Vol. I, January 2009 Indian Journal of Applied Hospitality

Indian Journal of

Applied Hospitality &

Tourism Research

Vol. I, January 2009

BANARSIDAS CHANDIWALA INSTITUTE OF

HOTEL MANAGEMENT & CATERING TECHNOLOGY

NEW DELHI

LA SEA WW AI D SMNA ARH AC KS A TRDI US SR TA SN OA CB II ER TYHS

BC

TOURISM & TERRORISM ISSUES AND CHALLENGES

Special Issue

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:

CONTENTS Vol. I, January 2009

Indian Journal of

Applied Hospitality & Tourism Research

Special Issue: Tourism and Terrorism: Issues and Challenges

The Journal of the

Banarsidas Chandiwala Institute of Hotel Management and

Catering Technology, New Delhi

Preface It seems as if tourist spots, tourists and hotels are becoming new found target of terrorists. Many hotels throughout Asia have witnessed these dreaded attacks in recent past.

Recent attack on the symbols of Indian Hospitality and Iconic buildings has raised the issue of security and safety aspects of our Country which has definitely created an impact on our Tourism growth.

At this crucial period when tourism industry was trying to manage impact of economic meltdown, terrorism has hit tourism and hospitality industry hard.

The terrorist appear to have succeeded in hitting India’s tourism sector. Foreign countries issuing travel advisories to its citizens to reconsider their travel plan to India and India listed among 20 most dangerous places to visit.

Patron

Bhuwan Mohan

Editor R K Bhandari,

Joint Editor

Satish Kumar Beri

Editorial Coordinator Piyush Sharma, Arvind Kumar

Editorial Advisors Gautam Chatterjee

Bhupesh Kumar It is war- undeclared one -an economic war as terror supporting country is tired by defeat in conventional war. As a major source of Foreign Exchange and creating goodwill for Foreign Direct Investment in the country, new strategy of enemy is to dent economy and image.

Ranojit Kundu

Administrative Coordinator Pradeep Gupta

Production Head Terrorist strikes are becoming regular in our

country. Such incidents can happen any where. Our policy and strategies should have enough consideration of this aspect. However security and risk management can fail in such unusual situations, but could reduce the impact of terror attack.

Mohan Jain

Information Executives Poonam Anand Reshma Kamboj Smita Guleria

Sunita Spotlight is now on Hotel Security and another strike can not be ruled out on places related to tourism, travel and airlines. It is mammoth task to implement new measures of security at all steps starting from reservation to housekeeping, purchase, receiving and Recruitment etc.

Marketing Coordinator

Alok Aswal Sujeet Kapur Sunil Kumar

Guide lines to Contributors:

• BCIHMCT solicits articles and papers on contemporary Hospitality and Tourism issues by academicians, practicing

Hospitality practices in current scenario are going to see changes and need more safety and security. Guest is like God but before that it has to be ensured. The environment for the guest safety is everybody’s task. Collectively we can fight terrorism in effective way.

Indian Journal of Applied Hospitality & Tourism Research Vol. I, January 2009

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It is time for change. Ineffective security system, culture of corruption, poor coordination in sharing intelligence, disaster management practices has to put in place. More cautious approach by the hotels keeping in mind the worst situation and being ready for this always can help in ensuring safety and security and reduction of impact of terror strikes.

managers, entrepreneurs, and students.

• The journal is published with the aim of providing well conceptualized and scholarly perspectives, edited for easy reading by managers.

• Articles should be easily readable, but well researched and validated, with a list of references for further reading appended.

Strong intelligence and police networking is the need of Hour. Professional training of all level of Security people focusing skill of vigilance, Intelligence collection and Intelligence sharing in a coordinated manner with objectivity has to be in place. Hospitality Institutions have additional responsibility now. Vigilance, Safety, Security, and Disaster Management practices should be the focus now. Involvement of the stakeholders and educating them, periodic testing of readiness and updating of plan in future disaster management practices at all stages e.g. first 30 minutes after the disaster, as well as the following steps of responses and recovery. This included dealing with guests, employee loss, informing the media and delegates.

• Articles should be between 1000 and 3000 words excluding graphs, charts, tables etc.

• Case studies should be as far as possible relate to actual companies and situations.

• Articles must be sent by e-mail/floppy along with a hard copy to:

Keeping all this in view, a maiden effort has been made to cover broad areas of focus in this special issue and mainly covers papers, articles and case studies on prevention and preparedness, Tourism crisis management, Global terrorism, Hotel Security Developing Trends and Issues and Challenges.

The Editorial office. BCIHMCT, Chandiwala Estate,

Ma Anandmayi Marg, Kalka ji, New Delhi 110019

Indian Journal of Applied Hospitality and Tourism Research is annual Hospitality Management Journal, contributions to which are made by Academician, Hotel Managers and Practitioners, and Tourism and Travel experts.

Views and factual claims expressed in individual contributions are personal to the respective contributors and are not necessarily endorsed by the editors or their advisors of the journals.

The biggest challenge now is to rebuild the faith and confidence of tourist and adopting proactive approach and prepared ness and reduce losses in the future in case of disasters. In view of upcoming Common Wealth Games in 2010 and opportunities for tourism growth we have to be extra cautious and vigilant and prepare ourselves for all eventualities to defeat the menace of terrorism by all ways. Tourism will grow surely but we have to find the ways to provide safe and secure environment for speedy growth.


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TOURISM CRISIS MANAGEMENT: SUSTAINING THE HARD BLOW OF

TERRORISM Prof. Anu Singh Lather, Dr. Shalini Garg, Sona Vikas

Abstract Ever since the economic crisis in the mid-90s, the tourism industry has been struck by a series of setbacks – 9/11, the war in Iraq, SARS, tsunami, climate change and more recently the financial turmoil. The global credit crunch has also affected the tourism growth across the countries. But it is the acts of terrorism that are probably the nails in coffin. Countries hit by terrorist attacks are witnessing a downturn due to the travel advisories being issued by various countries against them. Unfortunately, India is also one of them due to the recent terror attacks in Mumbai and in other destinations in the past. This paper discusses the impact of terrorism on tourism across the world and makes recommendations for the way forward.

Introduction UNWTO published a report entitled 'Tourism: 2020 Vision', which appraised the future of the WTO industry in the twenty-first century and forecast sustained growth for the next two decades. The predicted annual growth rate for tourist arrivals was 4.3 per cent, and the anticipated annual growth rate for international tourism receipts was 6.7 per cent. According to UNWTO's forecast, about 1.5 billion tourists would visit foreign countries annually by the year 2020, spending approximately US $2 trillion per year - or US $5 billion daily. This was before the 9/11 attacks in the US. Soon after the mournful drama of September 11, the WTO issued a "Report of the Secretary-General: Terrorist Attacks in the United States of America." The proclamation acknowledged that the unprecedented and brutal act of terrorism is likely to have profoundly negative consequences for domestic and international tourism. It strongly condemned heinous acts of terrorism, characterized terrorism as an enemy of peace and tourism, expressed compassion to the people of the United States and victims of the tragic event, and proffered a firm conviction that tourism is a resilient sector which has repeatedly demonstrated its ability to overcome problems and weather crises. Terrorism has existed for many years but it took the serial terrorist strikes in the US to bring to knees the world’s biggest hospitality, tourism and aviation industry. Leading US carriers slipped into bankruptcy or verged on it and tourists worldwide stayed home, if simply for the fear of flying. It took US airlines almost five years to regain pre-2001 passenger levels as the attacks had cut US air traffic by 20 per cent, shed more than 1,00,000 jobs and lost billions of dollars. The aftermath of September 11 has shown us how important travel and tourism are to the global economy. The contribution of tourism and travel to both industrialized and developing countries is now so great that any downturns in the level of activity in the industry are a cause of concern. The repercussions extend beyond activities directly associated with tourism, notably airlines, hotels and catering, to sectors that supply intermediate or final goods that are purchased by firms and employees in the industry, so that all sectors of the economy are affected to a greater or lesser extent (Blair and Sinclair, 2002).

Indian Journal of Applied Hospitality & Tourism Research Vol. I, January 2009 4


Several studies have been conducted to study the effect of terrorism on tourism. In the wake of the nightclub bombings in Bali in 2002, Henderson (2003) investigates the responses by tourist agencies and others faced with the devastating effects on their industry in Indonesia and South-East Asia in general; describes the activities of Indonesian government and tourist board officials in the aftermath, and a new marketing strategy to ensure the survival of the industry on which 90% of the local economy is seen to depend. Sonmez, Apostolopoulos and Tarlow (1999) reviewed the past effects of terrorism on tourism, particularly where acts of violence have been specifically targeted at tourists, such as in Egypt or against American tourists worldwide in the wake of events such as the Gulf War and bombing of Libya and offer a framework for crisis management which can be applied by tourist destinations to try to ameliorate the problem. Sönmez (1998) looks at the impacts of terrorism and political instability upon tourism, cites a number of horrific cases as examples of this increasingly harmful phenomenon and advances the notion of the formation of an independent and international organization to disseminate effective (and truthful) travel information in order that tourists can determine travel risk.

Impact of Terrorism on Tourism

There have been instances in specific countries where an adverse event affecting tourism has brought about a negative multiplier effect on the nation's economy. In 1997, a terrorist attack targeting visitors to the Temple of Hatshepsut in Luxor, threw Egypt's tourism industry into turmoil. The negative effect of the Luxor tragedy is clearly reflected by the data. Visitor arrivals to Egypt declined by 13.8 per cent from 1997 to 1998. Egypt's international tourism receipts decreased by 45.4 per cent in1998 compared to 1997. Egypt is one of those countries in the world in which tourism is a substantial share of overall economic activity. Tourism is Egypt's second largest foreign exchange earner, and Egypt accounts for 50 per cent of all tourist arrivals to Africa and the Middle East. For five consecutive years in the 1990s, Egypt struggled with al-Gamma’s al-Islamiya, a terrorist group that targeted tourists in order to decimate the tourism industry and cripple the country’s economy. Countries like Egypt that is vulnerable to the adverse economic effects of terrorism on tourism, because tourism is such a significant part of their overall economic activity. Jamaica is another example. There are examples galore of other destinations and regions wherein in tourism did take a temporary beating due to ill effects of terrorism but have regained lost time. Kashmir is the perfect example of a region that is consciously fighting the evils of terrorism through tourism. Sri Lanka is yet another endearing instance of a country fighting terrorism to the hilt while its tourism industry recorded encouraging growth simultaneously. WTO recently began publishing WTO World Tourism Barometer, a thrice-yearly report that provides information on global tourism issues.

Terrorism effects Tourism in the following way-

- Airline travel and hotel stays plummet worldwide

- Industry revenues, profits, and stock values go down

- People have an understandable fear of flying and consequently opt to stay at home.

- Travel delays and disruptions that cause unnecessary nuisance to people.

- Psychological effect on the morale and well-being of people due to stress and anxiety that may manifest as depression and other mental illnesses, the most damaging of which is post traumatic stress disorder.

- Due to negative economic effects (economic slowdown, higher unemployment and under employment, decreased consumer confidence and interest rate changes, future


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investment and business decisions, inventory and distribution systems and organizational culture) of terrorism, the travel industry workers are laid off and there is large downsizing.

One of the five specific fears amongst working professionals as identified by Sullivan and Anderson (2004) post 2001 was business air travel. As a result of this fear, organizations quickly adopted technology to limit the need for commuting, business travel, and boardroom style meetings. There was a 50 per cent increase in the use of electronic conferencing in the USA since September 11 among companies that would otherwise require employees to travel frequently (summers, 2001). According to Alexander and Alexander (2002), hijackers were able to exploit lax security at airports to carry out their acts of terrorism. The commercial air travel sector has subsequently devoted time and money to improving security through physical security upgrades and fostering security awareness. Airport management has realized that surveillance technology and monitoring can improve security and develop a security-oriented culture.

India, which has lived with terrorism long before 9/11, is no stranger to this unfortunate evil. Most recently, in the wake of the Mumbai terror attacks many foreign countries issued travel advisories against travel to Mumbai and India. Indian tourism sector and all players of the travel industry are now witnessing a flurry of booking cancellations by overseas visitors. The first victim of any terror attack is tourism as was seen post Mumbai attacks. It has been estimated that the tourism market would be down by about 40 per cent and the situation could get even worse. The attacks are expected to dent the image of 'Incredible India' and make it difficult for the brand to achieve its goal of ten million tourist arrivals by 2010.

Recommendations Many tourism professionals affirm that tourism worldwide is aware of the threat that terrorism poses but will not be worn down by it any more. The entire travel community agrees that terrorism is a temporary phenomenon which has seen a subsequent positive development. For example, when a lot of big budget airlines took a beating after 9/11, there was a new wave in India that suddenly came into action - that of the low-cost carriers. Also, fortunately for tourism, the passion for travel both for business and leisure supersedes the fear of terrorism. There could be temporary ebb in travel but finally it is tourism that will emerge the winner. Terrorist attacks certainly cause short-term damage to tourism but in the medium- to long-term, whether tourism returns or not depends to a large extent on whether the local population unequivocally rejects terrorism.

The WTTC has developed an action plan, together with leading security experts Objective Team, to limit potential damage wrought by terrorism and ultimately to defeat it. Another initiative that has been taken is to use Tourism as an exponent of peace. International Institute for Peace through Tourism (IIPT) was instituted by UN to promote a higher purpose of tourism that contributes to a just, sustainable and peaceful world.

The burden upon a state managing a terrorism problem may be enormous, serious and unmanageable, particularly as terrorists seem undeterred by an underdeveloped set of global norms and international laws against terrorism. To some extent, a fair amount of international activity addressing terrorism since the al Qaeda attacks in September 2001, including the acceptance of several international treaties address facets of terrorism such as financing and hijackings, has provided some relief.

But there are specific recommendations for the consideration of the International Community-


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- States should push for international recognition of tourist terrorism.

- States should seek to internalize the concepts communicated in the GCET (Global Code of Ethics for Tourism) which includes the “right to tourism,” “liberty of tourist movements,” and “rights of the workers and entrepreneurs in the tourism industry.” These concepts should be integrated into domestic law, the violations of which would carry fines and prison sentences.

- The international community should support the development of a non-governmental organization that focuses on tourism much in the same manner that Transparency International (TI) focuses on corruption. It will help educate tourists and states alike on the impact of terrorism on the industry, help tourists in unbiased destination selection and provide expertise to help countries develop policies to combat tourist terrorism and grow the tourism industry.

Conclusion The economic importance of tourism is undeniable but the impact of terrorism on a state’s economy is enormous. In such a situation, the travel and tourism industry needs to come together to fight off this evil. There is a pressing need to develop a mechanism and framework to combat tourism at local, state and International levels in order to sustain the hard blow of terrorism.

References 1. Alexander, D. and Alexander, Y. (2002), Terrorism and Business: The Impact of

September 11, 2001, Transnational Publishers, Ardsley, NY.

2. Blake A. and Sinclair M.T. (2002), “Tourism Crisis Management: adjusting to a temporary downturn,” Sixth Annual Conference on Global Economic Analysis, 2002, p. 1

3. Henderson J.C. (2003), Terrorism and tourism: managing the consequences of the Bali bombings, Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 2003, Vol 15. No. 1

4. Howie L. (2007), “The terrorism threat and managing workplaces”, Disaster Prevention and Management, Vol. 16 No. 1, 2007 pp. 70-78

5. http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2003/06/0617_030617_kenyatourism.html#main

6. http://www.erf.org.eg/html/btrade1.pdf

7. International Labour Office, The Social Impact on the Hotel and Tourism Sector of Events Subsequent to 11 September 2001, Rpt. 2001-10-0405-1.doc/v2, Geneva: 2001.

8. Rajan P. (2006), Impact of Terrorism on J & K Tourism, Hardcover Publishing, 2006

9. Sonmez S F, Apostolopoulos Y, Tarlow P. (1999), “Tourism in crisis: managing the effects of terrorism”, Journal of Travel Research, Aug 1999 Vol 38 No 1.

10. Sönmez SF. (1998), “Tourism, terrorism and political instability”, Annals of Tourism Research, 1998 Vol 25 No 2

11. St John, P. (1991), Air Piracy, Airport Security, and International Terrorism: Winning the War Against Hijackers, Quorum Books, New York, NY.


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12. Sullivan, J. and Anderson, L. (2004), “How should HR react in the aftermath of terrorism events?”, available at: 2004).www.drjohnsullivan.com/newsletter/091201.htm (accessed on 22 March

13. Summers, T. (2001), “Responding to terror: what employers are doing”, Department of Management, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, available at: http://people.clemson.edu/,summers/RespondingtoTerror.htm (accessed on March, 2004).

14. www.wto.org

15. World Tourism Organization, Global Code of Ethics for Tourism, Article 3, Madrid. www.worldtourism.org/projects/ethics/ethics.html

About the Authors Prof. Anu Singh Lather is Dean, University School of Management Studies, Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University, Delhi – 110 403. Email: [email protected] Dr. Shalini Garg is Reader, University School of Management Studies, Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University, Delhi – 110 403 Email: [email protected] Corresponding Author Ms Sona Vikas is currently Research Associate (under University Fellowship) at University School of Management Studies, Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University, Delhi – 110 403. Email: [email protected]


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http://people.clemson.edu/,summers

mailto:[email protected]




PREVENTION AND PREPAREDNESS TO COUNTER TERRORISM FOR SUSTAINABLE

GROWTH OF TOURISM Ajay Singh, Dr Reena Singh

Abstract For many countries in the developing world, tourism is a critical source of revenue generation and therefore a major component of economic development, a relationship that rewards states when positive conditions such as a strong global economy exist. But terrorism effects the sustainable growth of tourism negatively. Terrorism of any kind and for any purpose cannot be tolerated. Terrorism has neither religion nor boundaries. In fact, no country can be said to be insulated against terrorism. The challenge posed by terrorism can only be surmounted through international cooperation and collective action by the global community rather than by issuing travel advisories against individual countries. Prevention of terrorist attacks by proper vigilance and security arrangements, preparedness to counter terrorism by identifying and analyzing risk, framing an action plan for crisis management and business continuity management is the need of the hour.

Key Words : Terrorism, risk management, crisis, business environment, facilities, Business continuity management, strategy, international co-operation

Methodology : Literature review and opinion of key personnel of tourism industry.

“Now we know why terrorism has hit tourism the most. Tourism is a foe of terrorism. Terrorism feeds on intolerance and arrogance, tourism breeds tolerance and empathy. Terrorism seeks to erect walls of hatred between faiths and communities. Tourism breaks such barriers. Terrorism detests pluralism, whereas tourism celebrates it. Terrorism has no respect for human life. Tourism pays tribute to all that is beautiful in nature and human life. Terrorism may have temporarily hit tourism in this metaphorical battle between the two. But tourism will make a major contribution to the eventual defeat of terrorism and all other manifestations of fanaticism.”

Shri Atal Bihari Vajpayee, Former Prime Minister of India

The economic importance of tourism is undeniable. According to the World Tourism Organization (WTO), international tourism generated $476 billion in 2000, a figure that accounts for roughly one-tenth of global total tourism revenue, suggesting that, with domestic revenue, current total tourism revenue could be as high as five trillion dollars.1 For many countries in the developing world, tourism is a critical source of revenue generation and therefore a major component of economic development, a relationship that rewards states when positive conditions such as a strong global economy exist. But what happens when negative conditions exist, such as terrorism?

The impact of terrorism on a state’s economy may be enormous, leading to unemployment, homelessness, deflation, crime and other economic and social ills. According to Adam Blake and M. Thea Sinclair, two scholars who have studied the impact of the September 2001 al Qaeda strikes on the U.S. tourism industry, “The contribution of tourism and travel to both industrialized and developing countries is now so great that any downturns in the level of activity in the industry are a cause of concern. The repercussions extend beyond activities directly associated with tourism, notably airlines, hotels and catering, to sectors that supply



intermediate or final goods that are purchased by firms and employees in the industry, so that all sectors of the economy are affected to a greater or lesser extent.”

This seems particularly true for developing countries. “The international tourism industry has come to play an increasingly important role in many developing countries. In the late 1960s and 1970s, tourism was often promoted as a way to reduce persistent balance of payments deficits and as a major source of foreign exchange. In the late 1980s and throughout the 1990s, tourism was recognized for its direct and indirect positive impact on government revenue, national income and employment. In addition, tourism is recognized as a means to diversify the economy and reduce reliance on traditional agriculture and industry. In general, tourism is one of the fastest growing economic sectors in the developing world and can be characterized as having ‘multidimensional’ effects.”

The terrorists have shifted their interests towards the public by targeting “soft” unsecured targets such as buildings, businesses, public spaces and public infrastructure generally used by tourist (Fischer and Green, 1992; Decker, 2001; Gilbert et al., 2003; Nathwani, 2004). For example, since 1997 the US Federal Emergency Management Agency has recorded 1,789 terrorist attacks on unsecured business facilities around the world compared to 323 attacks on secured facilities (185 diplomatic facilities, 95 government facilities and 43 military facilities) (FEMA, 2004b). While there has been a considerable amount of technical research and development to design more terrorist resistant buildings (Holtorp, 1994; Vesilind, 2003), the state of facility management preparedness has been largely ignored. This paper suggests a range of measures which can be taken to provide more effective security against terrorism in buildings and built infrastructure.

Terrorism and The Built Environment Terrorism is the systematic use of violence for the purpose of achieving a political objective. The objective is to gain power or to intimidate societies and governments into changing policies relating to groups which are perceived to be disadvantaged and disempowered from normal political and economic processes (ADSC, 1996; Pizam and Smith, 2000; ASIO, 2004).

There are three main types of terrorism, namely; classic terrorism, amateur terrorism and religiously motivated terrorism (ADSC, 1996; Hocking, 1993). Classic terrorism is carried out by defined organizations with a specific, continuing and well understood objective. Members of these groups are typically well trained, professional, full time, underground and covert. In contrast, amateur terrorism is one-off, perpetrated by ill-defined groups and by individuals whose interests may be temporarily aligned with the rather ill-defined cause. Finally, religiously motivated terrorism is motivated by what are perceived to be divinely dictated purposes. Acts of religiously motivated terrorism are deeply imbedded in personal core belief systems and are usually perpetrated by a combination of amateurs and professionals working in a dynamic, anarchic and loosely defined network of common believers (Hocking, 1993; ADSC, 1996).

Today, many countries are regarded as a legitimate target for terrorist groups. However, in recent years, the number of potential target countries has increased significantly to include those which are seen to be aligned with American foreign policies (Murdoch, 2004). For example, in Australia the current level of terrorist threat in medium and is unlikely to be lowered for the foreseeable future (ASIO, 2004). In countries like Australia, which have received specific threats of terrorist attack, protecting critical infrastructure and buildings from terrorism has become a high priority, prompting nationwide reviews of security (ASIO, 2004; Vermeer, 2004). These reviews have identified a range of facilities which are


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considered to be at particularly high risk of attack, including iconic buildings such as the Sydney Opera House, major bridges and public rail networks in major cities (Table I). Nevertheless, while prominent buildings are often identified when thinking about possible terrorist targets, recent changes in terrorist strategies make it more likely that the focus of future attacks will not be on critical infrastructure assets and iconic buildings but on soft unsecured targets where large crowds congregate such as large businesses, shopping malls, public spaces, schools, libraries and hospitals (Lorch, 2001; ADSC, 2004; Nicholls, 2004; Nathwani, 2004; Connolly, 2004).

