u/ in Indonesian, except for Indonesian words ending with /s/, as in

hangus /ha⸱ŋus/ ‘scorched’ in Indonesian becomes angoh /a⸱ŋↄh/ ‘scorched’ in Acehnese. This is perhaps because Acehnese does not have the sound /s/ in its sound system (Asyik, 1987; Durie, 1985). The phoneme /u/ with phoneme /ↄ/ correspondence is not perfect, meaning that not all words ending in vowel /u/ in Indonesian correspond to the phoneme /ↄ/ in Acehnese because there is also correspondence to the phoneme /ͻ/, which is explained in the next sub-section.

Table 7 (Continued)

No. Meaning Indonesian Acehnese3.4.5.6.7.8.9.10.11.

stonefursagocanegrouper fishcashewteachernailmeet

batu /ba⸱tu/bulu /bu⸱lu/sagu /sa⸱gu/tebu /tə⸱bu/ kerapu /kə⸱ra⸱pu/jambu /ʤam⸱bu/guru /gu⸱ru/kuku /ku⸱ku/temu /tə⸱mu/

batèe /ba⸱tɛə/bulèe /bu⸱lɛə/sage /sa⸱gɛə/teubèe /tɯ⸱bɛə/kerapèe /kə⸱ra⸱pɛə/jambèe /ʤam⸱bɛə/gurèe /gu⸱rɛə/ukèe /u⸱kɛə/teumèe /tɯ⸱mɛə/

Table 8Phonemic correspondence of /u/ (Indonesian) with /ↄ/ (Acehnese)

No. Meaning Indonesian Acehnese1.2.3.4.5.6.

scorchedbowlmosquitogrowpointcrumble

hangus /ha⸱ŋus/ mangkuk /maŋ⸱kuɂ/ nyamuk /ŋa⸱muɂ/ tumbuh /tum⸱buh/ tunjuk /tun⸱ʤuɂ/ remuk /re⸱muɂ/

angoh /a⸱ŋↄh/mangkok /maŋ⸱kↄɂ/nyamok /ŋa⸱mↄɂ/timoh /ti⸱mↄh/tunyok /tu⸱ŋↄɂ/reumok /rɯ⸱mↄɂ/

Correspondence of /u/ ≈ /o/ - K #

The correspondence of phoneme /u/ in Indonesian with /o/ in Acehnese occurs in the final syllable after the consonants as seen in Table 9.

Ta b l e 9 s h o w s t h e p h o n e m i c correspondence of /u/ in Indonesian to /o/ in Acehnese. The consonants that follow the phoneme /o/ in Acehnese is generally the same as the consonants following



the phoneme /u/ in Indonesian, except in Indonesian words, they end with /r/, i.e. the disappearance of this final consonant is as seen in kendur /ken⸱dur/ ‘loose, slack’ to keundo /kɯn⸱do/ ‘loose, slack’. The

correspondence of sound /u/ with sound /o/ is not perfect, meaning that not all words ending in vowel /u/ in Indonesian correspond to the sound /o/ in Acehnese.

Table 9Phoneme correspondence of /u/ (Indonesian) with /o/ (Acehnese)

No. Meaning Indonesian Acehnese1.2.3.4.5,6.7.8.9.10.11.12.14.15.

loosepassbreak (off)cardboardnoselawheartseashouldertenrecedingdoorfartrib

kendur /ken⸱dur/lulus /lu⸱lus/putus /pu⸱tus/ kardus /kar⸱dus/hidung /hi⸱duŋ/hukum /hu⸱kum/ jantung /ʤan⸱tuŋ/laut /la⸱ut/bahu /ba⸱hu/ sepuluh /se⸱pu⸱luh/surut /su⸱rut/pintu /pin⸱tu/kentut /ken⸱tut/rusuk /ru⸱suɂ/

keundô /kɯn⸱do/lulôh /lu⸱loh/putôh /pu⸱toh/kardôh /kar⸱doh/idông /i⸱doŋ/hukôm /hu⸱kom/ jantông /ʤan⸱toŋ/laôt /la⸱ot/bahô /ba⸱ho/siplôh /sip⸱loh/surôt /su⸱rot/pintô /pin⸱to/geuntôt /gɯn⸱tot/ rusôk /ru⸱soɂ/

Correspondence of /a/ ≈ /o/ - K #

The correspondence of phoneme /a/ in Indonesian with phoneme /o/ in Acehnese occurs in the final syllable after the consonant, as seen in Table 10.

