Volume 119 No. 17 2018, 2771-2783 · made by usual ingredients such as cement, fine aggregate, coarse aggregate, wa ter, mineral admixture fly ash and demolished concrete at various

A REVIEW ON VARIOUS FIBER REINFORCED SELF-COMPACTING

CONCRETE

RAMESH. BHASKAR1, MANOJ NALLANTHEL

2,RUDHVIRAJ NAIDU

3

1. Undergraduate student, 2.Vice principal, 3. Undergraduate student

Department of Civil Engineering,

Saveetha School of Engineering,

Saveetha institute of medical and technical sciences, Chennai-602105.

[email protected] [email protected] [email protected]

1.0 ABSTRACT

Self-compacting concrete is a state-of-the-art technology actively used all over the world in

the construction field. In this study, we research both combined and individual effects of

polypropylene and glass fiber on mechanical and rheological properties of self-compacting

concrete. The various ratios of fibre content is 0.3, 0.6, 0.9 and 1.2% with the size of 5mm. L-

Box, U-Box, V-Funnel and J-Ring tests were performed to determine the properties of fresh

concrete on both R-sand and M-sand. The properties of hardened concrete also investigated

by conducting the compressive strength test. The test is conducted after 7days and 28days of

curing. The test results shows the workability and characteristics of concrete.

1.1 INTRODUCTION

Self-Compacting Concrete (SCC) was originating in Japan and well established in some

countries such as Sweden and United State. Apart from individual symposium papers, several

publications have been produced by some committees, such as “EFNARC Specifications and

Guidelines for Self Compacting Concrete” and “The European Guidelines for Self

Compacting Concrete. EFNARC stands for The European Federation of Specialist

Construction Chemicals and Concrete Systems. SCC can be defined as a concrete that is able

to flow under its own weight and completely fill the formwork, even in the presence of dense

reinforcement without any compaction, while maintaining the homogeneity of the concrete.

SCC can also be known as Super-Workable Concrete. The high workability is one of the

crucial properties for SCC and can be controlled by appropriate dosage of super plasticizer.

Fibre Reinforced Concrete (FRC) is defined as a concrete incorporating relatively short,

discrete, and discontinuous fibres.

2 LITARATURE REVIEW

2.1.1 Glass Fiber Using In Self Compaction Concrete

H.Abbas Shukla, (2015)

International Journal of Pure and Applied MathematicsVolume 119 No. 17 2018, 2771-2783ISSN: 1314-3395 (on-line version)url: http://www.acadpubl.eu/hub/Special Issue http://www.acadpubl.eu/hub/

2771

Self-compacting concrete (SCC) is a high-performance concrete that is able to flow under its

own weight, completely filling the formwork without any segregation or bleeding and

consolidating without the need of vibration. For this purpose three mixes; control mix, SCC

with viscosity modifying admixtures (VMA) only, SCC with VMA and glass fibres; were

prepared with a water-powder ratio of 0.35. Experiments revealed that after the addition of

fibres, fresh properties of SCC (i.e. flow-ability, passing ability and resistance to segregation)

were reduced but the properties were still in the prescribed range. Hardened properties (i.e.

compressive strength, split tensile strength, flexural strength and modulus of elasticity) were

improved after the addition of fibres.

Ravi Shanker Yadav, Juned Ahmad

This paper investigates the study of workability and durability characteristics of Self-

Compacting Concrete (SCC) with Viscosity Modifying Admixture (VMA), and containing

fly ash. The mix design for SCC was arrived as per the Guidelines of European Federation of

National Associations Representing for Concrete (EFNARC). In this investigation, SCC was

made by usual ingredients such as cement, fine aggregate, coarse aggregate, water, mineral

admixture fly ash and demolished concrete at various replacement levels (5%, 10%, 15%, and

20%). To enhance the property of SCC made with the use of demolish concrete and fly ash,

glass fiber has been added to the mix. Glass fiber in various % (i.e. 0.15%, 0.20% 0.30%, of

Wt. of cement) has been added in the mix which contain demolish concrete and gave highest

strength i.e. (10% demolish concrete).