Sectors Sub sectors

Energy Gas, petroleum fuels, electricity generation and transmission

Utilities Water, waste water and waste management Transport Air, road, sea, rail and inter-modal (cargo

distribution centers) Communications Telecommunications (phone, fax, internet,

cable, satellites) and electronic mass communications

Health Hospitals, public health and research and development laboratories

Food supply Bulk production, storage and distribution Finance Banking, insurance and trading exchanges Government services Defense and Intelligence Facilities, Houses of

Parliament, Key Government Departments, Foreign Missions and Key Residences, Emergency Services (police, fire, ambulance and others)

National icons Buildings, cultural, sport and tourism Manufacturing Defense industry, heavy industry and

chemicals

Table I. Critical infrastructures

TYPES OF TERRORIST THREATS LIKELY PROPERTY TARGET Explosive threats Vehicle weapon Car bombs Truck bombs Boat/ship bombs

Crowded urban centre, tunnels, bridges, ground parking/government buildings, shipping port and nearby urban centre

Hand-delivered weapon Bus, subway, sporting events, large buildings Human bombs (lobby, mail room, retail spaces, etc.) Placed bombs Airborne chemical, biological, and radiological (CBR) threats Mail contaminates (anthrax)

Postal centres/anywhere


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HVAC contaminates (anthrax, legionnaire’s disease, black mold, etc.)

Office buildings

“Dirty” bomb (anthrax) Urban centres Infected human carrier CBD or sporting events Water supply contamination Metropolitan areas Nuclear Nuclear bomb detonation CBD

Nuclear dust or “dirty bombs” CBD or nuclear power plants

Aircraft On-board explosions Random urban/rural areas Guided attacks High rise office buildings Aerosol sprays (biological/chemical) Urban centre/sporting events Electronic Financial markets Banks, stock markets Communications General population Transportation system disruptions Public transportation/flight control tower Vehicle machinery, aircraft disabling Power, water, gas distribution disruption

Metropolitan areas

Data and hardware destruction Hoaxes (many of the above)

General business disruption

Table II. Facility-specific threats, Sources: Baen (2002); FEMA (2003)

Terrorists have not only changed their targets. They have also changed their techniques. For example, in the past attacks have largely relied on the use of explosives, largely because explosive materials are easily available, technologies for making bombs are well understood and the collateral damage caused to life and property can be enormous. However, in recent years, the range of potential tactics and tools that could be used by perpetrators has expanded to include electronic, computer and information system sabotage and chemical, biological and radiological attacks. For example, there is evidence that Aum Shinrikyo attempted to acquire a nuclear device prior to the Sarin gas attack in 1995, that Al Qaeda has been seeking to make a dirty bomb since 1993, that Chechen rebels already possess radioactive material and that there is an active black market within which it is traded (Colella et al., 2005). There is also the possibility that they may target networks or supply chains that support the delivery of critical products or services (Rothery, 2005). Given the above, FEMA has warned that different types of facility are likely to be exposed to different types of attack (Table II), indicating that terrorist management plans must be facility-specific.

Terrorism and Facilities Management Definitions of facilities management abound, the focus typically being on planning, providing and managing a productive workplace environment which enables an organisation to align its facilities with its core business objectives (Barrett, 2000; Alexander, 1996; McGregor and Then, 1999; FMA, 2004). Despite the preponderance of definitions, it is difficult to find one which includes a security dimension, let alone a reference to terrorism. Where mentioned, the security role of facilities managers continues to be restricted to traditional issues such as theft, computer crimes, drugs and workplace violence, a phenomenon which is driven by a


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general belief that it is the government’s responsibility to deal with terrorism (Baen, 2002; NEI, 2003). While governments and authorities may do much to prevent the likelihood of terrorist attack through intelligence and emergency services, property owners and their facilities managers also have a responsibility to act, since they will inevitably be held responsible for the protection of these assets and of the people and businesses who use and occupy them (Crawford, 1995; NEI, 2003). For instance, facilities managers should be aware of the National Guidelines for Protecting Critical Infrastructure from Terrorism which provides government advice to owners and operators of critical infrastructure about the protection of their assets from terrorism. Furthermore, facilities managers should be aware of the risks inherent in their building’s designs. For example, with new high efficiency ventilation and water supply systems, the risks of contamination by biological attack are greatly heightened (CIS, 2002; Perinotto, 2002). Indeed, so significant is this risk that the US Government has established an “Immune Building Program” to develop intelligent building systems that can detect and react to terrorist risks automatically. Clearly, it is important for facilities managers to think carefully about information security, especially given the trend towards international project teams where the boundaries of electronic information exchange are becoming more dispersed and difficult to control.

Terrorism Strategies for Facilities Managers From a security perspective, an organisation’s buildings represent a complex challenge. Most buildings have not been designed with security in mind and represent a logistical problem in controlling access and visibility. Furthermore, an organisation’s facilities may cover more than one building or site and the facility envelope may include a range of areas for non-core services including catering, entertainment, recreation, relaxation, parking, refreshment, etc. There may also be hazardous materials stored in the buildings or even integrated into their structure, such as compressed gasses, flammables, corrosive materials, explosives and even radioactive materials. Indeed, it is relevant to note that the world’s second greatest radiological incident after Chernobyl was when a hospital disposed of its X-ray machine (Colella et al., 2005). Finally, an organisation’s built facilities represent the space where its employees will spend most of their working lives and where external constituencies such as customers, external contractors, service providers and the general public will visit. In large organisations the number of people using a building can run into many thousands per day and the access needs of all these people and the interrelationships between the many different functions which operate within a facility must be considered in any effective security strategy which complements the effective operation of the business.

Strategies used by facilities managers to manage security typically include automated technologies to provide barrier protection, surveillance, employee identification, documentary inspection and alarm systems (Fischer and Green, 1992). However, Vesilind (2003) warns that terrorists who have resources and knowledge can easily get around these measures and even use an organisation’s own technology against it. Therefore, technology should only represent one aspect of a comprehensive security system which should also incorporate initiatives such as education and training to imbed a culture of security consciousness in a workplace and encourage more human vigilance to threat. However, most of these strategies are reactive and wherever possible, facilities managers should be involved in the early design and planning of a facility so that appropriate preventative measures can be incorporated into the building’s design. This should be part of a complete strategy which not only considers prevention but which also develops a capability to effectively respond to a crisis and recover from its aftermath (Levitt, 1997; ANS, 2004). For example, research shows that 40 per cent of businesses that have been affected by a terrorist attack never re-open and of those that do, 30 per cent close within the following two years (Hardy and Roberts, 2003).


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Unfortunately, there are many barriers which prevent the development of a complete facilities management strategy to deal with terrorism. For example, while the early involvement of facilities managers in the design process is desirable, traditional procurement approaches which separate design, construction and facilities management functions have made this very difficult. Furthermore, there are usually high costs associated with incorporating terrorism protection into a building design. For example, apart from the high cost of monitoring technologies and any structural strengthening necessary, the use of design measures such as land security buffer zones to reduce the accessibility of cars and tricks is likely to result in a lower usable floor ratio. Also, regular evacuation drills in large buildings containing many hundreds or even thousands of people can result in significant negative productivity impacts. Finally, there is significant evidence to indicate that we are generally not very effective at responding to low probability - high impact risks such as terrorism, until it is too late (Loosemore et al., 2005). For numerous psychological reasons, the terrible impact of terrorist events quickly become repressed and buried in people’s subconscious memory, despite the fact that the official terrorism threat level has not changed in the meantime. Therefore, to many, the case for incorporating a terrorism management plan into a building’s design will seem an unnecessary distraction, until it inevitably happens again to bring it to the surface of our consciousness, when we will regret not having acted when we had the chance.

While there are many barriers to the development of an effective terrorist management strategy, the advantages of doing so are enormous. For example, apart from the obvious ethical reasons for investing in such strategies, there are significant compliance benefits associated with the requirements of health and safety and environmental regulations. Company directors are increasingly personally accountable for the safety of their employees and the penalties for non compliance can be severe. Property prices and occupancy rates can also be enhanced by investing in a rigorous terrorism management plan and insurance premiums can be reduced (FEMA, 2003; Garnaut, 2004). For example, in 2003, insurance premiums for high rise buildings and supermarkets in the state of New South Wales, Australia, rose by 18 per cent to pay for protection against terrorist attack and a surcharge levy of 12 per cent was applied to the insurance premiums

of all commercial property in the Sydney Central Business District (CBD) because of the higher risk of terrorist attack compared to the suburbs. In the US, premium increases for some high-profile CBD buildings have been as high as 300 per cent (Baen, 2002). Finally, an effective terrorist management plan can also insulate an organisation’s productivity from the fear associated with terrorist threats. For example, after the 11th September attacks office workers in CBDs were so preoccupied with their security, that some kept military surplus parachutes under their desks as a back up evacuation strategy (Baen, 2002).

A Comprehensive Terrorism Management Strategy A complete strategy to deal with terrorism should incorporate a preventative (risk management), coping (crisis management) and recovery (business continuity management) dimension.

Risk Management Terrorism risk reflects the exposure of an organisation and its employees to potential financial loss, injury, physical damage and/or delay as a result of exposure to potential terrorist acts. Risk management is a proactive technique which involves a systematic process of identifying the different ways in which an organization can be exposed to acts of terrorism, assessing the likelihood and consequences of exposure and putting prioritized



controls in place to minimize it (Levitt, 1997; Loosemore et al., 2005). In simple terms, it involves four key steps:

(1) Identify assets and vulnerabilities. The organisational assets which can be affected by an act of terrorism can be tangible (buildings, people, equipment, infrastructure, raw or hazardous materials, etc.) or intangible (reputation, processes, knowledge, information, influence, etc.) (FEMA, 2004a). These must

be clearly understood, documented and regularly updated in order to understand the potential impact a terrorist act could have on an organisation. For example, some forms of terrorism may be aimed hurting at people whereas others may be aimed at certain facilities or at damaging an organisation’s reputation.

Having identified the range of assets that could be affected by a terrorist act, it is important to identify the vulnerabilities of these assets (Rhodes, 2002). These can include weaknesses in physical structures, facilities protection, business processes and systems and security, etc. Some vulnerability can be potentially more serious than others and there may also be interdependencies which need to be understood to fully understand them. For example, if a company stores hazardous or explosive materials, then vulnerability here can have knock-on consequences for other assets such as people or buildings.

(2) Identify risks. This involves identifying the potential sources of threat to an organisation’s assets and the likely way in which asset vulnerabilities could be exploited by them. Potential sources of threat will be related to the nature of an organisation’s business activities and those stakeholders whose interests could potentially be adversely affected by it (Decker, 2001). For example, if an organisation is operating in post war Iraq or is supplying services, resources or materials to other companies involved, then a potential threat would be a terrorist group involved in this conflict. Alternatively, if it involved in highly controversial developments with major environmental impacts, then it can consider environmental action groups as a potential threat.

Since, terrorist groups are constantly evolving, it is essential that an organisation updates its register of potential threats. It is also important that possible threats are linked to specific assets. For example, some groups may be more likely to attack people than property while others may seek to sabotage an organisation’s reputation, supply chain or raw materials. Finally, different groups must be linked to different strategies to exploit asset vulnerabilities. For example, one group may be characterised by its habit of using explosives while others may be more likely to use bugs or human infiltrators. Unfortunately, the ranges of potential terrorist strategies are enormous and only limited by the imagination, creativity and determination of terrorist groups.

(3) Assess risks. This process involves assessing the likelihood and consequences of each potential terrorist strategy identified in step 2 (Decker, 2001). All companies are exposed to risk but to different extents, depending upon the nature of work they are engaged in. For example, a company involved in managing defense estates, landmark buildings in capital cities or petrochemical facilities is more likely to face higher risks than a company involved in managing residential developments. However, this is largely dependent upon the way a facility is managed and any risk assessment should take into account existing controls, the product of these two measures giving the level of risk and a criticality ranking to enable the prioritization of limited resources. Clearly, assets facing potential risks which have a high


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likelihood and high consequence should receive higher protection than those with lower levels of risk. Nevertheless, it is not always easy to accurately measure levels of risk because as Parachini (2000) notes, threats posed by terrorists are fluid, elusive and difficult to gauge. This may be further complicated by them changing over time. For example, during Christmas periods, shopping centres and airports are more likely to be a target of terrorism. During sports events, trains, stadiums and sporting venues are more likely to be a target.

(4) Develop, implement and monitor countermeasures. The final stage of the risk management process is to develop, implement and monitor countermeasures to minimise the risks identified. Clearly, there are always limited resources to do this and the greatest resources should be dedicated to the highest risks, which have been identified in the risk analysis stage. The aim in developing a countermeasure should be to mitigate the impact of a potential risk while ensuring normal business processes can function effectively and efficiently. For example, it is quite possible that increased security controls, if too oppressive can affect customer confidence, productivity and employee morale. Finally, it is important to recognise that no matter how good the controls, it is impossible to create a risk-free environment and that residual risk will need to be monitored and responded to, if they eventuate. This is the reactive dimension of risk management which is necessary but where many companies inefficiently spend too much time due to inadequacies in proactive processes.

Crisis Management Crisis management is concerned with how an organisation mitigates the impact of a crisis on people, resources, assets and ongoing business processes during a crisis. Crises such as those instigated by a terrorist attack are periods of acute difficulty and urgency which threaten the viability of an organisation, its business units or key products and even the lives of people. They create the need for critical and rapid analytical decision-making skills, the results of which are likely to fall under extensive public, media and/or government scrutiny. Consequently, crises are characterised by an extreme sense of urgency which hyper-extend an organisation’s coping capabilities, producing stress and anxiety among organisational members and external stakeholders (Loosemore, 2000).

According to Harvey (1993) there are three phases in an effective crisis management strategy:

(1) Pre-crisis phase. Many organisations in high-risk industries have a permanentdisaster committee that is responsible for championing the need for crisis management, identifying current preparedness and vulnerabilities, devising disaster plans, coordinating people during a crisis and managing its aftermath (Tresh and Guernsey, 2003). One aspect of the disaster committee’s pre-crisis activities is to conduct regular crisis audits in order to identify inherent risk factors in an organisation’s environment, internal activities, technology, infrastructure, and culture that need to be addressed to improve its crisis preparedness. The disaster committee should also develop and implement standard procedures and crisis management plans that define precisely who should be involved in a crisis response, what they should be doing, when they should be doing it, and how they should be doing it.

(2) Crisis phase. The steps involved in managing a crisis are: take charge; understand the circumstances; define the problem; rank the options; move decisively; eliminate the causes and; prevent recurrence (Loosemore, 2000). In the event of a crisis, a


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disaster committee should identify a clear command centre that represents a single point of responsibility for decision-making and information management. Such centres are a critical coordination mechanism that helps facilitate a unified crisis management effort according to plans. Security is another important issue for a disaster committee to consider since interference from unwanted elements can exacerbate a crisis or, at the very least, interferes with its management. Public relations also need managing since most types of crises have implications beyond an organisation’s boundaries. Crisis communications built on well-established relationships with key stakeholders and the media stand a better chance of protecting, even enhancing your reputation during difficult times. A company which decides to start communicating during a crisis will have little credibility.

(3) Post-crisis phase. After a crisis, the disaster committee should also turn its attention to the recovery and learning. At the same time, attention must be given to the long-term consequences of a crisis such as rectifying damage to the environment, or dealing with government or legal investigations. Clearly, the less effectively a crisis is managed, the more arduous is the recovery process.

Business Continuity Management (BCM) BCM is concerned with how an organisation plans proactively to re-establish key business processes in the aftermath of a crisis to ensure survival in the longer-term (Wold and Shriver, 1997; BCI et al., 2004). According to BCI et al. (2004), the most effective BCM programs are implemented from the top-down, being driven by senior managers who champion the cause. The first stage in developing a BCM program is to develop a clear plan for development and implementation with key objectives and milestones. The next step is to ensure that managers understand their business. This involves gaining an understanding of what its business is, what its goals are, what its culture is, who its key stakeholders are, what methods are used to achieve its goals, what its business plan is, what financial, human and technical resources are available, what the main risks and opportunities are, etc. Having done this, the next step is to undertake a business impact analysis, which involves asking questions which revolve around “outage”. These might include posing scenarios such as – what impact would a computer system crash have on the business? What if a key piece of machinery broke down? What if a key part of a facility was destroyed? Would we be able to continue in our business and survive? Such questions are designed to identify the maximum acceptable outage – the amount of time an organisation can last in the event of an outage, before having to instigate a BCM response. For example, a high technology organisation might only be able to last a few hours in the event of a computer crash while a construction company may be able to last a few days. Having identified maximum outages for different systems, technologies, people, etc. the next step is to develop a treatment plan to mitigate potential outage losses. For example, in the event of a computer system crash, this may involve identifying and arranging an alternative source of computing support. Having developed treatment plans for each system outage, the penultimate step is to document them in a BCM Plan and to implement them, by making arrangements with internal and external stakeholders involved in a response. For example, in the event of a computer system crash, it may be necessary to make arrangements with external contractors and suppliers to temporarily take charge of certain key business functions. Having documented the BCM, the final step is to regularly audit, test, refine and maintain it, frequently identifying and managing potential internal and external barriers to its effective implementation in the event of a crisis.


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Change of Strategies of Terrorists Via different forms, terrorism generates attention, which, when relayed back to tourists, has an impact on travel plans. Taken as a collective, these decisions affect tourism levels, which generate an additional question to consider. Does the level of reported terrorist activity have an impact on tourism?

Sophisticated terrorists constantly evaluate their present status, which may be considered as either satisfying or unsatisfying. If satisfying, a terrorist group may accept the status quo. If unsatisfying, a terrorist group might recognize that goals are at risk and make changes. If a terrorist group elects to make changes, it will expect new outcomes. Regarding a desire for increased attention, a flow chart for a terrorist group making changes might resemble the following:

Present Policy Intermediate Long-term

Condition: Change: Outcome: goal: Tourism has

Increase Increase Tourism intensity international industry

central role

and number attention of falters to of attacks on terrorism, point that

in state tourists affecting state accepts economy tourism levels

and seems terrorist unaffected group by terrorism

demands

Why Terrorists Target Tourists Why do terrorists choose to attack tourists as opposed to farmers or fishermen? There are several reasons that make one more attractive than the other. First, tourists are easy to attack. Terrorism requires a great amount of precision, which in turn requires predictability. For a terrorist, the tour bus that leaves every hour on the hour between 8:00 a.m. and 5:00 p.m. five days a week is an ideal target because the target can be researched until a perfect plan is in place

Second, tourists make better targets than the locals. Because terrorists often reside within the country where the attacks take place and the public is well aware of their presence (occasionally, minority voices in the public even support the terrorists, as is the case with Hezbollah). While the targeting of tourists may bother certain members of a society, the targeting of locals would likely enrage the public, possibly resulting in retribution that places the existence of the terrorist organization at risk.

Third, and perhaps most importantly, the targeting of tourists, particularly international tourists, can generate a great deal of attention, causing tourists to avoid travel to that part of the world. Tourism is indeed an elastic industry in which the consumer may consider several options, which is precisely what the terrorists wish to achieve.

Why will a state allow a terrorist group to exist and even thrive within its borders? The answers point to some of the difficulties that states have managing terrorist groups.


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• Difficult to find. Finding terrorist leaders and members can prove extremely difficult, particularly when the terrorists are indigenous to the area.

• Easy access to weapons. The countries in which terrorists operate, including those in the Middle East and Africa, experience a large amount of small arms and light weapons proliferation. Terrorists have virtually unlimited access to cheap, portable and concealable weapons ranging from pistols to automatic rifles. In many cases, these weapons are traded in open markets.

• Strong constituent support. Terrorists often find support – financial, personnel and accommodation – from portions of the public subscribing to the group’s ideology. This support can come from domestic or international sources, in the form of financing or political protection

The WTO and Current Norms The UNWTO serves as a global forum for tourism policy issues and promotes the development of responsible, sustainable and universally accessible tourism, paying particular attention to the interests of developing countries.

Generally, norms and international laws addressing terrorism are well developed. A plethora of international treaties concerning issues such as hijackings, bombings and terrorism financing exist. However, there has been very little attention paid to tourist terrorism specifically. Why?

The tourism industry is a moderately developed segment of the international community, the management of which is left largely to private industry. The implication is that norms and international laws addressing the terrorizing of tourists are weak. However, not only do some norms exist, but the prospect for further norm development has taken great strides in recent weeks. The most important name in international tourism is the WTO, a 20 year-old international governmental organization with 143 members responsible for industry advancements such as the Global Code of Ethics for Tourism (GCET). The GCET is a non-binding agreement accepted by member states that establishes tourism, among other things, as a factor of sustainable development, stating “All the stakeholders in tourism development should safeguard the natural environment with a view to achieving sound, continuous and sustainable economic growth geared to satisfying equitable the needs and aspirations of present and future generations.” The GCET also establishes the rights for international tourists to discover and enjoy the planet’s resources, natural or otherwise, as if they were citizens of the country they are visiting.

Terrorism Ruins Tourism in India In the wake of the Mumbai terror attacks many foreign countries have issued travel advisories against travel to Mumbai and India. The attacks are expected to dent the image of 'Incredible India' and make it difficult for the 'brand' to achieve its goal of doubling tourist arrivals from last year's five million to ten million by 2010.

Ever since the economic crisis in the mid-90s, the tourism industry has been struck by a series of setbacks - 9/11, the war in Iraq, SARS, tsunami, climate change and more recently the financial turmoil. The global credit crunch and rupee depreciation had already affected the Indian tourism growth. But the recent acts of terrorism in Mumbai are probably the final nails in its coffin. ‘Incredible India’ – one of the top tourism campaigns is now certain to fall short of its goal of doubling tourist arrivals from last year’s five million (to ten million) by 2010. Tourism figures may even regress, as it happened in Bali after the bombings in a


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nightclub in 2002 and the country lost more than one third of its tourism traffic overnight. Indian tourism sector is witnessing a downt urn due to the travel advisories being issued by various countries against India, recently for the terror attacks in Mumbai and in other destinations in the past. The Mumbai terror acts have put an end to the tourism season, especially the inbound segment, as 22 foreign tourists were killed spreading a wave of fear among foreign nationals slated to visit India. Thus, Indian tourism sector and all players of the travel industry are now witnessing a flurry of booking cancellations by overseas visitors. In this scenario the Ministry of Tourism (MoT) should play an important role by undertaking major steps for rebuilding the brand India in the overseas market.

Repercussion on Tourism The first victim of any terror attack is tourism. Post Mumbai attacks, most inbound tour operators are recording cancellation on bookings. It is estimated that the tourism market will be down by about 40 per cent and the situation could get even worse. Both leisure and business segments were hampered due to global meltdown. The recent Mumbai attack will further slow down the leisure segment and to some extend business travel. Phone calls, faxes and emails with cancellations are piling up. Business travel was already at a low, but the travel industry was hopeful that leisure travel will make up for the losses incurred this season. Unfortunately, with travel advisories and cancellations that have been recorded by the travel trade, the inbound leisure tourism business seems to be a washout this season.

Post the terror attacks in Mumbai a lot of travel agents have been canceling air tickets and holiday packages. Pradip Lulla, Acting President, Travel Agents Federation of India (TAFI) said, “The effects of the global economic recession could be seen in the travel and aviation industry across the world. So we are, in effect, already in some type of a cyclical downturn because our markets are very depressed.” Echoing similar thoughts, Akash Sheth, CEO, Raj Travel World said, “The inbound business is gone for a toss and outbound market too will be affected. We are witnessing very few bookings and walk-in customers from last week.” Veena Patil, CMD, Kesari Tours Pvt. Ltd. was of the opinion that the travel agents and tour operators should be quite and let the situation in Mumbai ease out. “In next six months tourists will gain confidence and will be able to come to Mumbai and other cities of India,” stated Patil.

