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Partizan Publik a.o. contributed to Volume 11 Cities Unbuilt in 2007.
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In the eyes of the West, Lebanon has amultifaceted image. One day it is an attractivelittle tourist attraction, with a wonderful climateand beautiful landscape. It is the financial capitalof the Arab world, with its discrete banking, aswell as being the Paris of the Middle East with its many restaurants and its cultural climate. It is the pearl of the Phoenicians with its manyhistorical sites, and is the friendly melting pot of many cultures and religions. The next day, it is a dangerous time bomb with its sectarianpopulation, an unreliable business partner with its unstable economy, part of the Axis of Evil withextremist forces and groups, a danger to MiddleEastern stability with its hot-headed inhabitants.
All its neighbors – including the sea if globalwarming continues likes this – seem to want keeptheir grip on the country; they change their pointof view according to the socio-economic orpolitical situation in the region. Meanwhile, whilstthe whole world projects its views onto it, inLebanon itself the population is struggling withtheir own identity. This consists of an amalgam ofall the previously mentioned nuances, as well ascivil strife (1975-1990) that they haven’t yet cometo terms with and a constant fear of renewedattacks from Israel. On the one hand, there is anurgent longing ‘to be left alone’, and on the otherhand a desire to be part of global discourse andthe global economy.
There are as many stories about theLebanon’s political situation and history as thereare people to tell them. In this sense, it is theultimate modern, fragmented, fractal, fuzzy and trendy society. If a de facto playground forexperiencing Jacques Derrida’s theories aboutdeconstruction and differance were to existanywhere, it would be Lebanon. In fact it couldbe an ultra modern example of how suchfragmentation can be a common ground within a society. Maybe to restore the tourist industry,which collapsed immediately after the July war,Lebanon could introduce a new tourism concept:ALL EXCLUSIVE.
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‘In the last two weeks Mazen Kerbaj’sdrawings have been one of the strongest mostvivid expressions of the whole mess that isunfolding in lebanon that i came across’ writesDutchmen Paul Keller on 5 August 2006 on hisblog Meanwhile. Kerbaj, a Beirut-based artist,published since the beginning of the Israeli attackalmost every day a drawing on his personal blognamed Kerblog. In response to the attack, Kellerdecided to print Kerbaj drawings on a4 formatand hang them in the streets of Amsterdam. He writes: ‘I like the idea of images leaking frommy screen into the streets of amsterdam andwould probably be even more beautiful if peoplein other cities started doing the same…’
Drawings by Mazen Kerbaj http://mazenkerblog.blogspot.com/Posters by Paul Kellerwww.flickr.com/photos/paulk/sets/72157594225008144/Quotes fromwww.voyantes.net:81/blog/
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Solidere and theperpetual reinventionof downtown BeirutMichael Stanton
The evident lack of value in most newbuildings in metropolitan Beirut and in other citiesin Lebanon has promoted interest in that which is not yet built, in the terrain vague at the centerof the capital. The void produced is indeed radicaland gives rise to both extreme provocation andgreat promise. At the end of the Civil War in 1990,the government facilitated Rafic Hariri’s vision for rebuilding downtown Beirut by consolidatingall property in the center except that withreligious immunity and then offering shares in the corporation for its development.1 ‘A lawpassed in December 1991 gave the municipaladministration the authority to create real estatecompanies in war-damaged areas, and to entrustthem with the implementation of the urban plan and the promotion, marketing, and sale ofproperties to individual or corporate developers…Thus shares will, in effect, replace title deeds of ownership.’2 Multiple ownership was replacedwith a single entity but a publicly-owned one, in the sense that it sold stock. This peculiar trans -ference, from private to public property within a corporate framework, is one of the generalparadoxes of capitalism, but in Beirut it took on a more emphatic and asset-based character than elsewhere for it pertained to control of thecenter of a capital city. Solidere (Société libanaisepour le développement et la reconstruction deBeyrouth, French for ‘The Lebanese Company forthe Development and Reconstruction of Beirut’)was thus established, but was so integral to themechanisms that ordained its own establishmentthat any a priori objective governmental role isambiguous. When Hariri, the corporation’s leader,was then elected to the nation’s most powerfulpolitical position, Prime Minister, this processwas augmented and coincided with the demolitionof most of the downtown.
As many as two thousand buildings disap -peared. Some were undamaged and still inhabited.Many could have been saved. Others were trulybeyond restoration, especially along the GreenLine, the no-mans-land that divided the cityduring fifteen years of fighting. The extremeaction that typified the war thus continued in thedevelopment process, both in the destruction of the inner city and in the amalgamation ofcommerce and administration that oversaw itsreconstruction. Extreme land values crossed with changes in commercial demographics, aformula that produced the empty downtowns ofAmerican cities where surface parking stretchesbetween high-rises, has similarly effected Beirutwhich now resembles Houston’s empty core, anexpectant void. Likewise the other ‘downtowns’that cluster at the crossing points of vehicularcirculation around Houston are similar to new
satellite cores like Kaslik (formed in the Christianenclave during the Civil War) and others thatstretch along the 50 kilometers of coast themetropolis now occupies.
Whether due to speed or the incompetenceof the collective, Beirut’s downtown wasconsolidated and homogenized. 250,000 ownerswere made stockholders in the single entity thatreplaced them. The cult of efficiency, a familiarpretext for the centralizing forces of capitalism(which must systematically increase revenueseach year), met the spatial totalitarianism towhich the market aspires: monopoly and stateincorporation. Beirut’s problems may stem fromthe simple fact that almost the entire downtownnow has one owner. This may be unique in thecapitalist world. While large parts of East Berlin,Warsaw, Stalingrad or Beijing were radicallyeviscerated and reconstructed as state show -places, this sort of total urbanism usually remainsimpossible, even in the most extreme cases ofmarket real-estate. In Beirut, the formula of State-Socialist hyper-tableaux was implemented forantithetical economic reasons to those thatmade the Stalinist total theater of the Lenin Allees.
Yet chaos, embodied in multiple ownership, is what cities are made of. The struggle betweendesire and fact exerts metropolitan pressure andconstitutes a formal mix. The sterility of down townBeirut stems directly from its ownership practicesand the codes established for its reconstruction.It now manifests a bourgeois notion of urbanquality, uniformly dainty and over-restored – ‘likea rhinestone encrusted beige poodle clipped tooperfectly’3 – no vulgar signage, no mobile vendorsas was characteristic of this central quarterbefore the war and as is typical of other nearbyArab cities such as Damascus or Tripoli. Anyreference to the 5000-year history of the city is reduced to archaeology from Phoenician andRoman times or must rest in the religiousbuildings protected by the waqf restrictionswhich exempt ecclesiastical structures from anykind of state action. Large areas of prime landthroughout the city and nation are thus ‘protected.’The concept behind waqf is one of universality,that all religious structures are owned by the sum of adherents to the faith they represent.
Thus a mosque, cathedral or even a school is the property of millions. This has more than a passing similarity to the ambiguous attitude to property displayed by Solidere as a publicly-owned entity, or in fact to all corporations thatoffer stock. This particular form of propertyimmunity is one of the few examples of theseparation of church and state. Mosques,churches, Druze houses and a synagogue nowsit isolated in the enormous vacant lot that is
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1most of the downtown. This municipal installation-piece emphasizes the hierarchies that determineLebanese life, both the dominance of religion as a cultural determinant and the hetero-sectarianismthat is the nation’s gift – its multi-cultural pos -sibilities – and the nation’s curse – the way thatsectarianism has been used to separate anddiscriminate culminating in the perpetual violenceof which the Civil War appeared the last hor -rendous episode until the war between Hezbollahand Israel and the ensuing political show-downagain revived active confessional hostilities.Religion continues to be the prime determiningforce in how Lebanese zone their cities.
The construction of a new, enormous mosqueon Martyr’s Square has been the most extravagantarchitectural gesture so far. The mosque’sconstruction was taken over directly by Hariri.With an imposing dome and four minarets it defiesthe modest typologies of historic Lebanesereligious structures and, along with another hugemosque in Hariri’s home town of Saida, introducesan imperial scale to this sort of architecturewhich conflates religion and regime. The Beirutbuilding recalls Sinan and the great mosques of Istanbul; in Saida it is the Mamluk heritage ofCairo that is referred to. The Beirut mosque alsosits next to, and overshadows, the MaroniteCatholic cathedral. Since his death and unusualentombment along with his bodyguards in the plaza next to the building and adjacent to Martyr’s Square,4 this has become the site ofthe continuing protests and mourning that havealtered the Lebanese political fabric. Vast crowdsnow fill the voids created by the evisceration of the downtown after the Civil War. Martyr’sSquare, a long rectangular plaza reminiscent of Rome’s Piazza Navona in proportion andsignificance and one of the most important civicspaces and circulation nodes in pre-war Beirut,lost its defining edge of buildings and is part of an this huge empty zone of epic pro portionsin which one million citizens were able to gatherfor a decisive independence rally in March 2005.It appears that then 25% of the entire populationof the nation descended on this site.
This process of expensive but vacant realestate being replaced by the masses began withthe millennium when Solidere, realizing that thevision of an exclusive up-scale shopping andsocial quarter was not taking off, encouragedmore popular businesses to temporarily occupyunrented stores. A heterogeneous crowd wasinvited into a downtown transformed into avibrant souk. Festival replaced more conventionalnotions of commerce and has continued at bothpro-Western and pro-Iranian/Syrian events. Most office space remains empty but shops andrestaurants, often of the upscale sort originallyenvisioned for the area, have subsequently movedin and at least the ground floors of buildings areactive. A cross-section of Beirut society, somemerely spectators prohibited by economics fromactually participating in retail activity, some theimagined haute-bourgeoisie that the area wasoriginally intended to host, is augmented by ablend of (mostly Arab) visitors and tourists whoflooded Lebanon physically and revitalized it
economically before being intimidated by therecent war and subsequent conflicts.
Event has replaced conventional urbanensemble in the city center. Now energy ismultiplied exponentially by the demonstrationsand apparatus that accompany the politicalcrises set off by the murder of Solidere’s founder.That the current revolutionary political events weretriggered by the death of the region’s greatestreal estate tycoon is not merely a coincidence.The melding of property development with themost intrinsic civic structures is a component oflate-capitalism but in Lebanon it has become an over riding issue. His loss is then a civic sacrificewhose legacy has both reified and transcendedthe fascinating folly that is the empty heart ofBeirut. �
1. Shares were first offered to owners of property in thearea, then to the government, then to the public andfinally to interested Arab neighbors. $650 million wasthus raised.
2. Assam Salem, ‘The Role of Government in Shaping theBuilt Environment’, in: Peter Rowe and Harkim Sarkis(eds.), Projecting Beirut. Episodes in the Constructionand Reconstruction of a Modern City. München(Prestel) 1998, p. 131.
3. From Michael Stanton, ‘The Good, the Bad and theUgly: Urbanism and Intention’, in: Archis #4, 2003.
4. Muslim burial is customarily prescribed for very specificsites and this public spot, opposite the door of themosque, is not one of those spots. Unlike the Christianhabit of erecting tombs and monuments, Islam, with itsdisdain of the cult of immortal personality and physicalrepresentation, is loath to commemorate in such anexplicit manner. Exceptions are made for especiallyheroic or holy figures such as the tomb of Salah’din atthe entrance of the Umayyad mosque in Damascus.Hariri’s grave appears to be one of the first of suchexceptions made in Lebanon and it places him within a very exalted pantheon. Given that he is interred in Martyr’s Square in front of the mosque that was toform his religious center-piece for Beirut and that hehas posthumously become such a talisman for change,this very quick decision should have been moregravely deliberated.
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Manic MachinesChristiaan Fruneaux
November 16, 2006, morningThe bartender and the delivery manIt was ten o’clock in the morning and we were
having our first coffee in one of the trendy bars in Gemmayzeh, a Christian neighborhood1 eastof the infamous city center and the politicalplayground of Martyr Square.2 It was a small,rundown hole-in-the-wall, equipped with anexpensive Italian espresso machine, a state-of-theart toaster and a lot of booze. The bar is supposedto attract the more alternative and intellectualcrowds. But they weren’t present that morning.We were the only clientele and while the city wasslowly unfolding outside, my companions starteddiscussing the proceedings of the day; I allowedmyself a few more moments of dreamy mind-wandering. The latte was heart-warming and I feltmyself slowly waking up. We had arrived the daybefore from Amsterdam and I was slowly comingto grips with my new surroundings; it was goodto be back in Beirut.