Khaled S. Ragab and Ahmed S. Eisa (2014)

Experimental studies were carried out to select effective fiber contents. Three types of

volume fraction from hooked shape steel fibers are used in this study, the hooked steel fibers

were evaluated in volume fractions ranging between 0.0%, 0.75% and 1.5%. The beams

shape is chosen to create the required forces (i.e. torsion and bending moments

simultaneously) on the test zone. A total of seven beams were tested, classified into three

groups. All beams, have 200cm length, cross section of 10×20cm, longitudinal bottom

reinforcement of 310, longitudinal top reinforcement of 2Φ10, additional longitudinal steel

1Φ8 in the mid height of each side and closed stirrups equal to 10Φ8/m in the tested zone.

Group one is considered as a reference group which is consisted of two beams were casted

from ordinary concrete. A beam was reinforced by steel bars and the other was reinforced by

GFRP bars. Group two is consisted from two beams were casted from self compacting

concrete with steel fibers volume fraction equal to 0.0% and 0.75% and were reinforced by

GFRP bars. Group three is consisted from three beams were casted from high strength self

compacting concrete with steel fibers volume fraction equal to 0.0, 0.75% and 1.5% and were

reinforced by GFRP bars. An analytical study is used formulas from previous studies to

model the tested beams and numerical results are validated with the experimental results. It is

found that the effect of steel fibered high strength self compacting concrete (SFHSSCC) on

the beams reinforced by GFRP bars enhances the ultimate loads under torsion moments. The

present work describes the experimental and the numerical research carried out, and presents

the main obtained results.

Kamal M.M. 1, Safan M. A.1, Etman Z. A.1* and Abd-elbaki M. A.2 (2009)

International Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics Special Issue

2772

An investigation was performed to improve the properties of recycled self-compacting

concrete (RSCC) using demolitions as a coarse aggregate (crushed red brick and crushed

ceramic). Glass fibers were used in RSCC to achieve the purpose of this investigation. Glass

fiber volume fraction varied from 0.0 to 0.4% by the volume of concrete with aspect ratio

480, 960 and 1920. Forty seven concrete mixes were prepared. Slump flow, J-ring and V-

funnel tests were performed to assess the fresh properties of RSCC. Compressive strength,

tensile strength, flexural strength tests were performed in order to investigate mechanical

properties. Also the density of the mixes was calculated. Using Ceramic as a recycled

aggregate improved the workability of the concrete mixture compared to use red brick as a

recycled aggregate. At aspect ratio 480, the optimum volume fraction of glass fibers were

0.05% for the mixes contained crushed red brick and ceramic as a coarse aggregate

respectively. For the RSCC mixes with glass fibers; 24% and 25% increasing in the

compressive strength for the mixes with crushed red break and crushed ceramic, respectively

with respect to control mix was observed

Mohamed Yakhlaf (2010)

Fiber-reinforced self-consolidating concrete is a relatively new material in civil engineering

applications. The purpose of this study is to examine the effects of discrete Pitch-based

carbon fibers on the fresh properties of self-consolidating concrete (SCC). Ten different

carbon fiber reinforced self-consolidating concrete (CFRSCC) mixtures were produced with

two water/binder (W/B) ratios of 0.35 and 0.4, and 0%, 0.25%, 0.5%, 0.75%, 1% carbon

fibers by concrete volume. Silica fume was used in all concrete mixtures to improve the

dispersion of carbon fibers and the cohesiveness of the SCC. In addition, a high-range water

reducer (HRWR) was used to enhance the workability of the concrete. The flow

characteristics of the concrete mixtures were determined with respect to slump flow, J-ring

slump, and T50 slump flow time. The segregation resistance of the concrete mixtures was

evaluated by using the sieve stability test. Visual stability index (VSI) was also used to assess

the segregation resistance of concrete.

Saint Petersburg, Russia(2011)

Self-compacting concrete is a state-of-the-art technology actively used all over the world in

the construction field. In this study, we research both combined and individual effects of

polypropylene and glass fiber on mechanical and rheological properties of self-compacting

concrete. In order to do so, 10 specimens have been made including those containing (A)

polypropylene fiber with volume fraction of 0.1, 0.2, 0.3 and glass fiber with volume fraction

of 0.1, 0.2, 0.3 and (B) combined polypropylene and glass fiber. The results of these

experiments have shown that combined polypropylene and glass fiber can enhance tensile

and bending strengths. In addition, these additives dramatically increases toughness of

concrete

A Vennila1, R Venkatasubramani, V Sre Adethya (2014)