Due to low volumes, few travel suppliers might consider a reduction in prices to attract business. On this, a Delhi based tour operator said, “The drop in prices will not bring in more volumes and I think the industry over the years has matured and has realised that dropping prices in many ways at the end of the day just harms all of us and it is still the same amount of business that is going to come in.” Mukesh Jagga, President, Association of Domestic Tour Operators of India (ADTOI) stated, “Due to the terror attacks and economic downturn, inbound business has been burned badly. Travel trade can focus on domestic tourism as this segment has higher potential than inbound.”

Rebuilding The ‘Incredible India’ Brand Recently MoT announced that most tourists currently travelling in India have not cancelled their travel plans. Talking about the recent feedback taken by MoT from various inbound tourists, Devesh Chaturvedi, Director, MoT said, “Most international tourists currently in India have not changed their travel plans and flown off. Instead tourists around India are expressing strong intention of continuing their itinerary in India.” But due to 24X7 media coverage of the horrific event in Mumbai, travellers around the world are avoiding travelling


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to India. Thus, the international and national tourism offices of India Tourism are cracking every nut to change the perception of fear created by the influence maker – Media.

Travellers don’t always react in predictable ways to terrorism. After the Madrid bombings in 2004, United States travel to Spain increased by eight per cent between 2004 – 2005. “We should not make too much of this terrorist act as bad as it was because travellers went to New York after 2001, people went to Spain after the Spanish blast. Many tourists visited London post the bombing in London metro. So I think these things are forgotten, people come back and life starts again. I certainly believe that there will be an impact but the impact will be more than just on South Mumbai because travel advisories that have come out are not limited to Mumbai and many of them encompass the entire country,” said Paris based tour operator R Gandhi, Director, La beaute Indienne.

India Tourism board in United Kingdom is planning to launch a campaign aimed at reassuring visitors that the country is safe following the attacks in Mumbai. A spokesperson from India Tourism, UK said, “We are in talks with MoT in India and local tour operators to launch the new ad campaign for rebuilding the India brand. The travel trade has till now not recorded any cancellations for travelling to India but are planning for a change in itinerary.” Currently UK office is running a press and outdoor campaign promoting India tourism with the message, ‘Colours of India’. It was due to run until March 2009 but the tourism body is now considering scrapping the campaign. Chaturvedi said, “We are in talks with the travel trade on national and international level for their support to rebuild the image of India as a safe tourist destination. We are working on several short term plans to reinforce the confidence of travellers travelling to India, but don’t want to disclose at this point of time about plans that are underway.” On similar note, Sujata Thakur, Regional Director – Western Region, India Tourism said, “Many travel agents, tour operators, hotels and airlines are receiving cancellations for Mumbai. Government has initiated few action plans in the right direction and we are looking forward for a positive outcome in tourism. We are going to work closely with travel trade to enhance the brand image of India as tourist destination, but right now it’s too early to talk on the issue.”

Whatever be the action plan of MoT, the tourism sector has to sustain the hard blow of terrorism. The terror attacks can happen anywhere in the world. It should be realised that the impact of terrorism on tourism is not limited to the trend in arrivals in a destination immediately following the occurrence of an incident, but extends to the ‘reaction to the reaction’ of authorities and private sector tourism enterprises to the threat of terrorism. For instance, restrictions on hand luggage in airports or the requirement for biometric passports. Tourism industry is looking positive and is expecting to see ‘light at the end of the tunnel’ for the next season. There is an inherent hope that human enthusiasm and curiosity to venture out into unexplored terrains and experience different cultures and their scintillating dance, music, cuisine and shopping, will foster tourism activity (Soni, 2009)

Enhancing Indian Counter-Terror Efforts After Mumbai India’s internal security reforms have not matched the pace of the liberalisation of its economy. Counter-terrorism forces lack a unified command, adequate training or resources to meet domestic and cross-border threats. In order to develop a coherent counter-terror doctrine, security reforms must enhance co-ordination between security agencies and government whilst transcending party politics.

Mumbai can be seen as a fitting and symbolic target for a number of reasons. First, it has been softened already by multiple terrorist attacks since 1993, initially cultivated through a


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nexus of gangsters and Islamic extremism epitomised by India's most wanted criminal Dawood Ibrahim.

Secondly, the city proudly displays its linkages to the West through its imperial heritage and legacy, manifested in the targeted Taj Mahal Hotel and the Gateway of India monument. Finally, it is a leading representation of an assertive and cosmopolitan India, keen to show that the world's largest secular democracy walks hand–in-hand with rapid economic growth.

The attacks may be seen as an attempt to tear India’s secular fabric and highlight disenfranchised elements of India's Muslim community, the second largest in the world. Domestically, India's confidence and saber rattling on the global stage following the attacks cannot distract from the fact that political and bureaucratic apathy has exacerbated India's vulnerability to terrorism. In 2008 alone, prior to Mumbai, India has been victim to attacks in Jaipur, Bangalore, Ahmedabad, Delhi and Guwahati.

Any investigation itself will highlight the urgent need for India to re-think and re-shape its internal counter-terrorism policy. Until now, internal security reforms have not matched the pace of the liberalisation of the economy. Prime Minister Singh alluded to this when he announced the setting up of a Federal Investigation Agency to deal with cross border terrorism in his address.

Currently, individual states manage their own anti-terrorism operations without the support of a national body. The lack of a unified command, adequate training or resources was painfully highlighted by the death of Hemant Karkare, head of the Maharashtra Anti-Terrorism Squad, as he led his forces at the Taj Mahal Palace hotel on Wednesday night. India's lack of preparedness has been noted by the Counter-Terrorism Committee (CTC) of the UN Security Council. The UN CTC calls for member states to take steps to enhance their legal and institutional capacity to counter terrorist activities on a national, regional and global basis.

In a response to the Fifth Report of the Government of India to the CTC in April 2007, the CTC recommended that techniques used to investigate terrorist financing, money laundering, border patrol and security needed enhancing. The CTC also stated that it was important to ensure that charitable and non-profit organisations were adequately regulated in order to prevent them and funds provided to them being used for terrorist purposes.

Public anger over the security lapses has brought about bloodletting in the form of ministerial resignations and has also encouraged internecine warfare between security agencies. Both the external intelligence agency, the Research and Analysis Wing (RAW) and the domestic intelligence agency, the Intelligence Bureau (IB), have stated that they issued warnings of a possible attack on Mumbai by sea in the past few months. In response, the Chief of Naval Staff Admiral Suresh Mehta stated that no ‘actionable intelligence’ was received – in effect, a warning that lacked specificity as to the nature and timing of the threat.

This episode reveals failings that must be rectified if India is to engender an effective counter-terrorist response. The porous nature of India’s coastline highlights an inadequate maritime security infrastructure. A report submitted by the Office of the Comptroller and Auditor General of India (CAG) in October 2008 on the status of patrolling of India’s maritime zones across eight coastal states revealed a state of neglect and apathy. In particular, Maharashtra was described as being ‘callous’ on ensuring proper maritime security and indifferent to the central government’s scheme to procure patrol boats and communication equipment. It also refused to bear the cost of maintenance and operation of patrol boats provided by the central government.


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Inadequate resources can also be coupled with a lack of co-ordination between the Navy, Coast Guard, marine police and a multitude of agencies governing different marine activities. One idea would be to garner insights from the controversial US Patriot Act, which empowered the US Coast Guard as the single authority for maintaining security on the seas. The ideas include penalties for refusing to stop when ordered to do so and for transporting explosives, biological agents, chemical weapons or radioactive or nuclear materials in the knowledge that the item is intended for use in a terrorist act.

The controversy surrounding the credibility of intelligence warnings suggests that India needs a more robust intelligence capability with greater synergy between the IB and RAW. The IB has been accused of neglecting its duties on garnering information on domestic terrorist suspects and organised crime, with a focus being based on political intelligence gathering instead. In contrast, RAW requires greater terrorism and counter-terrorism expertise at senior levels.

Tools and procedures for more effective data analysis and producing credible warnings are also required. To help bring about a dynamic change in these institutional cultures and security measures overall, India could formulate an inquiry based on the National Commission on Terrorist Attacks upon the US (the 9/11 Commission). This could provide a comprehensive account of the circumstances surrounding the Mumbai attacks, including preparedness for and response to the attacks. Like the 9/11 Commission, it could also be mandated to provide recommendations designed to guard against future attacks.

Some of the recommendations of the 9/11 Commission is relevant to the Indian scenario and intelligence capabilities in particular. The Commission recommended the creation of a National Counterterrorism Centre for joint operational planning and joint intelligence, staffed by personnel from various agencies (agents, analysts, linguists and surveillance specialists). It was also suggested that the CIA build its HUMINT capabilities and ensure a seamless relationship between source collection and signals collection at the operational level to enhance RAW.

Any proposed Indian style commission would have to avoid the criticisms that dogged the 9/11 Commission – that the investigation was too narrow in scope, that it was superficial in assessing government failures and that it lacked a mandate to investigate intelligence failures.

The absence of a coherent counter-terror doctrine is equally galling. Partisan squabbles have stymied efforts to reach a consensus as to what defines terror, who is a terrorist, and how they can be prevented from acting. These issues barely scratch the surface. Politicians urgently need to find the will to enact robust anti-terror legislation, enhance co-ordination between security agencies, state and central government and stem the politicisation of a flaccid bureaucracy. Ultimately, a comprehensive intellectual and practical approach is needed to identify comprehensive strategies and processes to counter the terrorist threat.

The atrocities reveal the soft underbelly of India’s economic progress and highlight the inherent difficulties in safeguarding former Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru’s vision of a modern state driven by democracy, diversity, religious tolerance and secularism. India must tackle the contradictions of democratic parity and perverse economic inequality if it wishes to engineer fundamental, rather than superficial change in the country. The title of being the world’s largest secular democracy also engenders the threat of a tyranny of the religious majority. This was symbolised by the destruction of the Babri Mosque at Ayodhya by militant Hindus in 1992.


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The politicisation of this (Islamic) terrorist threat is not a new development but it is likely to intensify, especially in the run up to the national elections scheduled for May 2009. The government will be keen to avoid accusations of being soft. The opposition Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) have already exploited the ruling Congress Party’s repeal of the Prevention of Terrorism Act (POTA) – which the BJP initially enacted – as a sign of weakness. In order to remedy institutional frailties and allow India to meet the cross-border threat it is currently facing, future developments must transcend such party politics.

Conclusion Issuing travel advisories against individual countries is not a solution. Terrorism has neither religion nor boundaries. In fact, no country can be said to be insulated against terrorism. The challenge posed by terrorism can only be surmounted through international cooperation and collective action by the global community rather than by issuing travel advisories against individual countries.

Tourism industry is a very sensitive and resilient industry, which is the first one to be effected if any part of the world is hit by terrorism and also the first one to rebound and restart. While speaking on the effect of 9 / 11 on International Tourism WTO Secretary General Francesco Frangialli stated that “International tourism experienced a serious crisis but showed again how resilient it can be. On one hand it was surprising to see a decrease in an industry that is used to constant growth, on the other it is encouraging how stable this economic sector is. Its decrease was temporary and somewhat less painful than we had expected.”

While there has been a considerable amount of technical research and development to design more terrorist resistant buildings, the state of facility management preparedness has been largely ignored. This paper suggested a range of measures which can be taken to provide more effective security against terrorism in buildings and built infrastructure.

India’s internal security reforms have not matched the pace of the liberalisation of its economy. Counter-terrorism forces lack a unified command, adequate training or resources to meet domestic and cross-border threats. In order to develop a coherent counter-terror doctrine, security reforms must enhance co-ordination between security agencies and government whilst transcending party politics.

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43. Vermeer, T. (2004), “Security barriers for Opera House”, The Sunday Telegraph, 21 March.Vesilind, P.A. (2003), “Engineering and the threat of terrorism”, Journal of Professional Issues in Engineering Education and Practice, pp. 70-4, ASCE, April.

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AJAY SINGH is Associate Professor, Tourism Management Programme in Institute of Management Studies, Ghaziabad (Uttar Pradesh ) India , Email ; [email protected]

Dr REENA SINGH is Associate Professor & Chairperson Tourism Management Programme, Institute of Management Studies, Ghaziabad (Uttar Pradesh ) India ,

Email : [email protected]


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TERRORISM A KEY DETERRENCE TO TOURISM: WAYS TO MITIGATE IMPACT

S.Sundararaman

Abstract Tourism is being heralded as the next big boon for Indian economy. Tourism industry employs large number of educated as well as uneducated, skilled and unskilled mass of population, generates employment opportunities even in remote areas where other industries and agriculture are not possible.

Few brain washed, misguided, homicidal fanatic creates irreparable damages to tourism and travel industry. Tourism arises due to multiple factors such as psychological, economic, political, religious and sociological factors. Terrorists main intention are to prove government is not capable enough to provide security to people and visitors, to alienate visitors from targeted country and abandon further visits.

After outbreak of any terror incidents international communities advise their citizens to avoid visiting that destinations, complicate the problem further. Demerits arising through short and long-term impact of terrorism remain as a never-ending challenge for all stakeholders in tourism sector.

Feeling secured at a destination is a vital reason for attracting more visitors when security cannot be guaranteed existing infrastructure will remain waste. Ensuring visitors safety is a prime concern for all stakeholders involved.

Terrorist have often attacked tourism infrastructure as target directly or indirectly, because it is soft target and easy to attack. Cost of holiday in the area under threat of terrorist attack is higher than in area without threat of terrorism.

Our previous experiences in combating terrorism reveals the fact that, no amount of security can stop terrorism activities, as terrorist keep on changing strategy. Unfortunately, technologies provide enough operational advantage and flexibility, secrecy of target and timings create shock and deep impact after every terror attack. At times security agencies finds it very difficult in exactly locating the center of gravity and the brain behind terrorism.

Viewing terror attack in isolation will not help us to curb terrorism even in long run. Understanding general psychology of terrorist or terror organization is highly impossible. Before joining any terror organization individuals have no interest in such violent activities, only brainwashing, motivation by the organization provoke individual to undertake such terror attacks. Understanding root cause and motivating force attracting individuals towards terrorism is a daunting task as it differs from place to place.

Grievances causing terrorism must be addressed immediately as prolonged conflicts result in increasing complicity further. Fundamental re-appraisal of conventional wisdom in combating terrorism is the need of the hour. Our focus and fight must be against the ideologies and motivating factor but not against the individuals attracted towards terrorism. Concrete framework must be designed to win the heart and mind of the people attracted towards such organization.


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Grand strategy is required urgently as terrorism is taking new dimension globally. Providing platform to develop socio-economic condition of universal population is a viable option. Technology, to certain extent has built walls between people at this critical situation tourism must be optimally utilized to build bridges and reduce existing gap between people. Tourism is known for cementing ties of friendship between the people of the world and for furthering the emergence of harmonious global society.

This paper examines the measures to be adopted to remove the negative impact of terrorism on tourism and how it has to be optimally utilized to reduce terrorism activities globally.

Keywords: Homicidal fanatics, Conventional wisdom, Tourism infrastructure, Soft target, Operational advantage,

Introduction

Any business faces an almost insurmountable pressure when operating in a threatening environment. Tourism sector is not an exemption form this. Terror incidents create a deep shock globally which are at times difficult to overcome. Terrorism now a day has become a great danger to safety of individuals. Understanding its ill effects all nations has pursued various approaches to eliminate terrorism from their soil. But despite the national and international measures adopted to eliminate terrorism the intensity of violence has increased though the numbers of incidents are decreasing. Non availability of standard definition regarding who is a terrorist, weak understanding of the root causes of terrorism, less punishment, terrorist global network, their sound financial condition, lack of religious understanding, role of media all directly or indirectly helped in making terror organization stronger than earlier.

No doubt terror organization are too weak to achieve victory in open war but they constantly engage in proxy war to gain support of people, glare of media, and create negative impact about government in mind of people. Unhappy with their own way of struggle, terror organization globally started adopting other group ideologies, structure, methods of operation and became a vital terror organization both at regional and global level.

Terrorism has assumed new and more harmful forms than before as they too have the tools of modern warfare. It is very difficult to predict their next action and types of weapons, operational strategy, target they are going to attack inspite of intelligence warnings.

Grand strategy is required urgently as terrorism is taking new dimension globally. This paper examines the measure to be adopted the analysis presented here is mainly descriptive.

Tourism Sector A Soft Target For Terrorist … Terrorist Attacks So Called Soft Targets Are Probably Not Less Dangerous Than Those Against Hard Targets. Georg witschel

Terrorist attack shakes the confidence of the people and cause terrible damage to the economy. Ripples occur after terrorist attack especially to the tourism sector will take a long time to disappear. Even international businesses are affected due to terrorism.

Tourism is a key sector which is affected to a maximum extent by terror attack. Terrorist often attack tourism infrastructure because they are soft, easy to attack, difficult to defend by security agencies. Numerous destination with more tourist inflow, add pressure as security and safety of tourist depends on government . It seems that terrorist have learned one of the most effective ways to do their job easily is by targeting tourism infrastructure.


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Twin bomb blast at Bali, Indonesia in October 2002 created a estimated loss of US$ one billion in foreign exchange tourism revenue in Indonesia and the GDP reduced by 0.56%. But the cost to trigger the blat is only US$ 50,000. This proves the fact that terrorism is getting more lethal and they are selective in targeting attack on tourism infrastructure. Terror attack on the airport in Srilanka in July 2001 by LTTE incurred a loss of US$ 30 million.

Apart from such economic loss, lot of innocent people belonging to various nations lost their life creating a deep impact among other people globally in each and every terror incidents Terror attacks are planned on several of tourism infrastructure in India especially in recent times. Apart from recent Mumbai terror attacks various incidents that took place are as follows.

Major terror incident during: 2001-2008

Date Human causalities State

17th Jan 2001 6 people killed at Srinagar airport. Jammu and Kashmir

14th May 2002 7 bus Passengers killed to Amaranth shrine

Jammu and Kashmir

6th Aug 2002 9 pilgrims, killed Jammu and Kashmir

24th Sep 2002 34 people at Aksharadam temple Gujarat

25th Nov 2002 12 people at Raghunath temple Jammu and Kashmir

25th Aug 2003 46 people killed at zaveri bazaar and gateway of India

Maharashtra

29th Oct 2005 62 people killed in 3 bomb blast before diwali and 2 in market place and one near DTC bus

Delhi

7th mar 2006 21 people killed in bomb blast near sankatmochan temple and railway station

Uttar Pradesh

11th July 2006 209 people killed at local train Maharashtra

8th Sep 2006 40 people killed in twin bomb blast in Malegaon

Maharashtra

19th Feb 2007 66 people two bomb blast in samjhauta express

Haryana

25th Aug 2007 42 people killed in twin bomb blast at lumbini park and snack stall

Andhra Pradesh

13th May2008 63 people killed in Jaipur 9 blast at market place

Rajasthan

Source: India today 26 may 2008

Our previous experience reveals the fact that it is very difficult to develop a fool proof security to protect all destinations every time. Using this gap terrorist carry out attack in different manner and create panic in mind of people. The nature of terror attack has changed over from heavily guarded installation towards soft targets such as tourism.


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Psychology of Terrorist “To Overcome The problem of Terrorism It Is Necessary To Understand Its Political Nature As Well As Its Basic Criminality And Psychology” Policy working group of UN

Understanding psychology of terrorist help policy makers to develop counter terrorist responses. In recent time the terror strike causes a lot of death of innocent people exhibits clearly the force multipliers adopted by them remain as a great problem to deal with. Even if a group is very small by adopting force multiplier suitably they caused much havoc and poses as though they are more in number and difficult to eliminate them. In such a situation understanding psychology of terrorist in general will help us to take some protective measures to give less chance for them to attack.

Terrorist have organizational structure, belief systems and motivational sources which are difficult to estimate but it is quite essential to understand if we want to eliminate terrorism. Terrorist are highly motivated they select target well in advance, plan carefully, attack the targets which has a symbolic value and where the common people have easy access in large number round the clock.

Terrorist are mentally prepared to undertake mission, they show willingness to take risks and are attack oriented to cause destruction. Generally looking at incident may mislead investigating agencies. Focusing on their ideology, understanding group and individual psychology and behavior will help in eliminating terrorism. Terrorist are isolated before undertaking any mission, he is brain washed to achieve their goals and motivated to see that terrorism is the only solution for social evils prevailing in societies. They never believe in finding solution to crisis in a peaceful manner. Terrorist are forced to adopt violence.

Social pathology helps us to understand the psychology of terrorism and terrorist to certain extent. According to Kampf “the problem has arisen because of people failure to adjust to the expansion of material wealth and knowledge.” Help us in understanding the root causes of terrorism.

Psychological profiling of some terror organization exhibits the fact that they are clever, insightful, sophisticated, disciplined, depressed, in secured, antisocial and have a feeling of being lost. A close observation of terrorism activities in recent times reveals that various terror groups are functioning in close coordination. Terrorist targeting tactics, selection and new methods of attack shows they share experience to enhance terrorism. Induction of modern weapon in their organization, advances in communication also increases their morale with help of their ideologies they are in a position to cause havoc to any security arrangements.

Policy makers can design effective counter terrorism measures only when they understand the psychology and estimate the possible terrorist tactics to be used in next attack.

In recent times though terror attacks are decreasing the punch of the attack and loss of human life are increasing globally. Eliminating terrorism will be easier if root cause of terrorism is examined and remedial measures are adopted at the earliest.


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Impact of Terrorism on Tourism “SHOCKS LEAD TO HINDRANCE AND HINDRANCE LEADS TO VACUUM.”

Terrorism in recent times assumed new and more lethal forms capable of creating mass destruction. Increased degree of terrorist tactic knock out various tourism infrastructures directly or indirectly creating a daunting task for policy makers in hospitality sector. Small band of terrorist can wreak tourism infrastructure and cause a downturn in visitor arrivals at a particular destination.

Terrorist tries to attack aircraft, communication set up, government offices, bridges, military convoys, heavily guarded institutions, airport and other public utility services. They always find easy to attack tourism infrastructure as they are heavily crowded and low profile attack causes a lot of impact in minds of the people across the globe.

Any attack on tourism infrastructure has two types of impact as shown below.

1. Short term impact

2. Long term impact

Intellectual’s, policy makers must try to understand both types of impact and frame policies to mitigate the impact.

Short Term Impact This type of impact is found immediately after terror attack

1. Tourist fear to visit the destination

2. Tourists feel insecure at such destination and try to leave the destination early.

3. Tourist about to visit may either cancel or postpone their journey.

4. Tour operators find it difficult to sell that particular destination.

5. Once if tourist arrivals fall down stakeholders morale at destination becomes low and this creates further problem.

The short term impact may remain 6 to 12 month period. As time goes of fear among people vanishes and normalancy turn back bringing business on track.

Long Term Impact This type of impact is felt even after a period of couple of years.

1. Tourists generally avoid visiting such destination.

2. As they feel insecure even repeated tourist may dislike coming.

3. Tour operates may loose interest as such destination become less profitable.

4. Certain tourism entrepreneur closes their business as they face loss continuously.

5. Original charm exist no more making it difficult for policy makers to rebuild the lost glory.


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Terrorist manipulate to attack tourism infrastructure as they contain a large multinational population at any given time. Even if the organization initiating terror attack is very small it becomes famous in short duration as it creates a deep impact in people mind when they attack tourism infrastructure.

Moreover impact of terror attack depends upon distance when attack happen at a destination less impact is observed with in 200 Km radius of destination. Between 200 Km to 500 Km radius impact is somewhat medium. Beyond 500 Kms radius it is almost cent percent. Though this impact may vanish after certain period they remain as a main hurdle in developing or promoting tourism at that destination.