We had come as architects, designers, writersand social scientists. Our ambition was to explorethe spatial and social ramifications of the 2007summer war between Israel and Hezbollah. Incooperation with local colleagues we organizeda three-day seminar, during which we would visit, contemplate and discuss the constant andviolent destruction and the probably equallyviolent reconstruction of the country’s urban andsuburban fabric. It was a hugely inspiring project,but the dangers of succumbing to the temptationsof the spectacle were very real. These werechallenges to be dealt with later. For the momentI was still escaping the realities of the day whileobserving our bartender as he interacted with a delivery man.
Our host was a good-looking guy and anexcellent operator of the espresso machine. Afterhe had served us our cappuccinos, macchiatosand lattes, our host returned to his Economist toreview their thoughts on the thumping of America’sRepublican party in the mid-term elections. Hehad addressed us in German3 and it occurred tome that if you somehow could have transportedthis bar, its host and its everyday clientele toPrenzlauer Berg in Berlin, everyone would probablycelebrate the new outlet as another example ofthe neighborhood’s coolness. The bar, our host:it all felt urban and European and one couldeasily forget that one was drinking coffee in aMiddle Eastern city that, only months ago, hadbeen the target of severe Israeli air strikes.
The delivery man couldn’t have been moredifferent. It is hard to describe the difference andwhy his appearance felt so out of place withoutstereotyping his features. But because I feel that my stereotyping is the whole point, I will do it anyway and will probably even exaggerate a little. He was a small guy, with a sun-worn facefeaturing a mustache, and he was dressed in old, outdated clothes. His age was difficult todetermine and he struck me as someone from a rural background. I imagined him to be a Syrianlaborer or someone from the Shiite, southern
parts of the city. I do not know if my stereotypingof this man’s appearance is anywhere near thetruth, I am relating this because I had the distinctfeeling my host was thinking along the same lines as I. Although the bartender and the deliveryman seemed to be polite to each other, theircommunication also seemed to be limited to theessentials, as if the two men shared the same citybut lived in different worlds that were notsupposed to intermix.
Still wandering about the notions, conventionsand other social forces that separated these men,I had to give up my musings on the meaning or consequences of what I had just witnessed andwas forced to participate in our early meeting.Apparently, my theorizing about local bar sceneswasn’t speeding things up.
November 16, later that dayNo memories of Haret HreikThe scale of the destruction was massive,
intimidating. It was three o’clock in the afternoon and we
were looking into the void of what had once beena large apartment block in Haret Hreik, a southernsuburb of Beirut. The space that used to be the basement was scattered with clothes, brokenfurniture and lost household goods. Most of the stuff was mixed with chunks of reinforcedconcrete, but some of it was new; the hole seemedto have found a new and temporary use as a litter dump.
Destruction was omnipresent but the overallfeeling was that the neighborhood was comingto terms with the situation. Most of the immediatewreckage had been cleared away and the acutefeeling of emergency had already succumbed to a diligent effort at reconstruction. Bulldozerswere cleaning up the last debris and the streetswere open for traffic. Electricians were up inpoles, repairing phone lines and power cables,construction workers were busy fixing ordemolishing apartment blocks, depending on theamount of damage they had sustained inflicted,and many shopkeepers were improvising to keep their business up and running. People wererepairing their apartments and their shops as well as they could; street life seemed determinedto return to its normal pace. The resilience andendurance of this suburban community wasremarkable.
Haret Hreik was only a ten-minute drive fromGemayzeh, but the difference was striking. Theneighborhood was a crowded concrete jungle ofmostly unfinished residential blocks, and althoughthe bombardments had violently reduced it to a more open and spacious place, the overallatmosphere was that of a tough, introvert andstatic community. I was told that many of theresidential blocks were occupied by members ofthe same clan or extended family. The make-upof the neighborhood was the result of an ad hocbuilding frenzy in the eighties, which had beenintended to accommodate the massive flow ofrefugees trying to escape the civil hostilities in
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the south. The refugees were mainly Shiite, froma rural background, and unfamiliar with the urbanand cosmopolitan dynamics of uptown Beirut.
Haret Hreik was a Hezbollah-controlledneighborhood, so before entering one had to ask permission at a local Hezbollah visitor center,a large tent erected on the edge of one of thedestruction sites. The tent was surrounded bystrange propaganda installations made of debris,broken American consumer goods and rubble ofall kinds painted red – seemingly blood-stained –and decorated with Lebanese flags. Inside thecenter was an exhibition of newspaper cartoonsdepicting thoughts and comments about the war, and while we were waiting for permission we were given a DVD with more Hezbollahpropaganda. Hezbollah’s sideshow was notintended to win my sympathy but to claim thedestruction, the struggle, the death and theendurance in Haret Hreik and incorporate thisepisode into the movement’s collective identity.The visitor center didn’t facilitate remembrance,but claimed exclusive Hezbollah ownership, and although it was very amateurishly organizedit did make us all feel we were trespassing onsomebody else’s turf.
Most of the people in our group, including themany Lebanese, were visiting the neighborhoodfor the first time. Slightly detached from thesurrounding catastrophe, it became clear to usthat we had no memories of Haret Hreik and thatthis was used against us. We weren’t allowed to talk to anyone, and filming and photographingwere restricted on our ‘guided’ tour. The streetsand corners of Haret Hreik and anyone whodwelled upon them did not belong to the publicdomain; they belonged to the exclusive realm of politics. All that was left to us was the dubiousattraction of the spectacle.
November 16, eveningBoundaries of compassionWe were standing at the seashore, south of
Beirut. Around us the cleared wreckage of HaretHreik. Massive amounts of piled-up debris hadbeen moved to this seaside dump, where bigmachines were plowing and working the urbanleftovers. An impressive sight.
Staring at the artificial mountains, I asked one of the Lebanese ALBA students4 whoaccompanied our excursion what his thoughtswere on our afternoon trip to Haret Hreik. Sur -rounded by tons of lost memorabilia, he admittedthat he felt out of place. Although he had lived in Beirut for a large part of his life, it was the firsttime that he had visited the Shiite neighborhoodand, like me, he felt like an intruder.
Fadi came from an urban, upper-class Sunnibackground and had been educated in French-speaking institutions. He lived with his parents on one of the hills to the north of Haret Hreik.From their home they had a first-class view of the bombardments that razed the neighborhood.A shocking experience, and unlike many Sunniand Christian Lebanese, who regarded the waras a war between Hezbollah and Israel, in whichthe rest of Lebanon was just collateral damage,he experienced the war as a direct assault on
his own community. The trip to Haret Hreik,however, made him reconsider his opinions.
Fadi felt like an outsider in the neighborhoodand a stranger amidst the Shiite population. Fadi’sappearance differed greatly from the inhabitantsof Haret Hreik. He was an urban, cosmopolitanyoung man amidst people from a rural andtraditional background. He was aware of anemotional distance to the destruction and feltvery uncomfortable with Hezbollah’s scrutiny. The whole experience made him wonder to what extent Hezbollah had truly represented himduring their war with Israel.
Listening to Fadi’s account, I wondered whythe proximity of the destruction alone wasn’tenough to breach the gap between him and theinhabitants of Haret Hreik. In fact it was the otherway around. He felt close to the people in HaretHreik when he watched from a distance whileIsraeli planes destroyed the neighborhood, andhe felt detached when confronted with thesepeople up close and in person. It was clear thatthey didn’t share the same appearances, values,traditions and urban make-up, but how could that overpower basic human compassion in theface of tragedy? It seems that there are stronglimits to one’s compassion, empathy or evenconscience towards others, limits that can evenresist the normal intimacy of physical closeness.We came very close, but the strong politicalideas and pretensions surrounding Haret Hreiknevertheless kept us at bay.
November 17, morningThe manic machine of political representationWe were taking a trip, traveling by car from
Beirut to the town of Bint Jbeil, in the south of thecountry, close to the Israeli border.
We had just passed the southern outskirts of the capital and outside the car windows bigroadside political billboards celebrated Hezbollah’svictory in the summer war and commemoratedthose who had died. As I read these politicalmessages, it occurred to me that Hezbollah notonly claimed the physical scars of the fighting,like the ruins in Haret Hreik, but also, and maybeeven more so, the emotional ones. Withoutshame, the billboards instructed people how to remember those who had been killed during to war. They were to surpass the actual lives of the victims and their accomplishments, and to remember these victims in a framework ofconflict, resilience and revenge. Their death hadbecome just another instrument in the arsenal of Hezbollah’s political propaganda, and Iwondered if there was any tolerance at all formourning and remembrance in Lebanese publicdiscourse.
The Lebanese are divided by many political,religious and cultural differences, but the one thingthey all have in common is their acquaintance withloss and grief. The violence of the civil war did notdiscriminate. If there is anything each Lebaneseperson and family can relate to, it is probably theneed for mourning and remembrance. That beingsaid, our experiences in Haret Hreik made it clear that it was not easy to recognize one’s selfin the misfortunes of the others. Remembrance998
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and mourning are powerful social notions thatcan be translated into collective and inclusivesocial conventions that deal with difficult periods in a nation’s history. It is obvious that thefunctioning of accepted social institutions whichcould act as collective podia for remembrance or even sorrow is dependent on strong politicalsponsorship.
In Lebanon’s political universe nobody seems to gain from downplaying political rivalry.Especially among the Shiite community, lossesand human tragedies seem to be embedded in the concept of martyrdom. This is an exclusivenotion, which denies any personal feelings ofloss and grief surrounding a tragic event, andimmediately incorporates the incident in adiscourse of conflict, endurance and retaliation.The need for mourning, remembrance andreflection is denied by these manic machines ofpolitical representation.
Everything in Haret Hreik was labeled with apolitical narrative that made the losses exclusivefor anyone who did not agree with the politicalmessage. How could we have not felt awkwardlooking for engagement in the untouchablereality of Haret Hreik?
November 18, morningIntimate confrontations in Bint JbeilI had never seen anything like the war damage
that had reduced the small border town of BintJbeil into the post-apocalyptic landscape it is today. Bint Jbeil had the immense bad luck tobecome the stronghold the Hezbollah fightersneeded to check the Israeli army in its advanceinto Lebanon. Three-quarters of the town hadbeen reduced to rubble, and aside from some ad hoc repairs nothing had been done to rebuildthe village. Destroyed cars, broken furniture and other personal items were scattered amongthe wrecked houses. Walking through this bizarre and other-worldy landscape was deeplymoving, humbling. An inescapable exposé ofhuman failure.
While walking through the destruction I wasinvited inside by an elderly man who was busysalvaging that which still had any value, emotionalor otherwise. He had returned from Beirut, wherehe and his mother had fled when the war started.The largest part of his house was still intact. He was fortunate. On the walls of his living roomwere pictures of his sons, who were physiciansliving in Boston, USA. Both of them had marriedAmerican girls, which seemed to make himespecially proud. He showed me the part of thehouse which had not survived the onslaught. His mother’s bedroom, including her bed, hadbeen cut neatly in half. Beyond the surviving half of the bedroom began a wasteland in whichall houses were reduced to a big pile of stones.Walking out of his mother’s bedroom into thewasteland I found myself on the leftovers ofsomeone else’s house. Someone less fortunate.
The man on top of whose house I wasstanding was around, and he came over to sayhello. He was in his early thirties and had lost notonly his house, but also his daughter and motherduring the fighting. His daughter was three years
old. When he started telling us about his ordealhe broke down. He was a broken man. Nothingleft but grief and his memories. He broke down.We broke down.
All it took to bare witness to this tragedy was an intimate encounter we would neverforget. Hezbollah’s public relations scheme hadattempted to withhold from ‘outsiders’ theevidence that something truly disastrous hadtaken place.
