Volcanoes The Process of volcanic eruption

Designed by: Garrette Daugherty

The Process of volcanic eruption

VolcanoesThe Process of volcanic eruption

Garrette Daugherty | 2013

Daugherty Publishing

Saint Louis, Missouri

March 25, 2013

Copyright © 2013

Garrette Daugherty

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced

or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic

or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by

information storage and retrieval system without express

written permission from the author / publisher.

Copyright © 2013

Garrette Daugherty

This book is dedicated to you and your beautiful mind.

Please enjoy this book and don’t get it dirty or break it.

Thank you for your read.

Introduction

Pages 1–2

Table of

contents

Types of Volcanoes

Pages 4–7

The Eruption Process

Pages 8–13

VOLCANOESHOW THEY EXPLODE

A usually cone shaped mountain formed by the materials

issuing from such an opening. Volcanoes are usually associated

with plate boundaries but can also occur within the interior

areas of a tectonic plate. Their shape is directly related to the

type of magma that flows from them—the more viscous the

magma, the steeper the sides of the volcano.

What are volcanoes??2 | Introduction

Introduction | 3

?

4 | Types of volcanoes

Volcanic or lava domes are formed by relatively small,

bulbous masses of lava too viscous to flow any great distance;

consequently, on extrusion, the lava piles over and around

its vent. A dome grows largely by expansion from within. As

it grows its outer surface cools and hardens, then shatters,

spilling loose fragments down its sides.

Lava Domes “Coffee Filter”

Magma Build

up, causes bubbled

steep edges

Lava chambers

store and hold

magma before

eruptions

Magma rim is

the very top of the

lava chamber

Types of volcanoes | 5

Cinder cones are the simplest type of volcano. They are

built from particles and blobs of congealed lava ejected from

a single vent. As the gas-charged lava is blown violently into

the air, it breaks into small fragments that solidify and fall as

cinders around the vent to form a circular or oval cone.

Cinder Cones “The Ant Hill”

Cinder cone edges

are made up of burnt

materials that have

flown out of the

lava champer

The lava chamber of

a cinder cone is much

wider than that of

the rest of the types

of volcanoes

Magma rim wider,

naturally to fit the

width of magma

chamber on the

lava dome

6 | Types of volcanoes

Some of the Earth’s grandest mountains are composite

volcanoes sometimes called stratovolcanoes. They are

typically steep-sided, symmetrical cones of large dimension

built of alternating layers of lava flows, volcanic ash, cinders,

blocks, and bombs and may rise as much as 8,000 feet above

their bases.

Composite volcano“The science project”

Composite volcanoes are

much like lava domes however

their sides maintain a more

flat steep slope

Types of volcanoes | 7

Shield volcanoes, the fourth type of volcano, are built

almost entirely of fluid lava flows. Flow after flow pours out

in all directions from a central summit vent, or group of

vents, building a broad, gently sloping cone of flat, domical

shape, with a profile much like that of a warrior’s shield.

Shield Volcano “The warrior shield”

The main difference between shield volcanoes

and our previous types is that, shield volcanoes

often have multiple exit points connected to

one central magma chamber rather than one.

The Process | Volcanic eruption

Deep within the Earth it is so hot that some rocks

slowly melt and become a thick flowing substance called

magma. Often times this rock is being heated by tectonic

plates shifting beneath the surface.

10 | Eruption process

Tectonic shifts and heating of rock

Plates here are sliding past one

and other creating heat and melting

rock above the conjoined piece.

Next

Eruption process | 11

Because magma is lighter than the solid rock around it,

magma rises and collects in magma chambers. These cham-

bers build up magma as well as pressure. Some volcanoes

will hold magma in their chambers for undreds of years.

Density / Rising and the filling of magma chambers

12 | Eruption process

Eventually some of the magma pushes through

magma chambers and fissures into the vents of the volcano.

When these vents build up magma, even more pressure

gathers and at times this will cause earthquakes.

Magma transferand vents | Subduction

Next

Eruption process | 13

These earthquakes are often times right before large

volcanic eruption because they are the last push a volcano

needs before releasing all the backed up pressure from

magma builds within vents and magma chambers.

Earthquakesand final eruption

ColophonThis book was created by Garrette Daugherty under

the supervision of Proffesor Jennifer McKnight for Advanced

Problems in Graphic Design Two at The University of

Missouri – Saint Louis.

This book was composed in Adobe Indesign cs6. The type in

this book is Cronos Pro with 15 leading and is printed on white

paper with a soft cover.

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