After terror attack the economic loss can be compensated but the human loss can never be forgotten or compensated. Tourism is a business which involves a lot of human activities. Impact of terrorism on tourism has to be well analysed to mitigate the negative impact by framing policies to remove both short and long term impact. Terrorist are planning deliberately for attacking tourism infrastructure to alienate people from others. We must focus on impact and act swiftly before impact create much loss to tourism sector.

Ways to Mitigate “YOU MUST DO THE THING YOU THINK YOU CANNOT DO “Eleanor Roosevelt

Close observation of terror incidents clearly shows that terrorist attack tourism infrastructure directly or indirectly. Attacks normally leave us in great shock and sorrow. Ways to mitigate negative impact often does not workout as the impact created is beyond repairable. Irreparable impact often hampers tourist inflow to that particular destination. Focus to mitigate impact largely depends upon coherent strategy framed, followed as tourism depends upon lot of allied services.

(A) CONFIDENCE BUILDING AMONG ALL STAKEHOLDERS: Government must help in building confidence among all stake holders involved in tourism throughout the nation and at destination in particular. Confidence building is a key to success in reducing impact of any terror attack

(B) ADOPT WORLD’S BEST SECURITY MEASURES: A hardcore, trained, motivated homicidal fanatics will take risk and tries to break the security setup however strong it may appear. Though fool proof security is difficult to provide we must initiate all steps to ensure world’s best security measures are adopted giving no chance for terrorist to attack second time.

(C) INITIATE PEOPLE INTEREST: Impact of terrorism greatly prevents people to undertake tour to that particular destination. Policies must be initiated to encourage people to take interesting visiting such destination on tour. Once if psychological fear disappears and people started flowing towards that destination terrorist will automatically stop targeting tourism infrastructure.

(D) REBUILD DAMAGED INFRASTRUCTURE IMMEDIATELY: Impact of terrorism on tourism will increase if much time is consumed in rebuilding the damaged physical infrastructure. Any damage to the infrastructure must be rebuilt immediately by providing all necessary help at all levels.

(E) INITIATE CHANGE OFTEN: Often changing the point of security checks will confuse terrorist in undertaking attack as they too plan before they strike. This will enhance the security of the travelers


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(F) WORK IN CLOSE COORDINATION WITH ALLIED SECTOR`S: Tourism is not an individual business it depends on lot of support from allied sectors at any point of time. All stake holders must come together and work in close coordination with each other to bring back normal situation and winning confidence of domestic and foreign tourist.

(G) EXHIBIT YOUR ACTION: Any counter measures adopted must be revealed to people in time. Intimating people will send clear signal regarding our stand and remove the suspicion on our efficiencies.

(H) RELAUNCH AND RECOVER: No doubt terror attack damages our morale but it is not the time to stop our actions. Relaunching of operations immediately and recovering from shock must take place in minimum possible timeframe to reduce the impact further

(I) EXTEND SWIFT RESPONSE TO AFFECTED PEOPLE: Delivering all possible help to individuals directly affected due to terror attack must be carried in lightning speed

(j) INTIMATE FOLLOWUP ACTIONS: Guest can be provided with information regarding the steps to be followed by them in case of any terror attacks. This will help in preventing loss of human lives

(K) ADOPT MULTILAYER CHECK TECHNIQUES: Multi layer check technique can be initiated at vital points to ensure safety of tourist. Utmost care must be taken to see all are checked effectively in short duration of time without any disturbance to anyone.

(L) ENCOURAGE BAGGAGE FREE TRAVEL: Encourage tourist to travel without luggage or with less luggage. Effective security check is possible.

(M) SPECIAL TRAINNING TO ALL STAFF`S: Staff `s serving in hospitality sector must undergo special training to learn what they have to do in case of terror attack this will automatically build their morale and they will keep watch on any suspicious movement.

(N) APPROACH SPECIALIST TO BREAK YOUR SECURITY SETUP: This must be carried out purposefully to expose the lapse in existing security. This will help in building fool proof security

(O) USE TECHONOLOGY EFFECTIVELY: Technology must be engaged optimally to derive maximum security .Human intelligence can’t be ignored in addition to that technology must be utilized wisely.

(P) VIGROUSLY MARKET NEAR BY DESTINATIONS: Stakeholders must vigorously market the near by destinations so that people visiting nearby destinations may visit the destination affected due to terrorism

(Q) ESTABLISH LINKS WITH REPEATED VISITORS: Repeated visitors may have sentimental attachment towards a particular destination. Such tourist must be roped in to reduce the negative impact of terrorism on tourism.

(R) ARRANGE BIG EVENTS: All stakeholders must join and try to arrange big events that can attract peoples from all walks of life to reduce the negative impact.

(S) Foolproof security is highly impossible but if one is mentally prepared to face the unexpected he can design a better security setup than other’s in present conditions


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Conclusion

Tourism is a fastest growing sector in many countries. Terrorism has potential to slowdown its growth to a large extent as its impact take a long time to get rid off. The surge in terror attacks will create panic and the destination become unsafe for tourist. Grand strategy is the need of the hour as direct and indirect impacts of terrorism will damages the international image of nation and hinder tourist inflow. Tourism is known for cementing ties between people. All stake holders involved must work cautiously with will power to regain the confidence of tourist will help us to remove negative impact of terrorism on tourism.

Reference

1. Ahuja Ram (2004); Social Problems in India Rawat publication, Jaipur.

2. Butt Ghazanfur (2007); “Coalition strains Affect Security in Kashmir” Asia Defence news, Vol III, issue II, P.P 52-53

3. Brown Ram (et.al) (2000); from Surprise to Reckoning, Sage Publications, New Delhi.

4. Chadha Vivek (2005); Low Intensive Conflicts In India an Analysis, Sage Publication, New Delhi.

5. Diehl Paul f (2005); War Vol-I Saga Publications Ltd, London.

6. Guha Biswajeet (1998) Conflict and Violence in Indian Society, Kanisha Publishers, New Delhi.

7. Kaul R.N (1999); The Wail Of Kashmir- In Oust Of Peace, Streling Publishers Private Ltd, New Delhi.

8. Khatri Sridhar K, (et.al) (2003); Terrorism In South Asia Impact On Development And Democratic Process, Shirpa Publication, Delhi.

9. Knwal (2006); Coercive Force And National Security in The Indian Context, India Quarterly, A Journal Of International Affairs, Vol LXII, No 1, Pg 1-20.

10. Parathasarathy G (2000); “Dealing With Pakistan”, Journal Of The United Service Institution of India, Vol. CXXX, no. 541, July-September 2000, PP 445-457.

11. Pauling Lunis (1986); World Encyclopedia of Peace Vol 2, Pergamon Press, Oxford, PP 451-458.

12. Raman B (2006); Evolution of Jihadi Terrorism and Mumbai Blast Of 11/7 Dialogue, Vol 8, No 2, Oct-Dec 2006 PP 37-47.

13. Sarai Jasbir (2008); “Terrorists in J&K Are Realizing the Hopelessness of Their Situation”, Vol IV, issue-2 Feb 15 PP 44-43.

S.SUNDARARAMAN is Ph.D Research scholar of Department of tourism studies, School of management, Pondicherry University,Kalapet, Pondicherry 605 014,

email:[email protected]


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TERRORISM-THE GREATEST THREAT TO TOURISM AND THE STRATEGIES TO

COMBAT IT Kamal Kant Pant, CHA

Principle Objectives of The Paper The paper studies the impact of terrorism on the global and regional level tourism in the past ten years. The paper delves on the nature of tourism, its numerous constraints and importance that it holds for the economic and non- economics benefits to the world, especially to the developing countries. It explores the preconditions for tourism to sustain and concludes that terrorism is the biggest challenge for the tourism industry with the potential to overwhelm it. The results could be horrific should the chemical, biological or nuclear weapons become accessible to the terrorists.

The author wishes to share his insights and perspective on the effects of terrorism with the academia and intellectuals in order to influence the greater public opinion to press for a stern course of action to combat the menace of terrorism.

The Methodology Employed to Prepare The Paper The data for the paper has been collected on line. The author has scanned the different terrorist attacks chronologically over a period of ten years. The corresponding impact on tourist arrivals and receipts globally and locally has been studied to establish a relationship.

It has been argued that a distinct trend exists in the terrorist attacks of the recent past. It is evident that an international axis has developed amongst the numerous terrorist groups operating in the different parts of the world. These groups consider tourism and the peace and goodwill that it brings about as the biggest threat to their mere existence.

Summary of The Results 1. The justification for the terrorist acts may be different, they may from different

parts of the world, their ethnic, religious or ideological affiliation may be more diverse, but the havoc they create on tourism is indiscriminate and more or less global.

2. The countries from the developing world are the worst effected by terrorism. Their lack of resources makes them more vulnerable for such attacks. Terrorism affects the poor people who are directly or indirectly employed in tourism industries of such countries.

3. Most often selected targets are struck with a clear aim of hampering the economy or to strain the international relations between countries.

Conclusions • The war on terrorism must be tackled like an illegitimate industry much like drug

trafficking. The financial, material and information resources of this industry must be destroyed to starve it.


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• The next trigger for a global war may be an act of terrorism. The conflict between some states about the sponsorship and support to the terrorist organization may possibly escalate to a full fledged war.

• Since terrorism has grown to be an international menace, it must be tackled at the global scale much larger than the ensuing war on terror. United Nations must be invited to step in and assume a direct role even if it has to change its charter to do so.

Understanding Tourism Tourism is a composite of activities, services, and industries that delivers a travel experience: transportation, accommodations, eating and drinking establishments, shops, entertainment, activity facilities, and other hospitality services available for individuals or groups that are traveling away from home. People travel for multitude of reasons, the foremost being exploration and recreation.

All the countries of the world are keenly trying to promote tourism. According to the WTO, "Tourism is one of the top five export categories for as many as 83% of countries and is the main source of foreign exchange earnings for at least 38% of countries. Besides the economic benefits, there are numerous other benefits associated with tourism which make it desirable to both developing and developed countries. These benefits are enumerated as under:

Socio Economic Impact of Tourism There are various definitions of social development; most encompass concepts of improving the well-being of a country’s citizens, promoting higher standards of living, employment and conditions of economic and social progress. For instance, the tourism industry contributes significantly in these areas, with about 140 million jobs created in the Asian and Pacific region for the year 2006.

Tourism in Poverty Reduction The tourism industry has been increasingly recognized for its potential to contribute to the reduction of poverty. There are definite linkages between tourism and poverty reduction. The tourism sector is an important driver of growth and prosperity and within developing countries, for poverty reduction. Its geographical expansion and labor intensive nature supports a spread of employment and can be particularly relevant in remote and rural areas where many of the poor live. The rising economic importance of the industry has been fueled by the large and growing number of international travelers. The international arrivals grew from 25 million in 1950 to an estimated 842 million in 2006

Tourism’s Economic Contribution in Selected Developing Countries Travel and Tourism encompasses a wide range of activities including transport, accommodation, catering and recreation for visitors. It is one of the world’s largest industry and employer. The travel and tourism economic impact can be seen in its contribution to a country’s GDP and exports. On average, the contribution of tourism to GDP and to total exports averaged between 7 and 10 percent based on a study conducted in the Regional study on the role of tourism in Socio-economic Development by United Nations Economic and Social Council in 2007.


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In some countries, where tourism is the mainstay of the economy, the contribution of travel and tourism to GDP is much higher. In Maldives, travel and tourism accounts for two-thirds of the economy, while in Malaysia and China, travel and tourism economy contributes between 13 -14 % of GDP.

Promoter of Peace and International Understanding Tourism promotes the concept of global community. Former president of the US Bill Clinton in response to the 9/11 attacks said in the Georgetown University –

“Don’t you think it’s interesting - that in this the most modern of ages –The biggest problem is the oldest problem of human society – the fear of the other. And how quickly fear leads to distrust – to hatred – to dehumanization – to death.”

Tourism has the power to convert this stranger to an acquaintance if not a friend. Tourism also promotes international understanding and peace. The cold war ended in the eighties solely because the Reagan and the Gorbachev families were together for a sort of holidays besides breaking the ice in Reykjavik in Iceland. What happened after that is a part of history.

Conservation of The environment and Cultural Diversity Conservation effort sold as a moral duty has a very short life span. The economic benefits of conserving the environment, to maintain it attractive to tourists and therefore sustained income from them has motivated many communities to promote the cause of environment conservation. The emergence of nature conservation effort in the form of national parks, bird sanctuaries and protected landscapes can be attributed to the development of tourism in the twentieth century. Tourism has also done yeoman service to conservation of cultural heritage. There is an increased interest in the ethnic cultures by the tourists, which is motivating communities to sustain their cultural identities. A glimpse of the aboriginal Maori culture is one of the strongest tourism products in New Zealand, giving a positive image of the destination to the world. Similar example can be found in Kenya, where the Masai culture steals the limelight of the tourists. In Kenya, it is not unusual to find a highly educated, probably UK returnee, Masai young man to be donning the traditional attire, imbibing the Masai way of life with a lot of pride.

Thus, it is evident that the benefits of tourism are immense; the next logical step is to explore the preconditions for tourism, which are: Peace (the absence of fear), Sound economy (generating discretionary income for families), motivation to travel and Low travel barriers.

Tourism is one of the industries for which the economic benefits of peace are most evident. Tourists obviously do not wish to travel to destinations suffering from high levels of violence or war. They want to feel free to experience the cultures to which they are traveling. Independent research has uncovered the following relationships between financial transactions (Global Market Information Database 2002-2007) and peace as measured in the Global Peace Index. (Global Peace Index 2007) On average, for every 10 place improvement in the Global Peace Index:

• Tourism spending increases by approximately US$77 per head of population.

• Consumer spending on hotel and catering increases by approximately US$214 per head of population.


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• Consumer spending on leisure and recreation increases by approximately US$16 per head of population.

These figures are not inclusive of the financial activity outside the country involved in tourism. Even the threat of violence, such as the potential of a terrorist attack or violent street demonstration, has a large impact on tourism. Tourists are quick in canceling their trips in fear of putting themselves in danger. As per the Annapurna Post daily dated January 1st’2009. In the post Mumbai attack scenario, the total no of tourists visiting Bhaktapur town in Katmandu valley has dropped by over 40 %. This was reported by the metropolitan tourism office in Bhaktapur municipality.

Sound economy- Provided that the peace prevails in the world and there are no more 9/11 s, the next decade may very well make the travel revolution a reality. Not a revolution because substantially large number of people undertake international travel as the UNWTO vision 2020 envisages but an age in which more and more lives are touched by this industry, when it becomes the activity of common discussion, when it influences our thought processes and the popular language that we use, much like the way in which the information technology has touched our lives.*

The single most important reason for this reality to take place is the economic growth the world over. Discretionary income is the income left over with a household after all the bills have been paid. It has been on the rise the world over with the improved earnings. A shot in the arm to this has been the lowering of the travel tariffs to afford even the long haul travel. Jumbo jet made jet travel affordable to the upper middle classes nearly four decades back. Super jumbo jet is now raising hopes for the middle class people to afford long haul travel.

But the converse could equally be true. “The economy is like an 800-pound gorilla. When it is down, hospitality is one of the first sectors to be hit,” said Futurist Marvin Cetron, According to him, after Sept. 11, 2001, the economy stalled and fear of further terrorist acts sent travel and tourism into a nosedive, reducing occupancy rates at hotels in New York City to around 40 percent. Even usually recession-proof destinations like Washington, Orlando and Las Vegas saw sharp and lasting declines in business and leisure travel.

The impact was not limited to the US cities alone. Recall the levy of insurance surcharge on all kind of air travel the world over at the same time. This was mandated because many insurance companies were overwhelmed by this disaster and was in no position to stay solvent in absence of such drastic measure or increasing insurance premiums.

The other affect of this disaster was increased security measures for the passengers and their luggage forcing the aircraft to spend more time on the ground rather than in the air. It further pushed the air fares go up eventually making air travel beyond the reach of many a common men. If terrorism were to grow, the impending cost of security and insurance at every stage of the travel and stay (especially after the recent terrorist attacks in Mumbai hotels) will pull tourism out of the reach of the upper middle class also.

Motivation to travel: The need hierarchy theory of Abraham Maslow is said to be applicable to the motivation of tourists. Tourism is a higher level need in the hierarchy of needs generally corresponding to affiliation, and esteem needs of people. According to this theory, these needs do not emerge at all, unless the lower level needs for safety and security are fulfilled first. Simply put, it is the old maxim, which says that people travel to the places where they are absolutely safe. They perceive an exaggerated threat from terrorism. Post Mumbai attacks, Mr. McIndoe of the State department of Australia said that the odds of a


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tourist being hit by a car in big cities of India are much higher than those of being a victim of terrorist attack.

Low travel barriers are the signs of international peace and prosperity. In spite of the globalization, there are heavy travel restrictions; as it is, in the world today. These are there in the realm of both legal and financial types. If the incidents of terror threats are likely to increase, majority of the countries are going to be more apprehensive and more reluctant to issue visas to foreigners. This scenario was witnessed in America post 9/11 when the department of homeland security reduced the no of visas to visit USA, recording negative growth in the number of tourists in 2002 and 2003.

The incident of travel advisories to its citizens by the state departments of various countries is a travel damper if not a barrier per say. During the 10 year political unrest in Nepal, such advisories made Nepal to suffer a drop in tourism arrivals of up to 40 percent in the early 2000’s from the peak year of 1999 only to reach that level in 2007 when such advisories were lifted by most of the countries.

What the impact of tourism could be to the developing world could be learnt from the example of Kenya. Kenya, one of the most prosperous and tourist-friendly countries in Africa, has seen up to $1 billion in losses linked to the bloody turmoil following President Mwai Kibaki's disputed re-election in 2008. ("Kenya tourism, economy devastated by violence," CNN, 01.11.08) Independent economist David Ndii said it is difficult to predict the full economic impact of Kenya's political violence, but it will certainly cut the 6.1 percent growth rate Kenya recorded in 2007.

Understanding Terrorism and its Impact on Tourism

The FBI defines terrorism as: The unlawful use of force or violence against persons or property to intimate (intimidate) or coerce a government, the civilian population, or any segment thereof, in furtherance of political or social goals. There are many other definitions for terrorism but the basic idea is the use of violence to gain attention and to pressurize people and/or governments to do what you want.

‘’Terrorism is a major threat to global security today, the unlawful use or threat of violence to cause fear and to advance political, religious, or ideological goals. Today, we face a new enemy…one who wages a different kind of war’’. Holt, Rinehart and Winston, Threats to world security

Terrorism is not a modern phenomenon. History of terrorism precedes the word to describe it. It could be dated back to the biblical times when Jewish and Palestinian groups opposed Roman rule in 66-73 A.D using violent activities. However the true beginning, and coining of the world terrorism, could be traced back to the French “Reign of Terror” 1773-1794 AD.

But terrorism as we know it today has been a far more common phenomenon over the last 150 years. Terrorism has been used to overthrow governments, fight for independence, or change society. As per Professor Carlyle A. Thayer, The terrorists in history can be roughly classified as with the corresponding popularity of it over the time:

1. Anarchist Wave Late 19th Century

2. Anti-Colonial Wave 1920s-1960s

3. New Left Wave 1960s-70s

4. Religious Wave Since 1979 Iranian revolution


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In the period of terrorism under review in this paper, a new form of terrorism is seen to be emerging. It is assuming a transnational or international characteristic. The perpetrators are citizens of one country, they have grouse against the government of a second country but they target the innocent victims of a third country while they are traveling in the fourth country. The fourth country may not be a party to the conflict and may not even be aware that innocent blood will be shed on her soil.

This trend is evident from the incident of terrorism attack on Israeli tourists (in November’ 2002) in Mombassa, Kenya. In this case the main accused outfit, the Al Qaeda had the grouse against the West epitomized by the US, but they targeted Israelis in an unsuspecting African country ruining the prospects of future tourism there as a result. "If they can do it in Kenya, they can do it anywhere they can get access," noted one American intelligence official. "If you want to hit an American jet, why do it in the United States? You can try it in other places, where it's easier." (Source- International Herald Tribune, November 30’ 2002)

Let us now take a look at the recent attacks specifically against tourists in different parts of the world.

Mumbai, India November 26th’ 10 Armed terrorists took two leading hotels, a busy train station and a Jewish building to ransom for three days killing 170 persons in the murderous operation. Westerners, especially American and British citizens were the prime targets. The incident has already started sending tremors in the entire South- Asian region, leave alone Mumbai or India. The prime suspect in the attacks at the moment is Laskar e- taiba, a group under the Al Qaeda fold.

Islamabad: Pakistan, September 28’2008: Terrorist explode a lorry bomb in the premises of the Marriot hotel killing at least 40 people and injuring 200 more among them British citizens as well as Saudi, German, Moroccan, Afghan and US nationals. The attack came just hours after the newly elected President Zardari had given his first speech to MPs, vowing not to allow Pakistan's territory to be violated by terrorists or foreign powers fighting them. The BBC's defense and security correspondent, Rob Watson, says that the attack bears the hallmarks of al-Qaeda, given the scale, the target and what would appear to be the careful political timing involved.

Egypt September 19th ‘2008 the 19 hostages - five Italians, five Germans and a Romanian - and some eight guides had been kidnapped. They were freed after an ordeal of 10 days by Egyptian Special Forces on the Libya- Sudan- Egypt border.

Great Britain, July 7’ 2005 London bombings - Bombs explode on one double-decker bus and three London Underground trains, killing 56 people and injuring over 700, occurring on the first day of the 31st G8 Conference. The attacks are believed by many to be the first suicide bombings in Western Europe

Indonesia, Bali October 12th’ 2002, Bombings on tourists mainly Australian killing 202 people and injuring 209, Those killed were mostly Western tourists and local Balinese hospitality staff. Spain Madrid’ March 11’ 2004, Coordinated bombing of commuter trains in Madrid, Spain, kills 191 people and injures more than 1,500.

Morocco, Casablanca May 16, 2003: Attacks by 12 bombers on five "Western and Jewish" targets in leaves 41 dead and over 100 injured. Attack attributed to a Moroccan al-Qaeda-linked group.

Pakistan, Karachi. May 8’ 2002 Bus Attack in Karachi kills 11 Frenchmen and two Pakistanis.


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Russia, Moscow October 23’2002: theater hostage crisis begins; 120 hostages and 40 terrorists killed in rescue three days later.

USA, The attacks on September 11’2001- a series of hijacked airliner crashes into two U.S. landmarks: the World Trade Center in New York City, New York, and The Pentagon in Arlington, Virginia. A fourth plane, originally intended to hit an unknown, but likely prominent, Washington, D.C. target, crashes in Somerset County, Pennsylvania, after an apparent revolt against the hijackers by the plane's passengers; by al-Qaeda

The last of the 2000 millennium attack plots fails, as the boat meant to bomb USS- the Sullivans sinks. Nepal –India- December 24’1999: Indian Airlines Flight 814 from Kathmandu, Nepal to Delhi, India is hijacked. One passenger is killed and some hostages are released. After negotiations between the Taliban and the Indian government, the last of the remaining hostages on board Flight 814 are released in exchange for release of four dreaded terrorists. This incident was a huge morale booster for all the terrorist outfits of the world, not only to the ones based in Pakistan or Afghanistan. If this had been controlled; experts believe, 9/11 would have never happened.

These ten incidents from the past ten years have been selected from hundreds of terrorist incidents which have taken place across the world during the period under review. These incidents show that such activities could take place anywhere in the world with equal ease due to the network of terrorist organizations under outfits like the Al Qaeda. These incidents are also a testimony to the fact that sympathizing or supporting terrorists in any form does not buy anyone immunity from them.