In recent years, Self Compacting Concrete (SCC) has gained wide attention owing to their

placement use in congested reinforced structures with difficulties in casting condition. For


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such applications fresh concrete must possess high fluidity and good cohesiveness. One of the

disadvantages of self compacting concrete is its cost due to the usage of high volume of

Portland cement and chemical admixture. One way to reduce the cost of self compacting

concrete is by adding mineral admixtures such as fly ash, silica fume as a replacement to

cement by 5%, 10%, 15% and 20%. Moreover, by the addition of mineral admixture in the

manufacturing of self-compacting concrete, cost and heat of hydration get reduced. Also

parameters like environmental consciousness and sustainable development plays an important

role. Keeping this in mind, research was carried out by partial replacement of foundry sand

with fine aggregate at 50%. Knowing that concrete is weak in tension, glass fibres are added

at 1% to improve the tensile property. The initial results of experimental programs aimed at

producing and evaluating SCC made with fly ash, silica fume, foundry sand and glass fibres

are presented and discussed.

S. Saranya1, M. Abinaya2 (2009)

Self-Compacting Concrete is a recently developed conception in which the ingredients of the

concrete mix are proportioned in such a way that it can flow under its own weight to

completely fills up the formwork and passes through the crammed reinforcement with no

segregation and self-consolidate without any mechanical vibration. In this project, glass

fibers and polyester fibers were added to SCC and HFRSCC was developed. An attempt has

been made to study mechanical properties of self compacting concrete and glass fiber

reinforced self-compacting concrete with addition of mild steel reinforcement. A strength

based mix proportion of self-compacting concrete was arrived based on Nan-Su method of

mix design and the proportion was fine-tuned by using Okamura’s guidelines. Self-

compacting concrete mixes with partial replacement of cement by mineral admixture like fly

ash were taken for investigation with and without incorporating glass fibers and polyester

fibers.

S. Ramanjaneya Gupta*, E.V.Chandrasekhar (2017)

The growth of Self Compacting Concrete is revolutionary landmark in the history of

construction industry resulting in predominant usage of SCC worldwide nowadays. It has

many advantages over normal concrete in terms of enhancement in productivity, reduction in

labour and overall cost, excellent finished product with excellent mechanical response and

durability. Incorporation of fibres further enhances its properties specially related to post

crack behavior of SCC. Hence the aim of the present work is to make a comparative study of

mechanical properties of self consolidating concrete, reinforced with glass fibres. The

variables involve in the study are type and different percentage of fibres. The basic properties

of fresh SCC and mechanical properties, toughness, fracture energy were studied.

Microstructure study of various mixes is done through scanning electron microscope to study

the hydrated structure and bond development between fiber and mix. The primary aim of this

study is to explore the acceptability of demolished concrete waste aggregate to make self

compacting concrete of high strength and desirable properties. The compressive strength of

all the concrete mixes were measured at the age of 7 and 28 days, and testing them for, water

absorption, sulfate resistance.


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Table 2.1 Comparison Of Compressive Strength By Different Authors For Glass Fiber-

Reinforced Self-Compacting Concrete

Sl.no Author Fiber Grade Percentage Compressive strength

7days 28days

1 Abbas glass M40 0 32.85 43.42

0.3 33.66 44.44

2 Ali reza glass M50

0.1

73.8

0.2

72.3

0.3

69.6

3 Vennila glass M30 0 24.5 36.22

1 26.92 39.52

4 Chandra

sekhar glass M30

1 26.63 35.31

2 25.66 37.51

5 Jadhav glass M30 0.1 33.23 38.42

6 Saranya glass M30

0 27.28 39.89

0.5 31.15 53.95

0.6 32.98 53.87

7 Priyanka glass M30

0

34.84

0.1

39.02

0.15

41.12

0.2

42.36

2 Steel Fiber Using In Self Compaction Concrete

Abbas AL-Ameeri (2016)

Self compacting concrete (SCC) is compacting itself alone due to its self-weight and is filled

almost completely while flowing in the formwork. The Steel fibers had effect on compressive