Most people in the south fled the area duringthe summer war. We were told that directly afterhostilities had ceased, those who had fled triedto return to their villages. The ceasefire was onlya couple of hours old when the Israeli soldierswho held positions in the houses and gardensaround Bint Jbeil were confronted with residentscoming back to check up on their belongings.Families entering their houses, Israeli boys sittingthere… Intimate confrontations, in which theyoung soldiers as well as returning families wereforced to meet, to negotiate and hence torecognize the other.
‘When do you think we can start restoring andcleaning up our house?’ ‘I hope tomorrow, wehave orders to stay here until tomorrow.’ ‘Couldwe start today?’ ‘Eh… I don’t know. Maybe weshould ask my commander?’ ‘Could we?’ �
1. It is always a dubious exercise to interpret orcategorize dynamic urban areas; maybe the best wayto refer to the assumed Christian character ofGemayzeh, is that the neighborhood is known as such.
2. The city center was almost completely destroyedduring the Lebanese civil war. After the war ended, the city center became the private property ofSolidaire, a real estate company with close connectionsto the Hariri family, in order to facilitate rapidreconstruction. This unique and controversial public-private construction has created an empty, exclusiveand tasteless neighborhood which was built as aphysical simulacrum of past glory; a tomb.
3. A language he had picked up while studying in Berlin.4. ALBA: Académie Libanaise des Beaux-Arts
(Lebanese Academy of Fine Arts).V
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Beirut is an exclusive city. Driving aroundSolidere, downtown Beirut, in your air conditionedSUV, window shopping from behind your darklytinted car windows, from behind your expensivesun glasses, you might feel rather special. Not toomany people get the chance to drive around thecare fully reconstructed streets of Solidere, orshop its many exclusive boutiques. Then again, ifyou happen to live in the Beirut suburbs downsouth, you might feel equally special; there youcan enjoy Israel’s relentless bombing campaignson the almost exclusively targeted Haret Hreik, themostly illegal sprawl of high-rise settlements hometo Lebanon’s large Shi’a community. And again, ifyou happen to run a kiosk in the middle of SassineSquare, the hill top cross-roads in eastern Beirut,you will also experience exclusivity; especiallysince the Pierre Gemayel assassination, the area is once again the heart land of the red-crossedPhalangist Party. Solidere, Haret Hreik, Sassine –they are all very much exclusive places. Exclusiveon the basis of class and identity politics.
And exclusivity extends far beyond merely thephysical space of the city, beyond the realm ofenforced concrete and asphalt. In Lebanon, almosteverything has an exclusive nature: politics isorgan ized along strict sectarian divides; primary,secondary and advanced education is perfectlypossible in well-defined and segregated confines;even memory and history are exclusive.
Together with the people we had met duringthe Beirut Unbuilt event, we set out to challengethis exclusivity and reclaim the streets and squaresaround the city. Armed with a bag of spray paintcans and a stencil sign reading ‘PUBLIC SPACE’in Beirut’s three leading languages, we went outthe night after the funeral of Pierre Gemayel. InDahiye, we didn’t dare venture out. At Sassine, wewere welcomed by the middle-aged lady runningthe kiosk in the square, but then sent away by an old man who was sure we were sent by the rivalChristian faction. Hamra and Gemmayzeh wereeasily reclaimed though. And the pièce derésistance, our addition to the Martyr’s Squarestatue, was put there after a short talk with thepolice guarding this most public – yet recentlyclaimed by Gemayel’s sup porters with bannersand flags – of Beirut’s places. The police, who had gathered in the streets of Beirut in massivenumbers, must have perceived ‘public space’ as something rather hostile. In some weird – butlogical – way, on that night, the soldiers guardingthe public areas and the vandals engaged inreclaiming places for public use were somehowboth protecting the same thing: an open society,inclusive of everyone, exclusive to no-one.
The stencil, made from a piece of card boardthat was left over after Gemayel’s funeraldemonstration, will be re-used over the next few weeks in various demonstrations and sit-inperformances in Beirut.
Mixed reactions
dear joost, ‘In Dahiye, we didn’t dare ventureout’ this indicates the boundary that is created by default within you and your lebanese friends…reestablishing the concept of a territorial placethat cannot be entered easily..you cannot imposeyour thoughts on them or even share them… whichis a pity…and i am not sure whether this boundaryhas a physical evidence…but i know that youshould have tried to go to dahiye and spray theword ‘public space’ … for me it would have addeda deeper meaning to the experience….you calledyourself space invader…you should have invadeddahiye and broke the illusion of such territory :)
Comment by sally khanafer 12.16.06 @ 11:01 pm
dear all,whether we like it or not, boundaries exist. i will
not debate if it’s a good or bad thing…the factsare still there. and its true that the people in dahiehmake you feel this way (at least the politicallyinvolved ones). i even used the term ‘the peoplethere’ … which i will not change after i realizedthat i wrote it. It seems in lebanon there are a lotof ‘the people there’ … mostly out of prejudices,but some are also true and maintained by peoplewho benefit from the situation.
maybe spraying the walls is completely useless,childish…maybe we should paint the dahieh walls…and maybe what joost and his friends did willhave a huge effect…but everything starts in smallsteps, and acts like these are born in the momentand judged upon that moment…
i know at least a couple of people who likedthe idea and thought differently after seeing it.and reaching a couple of people, at least to me,is a huge start.
Comment by jo 12.20.06 @ 10:38 am
dear joost,i believe that the experience itself of spraying
these harmless words is far more interesting thanthe result it might have. living in beirut, i cameacross reading one of your signs on the street andwas really affected by it, as it was a manifestationled by another motive than the political. for me, thewords sprayed are meaningless, it is more aboutthe story behind how you sprayed it in the differentparts of the city, and how you were received by thedifferent inhabitants. your failure in dahyeh says alot about the paranoia in beirut and the aggressiveattachment of each group to his space. i am anarchitecture student from beirut who is searchingfor ways of reclaiming our place in the citydetached from our political backgrounds, and yourexperience is the best example of that. thanks!
Comment by rayan 01.18.07 @ 3:20 pm
The Invaders are Aukje, Steve, Pascale, Rima, Chris, Cara,Layal, Gressy and Joost.
Public SpaceInvadersA report of an awareness action in Lebanesepublic domain Joost Janmaat
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Public Space Invaders at the Martyr Square statue, Beirut.
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ima
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rou
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10
Not everybody agrees on the effectiveness ofprojects and proposals shown on this blog. Thisblog is an open platform, so it’s is responsiblefor voicing also other and countering ideas andopinions. Here is a comment by Walid on theUnbuilt project:
To The Unbuilt Project/Volume/ArchisI am saddened (and not surprised) by the level
of discussion in this blog. Complacency and crapfor the most, to put it mildly. You need to think innew terms, and take new chances. There is noprospect of peace before dismantling the ‘zionist’-ashkenazi occupation of all Arab territoriescompletely, and undoing all its harm (includespaying indemnities for a century of war crimes,rape, theft, usurpation, propaganda, etc.).
So, design with war in mind! Think of (andresolve where applicable) human needs; measuresto consolidate the resistance and minimize lossesof those fighting for their rights, justice andfreedom, and advance their causes; the state ofcurrent and future technology and armament; the art of war; etc… Enough shooting in the dark.Hit to the right point.
6 Comments so farLeave a comment
Dear Walid,Of course you have a point. Everything we do
as designers or architects won’t stop wars fromhappening. But what to do then…, design fortressor gated communities, dividing every politicalfaction into its own enclave? What design solutionwould have enough power to survive themaelstrom of political tensions and divisions inLebanon? Or give us an idea what would be theconcrete consequence is of designing with ‘warin mind’ … Besides, should designers just waitand do nothing until the problem of the so-called‘zionist-askenazi occupation’ is resolved?
One of the main problems – which turned out during the RSVP event – is that every designdirection can be explained in political terms. Ifyou take this into account as designer, and try toavoid these polarities, you are paralyzed; causeevery design gesture will be explained alongpolitical/ethnical/tribal fault lines … so thepractical realistic designer can do nothing in the end if he in good faith wants to consider allparties into his design proposal.
One of the answers is naivety. Instead ofconsidering every political effect of a designdecision, deploy the power of architectural naivetyand utopia to bring perspective, naive alternatives… Instead of falling in the trap of the omnipresentcul-de-sac political discourse. So we are –among others – aiming at this point what pointdo you want to hit with which weaponry?
Comment by edwingardner 12.14.06 @ 2:42 am
Here is our point: We design with peace in ourmind. With people who are willing to see throughthe differences for the common purpose: peace!
Comment by Nienke Nauta 12.15.06 @ 1:15 pm
Dear Edwin,Thank you for taking my message into
consideration.On the contrary, what I am calling for is a more
engaged and responsible position, strongerdesign proposals (that produce better urbanity,better architecture and better citizens, and, yes,do take security measures into concern (in a futileattempt to counteract ever more sophisticatedarmament technology): less density for example;stronger, more spread and networked shelters;more safe materials (in case of explosions forinstance); more distributed infrastructures; not to mention, of course, fighting and leading thewar on all other levels, i.e. economic, culture,media, etc..).
It is our duty to set forth and facilitate thedevelopment of our communities in a time ofrapid change.
Nienke, Peace be unto you and good luck.Comment by Walid 12.15.06 @ 4:03 pm
Dear Edwin… first… can you please tell mehow to post a thread here on unbuilt?? Technicalthing… thanks a lot.
I am pretty disturbed by the posts put here asyou implied all are proposing designs with war inmind… and really the public space invaders areso off the course. Designing public spaces orsolutions or anything you think first of the peopleand their surroundings not war not hating… wehave to get back to the essence of urban designand architecture… all proposals regarding mobilearchitecture and public invaders are temporaryideas not long time solutions we need long timesolutions not something that can affect peoplefor a day or two.. to change the course of ideasand to affect people we need to work on revivingthese areas connecting them through architecturenot just doing some zooming on the problems.
Comment by aline 01.01.07 @ 10:31 am
‘We have to get back to the essence of urbandesign and architecture…‘ – man you are oldschool – I agree that ‘public invaders’ and the likeare temporary solutions, but what the hell is theessence of urban design? The essence ofarchitecture? How can that sort of idealistic,phenomenological, top down approachcontribute to a war-torn urban fabric? Myself,and hopefully others, would appreciate specificexplanation – otherwise your words are like thatof most politicians, full of hakeh ferigh
Comment by ryan matta b 01.24.07 @ 5:46 am
Helpfully, good idea, thanks.Comment by carribean 03.09.07 @ 11:22 pm 104
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Design with war in mind!www.archis.org/unbuilt/Tuesday December 12th 2006, 7:58 pm posted by Edwin Gardner Filed under: Lebanon, discussion
v11_final.indd:Opmaak 1 05-04-2007 12:35 Pagina 104
The text on the wall says:
You can not aspire to it …You can only be an instrument of it … The only relationship that architects can have with CHAOS is to take their rightful places in the army of those committed to prevent it .. and fail. And it is only in failure, by accident that chaos happen. B. Mau
This text for me is a response to some irritationof some to the apparent naivety of some of the projects presented. But what are architects,designers to do when chaos, destruction, conflictand war seem inevitable?
I have taken this picture in the Gemmayzehhouse in Beirut. The chalked lines on the wall are like those of a prisoner counting the days ofimprisonment. Here it seems to be theimprisonment of war, where the creative mind,eager to solve problems, even those that seemirresolvable, is paralyzed by this dilemma.
1 Comment so farLeave a comment
The picture say it all. Big ideas don’t mean bigprojects. Naivety can be an answer in thisparticular time in Lebanon. Since what’s happeningnow is un-normal, thinking in the traditional waywill probably not serve us.(political, economic…)Besides, there is a lot of people dedicated andpayed to do so. We’ve been taking things soseriously (as perception of things) for a long timeand it lead to nothing. We still have the sameissues we had decades ago. Trying to do whatwe always did will lead to having what we always had. The ideas are a suggestion to thinkdifferently. And even if they don’t work, failure is also a result.