Objectives of Targeting Tourists Violence to tourists has a high visibility from a media point of view; attacks gain widespread publicity for a cause, the bigger the attack, better the publicity. Terrorism is also a tool of the weak against the strong (Asymmetric Warfare).The reasons for the popularity of Terrorism are that it provides a means by which the weak can confront much stronger opponents Tourists are soft targets and are vulnerable to attacks. Majority of suicide bomber attacks in Israel are against tourist venues. Impact is widespread and may have dire economic consequences. Tourism may be an unintended target. 2002 attack in Kuta, Bali threw Indonesian tourism out of competition with its neighbors.

The Impact of Terrorism on Tourism: Richard Clarke’s Scenario: January/February 2005, former National Security Advisor Richard Clarke’s published an article “Ten Years Later “when the second wave of al-Qaeda attacks hit America." A leading expert on counter terrorism imagines the future history of the war on terror. A frightening pictures of a country still at war in 2011 The target: Tourism venues, Clarke predicted several waves of attacks. The first against casinos, later theme parks and shopping malls just before Christmas, followed by suicide bombers and IED’s against the transportation systems in major metropolitan areas, finally attacks against chemical plants…. The impact cripples the economy of the US.

We hope, this scenario never becomes a reality. But it can not be ruled out completely. Terrorism is evolving constantly to overcome governmental countermeasures designed to defeat it. Terrorism thus involves an ongoing search for new targets and unidentified vulnerabilities in its opponents. This quest also raises the possibility that terrorists may pursue unconventional means of attack, such as chemical, biological, or radiological (radioactivity-spreading) weapons, or nuclear weapons. This scenario does appear credible in the light of the Ayub Khan controversy of 2006, in which the top Pakistani nuclear scientist


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was suspected of transferring the nuclear technology to the fundamentalist regime in Iran in the early 2000’s.

Future terrorist tactics could include cyber-terrorism (sabotage using computers to destroy computer networks or systems) or electronic warfare that targets critical infrastructure, such as communications and power facilities, or societies in general. Throughout the world, terrorism reinvents itself in new and more dangerous forms. As older groups are defeated or exhausted, more radical and more violent successors often take their place. Although terrorism most likely can never be completely eradicated, countering its threat requires continuing vigilance. The highly individual nature of terrorism’s causes, the diversity of its perpetrators, and the complexity of its fundamental characteristics present enormous challenges to those who must effectively counter this menace.

Recommendations Covert support to terrorism by a state or state agency: “Those who try to wield power by riding a tiger eventually end up in the belly of the tiger themselves”- Anonymous. World has witnessed the incidence of a number of instances in which the intelligence organizations of many countries have been involved in taking help of terrorist organizations as a part of strategy. The covert support of CIA to the mujahideens to counter Russian forces in Afghanistan is not a secret. Similarly Pakistan was one of the few countries to recognize the Taliban regime in Afghanistan and is continuously accused of supporting numerous terrorist outfits in Kashmir. Iran, Syria, Libya are other regimes which have been known to harbor links with the terrorist organizations have sooner or later had the taste of their own medicine.

Immunity to terrorism: Another important point to learn here is that nobody and is immune to terrorism. It is a matter of time when a people, nation or a country becomes a victim. I don’t think Americans, Pakistanis, Libyans (29 September 2008-Several military men were killed and injured as a result of the bomb explosion in the street of Al-Bahsas district.), Iranian (Five bomb explosions took place in Iran on Sunday, killing ten people and injuring nearly 40, five days ahead of the presidential elections.) and Syrians (September 27th ‘2008- A car bomb on a street in the Syrian capital of Damascus killed 17 people and injured more than a dozen others Saturday, Syrian television reported.) had ever imagined in their wildest dreams that they could ever become the targets of the monster (terrorism) that they so wishfully created. Nature of this monster is such that it doesn’t recognize the hand which feeds it and will strike it at the slightest provocation and opportunity.

The enemy is formidable: It is important for the emerging superpowers like Australia, Brazil, China, and France etc who have fortunately not been the victims of major terrorist attacks in the past, to realize that no amount of preparedness and proactive behavior on their part could protect them from the menace of terrorism in the future when the terrorist organizations become more potent.

“As our case is new, so we must think anew, and act anew.” Abraham Lincoln said to Congress on December 1, 1862. To get ahead of future threats, our strategies and resulting tactics need to be informed by a more fulsome understanding of the nature of our adversaries. We have a tendency to fight yesterday’s wars – with the same weapons, tactics and mindsets employed previously with great success. While there are lessons to be drawn from the past, countering this new global insurgency requires a paradigm shift. Our adversary is proactive, innovative, well networked, flexible, patient, young, technologically savvy, and learns and adapts continuously based upon both successful and failed operations around the globe. We must be and do likewise on every front.


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http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/data/iran.html


Learn from pest control: Any pest controller will advise you that if you can’t shoot, strike or poison a pest, you must try to starve it. Terrorism is a big industry, with a lot of illegal money thriving it. If the economic life line to terrorism could be severed, it will starve to death. The war on terrorism must be tackled like an illegitimate industry like drug peddling or human trafficking. The financial, material and information resources of this industry must be destroyed control it.

Impending flashpoint for a war: The next trigger for; God forbid, a world- war may be an act of terrorism. The conflict between some states about the sponsorship and support to the terrorist organization may possibly escalate to a full fledged war. The ongoing aerial attack by the Israeli air force on Hamas hideout in Gaza strip is flaring the tempers in the Arab world as this paper is written. The build- up of army positions on the Indo-Pak border, post Mumbai terrorist attacks, might be a step in the same direction.

New legislations: This with expeditious procedures must be enacted at the national level throughout the world. The cases booked under these laws must be settled swiftly even if provision of relay courts has to be made. There has been a lot of hue and cry raised about the TADA and POTA acts in India on account of human rights and principles of natural justice. We must view these things in the changed paradigm, also considering for a moment, the human rights and justice to the innocent victims of acts of terrorism and their poor dependents. It is a time to take a fresh look at the whole issue. Legislation must not only be there to punish and reform the culprits but it must also serve as a stern deterrence.

Like wise, the issue of stern legislation, must be taken up at the international level. The international court of justice must take up cases against governments who are proved to be sponsoring terrorism. International diplomatic norms must be viewed in a fresh perspective and the evidence to support it must come out from every possible source. In the age of technological revolution, collecting evidence to prove a case is not being put forward for the want of political will and short-sightedness alone. There are reasons to believe that it is technically possible to collect unchallengeable evidence about the involvement of states and outfits like Al Kaeda in the acts of terrorism. Jan 1st appeal to Pakistan by the US to hand over the Lalsjar eTaoba (LeT) master mind behind Mumbai attacks to India is an evidence for this capability. The FBI of the US has the transcripts of the telephone calls of the plot being hatched.

The war of terror: Since terrorism has grown to be an international menace, it must be tackled at the global scale much larger than the ensuing half-hearted war on terror, which appears to be half- hearted as it is not being supported by all the countries of the world. United Nations must be invited to step in and assume a direct role in tackling terrorism, even if it has to change its charter to do so. The UNO must immediately constitute an anti terrorism body to facilitate the cooperation in the intelligence organizations of all the countries. There can never be enough security to prevent all kinds of terrorist attacks. Commenting on the issue of security in the Taj and Oberoi hotels in Mumbai, Mr. Brian Ivie of Gewitt Associates, a global HR company had to say this,” Only the federal sites are hardened to be able to withstand an assault with automatic weapons like the one in Mumbai.” This statement is self explanatory.

Under the circumstances, we must believe the old maxim- “Attack is the best defense” military actions must be initiated against the erring states wherever the need is necessitated. National governments must also swallow their false pride and seek assistance from the international community or the UN to combat terrorist outfits on their soil. This is the high time; the terrorist groups are instituting a global network of their operations. It may be there


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in the latent stage of materialization, if this menace is not nipped in the budding stage, then no amount of fighting could eliminate it.

Let us hope that, the international community does not waste the valuable time in weighing the pros and cons of the courses of action available to them. As far as the future is concerned, I would like to close with a quote from a statesman and visionary with a hope that his vision comes true.

“Now we know why terrorism has hit tourism the most. Tourism is a foe of terrorism. Whereas terrorism feeds on intolerance and arrogance, tourism breeds tolerance and empathy. Terrorism seeks to erect walls of hatred between faiths and communities. Tourism breaks such barriers. Terrorism detests pluralism, whereas tourism celebrates it. Terrorism has no respect for human life. Tourism pays a tribute to all that is beautiful in nature and human life. Terrorism may have temporarily hit tourism in this metaphorical battle between the two. But tourism will make a major contribution to the eventual defeat of terrorism and all other manifestations of fanaticism”.

Shri Atal Bihari Vajpayee, Honorable Prime Minister of India, November’2001

References: 1. Charles R. Goeldner, J. R, Brent Ritchie and Robert W. McIntosh, in their text book

titled- Tourism -- Principles, practices and philosophies. John Wiley and Sons, Inc

2. Carlyle A. Thayer, Professor Presentation to the Inaugural Research Network for A Secure, Australia Terrorism History Conference, Canberra, June 14, 2007

3. Daniel Benjamin, Notes on the Future of Terrorism (he is Senior Fellow at the International Security Program of the Center for Strategic and International Studies)

4. ^David J. Humpreys, National chairman, Travel Industry Association of America (TIA) in his speech to the international meeting of the association in Denver in May 1991.

5. @ Holt, Rinehart and Winston, Threats to world security

6. Jonathan Essner, Terrorism’s Impact on Tourism: What the Industry May Learn from Egypt’s

Struggle with al-Gama’a al-Islamiya

7. *Victor wee, h.e. datuk dr.Paper- “growing importance of tourism in national economies” By, secretary-general, ministry of tourism, Malaysia.

8. zachary abuza, balik-terrorism:the return of the abu sayyaf, september 2005 ,http://www.carlisle.army.mil/ssi

Kamal Kant Pant, CHA is Associate Professor and Principal of Nepal Tourism and Hotel Management College, (Affiliated to Pokhara University) Chinnedanda, PO Box: 202, Pokhara- 18, Nepal

Email:[email protected]


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GLOBAL TERRORISM A THREAT TO SURVIVAL OF TOURISM, HOTEL AND

HOSPITALITY INDUSTRIES IN SOUTH ASIAN REGION

DR. NARAYAN SINGH RAO

Abstract Political instability, social tensions, terrorism, insurgency, suicide bombings and war like situations in a country/region make devastating impact on its economy. Terrorism and urban guerilla warfare makes far more serious but negative impact on tourism and hospitality industry. Various studies conducted on the Gulf War (1991) attacks on Bali and Mombassa (2001), insurgency and terrorism in Jammu and Kashmir (1989-90), Marriott Hotel Islamabad, Mumbai (2008) etc. show that tourism and hospitality industry suffered massively owing to cancellation of air/rail tickets, hotel bookings. Tourists changed their travel itineraries and altered their plan so as to avoid the areas/places affected by terrorism. A Tourist undertakes a tour to recharge his/her energy, enjoy eternal peace and tranquility and for go on adventure in a safe and secure environment. Therefore, he/she would not go to a place affected by political upheavals and terrorist attacks.

Entire Indian subcontinent is gradually slipping into the hands of terrorist organizations owing to poor governance and security system. India, Bangladesh, Pakistan, Bhutan, Nepal and even Sri Lanka are affected by insurgency and terrorism. In this situation the tourism hotel and hospitality industry is suffering from major economic slowdown and stagnation. Moreover, the recent attack on Marriott hotel in Pakistan, Trident Oberoi, Leopold Cafe, Nariman House etc. in Mumbai (India) has further dealt a severe blow to the tourism and hotel industry. It is high time that countries of South Asian region come together and eliminate terrorism so that hotel and tourism industry is protected. The security system at places of tourist importance and prominent star hotels are made full proof to the extent that tourists feel safe and secure.

Political instability, social tensions, insurgency, terrorism, lawlessness, political upheavals, urban guerilla warfare, suicide bombings and war-like situations in a particular region or state make1 devastating impact on its economy. This phenomenon of insurgency and terrorism makes far more serious but negative impact on tourism and hospitality industry. Studies conducted by scholars show that Gulf war (1991) crises in Bosnia Herzegovina, September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks on Bali and Mombassa, Moscow Hostage drama1, insurgency and terrorism in Jammu & Kashmir (1989-90 onwards)2, series of bomb blasts and terrorist attacks in India, Pakistan and other countries of South Asian region have hit at the very foundation of the tourism, hotel and hospitality industry3. Data on global movement and flow of foreign tourists suggests that bookings to Greece, Egypt, France, Israel and Italy by American tourists fell sharply when there was fight between USA and Libya. Thanks to the growth of Pan Islamic and Arab terrorism in 1980's most of the international tourist’s demonstrated interest in American and dollar hungry Soviet block countries as they were


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free from terrorism. Egyptian tourism industry got ruined in 1980's onwards due to terrorist incidents and rioting. In 1985 about 244,000 Americans visited Israel but this figure dropped to 153,000 due to hijackings and other terrorist attacks carried out by terror groups operating in that area. Egypt which was earning about $1 billon every year from tourism lost half of this income in 1985. The government of the Republic of Yemen acknowledged that terrorism has hit hard its tourism sector since 1997. Arrival of tourists declined by 40 percent in1999 and 90 percent of hotel bookings were cancelled. Occupancies declined to a mere 10 percent in many hotels and restaurants; many tourist transportation services were closed down; airliners suspended flights to the republic. This caused unemployment. Between 1998 and 2001 revenue collection declined to 54.7 percent. This compelled the government to eliminate terrorist organizations from its soil by a massive counter terrorist operation. This sustained campaign against terrorism has once again rendered Yemen as a safe and secure tourist destination4.

Quick reaction to any incident of terrorism, bomb blast, suicide attack and political upheaval will be cancellation of air/rail tickets and hotel bookings leading to stagnation and slowdown in the tourism and hotel industry. As a result, people get temporarily unemployed; countries get deprived of foreign exchange; and tour operators, airliners, taxi owners and all those depending on tourism to earn livelihood suffer serious financial losses5. A tourist selects the destination of his choice by keeping in mind that he would enjoy internal and undisturbed peace and tranquility during his stay or tour in the country/place of his choice. Safety and security of his and belongings is also kept in mind while selecting a tourist spot. The earning from tourism and hotel industry is quite significant in the national economies as this sector constitutes 4th largest segment of the economy of a state. But hostile socio-political atmosphere, sectarian violence and terrorist strikes in a region scare away local as well as international tourists and economy of a state or region suffers miserably. Therefore, peace and tranquility, social harmony, political stability, freedom from fear and violence and absence of terror are the essential prerequisites for development of tourist economy and national progress. Terrorism and violence is an uncontrollable monster that envies and gobbles up life of people their happiness and smile, peace of mind and prosperity. This monster is also the enemy of all kinds of progressive ideas and activities. Tourism and travel, gala festivities, events and celebrations are never liked and appreciated by terrorists because of their medieval and semi feudal mindset as well as obscurantist ideology. In view of the increasing threat to tourism, travel and hospitality industry as well as to the life of the tourists, it is the utmost responsibility of all the sovereign states to ensure that any tourist who visits a particular country goes back safe secure and unhurt to his/her home, full of sweet memories, wonderful ideas, interesting anecdotes and happiness instead of being terrorized, humiliated and physically harmed. The purpose of undertaking a tour is definitely to recharge one's physical, mental and spiritual energies and hence it must be ensured by authorities that this very purpose of a tourist is fulfilled. With these ideas of making South Asian region a tourist- friendly spot, the present paper aims at examining the impact of terrorism and insurgency on tourism and hospitality industry in the South Asian Region.

Indian subcontinent comprising India, Pakistan and Bangladesh is gradually slipping into the control of terrorist organizations owing to the weakening and crumbling of state apparatus and globalization. Feudal and semi feudal elements have asserted their identity in a bid to takeover the control of society by reappearing in the incarnation of several terrorist organizations representing medieval ideologies and culture. These terrorist organizations are legitimizing their acts of omission and commission in the name of religion, Jihad, communism/socialism and so on and so forth. Right from Kabul to Kohima and Srinagar to Colombo the faceless killers operating in the name of Jehadis, Naxalites etc. have unleashed a reign of terror bloodbath and killing of the thousands of innocent people. Increased


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violence, lawlessness, parallel government run by the militants in several states and regions and serial blasts conducted by insurgents and Jehadis across the length and breadth of Indian subcontinent show that the sovereign governments of the countries of this region had become ineffective and callous6. The political class lacks courage and will-power to fight terrorist organizations. Police, Para-military and even Armed Forces of these countries are ill-equipped and weak to take on the challenges posed by death defying armed terrorists and guerillas. Instead of jointly working and cooperating to eliminate terrorism, the political leaders and governments are playing a blame game and directly or indirectly encouraging terrorist organizations to operate and strike in the rival state/country. Terrorism is also used as an instrument or weapon to weaken the economy and armed forces of the country treated as enemy by a country.7 Superpowers have also contributed towards the growth of terrorism in the South Asian region as a part of cold war politics right from 1945 to 1980 and impact of this superpower rivalry is felt in India, Afghanistan, Pakistan, Bangladesh and Srilanka.8 In the series of terrorist attacks, serial blasts and crimes committed by terror organizations, more than a hundred thousand people have lost their lives in this region and properties worth billions of rupees have been destroyed. The biggest sufferer of terrorism is the tourism and hotel industry.

The entire Pakistan is under the impact of mushrooming Islamist organizations unleashing a reign of terror and violence in the country. Sectarian and terrorist violence has taken the toll of about 13259 people between “2003 to 2008”. The city of Islamabad was rocked by 11 suicide attacks in the period from 2002-2008. In the same period there were 8 suicide attacks in Rawalpindi. It is shocking to learn that there were 97 bomb blasts in Karachi alone in the period 1987-2004. These blasts resulted in killing of 325 persons and injuring 1260 innocents. In 2008 the bomb blasts which took place at different places in various towns and cities of Pakistan took the life of 1210 persons and 3055 people got injured. The terrorist organizations increasingly targeted Europeans and Americans in the post 9/11 era and about 19 attacks were carried out by terrorists and suicide bombers against the foreigners exclusively. Several Europeans and Americans died in these attacks.9

Pakistan has become a hub of Islamist terrorist groups. Each and every province, city and town has come under the impact of violence blood bath and killings. Rawalpindi, Islamabad and other major towns have been repeatedly targeted by militants and hence the country has become highly insecure for the tourists and travelers from western countries. Foreign nationals and tourists have been killed and attacked by the extremists in almost all the parts of Pakistan. Church official, journalists, social workers and tourists from USA, France, Germany, Holland, Great Britain, China, South Africa, Denmark etc. were attacked in a big way. Prominent hotels and restaurants which are popular among the tourists from USA and Europe were also attacked right from 2001 to 2008. Thus, the state and society of Pakistan had started appearing as hostile, unwelcome and unfriendly towards the tourists, travelers and adventurers.10 Due to this hostile and war-like situation tourism and hotel industry is gradually getting devastated and destroyed.11

On September 20, 2008 suicide bombers organized one of the most deadly terrorist attacks in Pakistan. The suicide squad of terrorists rode on a truck carrying estimated one tonne of deadly explosive material, and rammed into the Marriott Hotel by breaking down the gates, killing about 100 people and injuring countless innocent tourists. Several dozens of cars were burnt down and entire hotel building got engulfed in a deadly wild fire which rendered everything into ashes. This horrible and deadly attack caused shock waves and tremors across the globe compelling the governments to issue travel advisories to its citizens not to travel to Pakistan. Marriott Hotel is one of the most favourite places for the foreign tourists visiting Pakistan to stay and socialize. It is reported that the terror groups involved in this


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cowardly attack were targeting the Americans and the CIA officials staying there at that time. For the international and foreign tourists visiting Islamabad. Marriott Hotel is the only luxurious and comfortable place in the city to relax with mid morning cup of coffee, have a leisurely meal post mid night, a swim in its heated pool and even for a bit of music at its dry bar. Marriot is virtually a refuge of expats in the capital city with coffee shop a favorite hangout, Chinese restaurant, night club etc. where birthday parties, marriage anniversaries coupled with music and dance are organized. Marriott is the most suitable and ideal destination for seminars, soirees, recitals and receptions, birthdays and other bashes. Probably, the Jehadis who were born and brought up with feudal and obscurantist ideas felt jealous of the charm and beauties of Marriott Hotel, a Jewel in the crown of Pakistan and hence they targeted it to silence their ego by taking sadistic pleasure in killing of innocent people and sucking their blood. Growing clout of terrorists and mushrooming terrorist organizations equipped with suicide squads is playing havoc with the tourism and hospitality industry. The terrorist organizations earlier also targeted Marriott Hotel in 2004 and 2007 as it is considered a symbol of USA. When the suicide bombers were executing their act of mass destruction at Marriott Hotel, all the top Pakistani leaders including Asif Ali Zardari, Yousuf Raza Gilani, Army Chief General, Ashfaq Parvez Kayani etc. were at the premier's residence located just half a kilometer away in an Iftar Party.12 During the year 2008 at several places terrorist organizations caused suicide attacks and killed innocent people. Each and every town in Pakistan is under the impact of terrorist groups and suicide bombers. The authority of the government is confined only to cantonments and police outposts and police lines.13 Due to lack of security and fear injected by the terror attacks, USA and other European governments had issued travel advisories to the citizens of their respective countries against any travel/tour to Pakistan. As a result of the weak and ineffective policy and lack of cooperation between the military and civilian leadership to suppress the terrorist organizations,14 the tourism and hospitality industry is suffering miserably. The inflow of foreign tourists has got drastically reduced and hospitality industry is stagnating because of lawlessness and fear. In the long run terrorism would destroy the economy of the state if timely actions are not initiated to protect the foreign tourists, places of tourist importance, hotels and restaurants visited by the local as well as international tourists. The recent attacks on Marriot Hotel in Islamabad and Prayer Hall in Peshawar show that ideology of terrorism is deeply and firmly rooted in the bloody politic of Pakistan. This menace of terrorism would adversely affect the further chances of the growth of tourism, travel and hospitality industry to such an extent that even the tourist from South Asian countries would hesitate in visiting Pakistan. The country would suffer from the loss of foreign exchange and revenue amounting to billions of rupees. The hotel industry and tourism has witnessed a rapid decline throughout Pakistan after the devastating terror attack on Marriot Hotel on September 20, 2008. Right from five star hotels to guest houses all are bearing the brunt of the deadly blast. Tourists as well as travelers are scared to stay at hotels and it will take a lot of time to restore the normal situation and settle down things. However, in view of the on going terrorist activities experts are of the view that there is no ray of hope in the near future to improve the state of tourism and hotel industry as people are withdrawing money from banks and are leaving Pakistan. Foreign organizations operating in Pakistan are asking their staff to leave Pakistan immediately. In this situation who would prefer to visit Pakistan? There are very little chances for growth of tourism and hotel industry in existing scenario, remarked an expert. The foreign tourists, diplomats and executives of multinational corporations contribute in a big way for the growth of hotel and tourism sector. But with a series of blasts and attack on Marriott Hotel (Islamabad) and Prayer Hall in Peshawar recently, the families of diplomats and top executives are in process of leaving Pakistan. Thus, tourism is just like dead and terrorism has dealt a big blow to business and economy of Pakistan as foreign tourists and embassy staff is directed to leave Pakistan. Significantly,


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the tourists and travelers who somehow come to Pakistan have started opting for guesthouses instead of five star hotels. These guest houses operate from residential areas and hence considered safe and secure compared to five star hotels. Some hotel owners are even thinking of converting their hotel into restaurant so as to makeup with the loss. Top ranking hotels of Pakistan have witnessed a shortfall in the occupancies ranging from 40 to 60 percent from September 20, 2008 onwards. The terrorist attacks not only make impact on tourism and hotel industry of Pakistan15 but this menace is also damaging all other sectors of economy of this country.