Table 10 shows the consonant that precedes the phoneme /a/, they are /n/ and /m/. The consonants that follow is /h/. The phoneme /a/ and phoneme /o/ correspondence are not perfect because not all words ending in the vowel /a/ in Indonesian turn into /o/ in Acehnese, for example malam /ma⸱lam/ ‘night’ in Indonesian and malam /ma⸱lam/ ‘night’ in Acehnese, respectively. In addition, there are also words that end with the phoneme /a/

in Indonesian, but in Acehnese, these words are different words, for example the word tertawa /ter⸱ta⸱wa/ ‘laugh’ in Indonesian is khem /kɛm/ ‘laugh’ in Acehnese.

Correspondence /a/ ≈ /ɯ/ / - K # The correspondence of phoneme /a/ in Indonesian with phoneme /ɯ/ in Acehnese occurs in the ultima or final syllable after the consonant as shown in Table 11.

The examples in Table 11 show consonants that precedes the phoneme /a/, such as /ʤ/, /t/, /n/, /p/, /r/, /h/, /y/, and /m/. Consonants following the phoneme /ɯ/ in Acehnese are mostly the same as consonants following the phoneme /a/ in Indonesian,



except for some words such as gamang /ga⸱maŋ/ ‘giddy’ in Indonesia that is said gameung /ga⸱mɯŋ/ ‘giddy’ in Acehnese. The phoneme /a/ that corresponds with /ɯ/ happens not perfectly because not all words ending in vowel /a/ in Indonesian correspond to phoneme /ɯ/ in Acehnese, for example, makan /ma⸱kan/ ‘eat’ in Indonesian is not makɯn in Acehnese, but it is pajoh /pa⸱ʤoh/ ‘eat’.

Correspondence /o/ ≈ /u/ / - # K –

The correspondence of phoneme /o/ in Indonesian with the phoneme /u/ in

Acehnese occurs in the penultimate syllable or the initial syllable after the consonant as shown in Table 12.

The examples in Table 12 depict consonants that precedes the phoneme /o/. The phoneme /o/ in Indonesia and phoneme /u/ in Acehnese correspondence are not perfect because not all words beginning with the vowel /o/ in Indonesian correspond to the phoneme /u/ in Acehnese. For example, bola /bo⸱la/ ‘ball and dosa /dɔ⸱sa/ ‘sin’ /sin/ in the Indonesian remains bola /bo⸱la/ ‘ball and desya /dɛ⸱ʃa/ ‘sin’ /sin/ in Acehnese.

Table 10Phoneme correspondence of /a/ (Indonesian) with /o/ (Acehnese)

No. Meaning Indonesian Acehnese1.2.3.4.

soilhomelimp, weakpus (wounds)

tanah /ta⸱nah/rumah /ru⸱mah/lemas /lə⸱mas/nanah /na⸱nah/

tanoh /ta⸱noh/rumoh /ru⸱moh/leumoh /lɯ⸱moh/nanoh /na⸱noh/

Table 11Phoneme correspondence /a/ (Indonesian) with phoneme /ɯ/ (Acehnese)


rainforestrightboardwondercentipedeerachildevilhouroilareca nutpaygiddy

hujan /hu⸱ʤan/hutan /hu⸱tan/kanan /ka⸱nan/papan /pa⸱pan/heran /hɛ⸱ran/lipan /li⸱pan/zaman /za⸱man/anak /a⸱naɂ/ jahat /ʤa⸱hat/jam /ʤam/minyak /mi⸱nyaɂ/pinang /pi⸱naŋ/bayar /ba⸱jar/gamang /ga⸱maŋ/

ujeun /u⸱ʤɯn/uteun /u⸱tɯn/ uneun /u⸱nɯn/papeun /pa⸱pɯn/hireun /hi⸱rɯn/limpeun /limpɯn/jameun /ʤa⸱mɯn/aneuk /a⸱nɯɂ/ jeuheut /ʤɯ⸱hɯt/jeum /ʤɯm/minyeuk /mi⸱nyɯɂ/peineung /pi⸱nɯŋ/bayeu /ba⸱jɯ/ gameung /ga⸱mɯŋ/



Correspondence /i/ ≈ /ɔə/ / - #

The correspondence of /i/ in Indonesian sounds with /o/ in Acehnese occurs in the ultima or final syllable after the consonant as shown in Table 13.

The examples in Table 13 show consonants that precedes the phoneme /i/, these consonants are /g/, /l/, /r/, /t/, /k/, /ʤ/

and /m/. The phoneme /i/ in Indonesian corresponds with /ɔe/ in Acehnese is not perfect because not all words ending with /i/ in Indonesian correspond to /ɔe/ in Acehnese. For examples, the word pergi /per⸱gi/ ‘go’ in Indonesian is not pergo in Acehnese, but it is jak /ʤak/ ‘go’.