& tensile strength , modulus of elasticity and ultrasonic pulse velocity of steel fiber self

compacting concrete, there was an optimum content of steel fiber at which higher

performance obtained at the both mentioned characteristics ,the content was(0.75- 1)% . All

fiber mixes demonstrated higher splitting tensile strength, and flexural strength relative to

plain mix at all curing ages. The strengths increased as the fiber content increased. The fibers

slightly decrease the U.P.V followed the same behavior as in compressive strength of SCC

Adams Joe M Kanmalai Williams and Shrinath Rao K (2016)

Conventional concrete tends to present a problem with regard to adequate compaction in thin

sections or areas of congested reinforcement, which leads to a large volume of entrapped air

voids and compromises the strength and durability of the concrete. SelfCompacting Concrete

(SCC) can minimize this problem since it is designed to compact under its own mass. It is


2775

found that steel fibers have superior resistance to cracking and crack propagation which

leads to increased extensibility and tensile strength. In this study 12 cubes and 12 beams

for ordinary and self-compacting concrete will be casted and their compressive strength and

flexural strength results will be analyzed for 28days and compared with ordinary and self-

compacting concrete

B. G. Patel1, A. K. Desai2, S. G. Shah3 (2010)

Fiber reinforced concrete (FRC) is a concrete in which small and discontinuous fibers are

dispersed uniformly. The addition of fibers into concrete mass can dramatically change

properties of concrete. This paper examines the effect fibers addition on rheological

properties, mechanical properties and fracture energy of self compacting concrete.

Rheological properties were determined as per EFNARC standards. Mechanical

characteristics like compressive strength, splitting tensile strength and flexural strength

obtained as per IS 516 on standard specimen size. Fracture energy (GF) measured using the

three-point bending test on pre-notched beams prescribed by RILEM recommendations. The

result shows that workability of SCC decrease with addition of fibers but ductility and

fracture energy increase with addition of fibers in pain self compacting concrete.

AbdUlla Taisir Al Madhoun (2014)

The usage of ultra-high strength concrete with high compressive strength in construction

applications has been increasing worldwide and will make an impact in Gaza Strip due to the

limited land area available for construction, the fast growing population and due to bad and

unstable political conditions and the continuing wars in Gaza Strip, strong, relatively cheap,

easy to use and locally available repairing and strengthening material should be produced for

that purposes as well.

The effect of adding different amounts of Polypropylene fibers (0.45 kg/m3, 0.9 kg/m3 and

1.8 kg/m3) on the fresh and hardened properties of Ultra High Performance Fiber Reinforced

Self Compacting Concrete is also investigated.

Results show that it is possible to produce Ultra High Performance Fiber Reinforced Self

Compacting Concrete in Gaza strip using materials that are available at the local markets if

they are carefully selected and will achieve a minimum compressive strength of 177 MPa at

the age of 28 days. Such concretes can be produced with cement, Water/Cement ratoi of 0.24,

steel fibers (16% by the weight of cement), polypropylene fibers (0.9 kg/m3), quartz sand

(125% by the weight of cement), and silica fume (15% by the weight of cement) as the

mineral admixture (3% superplasticizer by the weight of cement.

Thomas Paul, Habung Bida, Bini kiron, Shuhad A K, Martin Varghese (2013)

Self-compacting concrete (SCC) is defined as a flowing concrete mixture which has the

ability to consolidate under its own weight. The objective of the study was to determine and

compare the differences in properties of Normal concrete, SCC containing without steel

fibres and SCC with steel fibres at different proportions. This experimental investigation was

carried out to study the compressive strength, flexural strength, Split tensile strength of steel


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fibre reinforced concrete (SFRC) containing fibres of 0%, 0.4%, 0.8% and 1.2% volume

fraction of end hooked steel fibres. Steel fibre of aspect ratio 75 was used. The result data

obtained has been analyzed and compared with a specimen having 0% steel fibre. The

workability of SCC significantly reduced as the fibre dosage rate increases. The research

paper proposes that due to these properties of steel fibre reinforced self-compacting concrete,

it can be used at places where compaction is not possible and for the design of curvilinear

forms.