Table No. 2.1 and 2.2 shows that the on-going war between Srilanka and LTTE, a dreaded terrorist organization fighting for creation of a Tamil homeland, has rendered this beautiful and attractive tourist destination unsafe for tourists, travelers and nature lovers. Between 2000 and 2008 more than 25000 people have lost their lives and country's economy has lost billions of dollars as revenue between the period “1980-2008”. The tourism and hotel industry could have flourished and contributed significantly to economic development of people. But bomb blasts, attacks and counter attacks, suicide bombing and war like situation have caused irreparable damage to the tourism and hotel industry in this island nation.16

Evidences and data relating to terrorism in Bangladesh (Table No. 3.1-3.3) suggest that hotel and tourism sector is also hit hard by Islamic and left-wing extremists in Bangladesh. The statistics on killings and bloodbath, bombings and serial blasts are quite significant and sufficient to prove that no tourist, frequent traveler and adventurer would feel safe in this country.17 Similarly Nepal is emerging as a disturbed state partly due to Maoist insurgency and partly due to presence of Pakistani elements promoting narco terrorism and Islamic terrorist groups. Pakistan is using Nepal as its northeastern base to wage proxy war against India. Via Nepal huge loads of counterfeit Indian currency notes, narcotics and even terrorists are moved to India by Pakistan's Inter Service Intelligence Agency (ISI). Weak security system and activities of Pakistan-sponsored elements would gradually render the tourism and hospitality industry of Nepal vulnerable to a variety of problems faced by other countries of this region. Nepal is one of the finest and most beautiful tourist destinations in South Asian region. But tourist and hotel industry is not capable to fully exploit its potential due to insurgency and terrorism.18

The presence of United Revolutionary Front of Bhutan (URFB), Bhutan Communist Party (Marxist-Leninist-Maoist), Bhutan Tiger Force (BTF) and several Indian Terrorist organizations are posing a serious threat to peace and tranquility of the Himalayan kingdom of Bhutan. This country was rocked by a series of bomb blasts in January 2008. Several towns and cities got disturbed. If the terrorist organizations are allowed to conduct their subversive activities any longer, the tourism and hotel industry of this beautiful country may suffer serious losses. There is need to arrest the growing threat of terrorist organizations in the state so as to protect tourism and hotel industry of Bhutan.19

Almost all the states, major cities and towns, places of tourist importance, pilgrim centre and even villages are affected by the hundreds of foreign sponsored as well as local terror outfits operating in India. The volume of bloodbath and killing of innocent people is far more than the number of soldiers who laid down their lives in all the 3-4 wars we fought against Pakistan and Sino-Indian war of 1962. In several states the terror organizations have set up a kind of parallel government as the authority of our elected government based in Delhi is confined to only military outposts and police stations. About 55000 people were killed in terrorist sponsored violence in the period from 1994 to 2008. Delhi the capital city of India was rocked by about 35 bomb blasts during the period 1997 to 2008. The financial capital of India Mumbai witnessed dozens of blasts from 1993 to 2006. Terrorists carried out about 30-40 attacks on Railways in India during 1996-2007. Foreign nationals visiting Indian as


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tourists were also targeted in a big way and many of them got killed in the violence perpetrated by the terror groups. These figures show that on law and order front India is not only very weak but also soft towards the terrorist organizations and law breakers. The weak and poor security system coupled with a series of deadly attacks on places of tourist importance is adversely affecting the tourism and hotel industry of India.20

The deadly attack carried out by the terrorist organizations on Mumbai, the commercial capital of India, on November 26, 2008 was one of the most devastating and tragic incidents in the economic history of post independent India. The terrorists issuing out from Karachi crept into Mumbai and went on a shooting spree at places of tourist concentration and importance. They carefully selected their targets so as to damage India's hotel and tourist industry. Shootout at Girgaum Chowpatty resulted in killing of one police person and one terrorist, at Metro Junction one person was killed and at Cama Hospital a total of 13 people got killed (including a police person.) At Nariman House two terrorists were killed by security forces whereas 6 innocent people died at the hands of terrorists. At Chattrapati Shivaji Terminus about 48 innocent people were killed in cold blood by the terrorists. Terrorists killed about 100 plus people in Hotel Taj Mahal. About 30 guests were killed in Oberoi Trident Hotel. Security agencies launched a massive counter terrorist attack and it took more than 70 hours to complete the counter terrorist operations by NSG and other security agencies. This horrible attack on Mumbai sent a chill down the spines of political leadership, heads of security agencies and armed forces of the Indian Union. Top leaders of the country, civil servants and heads of security forces were totally unaware and oblivious when the enemy had just reached upto the very door steps.21 Many heads started rolling owing to shocks and tremors caused by the terror attack and people's anger across the country in aftermath of this tragedy. Experts on security debated and discussed the lapses in our system, irresponsible behaviour of political leadership and the lack of coordination in security establishment.22 However, an important aspect which needs to be debated is the impact of terrorist attack at Mumbai on the tourism and hospitality industry in India. As per the preliminary reports ever since the terrorists took over the charge at Hotel Taj Mahal, Oberoi Trident, Leopold Cafe and Nariman Point the trade and business activities got badly affected. In just two days alone business loss was as high as Rs. 50,000 crore and India lost Foreign Exchange worth $20 billion. Thousands of overseas tourists cancelled their hotel bookings and air tickets and even the locals stopped visiting restaurants and hotels. Travel advisories issued by the USA and several European countries to their respective citizens have further hit hard the tourism sector. The movement of tourists from other states is also affected and hence there is need to further study the impact of terrorist activities in a region on the tourism, travel and hotel industries alongwith overall impact on the economy of a state or a country.23 Another significant and important aspect of the growing threat of terrorist organizations is that they want to create the image of India as a disturbed country, every now and then rocked by sectarian and terrorist violence, a state where the foreign or Indian tourists are not safe. This would spoil the image of the country and cause further losses and eventual destruction of tourism and hotel industry, as it happened in Jammu & Kashmir and certain states of northeast India. Prior to 1989-1990 every year 300,000 tourists used to visit Kashmir Valley but due to killings, blood bath and various acts of terror, the tourists got scared and in 1990 only a handful of foreign tourists visited Kashmir and they too were hesitating to venture out in the Kashmir Valley.24 Terrorist activities compels tourists and frequent travelers to alter their travel plans in such a way that terrorist-affected city/town or country is avoided or excluded from their itineraries. Sometime people decide to stay at home rather than visit a terror affected region. Managements of hotels, tour operators, stake holders in the hospitality industry and hotel owners' associations have reported that within a month from the attack on Taj Mahal. There is drastic cut/reduction in


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the inflow of foreign tourists in India. The tourist and hospitality industry has started recording slowdown, stagnation and even financial losses in this period.26

The taxi owners, rickshaw pullers, vegetable vendors and even farmers cultivating in remote villages suffer financial loss. Large numbers of daily wage earners and people employed in unorganized sector badly suffered from the fear of insecurity when Mumbai was attacked by terrorist and various star hotels were targeted. Owing to the fear of repetition of terror attacks and insecurity people even decided to leave the metropolitan centers27. Those who survived the attack on Taj Mahal Hotel, Oberoi Trident, Leopold cafe etc. were terribly traumatized by seeing the charred bodies, bullet-ridden faces, and blood bath. They were deeply tormented and shaken psychologically by the fear of a possible attack on their houses. People were even driven to acts of suicide.28 Thus terrorism also causes fear psychosis in regard to tourism.

The foreigners suffered grievously whenever the terrorists made attacks on hotels and places of tourist importance. The terrorist attacks on railways/trains and important towns and cities of India, Pakistan and Bangladesh have hit hard the tourism and hotel industry in the entire South Asian region. The security of tourist complexes, five star hotels and restaurants must be upgraded and improved. The layout plan and architecture of such places must be designed in such a way that vehicles and armed persons do not get entry easily in the premises unless and until they are cleared by security personnel. All the belongings and luggage items must be thoroughly checked through X ray machines and even manually before a guest is allowed to check in. A big hotel must have strong automatic channel gates so that if any undesirable element infiltrates into the premises, the gates can be closed to restrict and confine him/her at a particular floor. This would minimize the collateral damage and help in conducting rescue operations. It must be provided that all the security men recruited by five star hotels and tourist department should be only retired persons from armed forces having sufficient knowledge about weapon caliber, unarmed combat and techniques to immobilize vehicles and terrorist groups, sleep inducing spray, Blinding Bright Xenon Light, Super Foam, Lubricants etc. Security guards must be compulsorily made to undergo refresher courses and their equipments must be tested in every three to six months' time. The security forces and ATS should regularly get familiar with the layout plan and structure of the big buildings, hotels and tourist complexes. This will help in rescue and relief operations as well as counter terrorist action in case of such an attack. All the major towns and cities should have presence of highly sophistically trained commandos in the police setup or under Para military organizations. The root cause of all the major terrorist strikes in our region is overburdened police and Para military organizations. There are hardly 50-80 police persons for the security of 100,000 people in our country. Most of the security agencies are kept busy with the security of political leaders. Even the size of our security forces is very thin. We must enhance the size of security forces atleast by 50 percent at all levels. Anti terror laws must be made tougher to such an extent that no one can escape from punishment. More and more ex-servicemen should be employed in hotels and tourist complexes so that they can act as a counter weight against the terrorists and law breakers. The response time on Mumbai attack was 7-8 hours as NSG commandos reached the spot by morning of 27 January 2008. It must be as little as 2 minutes for the local police and 30 minutes for specialized counter terrorist squad. Over all maritime and border security of the countries of South Asian region needs to be strengthened to such an extent that no one can sneak into the boundary of our country.

The above discussion makes it clear that terrorism and insurgency is posing a serious threat to not only the economy of the region but also hitting hard at the foundation of tourism and hotel industry. Whenever a suicide attack is carried out in any town or city, the tourists get


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scared and their plan of travel in the region gets altered and they opt to visit other regions. When there was insurgency terrorism and bloodbath in 1989-90 onwards only a handful of tourists visited Jammu & Kashmir, whereas in normal situation every year 300,000 tourist used to visit the state. Recurring terrorist attacks and incidents of suicide bombings in India, Pakistan and other countries of South Asia have caused reduction in the inflow of foreign as well as local tourists touring within the region/country to places of tourist importance. Thus, there is need to put up a proper counter terrorist mechanism to arrest and eliminate any amount of terrorist threat to hotels and places of tourist importance in the region. Tourism and hospitality industry constitutes the fourth largest sector of Asian economy and hence this sector must be protected against any possible strike by the terrorists. There is also need to restore confidence of the foreign tourists in the security system and efficiency of the security forces; otherwise the tourists from abroad would not go to South Asian region. This may cause widespread financial loss and devastation leading to unemployment and decay of our national economy. The governments of this region must come together to strengthen security forces, conduct counter terrorism campaign, toughen anti-terror laws, curb loopholes in the laws dealing with terrorists and root out terrorism from this region to protect tourism and hotel industry.

References and Notes 1. Belau Dirk, The Impact of the 2001-2002 Crises On the Hotel and Tourism Industry,

ILO Geneva 2003 Pp.3-40.

2. Dutta Mondira, Impact of Terrorism On the Tourist Economy in Kashmir Valley, Paper presented in an International Seminar "Eliminating Terrorism: Towards Just and Secure India" organized by Mewar Institute Ghaziabad September 10, 2007.

3. See Table No. 1.1 to 5.5 appended with this paper.

4. Starkov Max, Terrorism: Impact on Travel and Hospitality, September 19, 2001, www.m-travel.com/2001/09/terroirsmimpact.htm, Blumenthal Ralph; On Terrorism and Tourism: Americans Alter Travel Plans, April 2, 1986 http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.htm, Tourism paves the Way for Yemeni youths, http://www.eturbonews.com/1542/tourism-paves-way-yemeni-youths.

5. Terrorism badly affects hotel, tourism industries, www://zibbcom/article/4287454/Terrorism-badly-affects-hotel-tourism industries, October 30, 2008 (Asia Pulse Data Source via COMTEX)

6. There is lack of team spirit among the countries of South Asia in the fight against terrorism. Pakistan and Bangladesh are openly waging proxy war against India by sponsoring and supporting terrorists. Sri Lanka is not at all helped by India to silence the LTTE. Nepal and Bhutan are used by Pakistan and China to create troubles in India. In the interest of well being of the people of this region and their economic progress, the countries of this region need to get united to fight against terrorism.

7. Rao Narayan Singh; Foreign Hand in the Growth of Terrorism and Insurgency in North Eastern India, paper presented in a Seminar on Eliminating Terrorism: Towards Just and secure India, September 10, 2007.

8. Post9/11-attacks on Western targets in Pakistan,

9. http://www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/Pakistan/database/westerntargets.htm.

10. 40 Killed in Islamabad Blast, The Hindu, September 21, 2008, Truck Bomb Kills 40 in Islamabad, The Times of India September 21, 2008 p.1, Islamabad's iconic


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landmark, Marriott an obvious target, Ibid. p.20, We're determined to fight terror: Pakistan Minister, The Hindu, Ibid.

11. In Pakistan the President and Prime Minister do not have any authority to control and eliminate terror groups because these groups are nurtured and raised by army. General Ashfaq Pervez Kayani and head of the Inter Service Intelligence Agency controls the real power of the state in Pakistan. The terrorist organizations are considered as allied force of the Pakistan's Army and hence one should not expect the political leadership of Pakistan to eliminate terrorism and create conducive atmosphere for the growth of hospitality and tourism industry. For details see the Times of India, Taliban Gets into Mainstream As Ally of Pakistan Army, Mumbai Attacks show Kayani wields real power in Pak, December 25, 2008 Pp. 1-2.

12. Terrorism badly affects hotel, tourism industries www://zibbcom/article/4287454/ terrorism-badly-affects-hotel-tourism-industries. Also see table 1.1 to 1.6 along with references.

13. http://www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/srilanka/database/annual_casualties.htm./bombblast.htm.

14. Fatalities of Islamist Terrorism in Bangladesh/Fatalities of Left-Wing Extremism in Bangladesh/Bomb blast in Bangladesh Since March 1999 etc. http://www.satp.org/satporgtp/ countries/bangladesh/database.

15. http://www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/nepal/database.htm.

16. http://www.satp.org/satporgpt/countries/bhutan/database/bomblasts.htm/casualties in Bhutan/assessment 2008 etc. There were about eight bombblasts in the year 2008 (from January to March) at different places in Bhutan. This shows the growing threat of terrorist organizations in this Himalayan kingdom.

17. Warfront Mumbai P. 12, Talking Terror P.10, Beyond 9/11, Toothless leaders turn tough nation into soft state, Terror on our door steps and several other articles, The Times of India, November 30, 2008,

18. Vilasrao faces axe despite lobbying, The Times of India December 1, 2008, Patil Ki Kursi Chidambaram Ko, Dainik Jagran December 1, 2008.

19. Attacks may have cost Rs. 50k cr., Airlines see Cancellations by inbound travelers, The Times of India December 1, 2008 P. 19. Terror Casualty: Cruise tourism hit The Times of India December 25, 2008. Indian tourist Industry would suffer a loss of more than 100 crore rupees owing to the decline of cruise tourism in the aftermath of terrorist attack on Mumbai, p.2.

As per the report in Dainik Jagarn entitled "Karobar Ko Laga Char Hazar Crore Ka Jatka" November 30, p. 12. Indian Industries and Business sector suffered a loss of Rs. 4000 Crore due to attack on Mumbai. Major victims of this included Hotels, Tour operators, Restaurant owners etc.

26. Atankvadi Hamlo Ke Bad Kam Huae Videshi Sailani, Jansatta Delhi, December 23, 2008 P. 4.

27. Raymond Thibodeaux; Mumbai Assess Impact of Siege, Right Side News November 29, 2008 File://G:/2008/292804 Mumbai Assess Impact of Siege-Global Terrorism.htm.


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28. Zachariah MP; I cannot stay alone in the house at night, Hindustan Times December 7, 2008, p. 11.

One person committed suicide, thousands of people suffered from sleeplessness and psychological disorder and others apprehended attacks on their houses. All these things compelled people to stay indoors and hence the hospitality industry suffered badly for several days. The report suggests that the number of foreign tourists had substantially declined in top ranking hotels after attacks on Mumbai.

DR. NARAYAN SINGH RAO is Director of Mewar Institute of Management Sector 4-C, Vasundhra, Ghaziabad-201012 email: [email protected]


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“TOURISM AND TERRORISM: ISSUES AND CHALLENGES”

Prof. (Dr.) Manohar Sajnani

Abstract Peace, Safety and Security are the primary conditions for the normal Tourism Development at any destination and therefore, are considered as the basic determinants of its growth. Without Peace , Safety and Security destinations cannot sucessfully complete on the generating markets inspite of having an attractive Marketing Campaign like Incredible India, highlighting best quality natural and built attractions. It is true that every minute of every day a crime or a violent act occurs at a destination some where in the world and at the same time we cannot deny that many types of Safety and Security risks co-exists in everyone daily life and within Tourism as well. In India the recent violent terrorist activities have earned her an image of being “so incredibly unsaft” and the primary reason for the same can categorically be mentioned as Terrorism. It is due to Terror that India continues bleeding and no part of our beautiful Country is spared and as a result the Tourism business is badly hit and our Tour Operators are really a worried lot with 30 – 40% cancellations. It is perhaps with a aim to review the multiple acts of Terrorism against many of the Tourism components that Banarsi Das Chandiwala Institute of Hotel Management and Catering Technology has choosen this theme and at the right time.It is in the light of these issues that this paper lays the emphasis . upon the relationship betwee Terrorism and Tourism, various types of Terrorists activities affecting Tourism and Strategies to combat Tourism for Structural Growth of Tourism in India.

Keywords : Safety, Security, Peace, Terrorism, Destinations, Sustainable, Image, Campaign, Media

Introduction Terrorism is not a new term for us as right from the assassination of Smt. Indira Gandhi,Sh. Rajiv Gandhi till recent Mumbai attacks ;India has suffered a lot in terms of human casualties, capital money, tourism etc.India,from the time of independence, was dragged into war with neighbors to protect nation territory. Now in this nuclear regime, when direct war is not possible, neighbouring country in order to disturb peace and industrial growth of our country is transporting fully trained terrorist. Therefore, in recent times only it’s meaning, scope and mythology has changed. Indian as well as World history is full of instances of terrorist activities that in the past it was the terror of strong against weak but today it is replaced by terror attempts of weak against strong as is seen in 9/11/2001 and 26/11/2008.

All the components of tourism have witnessed a great paradigm shift in the post 9/11 terrorist attack period particularly air travel has become much more difficult as a series of screening processes have been introduced not only in US but across the world which is time consuming and as a result increasing reports of flight delays and missing of the connections are seen, resulting in to anger displacement and which means flight attendants have to face the brunt of anger due to these flight delays or missing the connections.

Places of lodging particularly Hotels and Motels are used as places from which terrorist attacks may be planned, hotels may also be terrorist’s target as is happened on 26/11 when terrorist attacked Heritage Taj Mahal Hotel and The Trident Oberoi at Mumbai wherein the aim is to target foreign nationals and to gain global media attention.


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Terrorism Menace in India, Past and Present Today India is experiencing three kinds of terrorist acts in different parts of the country. Schematic is the one type in which group of Activists with the help of a popular leader gain the support of locals and fight for local interests and indulge in activities like kidnapping and hijacking in order to put pressure on the government for meeting their demands. The second type of terrorist group is indulged in insurgency and in spite of having local support do not involve in activities like kidnapping but want to create panic for government machinery. The third type of terrorist group is that of religious fundamentalists who are termed as Jihadis and they are trained to fight and die for their religious faith. This group is the most dangerous and creating havoc for the world through their terrorist activities and India is worst affected. Initially terrorist activities were confined to the bordering states of Punjab and Jammu and Kashmir but today terrorists are freely executing their activities in all parts of the country. These terrorist attacks have become so frequent and planned that India has experienced blow after blow, almost every month, in the second half of the year 2008 spelling doom for the Indian economy in general and tourism industry at large. May13 blast at Jaipur Killing 70,July 25 blast at Bangalore killing 02,July 26 blast at Ahmedabad killing 50,13 September blast at Delhi, killing 30,29 September blast at Malegaon killing 05,21 October blast at Imphal killing 17,30 October blast at Assam, killing77 and the most devastating terrorist attack at Mumbai on 26 November killing more than 177 civilians and bringing commercial capital of India to a hostage condition. This all was only done by 11 terrorists resulting in to economic loss of more than Rs 2000 crores directly and several thousands of crores indirectly and cancellations of more than 30-40% affecting all components of tourism industry and of course the most recent attack in Guwahti on 01 January 2009 killing 7-8 people. Therefore this is the most appropriate time to address the crucial issues related to terrorism and its impact on tourism.

Sanctuary of Terrorism It is believed that our neighbor country has raised 24 armed groups (excluding groups for Afghanistan) during various phases of Pakistan’ History as covert instruments of state policy, to intimidate opponents of its regime, to create internal sectarian conflicts and to carry out terrorist activities in India. Now slowly and certainly it is losing control and influence on them and thus it is become a security threat not only to India but also to Pakistan itself. It is firmly believed that terrorism and insurgency can not survive without sanctuary in Pakistan, which provides freedom of movement, safe havens, logistic and training facilities, a base for recruitment, communication for command and control and a secure environment for collaboration with foreign terrorist groups.

The Let or the army of Pure, and Jaish – e – Muhammed (JeM) or the Army of Muhammad, is two of the largest jihadi organizations in Pakistan. The LeT was born as an armed wing of Markaz Dawat-ul Irshad (MDI), a group which received $200,000 from Osama bin Laden’s Afghan Service Bureau to set up its sprawling headquarters at Muridke and it has offices all over Pakistan. The MDI runs 200 secondary schools, 11 madrasas, two science colleges, an ambulance service, mobile clinics and blood banks, besides a charity organization called Idara Khidmat-e-Khaiq The educational curriculum of these schools and colleges are guided by Hafiz Saeed’s philosophy to achieve jihad. This philosophy stands on “ India understands only one language i.e. the language of jihad”. Posters carrying the telephone numbers of its offices are often seen in urban and rural areas of Pakistan urging young men to join jihad. As a result it provides a seemingly endless supply of potential new recruits for the insurgency. And as a result JeM training camps in PoK, NWFP, Sindh and Balochistan continue to manufacture 21st


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Century brand of jhadis. These men are like misguided missiles, waiting to be sent on mission within and outside Pakistan.

Linkages Between Tourism and Terrorism As far as linkages between tourism and terrorism goes we may assume that the statement of Mr. Yaseer Arafat “I formally and absolutely renounce all forms of Tourism “This Freudian slip of tongue of Mr. Yasmeer Arafat connected for the first time terrorism with Tourism. Therefore, terrorism against tourism industry is not a recent phenomenon but in the modern age there has been and intensification of the use of terrorism with tourism being continually attacked and tourism terrorism increasingly ideologically motivated. These attacks have been against all aspects of the industry from cruise ships to hotels and from buses to airplanes to destroy economies through random death and panic. Therefore terrorism is a form of war and its aim is to destroy economies through panic and random death. The notion that terrorism occurs because of poverty or social frustration can be proved absolutely wrong as had this been true terrorism would have occurred only in poverty struck areas or in areas where social ills are located. If it is so the roots of terrorism would not have taken shape and roots only in wealthy nations or all the poor countries would have suffered from terrorism. What then causes acts of terrorism particularly against different components of Tourism, is very difficult to explain, but through a theoretical assumption we may try to explain this occurrence.