So instead of irritation, participation is needed.Comment by jo 12.20.06 @ 10:52 am
Check out: www.archis.org/unbuilt
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The Architect’s Dilemmawww.archis.org/unbuilt/Thursday December 14th 2006, 8:32 pm posted by Edwin Gardner Filed under: Beirut, architecture
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oto
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kje
De
kke
r
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oto
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De
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oto
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ukj
e D
ekk
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In November 2006, three months after theSummer War between Hezbollah and Israel, asmall, international group of architects and urbandesigners visited Lebanon. Their goals were to assess damage, meet colleagues, examine theopportunities for new dialogue, and brainstormabout the possibilities of reconstructing destroyedcities and their public domains – despite theseemingly unchallengeable animosities andpolitical deadlocks that have been part ofLebanese life for decades.
Of course, we read about the ruptures insocial life, the aggression that may easily emergeeven in regular disputes, and the superposition of different worldviews within this one smallcountry. But we also were intrigued by reports of a new mutual understanding among theLebanese people, an integration seeminglyprompted by the sheer aggression of an outsideinvader; a kind of ‘United We Stand’ atmosphere,which social theorists call ‘negative integration’,and which can be much stronger than anyattempt at dialogue within a group or population.
But then we were standing there, on the side walk some 20 kilometers south of Beirut,facing hundreds of thousands of tons of rubble and debris caused by the massive bombings by the Israeli. Here we were with a group ofChristian and secular Lebanese architects andstudents, who clearly didn’t consider this massdestruction as part of their own plight. Withinminutes it was crystal clear that national feelingswere much weaker than loyalties to class, religionor sect. The tragic fact emerged that, althoughwe kept talking about what was going on inLebanon as if it were happening in a single country,the truth of the matter was that it was happeningin an area with multiple – and very different –communities, which only shared a common nameand territory thanks to historical coincidence.
I tried to consider what it would mean toexperience a massive attack on Dutch soil, withendless destruction, yet with people reacting as if it was not their war, but other people’s war.In such a scenario, bombed bridges would causeno outrage but only be regarded as a nuisance,similar to other nuisances like the death of fellow civilians and huge economic losses. Myimagination failed me.
This profound lack of communication,comprehension, dialogue and engagementhasn’t stopped bothering me since. To avoid theconsumption of other peoples’ predicament asmerely an unbearable lightness of being and justgoing home, we tried to set up a conversationwith designers, politicians, philosophers andarchitects, in order to start thinking about projectsthat would: a) break through the traditionalboundaries of the prevailing group think and, b)reclaim common ground and public domain rightacross existing cultural divisions. The results areabout to be materialized in a series of upcomingprojects, as described on the following pages.
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Pearls for Lebanon Ole Bouman
v11_final.indd:Opmaak 1 05-04-2007 12:35 Pagina 112
12
v11_final.indd:Opmaak 1 05-04-2007 12:37 Pagina 113
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r p
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lic s
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IET
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ver
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ED
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T TE
AM
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AM
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LS
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DE
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LE
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v11_final.indd:Opmaak 1 05-04-2007 12:37 Pagina 114
It w
as in
192
0, u
nder
the
Fren
ch m
and
ate,
that
the
final
bou
ndar
ies
of L
eban
on w
ere
crea
ted
. It r
esul
ted
in a
Leb
anon
si
mila
r to
a c
hees
e fo
ndue
coo
ked
in c
old
wat
er, a
mel
ting
pot
bet
wee
n d
iffer
ent
com
mun
ities
tha
t d
idn’
t re
ally
m
elt.
Leb
anon
is a
bou
t co
ntra
dic
tions
.
It’s
a sm
all
coun
try
whe
re
eigh
teen
co
mm
uniti
es,
of
diff
eren
t b
ackg
roun
ds
and
as
pira
tions
, so
met
imes
co
ntra
dic
tory
coe
xist
.It h
as m
any
pol
itica
l par
ties,
mos
t of
whi
ch a
re r
elig
ious
ly t
aint
ed; r
adic
al p
oliti
cal p
artie
s w
hose
lead
ers
are
dem
ocra
tical
ly e
lect
ed a
nd s
ocia
l par
ties
whe
re le
ader
ship
is in
herit
ed.
It’s
a p
lace
whe
re
educ
atio
n is
sac
red
, but
cul
ture
is n
egle
cted
; yet
it’s
the
san
ctua
ry o
f mos
t A
rab
thi
nker
s an
d a
rtis
ts. I
t is
als
o a
tour
ist
des
tinat
ion
for
all s
urro
und
ing
Ara
b n
eigh
bor
s b
ecau
se o
f th
e m
ild w
eath
er,
bea
utifu
l lan
dsc
apes
, an
d
rela
tive
sens
e of
fre
edom
whi
ch h
as g
iven
Leb
anon
pow
er a
nd i
nflu
ence
ove
r th
e re
gion
.It’s
a s
ocie
ty w
ith
wes
tern
asp
iratio
ns (w
ay o
f life
, mus
ic, m
ovie
s, la
ngua
ges…
), b
ut a
low
sen
se o
f res
pec
t fo
r th
e la
w; i
t’s
also
a
soci
ety
of e
aste
rn b
ackg
roun
ds,
whi
ch m
akes
it v
ulne
rab
le t
o al
l rel
igio
us is
sues
an
d t
hus
a fe
rtile
gro
und
to
exer
cise
the
se c
onfli
cts.
It’s
a co
untr
y w
here
the
pre
ss is
rel
ativ
ely
free
, but
mos
tly o
wne
d b
y p
oliti
cal l
ord
s.It’
s a
pla
ce w
here
per
sona
l in
itiat
ive
is h
igh,
but
eco
nom
ic b
urd
ens
forc
e yo
ung
educ
ated
Leb
anes
e to
wor
k in
jo
bst
hat
leav
e th
em l
ittle
tim
e to
foc
us o
n an
ythi
ng e
lse
(cul
ture
, p
oliti
cs…
).Leb
anon
can
be
the
grou
nd o
f d
ialo
gue
bet
wee
n al
l com
mun
ities
, it’
s on
e of
tho
se p
lace
s d
iffer
ent
cultu
res
can
mee
t an
d in
tera
ct; i
t ca
n al
so
be
the
grou
nd o
f war
, and
nev
er e
ndin
g co
nflic
ts b
etw
een
thos
e sa
me
com
mun
ities
and
fore
ign
pla
yers
.
It’s
a p
lace
whe
re y
ou w
ill d
efin
etly
fin
d m
any
thin
gs y
ou c
an r
elat
e to
o, a
nd a
bun
ch o
f ot
her
thin
gs t
hat
you
can’
t ev
en b
egin
to
und
erst
and
.
All
thes
e fa
ctor
s ha
ve r
esul
ted
in
a m
assi
ve i
mm
igra
tion
(the
num
ber
of
Leb
anes
e ab
road
is
app
roxi
mat
ely
dou
ble
tha
t of
Leb
anes
e re
sid
ents
).Thi
s D
iasp
ora
has
two
face
s: t
he p
hysi
cal
imm
igra
tion
whi
ch i
s d
rain
ing
Leb
anon
fro
m i
ts i
ntel
lect
ual
and
pro
duc
tive
forc
e, a
nd t
he m
enta
l im
mig
ratio
n, w
hich
is
mak
ing
Leb
anes
e re
sid
ents
hel
ple
ss a
nd in
diff
eren
t to
the
ir co
untr
y’s
situ
atio
n.
Aft
er t
he J
uly
war
, all
of L
eban
on’s
frie
nds
ralli
ed u
p in
a h
uman
itaria
n an
d e
cono
mic
al e
ffor
t. S
ince
the
leve
l of
des
pai
r an
d d
estr
uctio
n w
as h
igh,
all
orga
niza
tions
wor
ked
on
a la
rge
scal
e, n
ot a
lway
s w
ithou
t a
pol
itica
l p
rice.
With
the
big
bud
get
pro
ject
s th
at w
ere
initi
ated
, it
was
eas
y to
ove
rlook
the
det
ails
. B
eiru
t, a
s a
cultu
ral
city
, suf
fere
d y
et a
noth
er s
etb
ack.
Yet
aga
in,
Leb
anon
is
at a
con
verg
ence
poi
nt.
The
situ
atio
n is
blo
cked
bet
wee
n tw
o p
oliti
cal
sid
es w
ith
cont
rad
icto
ry v
isio
ns o
f the
cou
ntry
, lea
ving
litt
le s
pac
e fo
r a
third
cho
ice
to e
volv
e. B
ut it
is e
xact
ly in
tim
es li
ke
thes
e th
at p
eop
le s
houl
d h
ave
acce
ss t
o al
tern
ativ
es.C
ross
roa
d a
fter
cro
ss r
oad
he
real
ized
tha
t th
e ne
ed f
or
actio
n d
ealin
g w
ith s
ocia
l iss
ues
is b
igge
r ev
en if
it m
eans
res
ched
ulin
g ou
r p
riorit
ies
in o
ur p
roje
cts.
In N
ovem
ber
200
6, s
ever
al D
utch
foun
dat
ions
took
the
initi
ativ
e to
vis
it Le
ban
on. T
oget
her
with
a g
roup
of l
ocal
p
artn
ers,
we
visi
ted
war
zon
es i
n Le
ban
on i
n w
hat
seem
ed t
o b
e ro
utin
e w
ar t
ouris
m.
The
turn
ing
poi
nt t
hat
mad
e th
is e
vent
diff
eren
t fr
om a
ny o
ther
war
tou
rism
was
the
deb
ate
held
on
the
last
day
s p
rop
osin
g se
vera
l id
eas
on w
hat
to d
o ne
xt. W
hat
can
be
the
role
and
fun
ctio
n of
pub
lic s
pac
e in
the
rec
onst
ruct
ion
of L
eban
on.
The
bra
in s
torm
ing
cont
inue
d o
n th
e B
eiru
t Unb
uilt
blo
g an
d le
d to
sev
eral
con
cep
ts.T
he p
roje
cts
are
an a
ttem
pt
to r
aise
and
talk
ab
out t
hese
issu
es. I
t’s
a w
ay to
wak
e up
the
loca
l men
tal i
mm
igra
nts
and
giv
e th
em a
pla
tfor
m
whe
re t
hey
can
exp
ress
the
ir id
eas
and
tho
ught
s.Th
ese
are
com
mon
sp
aces
whe
re d
iffer
ent
peo
ple
will
ho
pef
ully
find
som
ethi
ng o
f int
eres
t to
the
m a
nd in
tera
ct w
ith “
the
othe
r”. T
hese
sp
aces
will
try
to
pro
mot
e th
at
diff
eren
ce is
enr
ichi
ng, a
nd c
onfli
ct d
oesn
’t h
ave
to le
ad t
o p
hysi
cal v
iole
nce…
The
y ar
e no
t a
third
cho
ice,
but
a
pla
tfor
m fr
om w
hich
mul
tiple
cho
ices
can
be
mad
e b
y d
iffer
ent
acto
rs.T
his
conc
ept
incl
udes
sp
aces
tha
t yo
u w
ill h
ave
to v
isit,
and
sp
aces
tha
t w
ill c
ome
to y
ou w
here
ver
you
are…
All
thes
e p
roje
cts
fall
und
er t
he s
ame
umb
rella
of g
ettin
g to
geth
er t
o en
cour
age
dia
logu
e, fo
rmin
g a
sort
of c
omm
on s
pac
e, a
com
mon
gro
und
eve
n.
They
diff
er f
rom
eac
h ot
her
in t
he w
ay t
hey
add
ress
you
and
the
med
ia t
hey
use,
to
try
to a
ffec
t th
e m
axim
um
num
ber
of
peo
ple
and
the
mos
t d
iver
se p
ublic
.The
re a
re a
lread
y m
any
cont
ribut
ors
to t
hese
pro
ject
s, a
lis
t w
hich
inc
lud
es A
rchi
s (V
olum
e),
Par
tizan
Pub
lik,
Pea
rl Fo
und
atio
n, Y
mer
e, D
IGH
, an
d t
he P
rince
Cla
us F
und
fr
om t
he N
ethe
rland
s, a
nd l
ocal
par
tner
s w
ho f
orm
the
Bei
rut
Team
, al
l ai
min
g at
wid
enin
g th
is n
etw
ork
and
in
clud
ing
mor
e co
ntrib
utio
ns,
act
ing
as a
thi
nk t
ank.