Table 12Phoneme correspondence /o/ (Indonesian) with phoneme /u/ (Acehnese)

No. Meaning Indonesian Acehnese1.2.3.4.5.6.7.8.9.

coffeehatbreadjutecontesttryprayertailcheers

kopi /ko⸱pi/topi /to⸱pi/roti /ro⸱ti/goni /go⸱ni/ lomba /lom⸱ba/coba /ʧo⸱ba/do’a /do⸱a/ekor /ɛ⸱kor/ sorak /so⸱raɂ/

kupi /ku⸱pi/tupi /tu⸱pi/ruti /ru⸱ti/guni /gu⸱ni/lumba /lum⸱ba/cuba /ʧu⸱ba/du’a /du⸱a/iku /i⸱ku/ surak /su⸱raɂ/

Table 13Phoneme correspondence/i/ (Indonesian) with phoneme /ɔe/ (Acehnese)


yeastaspect, facet, sidelosstoothbuychantsropeprincessministeralone, ownershipreplacesawwemen

ragi /ra⸱gi/segi /sə⸱gi/rugi /ru⸱gi/gigi /gi⸱gi/beli /bə⸱li/bini /bi⸱ni/tali /ta⸱li/putri /put⸱ri/ mentri /mən⸱tri/sendiri /səndiri/ganti /gan⸱ti/gergaji /gər⸱ga⸱ʤi/kami /ka⸱mi/laki /la⸱ki/

ragoe /ra⸱gɔə/sagoe /sag⸱ɔə/rugoe /ru⸱gɔə/gigoe /gi⸱gɔə/bloe /blɔə/ binoe /bi⸱nɔə/taloe /ta⸱lɔə/ putroe /pu⸱trɔə/ mentroe /men⸱trɔə/ sidroe /si⸱drɔə/gantoe /gan⸱tɔə/ gergajoe /gər⸱ga⸱ʤɔə/kamoe /ka⸱mɔə/lakoe /la⸱kɔə/



Correspondence /i/ ≈ /e/ / - K #

The correspondence of the phoneme /i/ in Indonesian with /e/ in Acehnese occurs in the ultima or final syllables after the consonants as shown in Table 14.

In the examples above, the words are of consonants that precede the phoneme /i/; these consonants are /b/, /d/, /j/, /l/, /p/, /r/, /s/ and /t/. The consonant following the phoneme /e/ in Acehnese is largely similar in form as the consonant following the phoneme /i/ in Indonesian. Hence,

when a word ends with /s/ in Indonesian, it corresponds to /h/ in Acehnese, such as tipis ‘thin’ in Indonesian is lipèh ‘thin’ in Acehnese. The phoneme /i/ in Indonesian correspondence with the phoneme /e/ in Acehnese occurs not perfectly, meaning that not all words ending with /i/ in Indonesian correspond to phoneme /e/ in Acehnese. For example, bersih /ber⸱sih/ ‘clean’ in Indonesian is not berseh in Acehnese, but its glèh /gleh/ ‘clean’.

Table 14Phoneme correspondence/i/ (Indonesian) with phoneme /e/ (Acehnese)

No. Meaning Indonesian Acehnese1.2.3.4.5.6.7.8.9.10.

outloveskinscabieslupis ‘traditional cake’soresadpullthinrequired

habis /ha⸱bis/kasih /ka⸱sih/kulit /ku⸱lit/kudis /ku⸱dis/lupis /lu⸱pis/pedih /pe⸱dih/sedih /se⸱dih/tarik /ta⸱riɂ/ tipis /ti⸱pis/wajib /wa⸱ʤib/

abèh /a⸱beh/gasèh /ga⸱seh/kulèt /ku⸱let/kudèe /ku⸱deə/lupèh /lu⸱peh/peudèh /pɯ⸱deh/seudèh /sɯ⸱deh/tarèk /ta⸱reɂ/ lipèh /li⸱peh/wajèb /wa⸱ʤeb/

Correspondence /ɛ/ ≈ /i/ / # K –

The correspondence of phoneme /ɛ/ in Indonesian with /i/ in Acehnese occurs in the penultimate syllable or the initial syllable after the consonant, as shown in Table 15.

Table 15 portrays that correspondence does not depend on the phoneme that precedes it. In Table 15, it is shown that the sound of /ɛ/ in Indonesian is followed by /b/, /h/, /p/, /m/, /s/, and /t/. The phoneme that

follows the phoneme /i/ in Acehnese is the same as the phoneme following phoneme /ɛ/ in Indonesian. The correspondence of phoneme /ɛ/ with phoneme /i/ is not perfect, meaning that not every word with /ɛ/ in Indonesian corresponds to phoneme /i/ in Acehnese. For example, the word lebar /lɛ⸱bar/ ‘width’ in Indonesian is not libar in Acehnese, but rather luwah /lu⸱wah/.