Table:2.2 Comparison Of Compressive Strength By Different Authors For Steel Fiber-

Reinforced Self-Compacting Concrete

Sl.no Author Fiber Grade Percentage Compressive strength

7days 28days

1

Abbas

steel

M40

0.1 27.5 35.4

0.2 30.4 37.6

0.3 35.6 45.2

0.4 34.5 43.2

0.5 33.3 42.5

2 Adams

joe steel M40

0

42.81

0.5

4734

3 Patel steel M50 0.1 62.64 66.59

4 Thamous steel M40

0

34.4

0.4

37.09

0.8

44.97

1.2

49.7

5 Abdulla steel M40

0.5 35.3 40.7

1 36.3 43.2

1.5 38.1 49.7

2 42.9 53.4

2.1.3 Various fiber reinforced self compacting concrete

ChiragRohilla1, Kushal Sharma, Kuldeep3(2011)

The growth of Self Compacting Concrete is revolutionary landmark in the history of

construction industry resulting in predominant usage of SCC worldwide nowadays.The fibers

used in the study are 12 mm long chopped glass fiber, carbon fiber and basalt fiber. The

volume fraction of fiber taken are 0.0%,0.1%,0.15%,0.2%,0.25% ,0.3%. The project

comprised of two stages. First stage consisted of development of SCC mix design of M30

grade and in the second stage, different fibers like Glass, basalt and carbon Fibers are added

to the SCC mixes and their fresh and hardened properties were determined and compared.


2777

Haddadou N 1, Chaid R2, Ghernouti Y2,*, Adjou N1 and Bouzoualegh M1 (2013)

In this work, several reinforced self-compacting concretes were prepared by using three types

of fibers made of steel, polypropylene and glass, and three different types of mineral

additions (marble powder, metakaolin and limestone powder). The water to cement ratio was

kept constant at 0.34 and fibers were used in combination, keeping the total fiber content

constant at 60 kg/m3. Slump flow diameter, L-Box, stability and air content were performed

to assess the fresh properties of the concrete. Compressive strength, flexural strength,

splitting tensile strength and ultrasonic pulse velocity of the concrete were determined for the

hardened properties.

K.Pandeeswari1, K. Bala Ganesh2, S.Dinesh3, P.U.Gopinath4 (2015)

The objective of this investigation is to enhance the strength properties of SCC using coconut

fibre. Natural fibres are those fibre which are pollution free, environment friendly and does

not have any bad effect on climate. They act as green construction material every year there

is ample amount of wastages of natural fibre. If these natural fibres used as a construction

material it could save the bio-reserves. Addition of CF resulted into cohesive mix. To

overcome this drawback the suitable dosage of admixture was incorporated without effecting

it strength properties. Test methods used to study the properties of fresh concrete were slump

test, slump flow, V – funnel and L – Box. The properties like compressive, tensile strength of

SCC were also investigated. Therefore two types of SCC with coconut fibre are made by

adding 0f 0.5% and 1% of CF to the weight of cement are made and their test results were

analyzed.

Satheskumar K1 Karthik P Vijayan V (2017)

One of the goals of any building project is to minimize the construction costs. Economically,

lot of countries tries to reduce the total costs and it is forcing the construction industry to find

new ways to reach that goal The present work deals with the workability and strength studies

on steel and basalt fiber reinforced self-compacting concrete of grade M30 with GGBS and

superplasticizer. The mix proportions for self-compacting concrete were arrived at by

performing mix design and then fine-tuning using EFNARC guidelines. The powder content

should be added the 70% of cement and 30% of GGBS. This was kept constant for all the

mixes. The steel and basalt fiber percentage was varied from 0.6%, 0.8%, 1.0%, 1.2%, 1.4%,

1.6%, 1.8%, and 2.0 % by weight of concrete. And also to taken the data for hardened

concrete properties like compressive strength, split tensile strength, flexural strength (single

point and double point).

Vijaya G. S #1 , Dr. V aishali G. Ghorpade*2, Dr. H. Sudarsana Rao#3 (2011)

Self compacting concrete (SCC) has been developed in order to achieve durable concrete

structures.The strength based mix proportion of SCC was arrived based on NANSU method

of mix design for M40 grade plastic fibre reinforced self compacting concrete. It was

developed by varying percentages of fibres from 0.0%, 0.25%, 0.5%, 0.75%, 1.00%, 1.1%,

1.2%, 1.3% and 1.4%. The result of fresh property tests satisfy the limit specified by


2778

EFNARC. The specimens were cured in water for 28days and then immersed in sulphuric

acid solution with PH2.0. The percentage loss in compressive and split tensile strength and

loss in weight of specimens for different percentages of fibers were evaluated. The addition

of waste plastic fibres improved the compressive, tensile and durability characteristics. At

1.0%of plastic fibre content by weight of cement, maximum compressive and split tensile

strength have been achieved. From the test results as the percentage of fibre increased,

percentage weight loss and loss in compressive strength decreased when immersed in

sulphuric acid with controlled PH of 2.0 for 30, 60 and 90 days.