To begin with we need to understand the relationship between Terrorism and Tourism. Terrorism celebrates violence and terrorist manifest violence addiction. The goals of terrorism are destruction and not the construction. Terrorist do not seek peaceful end to the conflicts rather they consider violence as the permissible strategy for liberation and achieving ideological goals.

Terrorism has unique social components/social characteristics of any medieval society like :

Debasement of Women and women only being used as an instrument to gain power and once power is gained position of women degraded,

Feeling of insecurity among community members,

Hatred for others/xenophobia,

Rejection of capitalism and holding economic gains unholy and desiring replacement of capitalism with local economic systems,

The rejection of individualism because people are judged not by merits rather by group to which they belong and it is for this reason that modern societies are fighting wars against each other.

On the contrary, Tourism Industry, developed after World War II, has a significant role for women to play as leaders, CEOs, and managers. Tourism today is a big business and no one knows the exact amount of money generated through the tourism industry. You all will agree with me that that Tourism is not only a big business but it also holds a nation’s iconic treasures. Thus an attack on tourism is not only an attack on a national economy, but it is often an attack on that nation’s iconic treasures. Moreover Tourism is based on the principle of openness which is opposite to the xenophobia. Therefore Tourism has a large number of aspects that make it highly vulnerable to terrorist attacks for instance tourism sells highly volatile products and tourism is a voluntary activity and no one can be forced to take a vacation. Secondly tourism products are open to spoilage due to their perishable nature and when a destination is perceived as insecure because of terrorist warnings, the opportunity- lost phenomena also widens. Thirdly and the most important is the fact that the reaction of tourists


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is based on perception and fears. Furthermore acts of terrorism against tourism industry are successfully organized by creating an atmosphere of fear because fear production is a very potent weapon in the hands of terrorists. The fear of terrorism need not even be based on terrorism. Terrorists try to develop fears that can continue long after the real or perceived threat has past; this is what we have seen in most of the terrorist attacks in India including 26/11. To achieve this task successfully Terrorists merely need to be media savvy because they are aware that media will show people sufferings and this information will be repeated constantly on the 24 hour news channel. This repetition serves to increase this fear and this will produce the terrorist’s desired effect of economic destruction.

An important question which comes to everyone’s’ mind is that Why tourism is vulnerable to terrorist attack? Probably because of unsaid reasons:-

- Tourists are hard people to track and tourism is an easy industry to attack. People on vocation often do not wish to think about world’s problems instead being on holiday they have a tendency to let down their guard, to dress strangely, to pay a little attention to their surroundings and to keep strange hours. So it is easy for terrorists to infiltrate in tourism industry.

- Tourism is connected to major transportation centers which functions as heart and soul of the modern economies. If terrorist’s goal is the destruction of economies then their attacks on these transport centers makes sense and then these attacks become a media event and help terrorists to broadcast their message.

- Tourism is highly media oriented and terrorists seek publicity. Terror cannot be successful if no one has heard about the act of terror. Tourism destinations tend to market themselves to be known, therefore they provide good media access and can assure a terrorist of almost instant exposure.

- More importantly tourism centers don’t take personal histories of their clients. People come and leave at will; during unusual hours and have different dress codes. All this mean tourism can be a perfect cover for terrorist activities.

- How can we predict the possibility of terrorist attack or how can we reduce the possibility of terrorists attack on any destination? Of course it is very difficult to predict When How and Where next terrorist attack may occur but we need to presume that any place any thing can be the target of terrorists employing their optimum resources to cause maximum destruction and public losses. However we may try to predict the possibility of any terrorists attack by addressing the following issues:-

- Do the destination /site has the potential for mass causalities?

- Does the locale offer mass publicity and good image for media?

- Would an attack on this site / destination result in major economic damage i.e. effect on its sustainability?

- Does destination/site contain a nation icon which if attacked would result in national depression, anger or fear?

- Greater the number of positive responses to these issues higher the potential for a terrorist attack and more security guard is needed. But real concern for all of us is that public need security but they fear security and visible security can hurt business and it gives media the desired opportunity to speak.


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- It is therefore, important for all of us including our Government to take measures to lessen the chances of terrorist attacks on any tourism destinations by following four Ps model to effectively combat terrorism

: POLITICAL WILL

: PROFESSIONALISM

: PUBLIC CO-OPERATION

: PROPAGANDA(As we have seen MEDIA IS THE OXYGEN OF TERRORIST)

- Conduct a good security analysis of all components of tourism sector in order to list vulnerability and weaknesses.

- Develop a working relationship between local security professional and the various components of visitor industry.

- Create visitor safety sessions for visitor industry employees.

- Develop security signs to explain both guests and employees things such as:

• People and things to avoid

• Warning signs

• Emergency access phones and numbers

• Evacuation routes to take

• To have a good tourism destination security plan and to have good people training to implement it.

Conclusion To conclude I would like to confess that the right time has come to rethink on our response to terrorism. One question that has really not been discussed why is India a target for terrorist attacks at all? Does the solution to this problem lies in identifying some terrorist groups and try to attack these groups? Do we need to prepare ourselves well for mitigating its effects? Or is there a need for India to deal with Kashmir issue with more pressure on Pakistan as it is related to the issues of minority in India. It is true that answering these or any one of the questions will not help us in solving terrorism problem instantly rather it will weaken us by exposing our weaknesses to International community. We need to comprehend that terrorism is an act of symbolic violence that aims at creating an upward spiral of empty reciprocal violence. Terrorism is a battle of ideas and violence is merely a device. Terrorism uses brutal gross methods towards a noanced, subtle ends. It is true that whatever may be the intensity and brutality of terrorist attacks terrorists can not weaken India but are/can certainly cause serious damages to our fragile Tourism Industry. Should we really follow the US way and try to resolve the issue on permanent basis, since for last seven years US (POST 9/11) no terrorist attack has been reported from US. Whatever may be the decision or the strategy selection, all the components of Tourism industry must be safeguarded against any future terrorist attack as once favorable tourist destination image is lost it will be very difficult to recover. We also need to keep in mind the approaching Commonwealth Games demanding peaceful and secure conditions in the country.

Prof. (Dr.) Manohar Sajnani , Director, Amity Institute of Travel & Tourism, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Noida, U.P E-mail: [email protected], [email protected]


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EFFECTS OF TERRORISM ON TOURISM AND ECONOMIC GROWTH OF A COUNTRY

Dr. Atul Bansal, Dr. Shweta Bansal

Abstract Recent terrorist acts, in particular the Mumbai 26-29 November 2008 have created disruptions in the global economy. The short-term impact had been felt in the global tourism, airline industries, as well as the financial markets. Terrorism can hurt the tourism sector by reducing tourist arrivals. Over time, continued terrorist attacks may also reduce FDI significantly. Besides such direct short- and long-term costs, indirect costs of terrorism include the need for greater advertising expenses to attract new or more tourists, reconstruction costs for damaged tourist facilities, and security enforcement expenses to lessen terrorist threats. This paper examines literature focusing on the relationships between these phenomena. Research themes which emerge from available studies include impacts of terrorism on tourist demand, motives of terrorists in targeting tourists, using tourism as a political tool, the effects of political violence on destination image, crisis management, and recovery marketing efforts. We review the effects of the current war on terrorism in terms of its impact on the Tourism and Economic Growth.

Introduction Tourism is the capital's second largest and fastest growing industry. Valued at £8billion, it represents 8% of London's GDP and employs 275,000 people. Prior to 2001, the capital city attracted 28 million visitors each year. It is the lead destination within the UK, accounting for 50% of overseas expenditure. However, London's inbound tourism industry lost approximately £1.75 billion in 2001. In December of that year, 73% of the capital's tourism reported a post-September 11th downturn of around 25%. In addition to its direct benefits, such as foreign exchange earnings, tourism is also a source of foreign direct investment (FDI) in many developing countries.

Global Terrorism has become a harsh reality in today’s society. Terrorism hurt the tourism sector by reducing tourist arrivals. Over time, continued terrorist attacks may also reduce FDI significantly. Besides such direct short- and long-term costs, indirect costs of terrorism include the need for greater advertising expenses to attract new or more tourists, reconstruction costs for damaged tourist facilities, and security enforcement expenses to lessen terrorist threats. Major airports in Europe and Mediterranean have had to made costly improvements in security in response to growing terrorist attacks. Terrorism is more likely to have detrimental effects on tourist arrivals in countries with significant terrorist incidents. Tourism is a straight-forward concept and may be defined as a service based industry comprised of several elements including transportation, accommodation, food and beverage, tours and merchandising. Terrorism, however, proves a challenging concept to define.

Terrorism’s impact on Indian Tourism Mumbai, the commercial capital of India, has not yet forgotten the devastating serial blasts on July 2006 which killed 185 people and injured many more. The terrorist shook this cosmopolitan city of historical and cultural importance once again on November 26,


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2008. The terror attacks in Mumbai were most dangerous, well-plotted and multipurpose. The motive behind this gruesome conspiracy was not only to make loss of lives and property; its main motive was to send a message to the world that no place in the world, even places considered the safest, is beyond the reach of these terrorists. It also made clear that the tourists, wherever they may live, can not escape from the savagery of terrorism. It also aims at weakening India’s economy by putting the adverse effect on tourism.

More than 170 people were killed during the terror siege, one of the deadliest attacks in India's history. The Mumbai terrorist attacks struck India’s tourist industry at the start of peak season, compounding problems for airlines and hotels that were already facing the slowest growth in visitor numbers in five years. Terrorist attacks aimed at foreign tourists, such as the Mumbai assaults, may hurt hotel bookings and airline-ticket sales for more than a year. While the confrontation between terrorists and the National Security Guards raged in the corridors of the luxurious Taj Mahal Hotel at Gateway of India, for the third day, travel agents in the city reported a deluge of calls by tourists and travellers wanting to cancel their bookings.

Rajji Rai, president, Travel Agent Association of India (TAAI): "Till now, we were worried about the economic slowdown and its impact on the tourism industry. But this is a direct attack on the industry as it has targeted hotels and foreigners. This is the peak period for the tourism sector and we were hoping business would pick up in a month. But now it seems difficult as the situation might be totally different. It is too early to say how big an impact it will have, but it definitely looks like the sector will be hit badly."

International rating agency Standard & Poor's (S&P) says that the tourism and hotel industry are expected to have the most impact in the near-term and foreign tourist inflows are likely to slow down. ''Western countries have either issued travel advisories or cautions. Media has reported about 15 per cent cancellations in airline bookings at present. Overseas clients, such as those of Indian IT companies, may postpone their visits but this may not have much impact since business travel to outsourcing destinations is anyway low due to holidays in the Western world,'' said the S&P statement.

Hypothesis of Variables The purpose of this research design is to evaluate the following hypothesis:-

Terrorists adversely impact the tourism industry in a developing country by targeting its tourists.

The dependent variable – tourism – may be operationalized through several different means, including the examination of a country’s balance of payments as reported by the International Monetary Fund and World Bank and “flight arrivals” as reported to the WTO. This research design will look primarily at “tourism income receipts,” another measure reported to the WTO. If this were a comprehensive research design, the study would consider two additional independent variables:-

First, counter - terrorism efforts. Most states suffering from tourist terrorism adjust policies in order to counter terrorist activity, such as increasing the number of police, redirecting police to tourist-heavy locations or advertising to offset a negative image. Operationalizing this variable might take into account the number of police forces, police force locations and advertising budgets.

Second, regional and global economic performance. Terrorist activity may generate a decline in tourism revenue, but so could other independent variables such as regional conflict, war or global economic conditions. Operationalizing this variable might look at the existence of



specific events such as national and regional conflict and war, global economic growth rates and global disposable income figures.

Sophisticated terrorists constantly evaluate their present status, which may be considered as either satisfying or unsatisfying. If satisfying, a terrorist group may accept the status quo. If unsatisfying, a terrorist group might recognize that goals are at risk and make changes. If a terrorist group elects to make changes, it will expect new outcomes. Regarding a desire for increased attention, a flow chart for a terrorist group making changes might resemble the following:

There are several means to operationalize the dissemination of information. For this study, data collected on international reporting of terrorist attacks will be used. Another means may include a collection of government-produced travel advisories, which fluctuate depending on the levels of terrorism in other countries.

Finally, the hypothesis includes one requirement. The affected countries must be considered “developing” countries, as classified by the World Bank, which defines developing countries as low- and middle-income countries in which most people have a lower standard of living with access to fewer goods and services than do most people in high-income countries.

Present Condition: Tourism has central role in state economy and seems unaffected by terrorism

Policy Change: Increase Intensity and number of attacks on Tourists

Intermediate Outcome: Increase International attention of terrorism, affecting tourism l l

Long-term goal: Tourism industry falters to point that state accepts terrorist group demands.

Economic Consequences of Terrorism The prevention of large-scale economic damage and human casualty is the primary objective in the war on terrorism. In the case of the 26-29- Nov.11 attacks at Mumbai (India); they inflicted casualties and substantial material damages on a far greater scale than any terrorist aggression in recent history. The physical damage of the 26-29- Nov.11 attacks was tremendous. Whole portions of India financial infrastructure were destroyed or disabled. In the 60-hour terror ordeal that struck Mumbai on Wednesday night caused a blow of nearly Rs. 4,000 crore to the financial capital of the country. "It is an overall loss of the economy as hotels, shops and all businesses were closed. A minimum of Rs 1,000 crore per day is lost when such a shut-down takes place," Assoc ham Secretary D S Rawat said.

The short-term impact includes the disruptions to the global services, airline industry, and tourism and hotel industries. The dampening of consumer and investor confidence and the accompanying reassessment of operational and security risks led to a sharp withdrawal from the capital markets. The shrinkage of coverage for terrorism-related risks left many businesses dangerously exposed. Fears of further terrorist acts impacted the global asset markets.

Besides the immediate infrastructural and economic damage, terrorist attacks could create longer lasting effects in other aspects of society. For instance, another major terrorist attack in the future would damage the trust in the government’s capacity to protect the country. The displacement of the surviving population to non-contaminated areas could create the


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need for new housing, with the cost of reconstruction falling on the government. Over the long term, further terrorism attacks in urban areas will sharply reduce the readiness of persons and businesses to agglomerate in metropolitan areas. As the population disseminate to less populated areas away from the cities, this may have a negative impact on tourism, innovation and productivity growth.

Case Study Selection The selection of a case study to support the hypothesis must meet several requirements.

First, the country must benefit from tourism. There are 190 countries in the world, nearly all of which benefit to some extent from tourism. However, not all of the countries benefit equally. The case study selection takes into account a cutoff based on international tourism receipts, which is a WTO indicator defined as expenditures of international inbound visitors including their payments to national carriers for international transport. They also include any other prepayments made for goods/services received in the destination country. A cutoff of one billion dollars in international tourism receipts in 1999 results in a list of 51 countries.

Second, introducing a parameter evaluating the economic impact of tourism on the economy. The list of the remaining countries includes those in which international tourism receipts account for three percent or greater of the gross domestic product.

Third, the country must be considered a developing country. This is important because one key element of the study is to gauge the impact terrorism has on a smaller, underdeveloped economy. The United States withstood the economic impact of the Al Qaeda strikes on September 11, 2001 because the economy is relatively strong and more importantly, diverse. However, a smaller country with a less diversified economy would likely have greater difficulty absorbing the financial impact of a similar event. The main criterion for classifying a country is gross national product (GNP) per capita. Each economy is classified as low income, middle income (subdivided into lower middle and upper middle), or high income. Other measures based on geographic regions, exports, and levels of external debt are also used.

The purpose of this study, however, is to examine tourist terrorism, which requires that terrorism target tourists. Though instances of this type likely occurred in these countries (as well as developed countries).

Impact of Trade Flows and Technological Diffusion For countries that are situated close to the technological frontier, innovation and the development of new technologies is one of the prime drivers of economic growth for advanced industrial countries. However, for countries that are situated far away on the technological frontier, foreign direct investment and trade are the main mechanisms for transmitting leading edge technologies and business practices among countries. The concern here is that the war on terrorism would adversely impact trade flows, as costlier airfreight and longer processing times at customs increase the cost of trade. While there is little evidence so far to suggest that cross-border investment flows globally have slowed down in the wake of global terrorism, if the reduction in investment flows becomes significant, it could slow down the diffusion of technology and impede technological advancement as well as economic growth. Nonetheless, as national efforts are focused on fighting terrorism, it will lead to greater international collaboration on the sharing of technological developments.


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Increased border controls or immigration restrictions may also impede the flow of labor and technical talents. The just-in-time supply chain management system, commonly practiced nowadays for most industries, depends to a large degree on the efficiency of border crossings. The introduction of comprehensive controls at the national borders due to heightened terrorism concerns could lead to a slowdown in the movement of tradable goods. If this becomes substantial, it could have a negative effect on national tourism, economic growth and on innovation. The terrorism may have an economically significant negative effect on growth, although the magnitude of the negative effect is much smaller and less persistent than that associated with external wars or internal conflict. The study also found that terrorism is associated with a redirection of economic activity away from investment spending and towards government spending.

The WTO and Current Norms Generally, norms and international laws addressing terrorism are well developed. A plethora of international treaties concerning issues such as hijackings, bombings and terrorism financing exist. However, there has been very little attention paid to tourist terrorism specifically. Why? The tourism industry is a moderately developed segment of the international community, the management of which is left largely to private industry. The implication is that norms and international laws addressing the terrorizing of tourists are weak. However, not only do some norms exist, but the prospect for further norm development has taken great strides in recent weeks.

The most important name in international tourism is the WTO, a 20 year-old international governmental organization with 143 members responsible for industry advancements such as the Global Code of Ethics for Tourism (GCET). The GCET is a non-binding agreement accepted by member states that establishes tourism, among other things, as a factor of sustainable development, stating “All the stakeholders in tourism development should safeguard the natural environment with a view to achieving sound, continuous and sustainable economic growth geared to satisfying equitable the needs and aspirations of present and future generations.”17 The GCET also establishes the rights for international tourists to discover and enjoy the planet’s resources, natural or otherwise, as if they were citizens of the country they are visiting. Tourism, according to the GCET, contributes to mutual understanding and respect between peoples and societies, acts as a vehicle for individual and collective fulfilment and provides a beneficial activity for host countries and communities.

Recommendations What does the future hold? Attacks on an even broader scale than the 26-29 Nov. Mumbai or 9-11 attacks may occur. The whole Wall Street and financial district would be destroyed and hundreds of thousands of lives would be lost. The recovery of financial transactions would depend on the availability of back-up facilities and data duplication. There would be severe disruption to the transportation system, including the port and airports. In light of these potential future scenarios, technology will play a far greater role in preventing future terrorist acts.

The burden upon a state managing a terrorism problem may be enormous, serious and unmanageable, particularly as terrorists seem undeterred by an underdeveloped set of global norms and international laws against terrorism. To some extent, a fair amount of international activity addressing terrorism since the al Qaeda attacks in September 2001, including the acceptance of several international treaties address facets of terrorism such as


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financing and hijackings, has provided some relief. But what else should the international community consider?

1. States should push for international recognition of tourist terrorism. The first step would be to add an additional point to the GCET specifically addressing terrorism, which it currently does not. The second step would be to call for a specific international treaty denouncing terrorism that targets tourism. This may seem like obvious steps, but current international treaties that outlaw airline hijacking and bombing were needed to serve notice to terrorists, and the states that sponsor them, that these forms of terrorism will never fall into the grey area of activity performed by “freedom fighters” or revolutionaries.

2. States should seek to internalize the concepts communicated in the GCET, which includes the “right to tourism,” “liberty of tourist movements,” and “rights of the workers and entrepreneurs in the tourism industry.” These concepts should be integrated into domestic law, the violations of which would carry fines and prison sentences.

3. The international community should support the development of a nongovernmental organization that focuses on tourism much in the same manner that Transparency International (TI) focuses on corruption. Not only will this help replace the NGO void left by the integration of the WTO into the UN, but it will also help educate tourists and states alike on the impact of terrorism on the industry. However, the development of an NGO that manages a set of indices such as those developed by TI would help tourists in unbiased destination selection – a sort of NGO travel advisory – and provide countries with a clearer understanding of how the tourism industry perceives it and how it stacks up against other countries (a reality check). Given a certain expertise, this NGO could help countries develop policies to combat tourist terrorism and grow the tourism industry.

References 1. Lake, 6 Nightmares, Little, Brown and Company, New York, 2000. 2. World Tourism Organisation. “Tourism Market Trends: World Overview and Tourism

Topics”, 2001. 3. M. Trajtenberg, Defense R&D policy in the anti-terrorist era, NBER Working Paper,

vol. 9725, National Bureau of Economic Research, 2003, Available at http://www.nber.org/papers/w9725.

4. E. Skons, C. Perdomo, S. Perlo-Freeman, P. Stalenheim, Military Expenditure, Chapter 10, SPIRI Yearbook 2004, Stockholm International Peace Research Institute, 2004 (June 9).

5. Feichtinger, G., R.F. Hartl, P.M. Kprt, and A J. Novak. “TerrorismControl in the Tourism Industry” Journal of Optimization Theory and Applications, February 2001, 108(2), pp. 283-96.

6. International Travel Insurance Journal, issue 95 – December 2008. 7. The Star, December 13, 2008 Edition 1 8. Canada Free Press 9. India Today / Times of India / Outlook etc.

Dr. Atul Bansal is Principal of C.Z.Patel College of Business and Management, Vallabh Vidya Nagar, Distt. Anand GUJARAT), [email protected]

Dr. Shweta Bansal, Lecturer in Economics Department of J.V.Jain (PG) College Saharanpur ( U. P. )


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http://www.nber.org/papers/w9725



TERRORISM LEADS TOURISM CRISIS A CASE STUDY OF RAJASTHAN

Ghazal Masarrat , Amit Kumar Varshney

Abstract Rajasthan is one of favorite place to visit in the books of tourists at the time of visiting India. The state of Rajasthan depends heavily on tourism for its development, which contributes considerable revenue to the Government. During these days of the eruption of the militancy, frequent militant activities and strict security measures acted as a barrier for the tourist arrival in India and its negative impact can also be seen in the state of Rajasthan. At the time of terrorism attack or just after the attack hardly any tourists wish to visit in the state. It doesn’t matter whether terrorism attack is at Mumbai or else where the fact is it psychologically affect the tourist all over the world. The famous palaces and monuments were faced deserted. However due to the positive efforts of the both Central and state government with the support of security force and local support, the insurgency in the state has been put under check and controlled to a great extent.

Key words: Tourism, Terrorism, Rajasthan tourism, Militancy

Tourism is one of the most important economic sectors. The importance of tourism industry of the individual country in terms of earning foreign exchange, balance of payments and employment generation effect can be judged effectively in relation to that of other sectors in same economy. In India tourism not only has direct contribution to the economy but it has significant linkages with several other sectors like agriculture, poultry, handicrafts, construction, transport ,accommodation etc. India also offers many variety of tourism for the domestic and foreign tourists from snow to beach, from sand to wildlife, monument to adventure, camel safari to elephant safari etc. so there are business tourism, cultural tourism, social tourism, Cruise Tourism, Rural Tourism, Sports Tourism, adventure tourism, medical tourism, eco tourism etc. The importance of tourism in India can be judged in the form of increasing foreign tourist arrivals, foreign exchange earnings and employment generation. According to the reports of Ministry of Tourism, Government of India, India’s share in the international tourist arrivals in 2007 was 0.56% and India rank at 42 in world’s tourist arrivals, tourist arrivals gone up from 0.015 million in 1950 to 5.08 million in 2007, and foreign exchange earning increased from Rs. 4 cr. in 1950 to Rs. 44360 cr. in 2007. But there are many obstacles in the development of tourism like war, economic reform, industrialization, natural disaster (tsunami, earthquake etc.), political instability and terrorism.