Correspondence /ə/ ≈ /Ø/ / # -

The correspondence of phoneme /ə/ in Indonesian with phoneme removal or /Ø/ in Acehnese occurs in the penultimate syllable or the initial syllable after the consonant as shown in the Table 16.

Table 16 portrays examples that correspondence, in this case, does not depend on the phoneme that precedes it. In the above examples, the consonants that precede the phoneme /ə/ in Indonesian are /b/, /c/, /g/, /p/, /s/ and /t/. The correspondence of phoneme /ə/ in Indonesian with this

phoneme removal in Acehnese is not perfect because not all phonemes /ə/ in the initial syllable of Indonesian words correspond to this phoneme removal in Acehnese. For example, the word benang /be⸱naŋ/ ‘thread’ in Indonesian is not bneng in Acehnese, but beuneung /bɯ⸱nɯŋ/ ‘thread’. Nevertheless, the consonant that appears following /ə/ is the one that determines this removal; it can be said that the occurrence of /l/, /r/ and /g/ in the Indonesian words cause the elimination of /ə/ in Acehnese.

Table 15Phoneme correspondence /ɛ/ (Indonesian) with phoneme /i/(Acehnese)

No. Meaning Indonesian Acehnese1.2.3.4.5.6.7.8.

differentdefendsaving, sparingsilverfootballaskewshootred

beda /bɛ⸱da/ bela /bɛ⸱la/ hemat /hɛ⸱mat/ perak /pɛ⸱raɂ/ sepak /sɛ⸱paɂ/ serong /sɛ⸱rɔŋ/ tembak /tɛm⸱baɂ/ mɛrah /me⸱rah/

bida /bi⸱da/bila /bi⸱la/himat /hi⸱mat/pirak /pi⸱raɂ/sipak /si⸱paɂ/sirong /si⸱roŋ/timbaɂ /tim⸱bak/mirah /mi⸱rah/

Table 16Phoneme correspondence /ə/ (Indonesian) with phoneme removal /Ø/ (Acehnese)

No. Meaning Indonesian Acehnese1.2.3.4.5.6.7.8.9.10.

buyweightgivedivorceglassmotionwarstomachsoonbright

beli /bə⸱li/ berat /bə⸱rat/ beri /bə⸱ri/ cerai /cə⸱rai/ gelas /gə⸱las/ gerak /gə⸱raɂ/ perang /pə⸱raŋ perut /pə⸱rut/ segera /sə⸱ge⸱ra/ terang /tə⸱raŋ/

bloe /blɔe/brat /brat/bri /bri/crè /cre/glah /glah/grak /graɂ/ prang /praŋ/pruet /pruət/sigra /si⸱gra/trang /traŋ/



Correspondence /ai/ ≈ /e/ / - #

The correspondence of the phoneme /ai/ in Indonesian with the phoneme /e/ in Acehnese occurs in the ultima syllable or the final syllable after the consonant as shown in Table 17.

In Table 17, it shows that the consonants preceding the diphthong /ai/ are /r/, /d/, /t/, and /p/. The phoneme /ai/ correspondence

the phoneme /e/ is not perfect because not all words ending in /ai/ in Indonesian correspond to phoneme /e/ in Acehnese, for example kalau /ka⸱lau/ ‘if’ in Indonesian is miseu /mi⸱sɯ/ ‘if’ in Acehnese. Nevertheless, in the Indonesian oral contemporary or daily language, Indonesia pronounces [ai] sound as [e] sound, i.e. pandai /pan⸱dai/ ‘smart’ is said as pandè /pan⸱de/.

Table 17Phoneme correspondence /ai/ (Indonesian) with phoneme /e/ (Acehnese)

No. Meaning Indonesian Acehnese1.2.3.4.5.

divorcesmartbeachchainbattery

cerai /ʧə⸱rai/ pandai /pan⸱dai/ pantai /pan⸱tai/ rantai /ran⸱tai/ baterai /ba⸱te⸱rai/

crè /ʧre/pandè /pan⸱de/pantè /pan⸱te/rantè /ran⸱te/batrè /bat⸱re/

Table 18Phoneme correspondence /ai/ (Indonesian) with phoneme /ɛə/ (Acehnese)


crowdedhallcurrylaxtrunkstormshopsquirrel

ramai /ra⸱mai/balai /ba⸱lai/gulai /gu⸱lai/lalai /la⸱lai/ belalai /bə⸱la⸱lai/badai /ba⸱dai/kedai /kə⸱dai/tupai /tu⸱pai/

ramée /ra⸱mɛə/balée /ba⸱lɛə/gulée /gu⸱lɛə/lalée /la⸱lɛə/beulalée /bə⸱la⸱lɛə/badée /ba⸱dɛə/keudée /kɯ⸱dɛə/tupée /tu⸱pɛə/