P. Kumar (2014)

This paper is an attempt to review that study of experimental investigation to find out the

optimum mechanical properties of concrete in Self Compacting Concrete (SCC) with mono

fiber and hybrid fiber. Due to the use of fly ash, Recron 3s, glass fiber and combination of

two fibers, the mechanical properties can be changed. The various combinations of fibers can

be taken for testing purpose as range as 0.25-0.75%, 0.5-0.5%, 0.75-0.25% and by volume at

a maximum fiber volume fraction of 1%. The main aim of this paper is to identify the effect

of filling ability and passing ability of SCC and check SCC with different combination of

fibers in same proportion and different proportion. Recron 3s and glass fiber are two fibers

used in this research in mono and different combinations

Apoorva Chandak1, Nitin Agrawal2, Divyansh Thakur3 and Abhyuday Titiksh4

The project shows the comparison between the conventional concrete and SCFRC using

hybrid fibre ( banana and sisal fibre). Concrete made with Portland cement has certain

characteristics; concrete is relatively strong in compression but it is weak in tension. by the

use of conventional rod reinforcement and to some extension by inclusion of a sufficient

volume of certain fibre the weakness in tension can be overcome. Fibre Reinforced Concrete

(FRC) is a composite material consisting of cement based matrix with an ordered distribution

of fibre which can be steel, nylon, polyethylene etc. The self compacting property of the

concrete helps in fresh state of concrete and properties in hardened state is enhanced by fibre.

In the project hybrid banana and sisal fibre is used.

Table:2.3 Comparison Of Compressive Strength By Different Authors For Various

Fiber-Reinforced Self-Compacting Concrete

Sl.no Author Fiber Grade Percentage Compressive Strength

7days 28days

1 Haddadou Polypropylene

fibre

M30 1 25.9 26.3

2 24.6 35.2

3 23.4 37.8

2 Kumar hybrid M40 0.25 37.4

0.75 43.4

3 Apoorva hybrid M40 0.1 27.72 42.9

0.2 30.1 49


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4 Bala

ganesh

cocunut M30 1 17.5 31.2

2 17.2 31.6

3 17 31.4

5 Sathish

kumar

basalt M25 0.6 12.53 26.42

0.8 12.98 26.95

6 Vijaya Waste plastic M20 0 21.65

0.25 24.91

7 chirag chopped M50 0 33.185 40.89

0.15 31.11 38.65

0.2 34.22 49.77

0.25 45.48 50.99

0.3 20.89 61.4

8 Gorle carbon M40 0.1 34 43.1

0.15 26.5 43

CONCLUSION

• The test carried out for 7days and 28days, the comparison is made between river sand

and m. Sand.

• The results shows the compressive strength strength is gradually increasing by adding

the % of fiber. But when compared river sand and m. sand the difference in the

strength is low.

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5

N/m

m2

% of fiber

Compressive Strength

glass fiber(28days)"

polypropylene fiber(28days)"

cocunut fiber(28 days)"

chopped fiber(28 days)"

carbon fiber(28days)"

hybrid fiber(28days)"

waste plastic(28days)"

basalt fiber(28days)"

glass fibre(7days)"

steel fiber(7days)"

hybrid fiber(7days)"


2780

• The results conclude the river sand and manufacture sand shows good strength and

recommended for low cost of construction with manufacture sand of SCC.

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A Vennila. Study on mechanical properties of self compacting concrete with mineral

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Abbas AL-Ameeri. The effect of steel fiber on some mechanical properties of self

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Adams joe M. Experiment study on flexural behaviour of self compacting steel fibre

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B.G. Patel. Fracture properties of fiber reinforced self compacting concrete notched

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Jadhav Investigation on residual compressive strength of compressive strength of self

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Documents

Volume 119 No. 17 2018, 2771-2783 · made by usual ingredients such as cement, fine aggregate, coarse aggregate, wa ter, mineral admixture fly ash and demolished concrete at various