Thes
e ac
tiviti
es t
hat
we
pre
sent
are
als
o a
way
to
enco
urag
e fo
reig
ners
to v
isit
Leb
anon
and
cre
ate
an e
mot
iona
l lin
k w
ith th
is s
mal
l but
ver
y in
vitin
g co
untr
y w
hich
w
ill h
opef
ully
mak
e it
imp
ossi
ble
to
bom
b e
ver
agai
n. A
nd w
e as
sure
you
, yo
u w
ill w
ant
to s
tay
ther
e, a
s p
assi
onat
ely
as m
any
Leb
anes
e w
ant
to le
ave.
Wha
t w
e ar
e as
king
for
is n
ot o
nly
your
fina
ncia
l hel
p, b
ut a
lso
men
tal a
nd e
mot
iona
l sup
por
t fo
r ou
r p
roje
cts
in
ord
er t
o b
enef
it fr
om y
our
exp
ertis
e; t
his
is w
hy y
ou w
ill fi
nd p
rop
osal
s b
ut a
lso
que
stio
ns in
our
pre
sent
atio
n.
MY
LE
BA
NO
N, Y
OU
R L
EB
AN
ON
…
We
hop
e P
earls
for
Leb
anon
will
b
e a
step
tha
t ad
ds
a lit
tle b
it of
ho
t w
ater
to
the
mel
ting
pot
.
Th
ank
you
PH
OT
OG
RA
PH
YF
RE
DE
RIC
LE
ZM
I
AM
STE
RD
AM
TE
AM
WW
W.B
LOG
GIN
GB
EIR
UT.
CO
M
v11_final.indd:Opmaak 1 05-04-2007 12:37 Pagina 115
DA
JJÉ
Wha
t’s
the
Noi
se a
bou
t?
Noi
se –
Daj
jé in
Ara
bic
– is
a m
agaz
ine
for
cultu
ral
inte
rven
tion,
ded
icat
ed t
o ex
per
i-
men
tal p
roje
cts
and
the
ir re
aliz
atio
n.A
n in
dep
end
ent,
bili
ngua
l (A
rab
ic–E
nglis
h),
qua
rter
ly m
agaz
ine
dea
ling
with
som
e ke
y is
sues
in
th
e M
idd
le
Eas
t,
it op
ens
up
bou
ndar
ies
and
se
rves
as
an
in
terf
ace
bet
wee
n su
bje
cts
of r
egio
nal
inte
rven
tion
and
glo
bal
deb
ate.
Noi
se jo
ins
forc
es w
ith th
ose
of li
ke m
ind
in
the
que
st t
o se
ek n
ew d
irect
ions
in a
rchi
- te
ctur
al t
hink
ing,
art
s an
d c
ultu
re;
it is
a
med
ium
for
soci
o-p
oliti
cal a
ctiv
ism
.In
itiat
ed b
y S
tud
io B
eiru
t an
d V
olum
e, t
his
pro
ject
is
an a
ttem
pt
to o
pen
a f
orum
for
re
sear
ch a
nd d
esig
n, e
nlar
ging
the
net
- w
ork
of t
he T
hink
and
Act
tan
k.If
Stu
dio
Bei
rut
stan
ds
for
a fix
ed c
omm
on
spac
e w
here
pro
ject
s ar
e d
iscu
ssed
and
la
unch
ed b
y va
rious
par
tner
s, t
hen
Noi
se
will
be
its tw
o-d
imen
sion
al, w
idel
y d
isse
m-
inat
ed v
ersi
on.
Noi
se w
ill b
e he
ard
, and
rea
d.
This
‘ze
ro’
issu
e of
Noi
se,
dis
trib
uted
for
fr
ee w
ith V
olum
e 11
: U
nbui
lt, i
s a
spec
ial
editi
on o
n p
roje
cts
evol
ving
aro
und
pub
lic
spac
es i
n Le
ban
on.
Thes
e p
roje
cts
wer
e p
rese
nted
at
th
e sh
ow
‘Pea
rls
for
Leb
anon
’ at
De
Bal
ie A
mst
erd
am,
on t
he
6th
of M
arch
200
7.
Join
in a
nd le
t’s
mak
e so
me
Noi
se!
v11_final.indd:Opmaak 1 05-04-2007 12:37 Pagina 116
In
a
co
un
try
wh
ere
c
om
mu
nit
ies
be
ca
me
se
gre
ga
ted
aft
er
a l
on
g c
ivil
wa
r, it
was
onl
y na
tura
l to
foc
us t
he B
eiru
t U
nbui
lt d
ebat
e o
n fin
din
g a
co
mm
on
gro
und
tha
t co
uld
uni
te t
he
Leba
nese
by
havi
ng t
hem
sha
re t
he s
ame
visi
ons.
S
tudi
o B
eiru
t is
the
first
ste
p in
this
dire
ctio
n, a
pla
ce
whe
re t
hese
sub
ject
s an
d i
ssue
s ar
e i
niti
ate
d,
dis
cuss
ed
and
p
rom
oted
. In
es
senc
e,
Stu
dio
B
eiru
t is
sim
ply
a c
omm
on s
pac
e.
Th
ere
is n
oth
ing
sim
ple
in a
co
mm
on
sp
ac
e
Stu
dio
Bei
rut
will
hav
e to
be
a p
lace
tha
t lo
oks
bey
ond
eth
nic
and
soc
io-e
cono
mic
al e
ncla
ves,
tr
ies
to
avoi
d
any
nega
tive
conn
otat
ion
(relig
ious
, ter
ritor
ial)
and
pro
mot
es p
ublic
pol
icy
and
cul
ture
.
It’s
an o
pen
pla
ce f
or p
opul
atio
ns f
rom
diff
eren
t b
ackg
roun
ds
to e
xplo
re v
ario
us d
evel
opm
ent
pla
ns t
hrou
gh a
ran
ge o
f ac
tiviti
es,
and
lea
rn
how
to
app
ly t
hem
on
the
natio
nal,
ideo
logi
cal
and
pol
itica
l le
vel
to f
orm
ulat
e a
com
mon
pla
n fo
r al
l.S
tud
io B
eiru
t is
a p
lace
tha
t in
itiat
es t
hink
ing
and
dis
cuss
ions
on
arch
itect
ure,
art
, cul
ture
and
ur
ban
dev
elop
men
t, a
nd th
eir r
ole
and
resp
onsi
-b
ility
in s
ocie
ty.
It’s
a p
lace
th
at
faci
litat
es
and
st
imul
ates
st
uden
ts, f
resh
gra
dua
tes
and
am
ateu
rs in
the
ir ar
tistic
and
cul
tura
l exp
ress
ion.
Fin
ally
, Stu
dio
Bei
rut w
ill b
e a
po
rtal
to c
ultu
ral
Bei
rut
for
fore
igne
rs,
a w
elco
min
g a
nd w
ell
conn
ecte
d p
lace
tha
t p
rovi
des
a k
ick
star
t to
ex
plo
re t
he c
ity a
nd o
ther
reg
ions
of L
eban
on.
Fro
m G
em
ma
yze
Ho
use
to
Stu
dio
Be
iru
t
Ove
r th
e la
st
thre
e ye
ars,
w
e h
ave
bee
n
org
aniz
ing
a p
ublic
sp
ace
in w
hat
is k
now
n no
w a
s th
e G
emm
ayze
Hou
se.In
the
last
yea
rs,
Gem
may
ze h
as g
row
n in
to t
he s
tron
g ho
ld o
f th
e al
tern
ativ
e sc
ene,
with
the
hou
se a
s on
e of
its
cen
tres
.T
he h
ous
e is
a f
eel-
at-h
om
e w
here
par
ties,
ex
hib
itio
ns,
mo
vie
mak
ing
, p
lay
rehe
arsa
ls
and
sev
eral
gat
heri
ngs
too
k p
lace
fo
r fr
ee,(a
si
mp
le b
ring
yo
ur o
wn
dri
nk a
ffai
r).
The
unex
pec
ted
fr
eque
ntat
ion
by
a la
rge
num
ber
of
peo
ple
mad
e th
is h
ouse
a m
eetin
g p
lace
fo
r m
any
Leb
anes
e an
d
Fore
igne
rs
in
Bei
rut.
It
bec
ame
a p
lace
whe
re p
eop
le f
eel
com
fort
able
and
mee
t ot
hers
eve
n if
it d
idn’
t ho
ld e
vent
s re
gula
rly.
This
exp
erie
nce
mad
e us
als
o se
e th
e ne
ed f
or
such
sp
aces
whe
re a
mat
eurs
and
fre
sh g
rad
u-at
es c
an o
per
ate,
and
whe
re p
roje
cts
can
be
dis
cuss
ed a
nd e
xecu
ted
(In
tern
atio
nal
Day
of
Pea
ce
in
Khi
yam
, C
ome
hom
e ex
hib
ition
, xc
hang
e p
arty
, Bei
rut
unb
uilt)
.Th
e B
eiru
t Stu
dio
will
be
an e
qui
pp
ed v
ersi
on o
f th
e G
emm
ayze
Hou
se. I
t will
try
to re
spon
d to
all
thes
e ne
eds
whi
le
havi
ng
seve
ral
tool
s to
en
larg
e its
net
wor
k th
roug
h se
vera
l m
edia
and
lo
cal p
artn
ers.
Idea
lly, B
eiru
t Stu
dio
will
not
onl
y b
e a
third
cho
ice,
but
a p
latf
orm
from
whi
ch n
ew
choi
ces
and
idea
s ar
e in
itiat
ed.
Com
e ho
me
exhi
bitio
n
v11_final.indd:Opmaak 1 05-04-2007 12:37 Pagina 117
The
pro
gra
m i
s d
ivid
ed i
n se
vera
l se
ctio
ns,
esta
blis
hing
a
cent
reliz
ed
bas
e fo
r ce
rtai
n ac
tiviti
es a
nd i
nsur
ing
la
rger
are
a co
vera
ge
thro
ugh
dec
entr
eliz
ed e
vent
s.Th
e S
tud
io B
eiru
t is
the
bas
e fo
r ot
her
pro
ject
s an
d t
heir
laun
ch s
tatio
n.
Fixe
d p
rogr
am: (
bas
ed in
Stu
dio
Bei
rut)
>C
afé
loun
ge t
hat
serv
es l
ight
bev
erag
es a
nd
snac
ks, a
nd o
ffers
an
inte
rnet
con
nect
ion
>M
eetin
g ro
om t
o ho
st e
vent
s, w
ith a
n ur
ban
sh
ow a
s a
pla
tfor
m f
or t
hink
ing
and
dis
cuss
ing
rece
nt
urb
an
and
so
cial
d
evel
opm
ents
in
ta
ndem
with
oth
er p
roje
cts.
>C
ine
Clu
b,
a m
onth
ly c
ycle
of
pic
ked
mov
ies
that
is fo
llow
ed b
y d
iscu
ssio
ns o
n th
e su
bje
ct.
>Li
bra
ry,
and
an
exch
ange
boo
k sh
elf,
whe
re
you
can
exch
ange
any
boo
k yo
u d
on’t
need
w
ith o
ther
s.>
Lost
& F
ound
, w
here
you
can
buy
and
sel
l ob
ject
s th
at y
ou d
on’t
need
any
mor
e, o
r ob
ject
s of
des
ign
by
youn
g am
ateu
rs a
rtis
ts.
>O
ffic
es f
or
the
web
site
, m
agaz
ine
and
the
ed
itio
n o
f th
e al
tern
ativ
e B
eiru
t m
ap
that
g
uid
es y
ou
thro
ugh
our
eve
nts,
Ho
stel
, an
d
colla
bo
ratin
g p
artn
ers
activ
ities
.>
Exh
ibiti
on s
pac
e fo
r ar
tists
, fr
esh
grad
uate
s an
d a
mat
eurs
.>
Teac
hing
cou
rses
in d
iffer
ent
area
s>
Wo
rksh
op
sp
ace
dea
ling
w
ith
po
litic
s,
med
ia, a
rt, c
ultu
re, a
rchi
tect
ure
and
des
ign
as
inst
rum
ents
of
soci
al e
ngin
eeri
ng,
add
ress
ing
th
eir
role
and
res
po
nsib
ilitie
s in
so
ciet
y.