Correspondence /ai/ ≈ /ɛə/ / - #

The correspondence of phoneme /ai/ in Indonesian with phoneme /ɛə/ in Acehnese occurs in the ultima or final syllable after the consonant. The data is as shown in Table 18.

Table 18 displays the consonants preceding diphthong /ai/, which are /m/, /l/,

and /p/. The correspondence of phoneme /ai/ with sound /ɛə/ occurs not perfectly, meaning that not all words ending in diphthong /ai/ in Indonesian correspond to phoneme /ɛə/ in Acehnese, for example, the work pintar /pin⸱tar/ ‘clever’ in Indonesian is carong /ca⸱roŋ/ ‘clever’ in Acehnese.



Correspondence /ai/ ≈ /oə/ / - #

The correspondence of the phoneme /ai/ in Indonesian with the phoneme /oə/ in Acehnese occurs in the ultima syllable or the final syllable after the consonant as shown in Table 19.

Table 19 only shows four consonants preceding the diphthong /ai/, they are /g/, /l/, /p/ and /s/. The phoneme /ai/ phoneme

/oə/ correspondence is not perfect because not all words ending in diphthongs /ai/ in Indonesian correspond to the phoneme /oə/ in Acehnese, for examples pakai /pa⸱kai/ ‘to wear’ in Indonesian is sôk /sok/ ‘to wear’ in Acehnese, and rantai /ran⸱tai/ ‘chain’ in Indonesian is rantée /ran⸱tɛə/ ‘chain’ in Acehnese.

Table 19Phoneme correspondence /ai/ (Indonesian) with phoneme /oə/ (Acehnese)

No. Meaning Indonesian Acehnese1. palace mahligai /mah⸱li⸱gai/ meuligoe /mɯ⸱li⸱goə/2. like bagai /ba⸱gai/ bagoe /ba⸱goə/3. lax lalai /la⸱lai/ laloe /la⸱loə/4. arrived sampai /sam⸱pai/ sampoe /sam⸱poə/5. finish sələsai /sə⸱lə⸱sai sələsoe / sə⸱lə⸱soə /

Table 20Phoneme correspondence /al/ (Indonesian) with phoneme /ai/ (Acehnese)

Correspondence /al/ ≈ /ai/ / - #

The correspondence of sound /al/ in Indonesian with sound /ai/ in Acehnese occurs in the ultima syllable or syllable after the consonant as shown in Table 20.

Table 20 shows the consonants preceding the phoneme /al/, which are /t/, /b/, /p/, and /k/. The phoneme /al/ and

phoneme /ai/ correspondence is not perfect because not all words ending with ending /al/ in Indonesian correspond to diphthong /ai/ in Acehnese. For example, the word sebal /se⸱bal/ ‘irritated’ in Indonesian is not sebai in Acehnese, but it is palak /pa⸱laɂ/ ‘irritated’.

No. Meaning Indonesian Acehnese1.2.3.4.5.

pillowitchythickimmuneship

bantal /ban⸱tal/gatal /ga⸱tal/tebal /tə⸱bal/kebal /kə⸱bal/kapal /ka⸱pal/

bantai /ban⸱tai/gatai /ga⸱tai/teubai /tɯ⸱bai/keubai /kɯ⸱bai/kapai /ka⸱pai/



Correspondence /aŋ/ ≈ /ɯŋ/ / # K –

The correspondence of phoneme /aŋ/ in Indonesian with phoneme /ɯŋ/ in Acehnese occurs in the ultima syllable or final syllable after the consonant as seen in Table 21.

Table 21 shows that the consonants preceding the phoneme /aŋ/ are /r/, /s/. The

correspondence of sound /aŋ/ in Indonesian with sound /ɯŋ/ is not perfect because not all words ending with ending /aŋ/ in Indonesian correspond to /ɯŋ/ in Acehnese. For example, the word perang /pe⸱raŋ/ ‘war’ in Indonesian is not pereung in Acehnese, but it is prang /praŋ/ ‘war’.

