Volcanoes: From Mantle to SurfaceGuest Editors: Keith D. Putirka and Kari M. Cooper

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

Dep

th (k

m)

0

5

10

20

25

30

35

900 950 1000 1050 1100 1150 1200 1250 1300 Temperature (oC)

15

cumulates; high Vp;

Region of neutral stress.

Elastic thickness

3.25 g/cm3

2.9 g/cm3

2.3–2.6 g/cm3

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

Dep

th (k

m)

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 Temperature (oC)

Moho

Moho

2.7–2.8 g/cm3

2.4–2.5 g/cm3

2.9–3.0 g/cm3

LNB = Level of Neutral Buoyancy

LNB Rechargebasalts

LNB Arc Picrites

LNB Oceanic Picrites

LNB Oceanic Basalts

Region of neutral stress;

elastic thickness

5101520253035

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80

CascadesMean = 5.4 ± 4.2 km

Median = 5.1 kmn = 118 Central Andes

Mean = 27 ± 12 kmMedian = 34 km

n = 200

Clinopyroxene (Cpx) Crystallization Depths

A

C D

E

Cascades CpxCascades AmphAugustine CpxAugustine Amph

B

Gabbros LavasMauna LoaMauna Kea

Earlier Intrusions

ModernConduit

LNB = Level of Neutral Buoyancy

Num

ber o

f Cpx

Dep

th E

stim

ates

11

1 km

100 km

100 m 1 km

D: Landslides

10 km

G: Lateral Feeding SystemF: Vertically stacked

Kilauea, Hawaii, USAUturuncu, Bolivia

E: Cooling IntrusionC: Flow Subsidence

B: Dyke Intrusion

Reventador, Ecuador

Lazufre, Chile/Argentina Dabbahu, Ethiopia

Medicine Lake, California, USA

[mm]

0 28

[mm]

0 28

[mm/y]

−10 10

[mm]

0 28

[mm]

0 16

10 km

[mm]

0 50

[mm/y]

-5 5

A: Concentric

10 km

10 km

Arenal, Costa Rica

17

23

1 mm

150 microns

200 microns

29

Mag

ma

cham

ber ~

3 to

10

km b

elow

sea

leve

l

heat flux

magma ascending?

volcanic seismicity

rock fracturing

magmatic gases

new influx to magma chamber?

permeability of edifice edifice stability

ash and steam venting

contamination of springs and potable

water supply

gas emissions

ash fall acid rain

flank collapse

groundwater levels

interaction with hydrothermal system

regional tectonic activity

intense tropical rainfall

evidence of fresh magma at the surface?

phreatic activity

35

41

Down the Crater: Where Magmas are Stored and Why They EruptKeith D. Putirka

Global Volcano Monitoring: What Does It Mean When Volcanoes Deform?Juliet Biggs and Matthew E. Pritchard

What Does a Magma Reservoir Look Like? The “Crystal’s-Eye” ViewKari M. Cooper

Volatiles and Exsolved Vapor in Volcanic SystemsMarie Edmunds and Paul J. Wallace

Dynamic Magma Systems: Implications for Forecasting Volcanic ActivityR. Stephen J. Sparks and Katharine V. Cashman

Volcanoes: Characteristics, Tipping Points, and Those Pesky Unknown UnknownsColin J.N. Wilson

D E P A R T M E N T S

Editorial – Volcanic Eruptions and What Triggers Them . . . . . . . .3From the Editors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4Meet the Authors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7Perspective – Long Valley Caldera . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8Society News

Mineralogical Society of Great Britain and Ireland . . . . . . . . .48Association of Applied Geochemists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .50Japan Association of Mineralogical Sciences . . . . . . . . . . . . .51Deutsche Mineralogische Gesellschaft . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .52International Association of Geoanalysts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .54Geochemical Society . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .55European Association of Geochemistry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .56Mineralogical Association of Canada . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .58Société Française de Minéralogie et de Cristallographie . . . . .59Meteoritical Society . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .60Polskie Towarzystwo Mineralogiczne . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .61Mineralogical Society of America . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .62Clay Minerals Society . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .64Società Italiana di Mineralogia e Petrologia . . . . . . . . . . . . . .65International Association of GeoChemistry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .66European Mineralogical Union . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .67

Calendar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67CosmoElements – Carbonaceous Chondrite Impact Melts . . . 68Toolkit – Proficiency Testing: Knowing How Far You Can Trust Your Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70Job Posting – Woods Hole . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72Advertisers in this Issue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72

Cover Image: Panorama of the Halema’uma’u Crater lava

lake at the summit of Kï̄ lauea (Hawai’i, USA) in March

2014. This volcanic vent has been active 2008 to present.

Photo CredIt: US dePartment of InterIor, US geologICal SUrvey

1

Elements is published jointly by the Mineralogical Society of America, the Mineralogical Society of Great Britain and Ireland, the Mineralogical Association of Canada, the Geochemical Society, the Clay Minerals Society, the European Association of Geochemistry, the Inter national Association of GeoChemistry, the Société Française de Minéralogie et de Cristallographie, the Association of Applied Geochemists, the Deutsche Mineralogische Gesellschaft, the Società Italiana di Mineralogia e Petrologia, the International Association of Geoanalysts, the Polskie Towarzystwo Mineralogiczne (Mineralogical Society of Poland), the Sociedad Española de Mineralogía, the Swiss Society of Mineralogy and Petrology, the Meteoritical Society, and the Japan Association of Mineralogical Sciences. It is provided as a benefit to members of these societies.

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Volume 13, Number 1 • February 2017