Eve
nts:
(dec
entr
aliz
ed a
ctiv
ities
)
The
Eve
nts
of S
tud
io B
eiru
t w
ill b
e he
ld o
utsi
de
its p
rem
ises
as
freq
uent
ly a
s p
ossi
ble
.Th
ese
Eve
nts
will
be
par
ties
held
with
loc
al
colla
bor
ator
s,
auct
ions
on
d
esig
n ite
ms,
b
ig
feas
ts w
here
all
Stu
dio
Bei
rut v
isito
rs a
re in
vite
d
to a
rchi
tect
ural
and
art
istic
con
test
s, fo
rum
s…Fi
nally
the
re is
one
reg
ular
eve
nt.
A t
our,
led
by
an a
rchi
tect
, p
lann
er o
r w
riter
, is
als
o p
lann
ed
ever
y tw
o w
eeks
in
diff
eren
t p
arts
of
the
city
. W
alk
ing
th
e
dis
tan
ce
is
an
op
por
tuni
ty
to
exp
lore
new
asp
ects
of
the
city
with
que
stio
ns
rele
vant
to
soci
al, p
oliti
cal a
nd c
ultu
ral t
opic
s.
The
even
ts o
rgan
ized
out
sid
e th
e S
tud
io w
ill
enab
le u
s to
rea
ch p
eop
le i
n d
iffer
ent
regi
ons,
b
ackg
roun
ds
and
inte
rest
s.
Thro
ugh
the
med
ia i
t us
es
(mag
azin
e, w
ebsi
te),
Stu
dio
B
eiru
t w
ill
have
to
co
ver
othe
r p
arts
of
th
e M
idd
le
Eas
t.Is
sues
and
dev
elop
men
ts in
th
e w
ider
re
gion
w
ill
be
add
ress
ed
in
the
Stu
dio
; fo
rmat
s an
d m
edia
will
be
exp
orte
d to
the
surr
ound
ing
coun
trie
s.A
s st
ated
ea
rlier
, S
tud
io
Bei
rut
in i
ts s
imp
lest
for
m
as a
com
mon
sp
ace
dea
ling
with
unc
omm
on i
ssue
s; a
s su
ch,
it w
ill n
ot o
nly
affe
ct
Bei
rut
but
al
so
the
wid
er
regi
on.
Bei
rut
has
a ric
h cu
ltura
l life
, an
d t
he n
ight
sc
ene
is e
spec
ially
act
ive.
The
city
is fa
mou
s in
th
e re
gion
fo
r its
cl
ubs,
fe
stiv
als
and
ga
llerie
s. T
hat
said
, m
any
of
the
pla
tfo
rms
and
ve
nues
in
Le
ban
on
have
a
rath
er
excl
usiv
e ch
arac
ter.
Stu
dio
Bei
rut
will
be
a sp
ace
in t
he c
ity t
hat
has
no p
erso
nal o
r fin
anci
al ta
rget
s, th
us it
will
b
e ea
sier
to
avo
id a
ny c
onn
ota
tions
, b
ecau
se
it w
ork
s in
an
op
en a
nd in
an
incl
usiv
e m
atte
r.
The
Stu
dio
Bei
rut,
as
the
nam
e in
dic
ates
, is
lo
cate
d i
n B
eiru
t, a
s th
is c
ity i
s cu
rren
tly t
he
bas
e fo
r al
l deb
ates
and
art
life
in L
eban
on, a
nd
all
even
ts w
ill b
e d
isp
erse
d o
n th
e re
st o
f th
e Le
ban
ese
terr
itory
.
Stu
dio
Bei
rut,
with
its
app
roac
h an
d p
rogr
ams,
is
a u
niq
ue p
roje
ct in
Leb
anon
.
v11_final.indd:Opmaak 1 05-04-2007 12:38 Pagina 118
thin
k ta
nk e
xam
ple
The
fact
tha
t th
e co
untr
y la
cks
any
free
pos
ting
stru
ctur
es a
nd th
is s
ituat
ion
led
to a
cha
otic
and
p
ollu
ting
pos
ting
on w
alls
all
over
the
citi
es.
The
str
eet
blo
g c
ont
rib
utes
in
clai
min
g t
he
sid
ewal
ks
as
a co
mm
on
pub
lic
spac
e an
d
inve
stin
g th
ese
spac
es a
s an
are
a fo
r dis
cuss
ion
and
pro
mot
ing
vario
us c
ultu
ral a
ctiv
ities
.
A s
pec
ific
spac
e on
the
wal
l will
be
ded
icat
ed to
st
udio
B
eiru
t’s
‘sen
d
and
re
ceiv
e co
rner
’, p
osin
g su
ch q
uest
ions
as
“if
I w
as in
cha
rge
of
the
coun
try,
I w
ould
...”.
The
pub
lic c
an p
ost
thei
r id
eas
and
sen
d t
heir
que
stio
ns a
nd s
ugge
stio
ns in
thi
s sp
ace,
whi
le
the
rest
of
the
wal
l is
ded
icat
ed f
reel
y to
pub
lic
use
(con
cert
pro
mo,
the
atre
s or
mov
ie t
raile
rs,
adve
rtis
emen
ts…
) un
der
th
e tit
le
“you
ar
e al
low
ed t
o p
ost
on t
his
wal
l” a
s a
resp
onse
to
the
mun
icip
aliti
es g
raffi
ti “y
ou a
re n
ot a
llow
ed to
p
ost o
n th
e w
alls
” w
hich
you
can
see
all
over
the
city
wal
ls.
The
ch
amel
eon
wal
l m
imic
s th
e b
ackg
roun
d o
f a
wal
l in
any
reg
ion
whe
re
it w
ill
be
imp
lem
ente
d
(dep
end
ing
on
each
reg
ion,
the
wal
l te
xtur
e an
d
colo
ur
will
ch
ang
e),
ensu
ring
its
visu
al in
teg
ratio
n.
The
pro
ject
al
so
incl
udes
ad
ded
va
lues
su
ch
as
the
ben
ch
and
an
at
tach
ed p
en.
The
Thin
k Ta
nk i
s an
op
por
tuni
ty t
o in
trod
uce
an
urb
an
elem
ent
that
se
rves
mul
tiple
pur
pos
es,
and
boo
sts
the
com
mun
icat
ion
bet
wee
n ci
tizen
s (c
olle
ctin
g a
sinc
ere
visi
on s
ince
the
p
artic
ipan
t w
ill r
emai
n an
onym
ous)
. Th
e n
um
ber
o
f st
and
s p
rod
uce
d
can
incr
ease
to
co
ver
wid
er r
egio
ns
and
diff
eren
t ci
ties
, an
d b
eco
me
a re
fere
nd
um
str
uct
ure
on
a n
atio
nal
le
vel.
The
Thi
nk T
ank
will
pro
vid
e an
urb
an ‘
easy
ac
cess
’ p
latf
orm
us
ed
by
Stu
dio
B
eiru
t to
co
mm
unic
ate
with
the
pub
lic a
nd e
nlar
ge
its
netw
ork
, pro
vid
ing
urb
an s
truc
ture
s la
ckin
g t
o
the
city
and
cau
sing
, b
y th
eir
abse
nce,
gre
at
visu
al p
ollu
tion.
Th
e
pre
sen
ted
st
ruc
ture
is
b
ase
d
on
a
“c
ha
me
leo
n w
all”
tha
t m
elts
with
the
bac
k-gr
ound
and
will
be
offe
red
to m
unic
ipal
ities
and
p
lace
d in
str
ateg
ic lo
catio
ns (
sid
ewal
ks in
fro
nt
of
thea
tres
, p
ublic
spac
es,
cine
mas
, p
ubs,
p
ublic
pho
nes…
) and
in S
tud
io B
eiru
t.A
ll p
lann
ing
and
fee
db
ack
will
be
rece
ived
by
Stu
dio
Bei
rut
and
pub
lishe
d i
n th
e m
agaz
ine
and
web
site
.
At
a la
ter
stag
e th
e B
US
will
hel
p d
istr
ibut
e th
e Th
ink
Tank
in e
very
reg
ion
it w
ill v
isit.
v11_final.indd:Opmaak 1 05-04-2007 12:38 Pagina 119
Du
rin
g
the
civi
l w
ar
in
19
75
, L
eban
on
w
as
arch
itec
tura
lly d
ivid
ed i
nto
sec
tari
an r
egio
ns,
in
whi
ch
each
re
ligio
us
com
mun
ity
exer
cise
d
its
ow
n ur
ban
ru
les
and
fo
rmed
its
o
wn
pub
lic
spac
es w
hich
ref
lect
ed i
ts p
erce
ptio
n o
f sp
ace
and
ult
ima
tely
wa
s o
nly
use
d b
y th
is s
pe
cif
ic
co
mm
un
ity.
Sni
per
s an
d b
om
bs
dep
rive
d t
he L
eban
ese
fro
m
the
cultu
re o
f w
alki
ng t
he s
tree
ts o
r ha
ngin
g o
ut
in p
arks
.A
dar
ing
pro
ject
is in
tend
ed t
o a
dd
ress
thi
s is
sue
and
to c
reat
e p
ublic
sp
aces
that
initi
ally
will
be
as
gen
eric
as
po
ssib
le a
nd w
here
diff
eren
t p
eop
le
fro
m d
iver
se b
ackg
roun
ds
can
mee
t.R
ath
er t
han
co
ncl
ud
ing
th
at p
ub
lic s
pac
e an
d
com
mu
nit
y lif
e ar
e in
dec
line,
we
sho
uld
en
vi-
sio
n a
so
ciet
y re
cep
tive
to p
lura
lism
. A
dyn
amic
in
terv
entio
n is
ne
eded
to
co
ntri
but
e to
so
cial
sp
ace.
In p
aral
lel
to t
he f
ixed
pla
tfor
ms
rep
rese
nted
in
othe
r p
roje
cts,
thr
ough
and
sim
ilar
to S
tud
io B
eiru
t (th
e m
othe
r shi
p),
a m
ovab
le p
latf
orm
is in
tend
ed to
re
ach
thos
e w
ho c
anno
t, f
or a
ny r
easo
n, a
cces
s th
e m
agaz
ine,
the
web
site
or
the
stud
io it
self…
This
mov
able
pla
tfor
m is
rep
rese
nted
by
a b
us,
or
an o
mni
bus
(sin
ce o
mni
mea
ns f
or a
ll),
that
will
be
mov
ing
from
one
loca
tion
to a
noth
er.
Inst
ead
of
tran
spor
ting
peo
ple
, as
it
com
mon
ly
doe
s, t
his
omni
bus
will
tra
nsp
ort
spac
e, o
r m
ore
spec
ifica
lly, w
ill g
ener
ate
inst
ant
pub
lic s
pac
e.
The
BU
S,
is s
ched
uled
to
be
laun
ched
as
the
final
p
hase
of
the
pro
ject
. It
add
ress
es l
ocal
peo
ple
’s
need
s b
y d
eliv
erin
g us
eful
, w
ell c
once
ived
sp
aces
an
d s
ervi
ces.
It w
ill b
e p
art
of m
uch
larg
er c
omm
u-na
l fa
cilit
ies.
It
doe
s no
t fo
rm a
mic
roco
sm i
n a
regi
on,
but
lin
ks i
tsel
f w
ith s
urro
und
ing
com
mun
i-tie
s.
The
pro
gram
is
si
mp
le
and
d
ivid
ed
in
seve
ral
cate
gorie
s to
try
to
attr
act
the
larg
est
num
ber
of
peo
ple
, and
all
serv
ices
are
affo
rdab
le t
o al
l peo
ple
.Th
e B
US
is c
omp
osed
of…
a b
us.
It w
ill t
rans
por
t p
erfo
rmer
s (m
usic
ians
, ki
ds
activ
i-tie
s…),
ben
ches
, lig
htin
g, a
wc,
but
als
o fr
ee f
ood
, an
exc
hang
e lib
rary
and
sp
ort
equi
pm
ents
and
any
ac
tivity
th
at
crea
tes
an
inst
ant
anim
ated
p
ublic
sp
ace.