Table 20 (Continued)

No. Meaning Indonesian Acehnese6.7.

thickmemorizedspan

hafal /ha⸱fal/ jengkal /ʤəŋ⸱kal/

hapai /ha⸱pai/jengkai /ʤəŋ⸱kai/

Table 21Phoneme correspondence /s/ (Indonesian) with phoneme /h/ (Acehnese)

No. Meaning Indonesian Acehnese1.2.3.4.5.6.7.8.9.10.11.12.

satisfaction fanbreathereply, responseglassterracepapernumbthinmousefarefinish, okay

puas /pu⸱as/kipas /ki⸱pas/nafas /na⸱fas/balas /ba⸱las/gelas /gə⸱las/ teras /te⸱ras/ kertas /kər⸱tas/kebas /kə⸱bas/tipis /ti⸱pis/tikus /ti⸱kus/ ongkos /ɔng⸱kɔs/bɛrɛs /be⸱res/

puah, pueh /pu⸱ah/, /pu⸱əh/kipah /ki⸱pah/napah /na⸱pah/balah /ba⸱lah/glah /glah/térah /tɛ⸱rah/kertah /kər⸱tah/ keubôh /kɯ⸱bôh/lipèh /li⸱peh/tikoh /ti⸱koh/ ongkoh /ɔŋ⸱kɔh/béréh /bɛ⸱rɛh/

Correspondence /s/ ≈ /h/ / # K –The correspondence of phoneme /s/ in Indonesian with phoneme /h/ in Acehnese occurs in the ultima syllable or final syllable after the consonant as seen in Table 22.

Table 22 illustrates that the consonants that precedes the phoneme /s/, they are phonemes /a/, /o/, /e/, and /ɛ/. The correspondence of sound /s/ with sound /h/ occurs perfectly, that is, all words ending in

consonant /s/ in Indonesian correspond to consonant /h/ in Acehnese. Moreover, the Acehnese consonants do not have the sound /s/, /f/ and /z/ (Asyik, 1987).

Correspondence /k/ ≈ /g/ / # -The correspondence of /k/ in Indonesian with /g/ in Acehnese occurs in the penultimate or Ʌearly syllable silos before vowels as shown in Table 23.



Table 23 shows that the vowels that follow the sound /k/ are the phonemes /a/, /ɯ/, and /u/. The correspondence of sound /k/ with sound /g/ occurs not perfectly because not all phonemes /k/ at the beginning of a

word in Indonesia correspond to sound /g/ in Acehnese, for example, the word kambing /kam⸱biŋ/ ‘goat’ Indonesian is not gambing in Acehnese but kameng /ka⸱mɛŋ/ ‘goat’.

Table 22Phoneme correspondence /s/ (Indonesian) with phoneme /h/ (Acehnese)

No. Meaning Indonesian Acehnese1.

2.3.4.5.6.7.8.9.10.11.12.

satisfaction

fanbreathereply, responseglassterracepapernumbthinmousefarefinish, okay

puas /pu⸱as/

kipas /ki⸱pas/nafas /na⸱fas/balas /ba⸱las/gelas /gə⸱las/ teras /te⸱ras/ kertas /kər⸱tas/kebas /kə⸱bas/tipis /ti⸱pis/tikus /ti⸱kus/ ongkos /ɔng⸱kɔs/bɛrɛs /be⸱res/

puah, pueh /pu⸱ah/, /pu⸱əh/kipah /ki⸱pah/napah /na⸱pah/balah /ba⸱lah/glah /glah/térah /tɛ⸱rah/kertah /kər⸱tah/ keubôh /kɯ⸱bôh/lipèh /li⸱peh/tikoh /ti⸱koh/ ongkoh /ɔŋ⸱kɔh/béréh /bɛ⸱rɛh/

Table 23Phoneme correspondence /k/ (Indonesian) with phoneme /g/ (Acehnese)

No. Meaning Indonesian Acehnese1.2.3.4.5,6.7.8.9.10.

glassfeetvillagecottonchalkpotatofartarmpithorsenail

kaca /ka⸱ʧa/ kaki /ka⸱ki/ kampung /kam⸱puŋ/ kapas /ka⸱pas/ kapur /ka⸱pur/ kentang /ken⸱taŋ/ kentut /ken⸱tut/ ketiak /ke⸱ti⸱aɂ/ kuda /ku⸱da/ kuku /ku⸱ku/

gaca /ga⸱ʧa/gaki /ga⸱ki/ gampong /gam⸱pͻŋ/ gapeuh /ga⸱pɯh/gapu /ga⸱pu/gantang /gan⸱taŋ/geuntôt /gɯn⸱tʌtgeutiɂ /gɯ⸱tiɂ/guda /gu⸱da/gukée /gu⸱kɛə/

Correspondence /h/ ≈ /Ø/ / # -

The correspondence of sounds /h/ in Indonesian with /Ø/ in Acehnese occurs in

the penultimate or early syllabic syllables before the vowels as shown in Table 24.