Any linkage between terrorism and tourism is difficult to perceive. One is to generate fear, while the other breeds joy and happiness. Tourism promotes cross-cultural understanding whereas terrorism erects barriers. But tourism today functions in a world where the clash of civilisation has reached an alarming intensity. Tourism struggles under the constant threat of terrorism. Now a day’s terrorist mainly targeting tourist’s places and tourists. There are many reason for targeting tourist because terrorist want to threat the culture, religion and social norms, damage the economy , to makes government impotent, to attract media attention, tourism environments suites to terrorism and tourists are easy prey like -easily identifiable, unfamiliar with environment, don’t’ speak the language, unarmed, unable to identify suspicious behavior.


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In India recent terrorist attack and bomb blast took place at various tourist destination like Jaipur, Bangalore, Ahmedabad , New Delhi, Guwahati . Mumbai in 2008.

Status of Tourism in Rajasthan Rajasthan is one of the few states in India which offers manifold attraction to tourists. It is visited each year by millions of tourists, scholar and pilgrims from all over the world. The important tourism cities of Rajasthan which have the tourist’s interest are such as Udaipur – the city of lakes or the Kashmir of Rajasthan, Jodhpur – the city of whiteness, Bikaner – the yellow city, Jaisalmer – the golden city and Mount Abu – a hill station with the sunset point. The typical typography, the glorious past, rich history, and folk life in the state has created a special halo of attraction to the tourists from the country and abroad. Rajasthanis known for its diversity in terms of natural resources, history an the people. The many forts and palaces, heritage hotels and attraction of traveling on the Palace on Wheels has been a unique selling proportion for tourists coming to the state. In Rajasthan, tourism is the third largest employer after agriculture and textiles sector.

The tourist arrival in Rajasthan since 1998 is shown in table 1

Table – 1.1 Tourist arrival in Rajasthan from 1998 to 2008(upto June)

Number of tourists Percentage Change (%) Year

Domestic Foreigner Total Domestic Foreigner Total

1998 6403310 591369 6994679

1999 6675528 562685 7238213 4.25 -4.85 3.48

2000 7374391 623100 7997491 10.47 10.74 10.48

2001 7757217 608283 8365500 5.19 -2.38 4.6

2002 8300190 428437 8728627 6.99 -29.57 4.34

2003 12545135 628560 13173695 51.14 46.71 50.92

2004 16033896 971772 17005668 27.81 54.6 29.09

2005 18787298 1131164 19918462 17.17 16.4 17.13

2006 23483287 1220164 24703451 25 7.87 24.02

2007 25920529 1401042 27321571 10.38 14.82 10.6

2008(upto June) 11115171 798368 11913539

Source:-Tourism Statistics , Department of Tourism, Rajasthan, 2008

Total tourist arrivals upto June 2008 were 1,19,13,539 .During 2007 in Rajasthan were estimated to be 2,73,21,571 as against 2,47,03,451 in 2006 showing an increase of 10.60 % over previous year as in table 3.1. The total number of domestic tourists in 2007 was 2,59,20,529 as against 2,34,83,287 in 2006 recording a growth of 10.38 %. Foreign tourist arrivals were 14,01,042 during 2007 as against 12,20,164 during 2006 showing a growth of 14.82 %. The number of tourist arrivals inRajasthanin2007nearlyfourtimes morethan1998.


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Impact of terrorism on Tourism Industry of Rajasthan Terrorism is one of the most important obstacles in tourism development in Rajasthan. The overall impact of terrorism on tourism of the state has been on a negative trend in the recent year. There has been2 bomb blast took place at the most important tourist destination i.e Ajmer and Jaipur. Which were one of the greatest loss for the tourism industry as well as sustainable economic development of Rajasthan.

Table – 1.2 ,List of Terrorist Attacks in Rajasthan

Number Injured

Date Location Number of Tourist killed

11,Oct,2007 Ajmer Sharif 2 17

13.May,2008 Jaipur 63 216

The first terrorist attack in Rajasthan was on 11, Oct, 2007 at Dargah of Moinuddin Chisti, also known as Khwaja Garib Nawaz in Ajmer, a shrine in Rajasthan venerated by Hindus, Muslims and Christians across northern India. Hundreds of thousands of pilgrims descend in the town on the Urs of Khwaja Garib Nawaz and the entire town of Ajmer is full of pilgrims in which 2 tourist was killed and 17 injured.

An another attack was Jaipur bomb blast in which 63 people dead and 216 people injured

on 13th

May. 2008. Due to the this terrorist attack, the foreign tourists arrivals was fall down in Rajasthan from 52,174 in may,2007 to 36,835 may, 2008 and 33,809 in June, 2007 to 21,052 in June 2008. There are around 10,000 rooms in various categories of hotels in Rajasthan which used to have occupancy in May around 50-60 percent but after the bomb blast in 2007, the occupancy has plummeted to around 15-20 percent.

All these terrorist attack are showing a declining scenario in the arrival of tourist in Rajasthan, which is one of the biggest loss for the development of Rajasthan economy as well as Indian economy also because now a days tourism is becoming one of the largest revenue generating industry. So recommendations are presented to prevent this upcoming industry from terrorism.

Recommendations: 1 To tighten security around tourism destinations in Rajasthan.

2 To get the local communities in cities, towns, municipalities and villages involved in anti-terrorist campaigns, and training them on how to spot, deal and cope with terrorist threats.

3 To review and update safety and security measures on tourism for private. Public sector

4 To inspect thoroughly people and belongings at entrances of tourist places.

5 A comprehensive security plan to be implemented for the protection of the tourist, national as well as international.

6 To adopt of x-ray screening of passengers, their carry-on and hold baggage at airport.


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7 Cooperation in the exchange of intelligence, information, security, inspection, anti-money laundering and energy security mechanisms.

8 Establish a Visitor Assistance Reporting System in national scenic areas that are managed by the Tourism Bureau to enhance the security of public areas.

These recommendations if successfully implemented than tourism in Rajasthan will go on a long way in Making Rajasthan a secure tourist destination.

Conclusion Rajasthan as the name show home of Rajas and one of the top five destinations in India. It has a great potential of tourism due to its cultural and historical background. There is no doubting the fact that there is a positive prospect for tourism growth in the years to come If we optimally join hands against terrorism. Terrorism is a black spot for the tourism industry in Rajasthan but what is clear beyond any doubt is that this problem can be solved only by international cooperation. Tourism has become and likely to remain an international phenomenon therefore its problems are international and stand a need of international solution with cooperation. The positive trend on tourism development can be assured and even intensified in the future. World tourism can be a vital force for Rajasthan as well as world peace and a forceful motor for economic and social development.

Reference: 1. 1.Al-Hamarneh,A,“International Tourism versus Terrorism”, Islamic Tourism–

Issue19 September-October 2005

2. Batra, K.L, “Problem and prospects of tourism”, Printwell publishers, jaipur.1990

3. Goldstone, Making the World Safe for Tourism, 259

4. Miashra, S, and Das, A, “ Tourism: An antidote to Terrorism an analysis”, The Indian Police Journal, Jan-March, 2004

5. Nowlis,M, “Tourism and Terrorism” Tourism Control Intelligence,2006

6. Sharma, K.K., Tourism in India (Centre-State Administration),Classic Publishing House,1991

7. Tourism Statistics, Ministry of Tourism, Government of India, 2008

8. Understanding Terrorism -Terrorist Weapons -World Conflict Quarterly News, Analysis and Articles on Terrorists & Terrorism

Ghazal Masarrat, Research Associates, Project of UGC & Amit Kumar Varshney, Research Scholar , Department of Commerce, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh


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HOTEL SECURITY DEVELOPING TRENDS Col J. R. Trikha

Introduction I am grateful to the Organizers for inviting me from India to share the experience that I have in the Hotel Security. Most of the time, I shall be giving examples of the Hotels operating in India and then try to co relate with overseas environment & surroundings. I shall there fore discuss the given topic in three parts as under:

(a) Hotel Industry

(b) Hotel Security

(c) Developing Trends in the Hotel

Security Hotel Industry: I have discussed the Hotel Industry through the following heads, which represent the Hotel Industry in the present scenario:-

(a) Service and Hospitality

(b) Glamour

(c) Profitability

(d) Huge Investments

(e) Sensitive and Expensive Assets

(f) Image building Source

(g) Soft target

(h) Foreign earnings

(i) Source of employability

(k) Sources of Entertainment

(l) Place for Celebration

Hotel Security: Hotel Industry represents the “Industry of Hospitality”, where in the Guest is considered always right and can not be questioned/doubted. But at the same time the job/role of security staff is also to be satisfied /fulfilled by ensuring the safety & security of the Guests, Hotel Property and the Hotel Employees through discreet means/resources available at the hotel.

Security Risks / Threats It is very important to know the threat areas with in the Hotel as this would give the lead to the head of the security to plan the security coverage at his Hotel, keeping the threat perception in mind. These areas are listed below:-

(a) Entry of Undesirable Guests/ Visitors

(b) Thefts/ Robbery


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(c) Terrorist activities

(d) Bomb Threat

(e) Anti-Social Activities

(f) Misuse of Foreign Exchange

(g) Risks from Suspended Employees

(h) Skippers

(j) Murder

(k) Suicide

(l) Rape

(m) Accidents

(n) Fire

(o) Law & Order Problems

(p) Death

(q) Natural Calamities

(r) Strikes / Gherao

(s) Single Lady Guests

(t) Night Club Operation

(u) Raids/ Checks by Law Enforcing Agencies

(I) Excise

(II) Customs

(III) Health

(IV) Food

(V) Fire Fighting

(VI) Immortal Traffic

(VII) Special Police and so on

Hotel Security Concerns It is utmost important to know the concerns for the Hotel Management for carrying out their Hotel business and also for the Security Head of the Hotel to concentrate with his resources in these areas while planning the security cover at the Hotel :-

(a) Hotel Guests

(b) Hotel Property

(c) Hotel Employee

(d) Hotel Goodwill/ Image

(e) Environment



Developing Trends Hotel Security. From the experience that I have in the hotel Security, It will be right and most appropriate to mention that the Hotel Security has seen various changes in the following segments;

(a) Perspective. The thinking of the Hotel Management has seen a vast change during the last couple of years because of the Security threats to the Hotels globally. The following areas are covered under this aspect:

(i) GUEST

(ii) HOTEL MANAGEMENT

(iii) CHIEF SECURITY OFFICER

(iv) SECURITY DEPARTMENT

(b) PRODUCT. The product is directly proportionate to the changes in the Perspective of the Hotel Management. The various developments which have taken place in these segments are discussed below:

(i) SMART CARDS

(ii) ELECTRONIC SURVEILLANCE

(iii) DOOR CAMERA

(iv) COMMUNICATION

(c) PERSONNEL. The famous old saying that the man behind the gun matters and it is true even today in the Hotel Security as such the developments pertaining to the Hotel Personnel are given below:

(i) SECURITY MANAGER COVER 24×7

(ii) OUTSOURCED SECURITY STAFF

(iii) PLAIN CLOTHES SECURITY

(iv) ONGOING TRAINING CAPSULES

(d) MISCELLANEOUS. There are few more developments in the Hotel Security, which are considered very useful for providing the security at the hotel and are given below;-

(i) SECURITY CONTROL ROOM

(ii) SEPARATE VALET DESK AT PORCH

(iii) GATE PASS PROCEDURE

(iv) SECURITY EQUIPMENT – PROJECT STAGE

Col. J.R.TRIKHA. FISM, Consultant Security Services, Present Assignment. Executive Director – Central Association of Private Security Industry (CAPSI) & Association of Private Detective Industry (APDI) and Secretary of the Flight Lieutenant Maheesh Trikha Foundation., New Delhi. [email protected] & [email protected]


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TOURISM AND TERRORISM : ISSUES AND CHALLENGES

Deepak Behl

Tourism in India From Snow Clad Mountains to amazingly beautiful Beaches, from extremely hot Desserts to freezing cold altitudes, from numerous Historical monuments to thick deep Jungles and from extremely delicious food to a widely rich and diverse culture… which country is as rich in offering the variety to the tourists of the world, is there anything which is liked by the International Travelers and is not present here in India?

Over and above all this, what we offer in our country is the unmatched hospitality with the palatable spicy and delicious Indian food, for which also, we are known in the world, others may have more sophisticated equipments and machinery but we have got the most dedicated and hospitable manpower.

The philosophy of ‘Atithi Devo Bhav’ can only be found in India where we treat our guests as God and make sure that we offer the best of the services, what we can. The Future of Tourism in India in not only bright but is very promising, in near future in 2010 the Commonwealth Games in Delhi will fetch a huge number of International Media and they will not only cover the games but the country as a tourist destination also, the Tourism will grow leaps and bounds without any shadow of doubt.

The corporate travelers will also increase, as it is directly proportionate to our International Business, which is growing every day. We have seen that the most busy businessmen or executives visiting India hardly miss to visit some places they read about in their childhood in books or they have seen the pictures in magazines, sharing a personal data, more than 90 % of the my acquaintances from European and American countries have visited Taj in last 5 years even if they came to Delhi for some official work. They somehow managed to visit Agra as they never wanted to miss one of the 7 wonders of the world, which is hardly 200 Kms. away from them, when they are in Delhi, and this is how I have sold them the idea as a Hospitality professional.

The zest to see our religious places is not less then visiting our best of the hotels with International Travelers, we offer world-class hotels and resorts for all levels of tourists. Recently a new trend has also started and that is the Medical Tourism, people from all over the world come to India to get themselves treated / operated as we not only provide the world class facilities on low cost but also the world class doctors.

The Problem of Terrorism – The Biggest Challenge The biggest challenge for Tourism in the present scenario is the Terrorisms; the impact is very bad and discouraging, not only the International Guests but the domestic corporate travelers also shrink from visiting different place which not only put a negative impact on business but on the image and branding also.

Our Role Our role is very important, we need to tighten our belts and role up our sleeves, the first thing we need to do is to change our mindset and start educating all our colleagues and


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friends to be more security conscious, this will create a positive ripple effect in the industry and we all will be on our tows to face any unpalatable challenge in future.

What Immediate Measures we can we take :

• Upgrading Security Systems and awareness

• Educating our domestic and International Guests

• Placement of Baggage / Goods scanners (X Ray Machines at gates)

• Installation of CCTV Cameras inside and outside the hotels and premises.

• 24 hrs. guarding by professional staff.

• Improve communication by more walkie talkies / wireless sets

• Installation of Boom Barriers at the Premises Gates

• Installation of DFMDs (Door Frame Metal Detectors) at all doors.

• Provision of HHMDs (Hand Held Metal Detectors) with all security staff.

• Placement of Armed Guards at critical Locations.

• A detailed, full proof Evacuation Plan with overlapping duties.

• Regular Emergency Evacuation Drills / Mock Fire Evacuations.

• Intermediate Security Checks and Mystery Shoppers to check up the systems.

• Regular Safety and Security Workshops to keep ourselves updated about the modus operendi of Terrorists.

The recent attacks in two prominent hotels in Mumbai has once again shaken the hospitality sector and Security Professionals are gearing up in converting the hotels into forts. Not that visitors do not understand but this sometimes haunt them unnecessarily.

We need to come up with specific requirements, as the line of action in case of Suicidal squads is entirely different, they come deep into the facility to spread the terror and should be tackled differently. They, first of visit the area to judge if they can create the havoc and if they feel and find that it very difficult or impossible, they change the place to an easier target, why we should offer our facilities in our country as the soft targets when we can teach and train our people to be more vigilant and alert.

The security and safety of any installation is not only the responsibility of the security department only but it is the responsibility of all of us working in these facilities. We need to work as a team and must make sure that we make India a Safe and Security place to visit for all International Visitors, we are very sure we can do it.

The Author is an Ex Police Officer and presently working as Director – HR with Intercontinental Eros.


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TERRORISM AND TOURISM : AN ANALYSIS Mr. J.S Narula, Mrs. Gagan Soni

Tourism is a very important sector of any country in the present day world. It is a window to the out side world regarding host country's culture, civilization, religion, language, trade & industry, flora & fauna and above all beauty. Besides tourism is fast becoming an important sector in a country's economy.

Life in some countries in the world is totally dependent on tourism industry. As tourism constitutes various other related sectors including hotels, hospitals, aviation, and shipping, it has a significant contribution to the over all revenue.

The growth of the Tourism sector of Indian economy at present is huge .This has become one of the major industrial sectors under the Indian economy. The tourism industry earns foreign exchange worth Rs. 21,828 crore annually. In the previous year the growth rate of the tourism sector of Indian economy was recorded as 17.3%.

The growth in the tourism industry is due to the rise in the arrival of more and more foreign tourists and the increase in the number of domestic tourists. Tourists from Africa, Australia, Lain America, Europe, Southeast Asia etc. are visiting India and every year they are growing by the thousands.

Indian Tourism offers a mix of different cultures, traditions, festivals and places of interest. There are a lot of options for the tourists. India is a country with rich cultural and traditional diversity. This aspect is even reflected in its tourism. The different parts of the country offer wide variety of interesting places to visit.

The tourists visit a place in leisure for fun & enjoyment. This can be done only when there is peace and tranquility, personal privacy. Besides security is the major concern. No person ever wishes to venture to dangerous places. A tourist would never like to compromise the safety and security of his loved ones.

Indians are generally considered peace loving people and so the flow of tourists to India has been continuously on the rise.

The Terrorism There is a problematic area also. The Terrorism.

The present day world is experiencing this phenomena lately and it is slowly but steadily on the rise. India has also not been left behind.

The main thrust of the terrorist in India used to be Jammu & Kashmir. But finding it useless and not contributing to their cause the terrorist have spread their tentacles to almost all parts of India. The main aim of the terrorists is to gain publicity. Therefore they wish to cause maximum loss of life and property. And to do so they have started striking at the tourist places where they gain access to local and international media.

Terrorists have struck at Ayodhya, Rampur, Delhi, Jaipur, Bangalore, Hyderabad, Ahamadabad, Akshardham (Gujarat), Surat, Mumbai etc. at their free will.


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Mumbai – Economic Toll The recent terrorist attack in Mumbai has sent a shock wave throughout the world. Due to 60 hours of disrupted business, D S Rawat, Secretary of ASSOCHAM already estimates Mumbai’s economic losses of Rs. 4000 crore (circa US$ 800 million).

There will be a negative impact on domestic industry, particularly hotels, tourism, insurance and banking. The tourism industry will be the worst hit as 70 per cent of international business travellers come to India in the first quarter of a year. With India being declared unsafe and all international governments issuing travel advisories, this tourist season will witness significant cancellations.

Domestic airlines conclude that Mumbai-bound ticket sales have dropped up to 30%, forcing Kingfisher, Air India and Jet Airways to reschedule or combine flights.

Visible scars also take time to heal, restoration of the iconic Taj Mahal Palace Hotel is expected to take 12 months and cost Rs. 500 crore (US$ 100 million).

The Tourism sector is expected to be most hit. Flow of tourists is already squeezed by the global downturn. – 20% down due to the global crunch - forecasts a decline of 10% - 15% for in-bound tourism this season.

Mumbai’s more than 90 cinemas, closed as a precautionary measure, each is expected to have suffered daily ticket sale losses of Rs. 2 lakh (US$ 2,000). Although they have reopened, visitor numbers are likely to drop, as people avoid public places.

Same applies to retail market, despite existing high profile security, consumers may avoid busy malls. Reports suggest that private security hires in the sector have gone up by 30%.

Challenge Terrorism in India isn’t new - US State Department estimates 10% of the 22,000 victims of global terrorism during 2007 were Indian - however, recent bombings in Delhi, Bangalore and Jaipur haven’t received Mumbai’s level of damaging global media coverage.

Making the current situation worse is the fact that Mumbai’s economy contributes as much as 5% of India’s US$ 1 trillion GDP and nearly a third of direct taxes.

In testing economic times, when foreign money is being withdrawn, India’s challenge - without plunging itself in to damaging sub-regional conflict with Pakistan - is to ensure that stable and safe conditions exist to nurture domestic growth and attract foreign tourist’s inflow.

Terrorism & Media The media should help the tourism industry in times of crisis.

The media needs to convey a positive image of India. If something (a terror strike) is to happen, it will happen.

In the Mumbai terror strikes the media coverage crossed reasonable limits and much of the coverage compromised national security.

It is high time that the media adopted norms for self-regulation instead of letting the government formulate regulations for the media. There were several lapses on the part of the media in its coverage of the terror strike.


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Terrorism is a reality and media is important for terrorists. When a coup takes place in a country, the plotters first take control of the radio and TV stations of the country. Now, something reverse is happening. Terrorists are trying to grab media attention through their actions. In this context, it is important not to allow them any space in the media.

“In live reporting of hostage situations or rescue operations, no details of identity, number and status of hostages should be telecast or information given of pending rescue operations,” the statement said.

Peace and Security Essential for Tourism Industry There’s been a significant drop in tourists visit to places which have borne the brunt of Terrorism. There have also been significant drops to places like Kerala in South India and Goa

The country’s image has been hit. When tourists are stranded, it has a domino effect that lasts a long time. This year due to Mumbai terror attacks the peak season could see a 20-30 per cent drop in advance bookings.

“The US, UK and Australia have already issued advisories asking travellers to keep a low profile and avoid the eastern region, J&K and Rajasthan and Mumbai.

A climate of safety and security is also very important for the growth of tourism industry. Incidents of harassment of tourists and terrorist attacks, even though they may be isolated, can severely undermine tourism, all the effort that goes into image building of tourism gets diminished because of these incidents.

How to Save Tourism Industry Tourism in India is yet to be exploited to its full limit. The Tourism Ministry has a tough job on its hands. Much of the damage in Mumbai has left foreigners feeling unsafe and hesitant about staying in hotels after what happened in the Taj and Oberoi Hotels in Mumbai. There is also a multiplier effect. Many other business sectors are inextricably linked to tourism.

Tourism in India has gained impetus from the ‘Incredible India’ campaign that delivered the message that India was a fun place to tour.

The government needs to act decisively and revive confidence, otherwise it could make investors tentative and undermine India’s economic progress. The short and medium-term impact of this terror strike on the Indian economy will be small. In the longer term, the impact of this crisis will depend on whether we are able to upgrade our intelligence and security infrastructure and prevent a repeat in the near future.

The Tourism Ministry must aim on an intense marketing and PR. The Government of India must try to restore the confidence of tourists and assure them that India is safe for travel and otherwise.

At the end of the day the Tourism Ministry needs to first prove that India is a SAFE place to tour. That can be fulfilled only by upgrading security on the ground.

Mrs. Gagan Soni, Lecturer in Banarsidas Chandiwala Institute of Hotel Management and Catering Technology, New Delhi


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NOTES

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NOTES

BANARSIDAS CHANDIWALA INSTITUTE OF HOTEL MANAGEMENT & CATERING TECHNOLOGY

(Approved by AICTE and affiliated to G.G.S. Indraprastha University)Chandiwala Estate, Maa Anandmai Marg, Kalkaji, New Delhi - 110019. Ph. : 26382276,26382277

Fax : 91-11-26382280 E-Mail : [email protected] Website : www.bcihmct.ac.in

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Documents

Vol. I, January 2009 Indian Journal of Applied Hospitality