The
pro
gram
incl
udes
the
use
of lo
cal m
ate-
rials
and
dem
and
s lo
cal p
artic
ipat
ion
in t
he p
ublic
sp
ace
(dep
end
ing
on e
ach
regi
on w
e vi
sit,
it c
ould
b
e lo
cal
mus
icia
ns
or
poe
ts,
feas
ts
or
dan
ces,
ki
osks
tha
t se
ll lo
cal
pro
duc
ts…
) to
pro
mot
e th
at
spac
e an
d m
ake
sure
tha
t it
is u
p t
o th
e lo
cals
to
sust
ain
and
mai
ntai
n it
in t
he fu
ture
.
Beirut
Jeb Janin
Halba
Khiyam
Zahle
Junieh
Nabatiye
Tayr Debba
Aalay
Tarik el Jdide
Bkaakafra
Ras Baalbak
Joun
Tripoli
Amyoun
HermelRachaya
Bechare
Jezzine
Bint Jbeil
v11_final.indd:Opmaak 1 05-04-2007 12:38 Pagina 120
Th
e S
tud
io
Bei
rut
team
w
ill
cho
ose
st
rate
gic
em
pty
lo
ts
of
lan
d,
or
an
exis
tin
g
pu
blic
sp
ace
that
n
eed
s b
oo
stin
g.
The
BU
S w
ill o
per
ate
for
a p
erio
d o
f tim
e in
th
e se
lect
ed
area
un
til
the
spac
e’s
man
agem
ent
can
be
hand
led
b
y lo
cals
. If
the
exp
erie
nce
wo
rks,
we
will
le
ave
the
bas
ic
equi
pm
ent
and
m
ove
to
an
oth
er
des
tinat
ion.
If
it
do
esn’
t, w
e w
ill j
ust
mo
ve e
very
thin
g
with
us
to t
he n
ext
des
tinat
ion.
The
omni
bus
will
be
the
mob
ile p
latf
orm
th
at e
nsur
es th
e p
rolif
erat
ion
of th
e Th
ink
Tank
urb
an e
lem
ent,
pro
mot
ing
Stu
dio
B
eiru
t an
d e
nlar
ging
its
netw
ork.
All
pla
nnin
g an
d
feed
bac
k w
ill
be
rece
ived
in
Stu
dio
Bei
rut
and
pub
lishe
d
in t
he m
agaz
ine
and
on
the
web
site
.
Th
e o
mn
ibu
s,
with
its lin
e “i
f yo
u
wo
n’t
co
me t
o t
he p
ub
lic s
pace, th
e
pu
blic
sp
ace w
ill c
om
e t
o y
ou
”, i
s
als
o a
way t
o e
nco
ura
ge l
ocals
to
cla
im
their
pu
blic
sp
ace,
as
it
is
pre
sen
ted
as
a
syste
m
ap
t fo
r d
evelo
pm
en
t.
It
will
p
rom
ote
th
e
exp
ressio
n o
f activitie
s a
nd
vis
ion
s
of
the l
ocals
th
rou
gh
pu
blic
sp
ace
by esta
blis
hin
g a p
hysic
al
co
nta
ct
betw
een
d
iffe
ren
t co
mm
un
itie
s.
Th
ey
are
th
e
decis
ive
facto
r o
n
wh
eth
er
it w
ill b
e a
on
e n
igh
t sta
nd
, o
r w
ill p
rosp
er
an
d liv
e o
n.
v11_final.indd:Opmaak 1 05-04-2007 12:38 Pagina 121
Suc
h an
initi
ativ
e w
ill a
ssur
e a
host
sp
ace
for
all p
eop
le in
tere
sted
in t
akin
g a
clo
ser
loo
k to
Leb
ano
n in
a m
od
erat
e p
rice
and
th
roug
h an
au
then
tic
exp
erie
nce.
It
has
bee
n in
tro
duc
ed
loca
lly
by
alre
ady
one
o
rgan
izat
ions
: Z
ico
hous
e.
Ther
efor
e w
e ne
ed
to d
ecid
e if
we
wan
t to
est
ablis
h a
new
net
wor
k of
loc
atio
ns o
r ap
pen
d t
he
sour
ces
that
are
int
eres
ted
to
the
exis
ting
orga
nize
rs.
In a
dd
ition
to
the
men
tione
d p
roje
ct ,
a
yout
h ho
stel
is
b
eing
p
lann
ed
in
the
Gem
ayzé
hou
se h
opin
g th
at w
e in
clud
e it
in
our
cont
acts
for
peo
ple
sea
rchi
ng f
or a
n af
ford
able
sp
ace
to s
pen
d t
heir
stay
.
Why
a h
oste
l?
Of
all
the
sche
mes
tha
t yo
u m
ight
thi
nk a
bou
t fo
r en
hanc
ing
and
im
pro
ving
Leb
anon
, a
host
el m
ight
se
em th
e le
ast l
ikel
y ch
oice
. How
ever
you
are
terr
ibly
w
rong
.A n
umb
er o
f fa
ctor
s in
dic
atin
g a
chan
ging
re
ality
in
Eur
opea
n tr
avel
tre
nds
are
as a
pp
aren
t in
Le
ban
on a
s el
sew
here
in t
he w
orld
, na
mel
y; t
he r
ise
of b
udge
t ai
rline
s, t
he i
nter
net
and
the
gro
wth
in
ind
epen
den
t tra
vel.U
ndou
bte
dly
Leb
anon
cou
ld b
e a
pop
ular
des
tinat
ion
for
bac
kpac
kers
bec
ause
of
its
geog
rap
hica
l, cl
imat
ic,
soci
al a
nd c
ultu
ral
asse
ts.
Bei
rut
offe
rs s
ea,
ski,
uniq
ue a
ncie
nt a
rcha
eolo
gica
l si
tes,
bea
utifu
l p
eop
le,
Pho
enic
ian
scie
nce,
goo
d
food
, a li
vely
nig
ht s
cene
and
eas
y tr
avel
to th
e m
ore
trad
ition
al A
rab
ic h
inte
rland
.
The
ben
efits
for
Leb
anon
in
enco
urag
ing
the
bac
k-p
acki
ng s
cene
can
be
exp
lain
ed a
s fo
llow
s. T
he d
aily
sp
end
ing
of a
bac
kpac
ker
may
be
low
er,
the
trav
el-
lers
ten
d t
o st
ay lo
nger
and
tra
vel w
ider
in t
he d
esti-
natio
n. B
ecau
se th
e le
ngth
of s
tay
is lo
nger
and
mos
t sp
end
ing
is m
ade
with
loc
al b
usin
esse
s, t
he l
ocal
ec
onom
ic i
mp
act
can
be
far
grea
ter
than
for
oth
er
typ
es o
f tou
rists
.
Bac
kpac
kers
and
ind
epen
den
t tr
avel
lers
ten
d t
o b
e tr
end
sett
ers
bac
k in
the
ir ho
me
coun
trie
s, h
elp
ing
to
pro
mot
e a
des
tinat
ion,
par
ticul
arly
thr
ough
wor
d o
f m
outh
and
the
rise
of th
e in
tern
et a
s a
mas
s co
mm
u-ni
catio
n to
ol.
For
exa
mp
le,
New
Zea
land
, Th
aila
nd,
Vie
tnam
and
Ind
ia w
ere
‘dis
cove
red
’ b
y th
e b
udge
t tr
avel
mar
ket
and
are
now
am
ongs
t th
e le
ader
s of
th
e m
ains
trea
m m
arke
t as
wel
l.
Bac
kpac
kers
te
nd
to
be
high
ly
educ
ated
, an
d
thou
gh ‘
low
bud
get’
now
, ar
e m
ore
likel
y to
be
of
high
dis
pos
able
inc
ome
in t
he f
utur
e.
Des
tinat
ions
th
at t
hey
find
att
ract
ive
and
enj
oy a
s b
ackp
acke
rs
are
likel
y to
be
ones
whi
ch w
ill b
ecom
e a
des
tinat
ion
of c
hoic
e fo
r th
em a
nd t
heir
fam
ilies
in t
he fu
ture
.
Why
wou
ld a
Hos
tel w
ork?
Intr
oduc
ing
a to
uris
t flo
w t
o a
coun
try
that
is
still
re
cove
ring
is o
nly
pos
sib
le t
hrou
gh t
he in
dep
end
ent
trav
elle
rs a
nd b
ackp
acke
rs b
ecau
se th
e on
ly re
qui
re-
men
ts fo
r th
is t
ype
of t
rave
llers
is t
he p
rese
nce
of a
n ad
equa
te in
fras
truc
ture
to h
ost t
hem
, the
ir ad
vent
ur-
ousn
ess
and
cur
iosi
ty o
verc
omes
any
inst
abili
ty.
How
to
set
up a
hos
tel a
nd w
hat
we
need
The
host
el i
n B
eiru
t is
bei
ng d
evel
oped
by
Stu
dio
B
eiru
t in
colla
bor
atio
n w
ith T
he C
ircus
Ber
lin w
hich
is
par
t of
the
Eur
opea
n H
oste
l Coo
per
atio
n.Th
e B
eiru
t Stu
dio
team
alre
ady
cam
e up
with
a fi
nan-
cial
stu
dy
for
sett
ing
up a
nd l
aunc
hing
a h
oste
l in
ce
ntra
l Bei
rut.
We
need
you
r su
pp
ort
dev
elop
ing
this
pro
ject
and
co
nnec
ting
Leb
anon
to
the
rest
of t
he w
orld
.Th
is p
roje
ct w
ill b
e th
e st
art
of a
saf
ety
net
bas
ed o
n th
e id
ea o
f em
otio
nal a
ttac
hmen
t an
d id
entif
icat
ion,
p
eop
le w
ho w
ill v
isit
Leb
anon
and
sta
y in
the
hos
tel,
and
sim
ilar
pla
ces
we
hop
e th
is p
roje
ct w
ill c
atal
yse,
ar
e lik
ely
to b
ecom
e th
e ad
voca
tes
and
sp
eake
rs o
f an
inte
rnat
iona
lly p
eace
-orie
nted
flou
rishi
ng v
isio
n of
Le
ban
on.
ww
w.h
otel
iban
ais.
com
v11_final.indd:Opmaak 1 05-04-2007 12:38 Pagina 122
Pea
rl su
pp
orts
th
e re
stor
atio
n of
p
ublic
se
rvic
es
and
th
e re
aliz
atio
n of
cu
ltura
l ac
tiviti
es.
Man
y p
roje
cts
wer
e in
itiat
ed b
y P
earl
in t
he
sout
h of
Leb
anon
:
Orp
ha
na
ge
in
Tib
nin
Pla
yg
rou
nd
an
d p
ark
in
Ta
yr
De
bb
a
Co
mp
ute
r p
roje
ct
in T
ayr
De
bb
a
Furt
herm
ore,
Pea
rl ai
ms
to s
timul
ate
inte
rcul
-tu
ral u
nder
stan
din
g b
y b
ringi
ng p
eop
le to
geth
er
and
to
enco
urag
e a
dia
logu
e.
See
als
o w
ww
.pea
rl-fo
und
atio
n.co
m
Tran
spo
rtat
ion
in L
eban
on
, al
tho
ug
h it
is
a sm
all
cou
ntr
y, c
an t
ake
a lo
ng
tim
e es
pec
ially
no
w t
he r
oad
s ar
e d
estr
oyed
in
the
rece
nt w
ar.
A f
ast
boa
t lin
e al
ong
the
coas
t ca
n im
pro
ve t
rave
l tim
e, b
ut w
ill a
lso
form
an
alte
rnat
ive
to t
rave
lling
alo
ne i
n a
car.
A f
erry
is a
rel
axin
g an
d n
ice
way
of
tran
s-p
orta
tion
that
gi
ves
room
fo
r m
eetin
g p
eop
le,
wor
king
and
rea
din
g. T
he s
truc
ture
en
visi
oned
is
‘ligh
t’ m
eani
ng t
hat
it ca
n b
e im
ple
men
ted
eas
ily b
y lo
cal
mun
icip
aliti
es
and
no
huge
inf
rast
ruct
ural
sch
emes
are
ne
cess
ary.