Table 24 presents vowels that follow the sound /h/ and they are phoneme /a/, /i/, and /u/. The correspondence of sound /h/ with sound disappearance /Ø/ occurs perfectly, that is, all words beginning with consonant /h/ in Indonesian correspond to the phoneme removal /Ø/ in Acehnese.

Correspondence /r/ ≈ /Ø/ / - #The correspondence of /r/ in Indonesian with /Ø/ in Acehnese occurs in the ultima or final syllable after the vowel as seen in Table 25.

Table 25 shows the vowels that precede the sound /r/, which are phonemes /o/, /a/, /ɔ/, /e/, /u/, and /ɛə/. The phonemic correspondence /r/ with the with phoneme removal /Ø/ occurs perfectly because all

words ending with the sound /r/ in Indonesian correspond to its sound disappearance /Ø/ in Acehnese.

The aforesaid phonemic correspondence between Acehnese and Indonesian languages supports the research results of Istiqamah (2017), which revealed that Acehnese and Malay (i.e. Indonesian) are two languages that have a kinship. She mentioned that out of 100 vocabularies from the Swadesh list, 48% of the words are closely related. The Acehnese and Malay (Indonesian) languages were separated about 1,650 years ago or since 367M. Based on this level of kinship (48%), there is a great possibility of lexical borrowing between both languages.

Table 24Phoneme correspondence /h/ (Indonesian) with phoneme removal /Ø/ (Acehnese)


outscorcheddaylifeblackraindestroyedmemorize

habis /ha⸱bis/ hangus /ha⸱ŋus/ hari /ha⸱ri/ hidup /hi⸱dup/hitam /hi⸱tam/hujan /hu⸱ʤan/ hancur /han⸱ʧur/hafal /ha⸱fal/

abèh /a⸱beh/angoh /a⸱ŋoh/uroe /u⸱rɔə/udèp /u⸱dep/itam /i⸱tam/ujeun /u⸱jɯn/anco /an⸱ʧo/aphai /a⸱phai/

Table 25Phoneme correspondence /r/ (Indonesian) with phoneme removal /Ø/ (Acehnese)


dirtyrotatesayleakeddestroyedslacksarcasticpatient

kotor /kɔ⸱tɔr/putar /pu⸱tar/tutur /tu⸱tur/ bocor /bɔ⸱ʧɔr/hancur /han⸱ʧur/kendur /kən⸱dur/sindir /sin⸱dir/sabar /sa⸱bar/

kuto /ku⸱tɔ/puta /pu⸱ta/tuto /tu⸱to/buco /bu⸱ʧɔ/anco /an⸱ʧo/keundo /kɯn⸱do/sindè /sin⸱de/saba /sa⸱ba/



CONCLUSION

To conclude, there are 19 forms of phonemic correspondences in Indonesian with Acehnese. From these 19 forms, there are three perfect correspondences and they are s ≈ h, h ≈ ø, and r ≈ ø. Meanwhile, the others are not perfect correspondences and they are u ≈ ɛə, u ≈ ͻ, u ≈ o, a ≈ o, a ≈ ɯ, o ≈ u, i ≈ ɔə, i ≈ e, ɛ ≈ i, ə ≈ ø, ai ≈ e, ai ≈ ɛə, ai ≈ o, al ≈ ay, aŋ≈ ɯŋ and k ≈ g. The results further reveal that the vowel correspondences of Indonesian with Acehnese occur at the beginning, middle, and end of vowels as well as the initial and final consonants. Consequently, the findings on the Indonesian phonemic correspondence with Acehnese can be used as a reference for further research on other linguistic relations between Indonesian and Acehnese, and even alternative learning materials for Acehnese speakers who study Indonesian or vice versa.

Although the aim of this research has been accomplished; this research was not without shortcomings. This present research only focused on the vowel correspondences of Indonesian with Acehnese. Meanwhile, Indonesia is a super diverse country comprising many ethnic societies and languages. For that reason, future research

studies are recommended to conduct more analysis on other vowel correspondences that may occur among the languages spoken in this country. Linguists are also able to investigate how the sound relation between languages can reveal the language history of the speakers.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The authors would like to thank the BPPDN (Beasiswa Pendidikan Pascasarjana Dalam Negeri, or the Domestic Postgraduate Education Scholarship) of Indonesia who has provided a scholarship to the first author for his education and research from 2017 to 2020. We also express our sincere gratitude to the anonymous reviewers and editors of Pertanika Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities who have read, criticized, commented, and corrected this article for better improvement.

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Table 25 (Continued)

No. Meaning Indonesian Acehnese 9.10.11.12.13.

liptombcarvekafirchalk

bibir /bi⸱bir/kubur /ku⸱bur/ukir /u⸱kir/kafir /ka⸱fir/kapur /ka⸱pur/

bibè /bi⸱be/kubu /ku⸱bu/ukée /u⸱kɛə/kafè /ka⸱fe/gapu /ga⸱pu/



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Quartiles

The set of journals have been ranked according to their SJR and divided into four equal groups, four quartiles. Q1 (green)comprises the quarter of the journals with the highest values, Q2 (yellow) the second highest values, Q3 (orange) the thirdhighest values and Q4 (red) the lowest values.

Category Year QuartileArts and Humanities (miscellaneous) 2010 Q4Arts and Humanities (miscellaneous) 2011 Q4Arts and Humanities (miscellaneous) 2012 Q3Arts and Humanities (miscellaneous) 2013 Q3

SJR

The SJR is a size-independent prestige indicator thatranks journals by their 'average prestige per article'. It isbased on the idea that 'all citations are not createdequal'. SJR is a measure of scienti�c in�uence ofjournals that accounts for both the number of citationsreceived by a journal and the importance or prestige ofthe journals where such citations come from Itmeasures the scienti�c in�uence of the average articlein a journal it expresses how central to the global

Citations per document

This indicator counts the number of citations received bydocuments from a journal and divides them by the totalnumber of documents published in that journal. Thechart shows the evolution of the average number oftimes documents published in a journal in the past two,three and four years have been cited in the current year.The two years line is equivalent to journal impact factor™ (Thomson Reuters) metric.

Cites per document Year ValueCites / Doc. (4 years) 2009 0.000Cites / Doc. (4 years) 2010 0.048Cites / Doc. (4 years) 2011 0.043Cites / Doc. (4 years) 2012 0.299Cites / Doc. (4 years) 2013 0.292Cites / Doc. (4 years) 2014 0.156Cites / Doc. (4 years) 2015 0.127Cites / Doc. (4 years) 2016 0.165Cites / Doc. (4 years) 2017 0.216Cites / Doc. (4 years) 2018 0.251

Total Cites Self-Cites

Evolution of the total number of citations and journal'sself-citations received by a journal's publisheddocuments during the three previous years.Journal Self-citation is de�ned as the number of citationfrom a journal citing article to articles published by thesame journal.

Cites Year ValueS lf Cit 2009 0

External Cites per Doc Cites per Doc % International Collaboration

2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

Arts and Humanities (miscellaneous)

Business, Management and Accounting (miscellaneous)

Economics, Econometrics and Finance (miscellaneous)

Social Sciences (miscellaneous)

2010 2012 2014 2016 2018

0

0.2

0.4

Cites / Doc. (4 years)Cites / Doc. (3 years)Cites / Doc. (2 years)

2009 2011 2013 2015 2017 2019

0

0.07

0.14

0.21

0.28

0.35

2009 2011 2013 2015 2017 2019

0

200

400

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Metrics based on Scopus® data as of April 2020

Dr.Usha Tiwari 1 month ago

I want to enquire about my artical Id:ARDA_publication_233920 which i have submitted on 23 of

November 2020

Please update.

reply

Evolution of the number of total citation per documentand external citation per document (i.e. journal self-citations removed) received by a journal's publisheddocuments during the three previous years. Externalcitations are calculated by subtracting the number ofself-citations from the total number of citations receivedby the journal’s documents.

International Collaboration accounts for the articles thathave been produced by researchers from severalcountries. The chart shows the ratio of a journal'sdocuments signed by researchers from more than onecountry; that is including more than one country address.

Year International Collaboration2009 4.76

Citable documents Non-citable documents

Not every article in a journal is considered primaryresearch and therefore "citable", this chart shows theratio of a journal's articles including substantial research(research articles, conference papers and reviews) inthree year windows vs. those documents other thanresearch articles, reviews and conference papers.

Documents Year ValueN it bl d t 2009 0

Cited documents Uncited documents

Ratio of a journal's items, grouped in three yearswindows, that have been cited at least once vs. thosenot cited during the following year.

Documents Year ValueUncited documents 2009 0Uncited documents 2010 20Uncited documents 2011 69Uncited documents 2012 104

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2009 2011 2013 2015 2017 2019

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2009 2011 2013 2015 2017 2019

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2009 2011 2013 2015 2017 2019

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