In t
he p
rese
nt u
nsta
ble
pol
itica
l si
tuat
ion
wer
e th
e ce
ntra
l go
vern
men
t is
not
ver
y p
oten
t to
cre
ate
over
all i
nfra
stru
ctur
es,
this
p
lan
form
s a
real
istic
alte
rnat
ive.
Initi
ator
s: O
le M
oyst
ad, N
orw
ay a
nd L
.E.F
T N
ew Y
ork
(Pos
sib
le) p
artn
ers:
mun
icip
aliti
es o
f har
bou
r ci
ties
in L
eban
on, m
unic
ipal
ity o
f Rot
terd
am,
Nor
weg
ian
gove
rnm
ent,
Dut
ch g
over
nmen
t
v11_final.indd:Opmaak 1 05-04-2007 12:38 Pagina 123
Tem
por
ary
PO
D:
A ‘W
hole
’
A h
ousi
ng s
truc
ture
UN
OR
THO
DO
X W
AYS
OF
THIN
KIN
G…
DE
SIG
NIN
G…
BU
ILD
ING
…IN
HA
RE
T H
RE
IK
by
MA
UR
EE
N A
BI G
HA
NE
M
Urb
an A
naly
sis
: Har
et H
reik
The
Mis
sion
To d
esig
n a
stru
ctur
e th
at fu
nctio
ns
Per
man
ent
PO
D: i
n ‘P
arts
’
In
the
Urb
an a
nd A
rchi
tect
ural
Fab
ric,
as b
us s
top
s,
new
spap
er s
tand
s, p
ublic
sea
ting,
pla
nter
…
RE
DIS
CO
VE
R D
AH
IEH
by
YAS
MIN
E A
BB
OU
D
The
SK
8 la
ne s
houl
d b
e p
rovi
ded
in
bet
wee
n ro
ads
and
sid
ewal
ks in
ord
er to
faci
litat
e sk
atin
g ci
rcul
atio
n.
Sp
ecia
l ex
its
shou
ld
also
b
e p
rovi
ded
to
enab
le s
kate
r to
lat
ch o
n to
the
ad
jace
nt v
ehic
ular
circ
ulat
ion.
Flat
tene
d p
lots
tha
t ha
ve b
een
hit
by
mis
sile
s sh
ould
al
loca
te
spac
e fo
r a
scar
(p
ool,
half
pip
e…)
Loca
tion
of t
he s
katin
g m
omen
t sh
ould
be
at
the
estim
ated
imp
act
poi
nt o
f the
mis
sile
.S
cars
sho
uld
be
surr
ound
ed b
y a
min
imum
of
50 s
qua
re m
. and
not
mor
e th
an 1
50 s
qua
re m
. of
gre
en g
rass
.
CIT
IES
A
ND
TH
EIR
P
UB
LIC
S
PAC
ES
A
RE
R
EFL
EC
TIO
NS
OF
THE
CO
MM
UN
ITIE
S L
IVIN
G
AN
D W
OR
KIN
G IN
TH
EM
.P
OTE
NTI
AL
SIT
ES
CA
N V
AR
Y F
RO
M A
STA
IR
OR
SQ
UA
RE
TO
A B
US
PA
RK
ING
AN
D T
HE
C
OA
STA
L S
TRIP
.
This
pro
ject
will
be
add
ress
ing
the
follo
win
g is
sues
:
• O
ver
the
last
d
ecad
e,
hund
red
s of
p
ublic
b
uild
ings
and
pro
ject
s ha
ve b
een
des
igne
d a
nd
bui
lt in
Leb
anon
in a
n el
usiv
e w
ay.
• A
lmos
t no
ne
of
such
p
ublic
b
uild
ings
or
sp
aces
ha
ve
bee
n d
ecid
ed
upon
th
roug
h a
pro
cess
of n
atio
nal o
r in
tern
atio
nal c
omp
etiti
on.
• Th
e re
sult
is o
utst
and
ingl
y ch
ocki
ng s
ince
the
ob
ject
s cr
eate
d
wer
e ne
ver
iden
tifie
d
nor
acce
pte
d a
s p
art
of t
he p
ublic
rea
lm.
• It
is n
o m
ore
acce
pta
ble
to
smug
gle
and
forc
e so
ulle
ss b
uild
ings
and
the
ir re
sid
ual s
pac
es o
n ou
r b
uilt
envi
ronm
ent.
• Le
ban
ese
arch
itect
s, t
own
pla
nner
s, a
nd g
ov-
ernm
ent
are
guilt
y of
bei
ng i
nact
ive
and
sile
nt
faci
ng t
he “
lais
ser-
faire
” si
tuat
ion.
• Le
ban
on’s
P
ublic
sp
aces
w
hene
ver
they
ex
iste
d
serv
ed
as
mel
ting
pot
s of
cu
ltura
l d
iffre
nces
.
• Th
e d
iver
sity
tha
t p
eop
le a
re e
xpos
ed t
o in
th
ese
pub
lic s
pac
es is
eye
-op
enin
g an
d le
adin
g to
new
idea
s b
eyon
d e
ach
ones
insu
lar
wor
ld.
• Th
e af
term
ath
of t
he l
ates
t su
mm
er w
ar o
n Le
ban
on d
rew
att
entio
n to
the
lack
of a
deq
uate
p
ublic
sp
aces
in c
erta
in a
reas
esp
ecia
lly in
the
so
uthe
rn s
ubur
bs
of B
eiru
t.
THE
LA
UN
CH
ING
O
F IN
TER
NAT
ION
AL
DES
IGN
CO
MP
ETIT
ION
S W
ILL
CO
NTR
IBU
TE
TO T
HE
FOLL
OW
ING
:
• G
ivin
g vi
sib
ility
to
Leb
anon
• C
hang
ing
the
imag
e of
the
city
• C
reat
ing
opp
ortu
nitie
s fo
r yo
ung
Leb
anes
e an
d fo
reig
n ar
chite
cts
• C
reat
ing
a m
arke
t fo
r cu
ltura
l tou
rism
• A
llow
ing
pub
lic p
artic
ipat
ion
in s
hap
ing
the
bui
lt en
viro
nmen
t
• E
nric
hing
the
qua
lity
of li
fe o
f the
Leb
anes
e
Wor
ksho
p u
nder
the
sup
ervi
sion
of B
ER
NA
RD
MA
LLAT
and
JO
UM
AN
A A
L JA
BR
I
v11_final.indd:Opmaak 1 05-04-2007 12:38 Pagina 124
Traf
ficsc
ape
mob
ile g
arde
nsTr
affic
scap
e M
ob
ile G
ard
ens:
is
an
exp
erim
enta
l pro
ject
tha
t w
as t
rigge
red
as
a re
actio
nary
act
to
Bei
rut’s
sp
raw
ling
traf
fic
jam
s an
d,
at t
he s
ame
time,
the
city
’s a
ckno
wl-
edge
d l
ack
of g
reen
sp
ace.
Tru
cks
cont
aini
ng
land
scap
ed g
reen
ery
trav
el o
n G
reat
er B
eiru
t’s
high
way
s in
trod
uce
a ne
w
orga
nism
to
th
e ro
ad’s
usu
al c
omp
onen
ts:
Car
s p
acke
d fr
ont
to
bac
k,
beg
gars
an
d
stre
et
vend
ors,
ch
aotic
ad
vert
isem
ent
boa
rds
(vis
ual
pol
lutio
n)
and
to
xic
gase
s (a
tmos
phe
ric p
ollu
tion)
. In
suc
h a
sett
ing,
Mob
ile G
ard
ens
tran
sgre
ss t
o fli
rt w
ith
the
spat
ial a
spec
t of
the
tra
ffic
spac
e; a
dd
ing
a se
nse
of in
timac
y an
d a
ple
asan
t fe
atur
e to
be
exp
erie
nced
, si
mp
ly p
rovi
din
g ox
ygen
in
add
i-tio
n to
the
pot
entia
l of b
eing
an
intr
igui
ng m
eans
of
tra
nsp
orta
tion.
The
non-
spac
e of
the
tra
ffic
sett
ing
star
ts t
o ac
qui
re s
pat
ial q
ualit
ies.
Tr
affic
scap
e is
an
inst
alla
tion/
pro
ject
tha
t is
not
m
eant
to
be
an e
nd p
rod
uct
but
rat
her
a co
m-
men
tary
on
a si
tuat
ion
or a
n en
zym
e to
mut
ate
the
road
sce
ne a
nd p
ush
into
gai
ning
frie
ndlie
r p
rop
ertie
s.Th
e co
ncep
t w
as e
xpan
ded
to
a ci
ty
vers
ion
whe
re c
ar r
ooft
ops
wer
e tu
rned
int
o cu
stom
ized
gar
den
s al
low
ing
car
par
ks d
ense
ly
spre
ad t
hrou
ghou
t th
e ci
ty t
o b
ecom
e vi
sual
ga
rden
s as
the
par
king
lot
turn
s fr
om e
mp
ty t
o fu
ll.
Traf
ficsc
ape
Mob
ile G
ard
ens
was
exh
ibite
d i
n th
e In
tern
atio
nal
Arc
hite
ctur
e B
ienn
ale
Rot
ter-
dam
200
3 w
here
it
was
rec
eive
d w
ith t
he w
ell
inte
nded
hum
or a
nd in
trig
ue.
The
them
e of
the
B
ienn
ale
was
Mob
ility
_Roo
m w
ith a
vie
w, w
hich
fo
cuse
s on
the
roa
d s
cap
es a
nd p
uts
its f
inge
r on
the
lack
of
atte
ntio
n to
the
qua
litie
s of
suc
h p
lace
s.
Pro
ject
By:
Fad
i Sar
ied
din
eIn
col
lab
orat
ion
with
: Jou
man
a A
l Jab
ri
Vis
itors
to
Bei
rut
risk
a t
rip
so
lely
int
o t
he
spec
tacu
lar.
Ap
art
fro
m M
arty
r S
qua
re a
nd
the
Co
rnic
he,
mos
t of
the
citi
es la
ndm
arks
are
p
lace
s an
d
bui
ldin
gs
that
re
fer
to
war
an
d
des
truc
tion.
The
Mur
r an
d
Hol
iday
Inn
tow
ers,
th
e ic
onic
Bar
akat
bui
ldin
g, th
e re
mna
nts
of th
e
Gre
en L
ine,
the
Sab
ra a
nd C
hatil
la M
emor
ial
Site
; man
y of
the
obvi
ous
ent
ries
pen
etra
te th
e ci
ty fr
om it
s m
ost
vuln
erab
le, r
aw, d
ram
atic
site
.
The
spec
tacu
lar
is t
he o
bvi
ous.
But
the
re i
s m
uch
mor
e to
the
city
. Th
is w
ebsi
te p
rop
oses
a n
umb
er o
f new
ent
ries
into
the
city
of
Bei
rut.
Pla
ces
and
sp
aces
of
ind
uctiv
e ur
ban
myt
h, s
educ
tive
mem
orie
s a
nd
pro
voki
ng
thou
ghts
. W
e w
elco
me,
fir
st-t
ime
visi
tors
and
res
iden
ts a
like,
to
dig
into
Bei
rut.
The
first
tou
r p
rese
nted
at
Voic
e-ov
er B
eiru
t is
‘C
atas
trop
hic
Sp
ace’
, a w
alk
thro
ugh
Ash
rafie
h,
Eas
tern
Bei
rut.
‘Cat
astr
ophi
c S
pac
e’ w
elco
mes
yo
u to
a s
mal
l ne
ighb
orho
od j
ust
off
Sas
sine
S
qua
re.
Wan
der
ing
thro
ugh
the
area
, To
nys
voic
e-ov
er
will
intr
oduc
e id
eas
on
the
por
ous
city
and
the
no
tion
of c
atas
trop
hic
spac
e an
d t
ime.
At t
he s
ite, a
ric
h re
fere
nce
libra
ry g
ives
con
text
to
the
tou
r (a
rt,
liter
atur
e, t
opog
rap
hy, p
hoto
g-ra
phy
).
v11_final.indd:Opmaak 1 05-04-2007 12:38 Pagina 125
v11_final.indd:Opmaak 1 05-04-2007 12:38 Pagina 126