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EVROPAEVMReview
Volume 5, Issue 2 - Spring 2003
TRANS-ATLANTICFALLOUT
David Marquandon the Iraq crisis
Tim Garton Ash onthe Turkish Question
Chris Patten onEuropean security
Tomas Halik on thegood university
Ben Okri ongood students
Bologna
The Europaeum Review is a biannual publicationEdited by Paul Flather
Front cover by Michelle Lowings
Designed by Paul Flather
Typeset by Michelle Lowings
Printed by Joshua Horgan Print Partnership, Oxford
! promote excellence in research and teaching collaborationbetween the Europaeum partners;
! act as an open academic network, linking the Europaeumpartners and other universities and bodies in the pursuit ofstudy;
! serve as a resource for the general support and promotion ofEuropean studies;
! function independently in the search for new ideas;
! provide opportunities for the joint pursuit of new pan-Europeaninitiatives;
! serve as a high level �think-tank� exploring new ideas and newroles for universities in the new Learning Age;
! provide a �pool of talent� to carry out research and inquiry intoproblems and questions confronting Europe today andtomorrow;
! help train and educate future leaders of a new Europe.
The Europaeum was founded in 1992 as an associationof European universities, with a mission to:
Genéve
Oxford
Leiden
Bonn
Paris
Prague
Madrid
Je vois avec plaisir qu�il se forme dans l�Europeune république immense d�esprits cultivés.
La lumière se communique de tous les côtés.Voltaire
In a letter to Prince Dmittri Alekseevich Golitsyn14 August 1967
For full information see: www.europaeum.org
EVROPAEVM MissionThe
36
Why would a PhD student based in
Geneva working on issues related to
the World Trade Organisation and
human rights values want to come to Oxford?
After all, most of the international organisations
focused on the fields of trade, labour rights and
human rights are based in Geneva and the experts
working in those organisations and their
documentation can be accessed more easily there.
My decision was influenced by two
advantages that Oxford offered: to my knowledge,
it is the only University that offers a seminar on
environment conducive to concentration. Secondly
a year. I have not regretted my decision.
carry out a substantial part of my research.
environment.
fruitful discussions.
Gill during the T
Vaughan Lowe.
my research.
rights on 11 and 12
Geneva and Bern (see page 31).
seminar rooms and papers.
most modern facilities that of
wonderful bookshops or having cof
Labouring
CARLOS LOPEZ-HURTADO spent a fruitfulyear in Oxford under the Europaeum’ s
Oxford-Geneva bursary scheme. Here herecollects his year.
News
1
From the editorContentsNews and Research
Still generating the Geneve internationale 2
Delors and Prodi back intellectual engagement 4
New joint courses will offer a deeper sense of Europe 5
Universities must produce trusted data 6
Widening the net in teaching 9
In memoriam: Roy Jenkins (1920 - 2003) 18
Meeting the Other: here and there 19
Science and technology from the European periphery 24
Students debate Africa’s future 32
Monitoring borderless higher education 33
Poetry and travelling in Ancient times 34
Labouring between Oxford and Geneva 36
Essays and Viewpoints
What are our universities for? 8
Ben Okri
Can the university withstand the global
culture of pluralism? 10
Tomáš Halik
American hegemony and the war against Saddam 12
David Marquand
In search of a European foreign and security policy 16
Chris Patten
Where on earth will Europe end? 22
Tim Garton Ash
News-in-Brief 26 - 31
Madrid joins Europaeum; Aznar visits Oxford;
New Chairs promote mobility; Umberto Eco translates ideas;
New Policy Studies Centre at Leiden;
New publication captures Essentials;
Students Build Bridges in Cyprus; Oxford Centre for Political Ideologies
Narrating Modern Jewish History; Putin’s window on the West
Preparing an anti-corruption policy;
Prague remembers Oxford’s support; Opening doors to global talent;
Protecting global labour rights; Reinterpreting Central Europe.
Contacts inside back cover
Diary back cover
The war on Saddam broke out just as we were
finalising the contents for this issue of the
Review. Europaeum scholars have plenty
to say – and one European view is put brilliantly in
David Marquand’s essay here, in which he argues
that the US is out to fashion the world in its own
image – using different tactics and methods, but in
so many ways, following the ambitions of the mighty
British Empire. Failure, he suggests, is the Bushite
nightmare.
Tim Garton Ash raises the Islamic question in
an article on where Europe ends, which chimes with
our fascinating report on an international research
workshop on Meeting the Other. We also reprint an
important speech from Chris Patten, just elected
Chancellor of Oxford University in succession to Roy
Jenkins, in which he argues for a common European
foreign policy – to counteract the many foreign
policies Europe currently has! Lord Jenkins, friend
of the Europaeum, is of course, already much missed
and we remember him (see page 18).
The Europaeum exists to “unite eminent
university academics and researchers from our
European universities”, in Jacques Delors’ words
of salute to us, “for meaninful exchanges that weave
the rich tapestry of intellectual Europe.” We recall
our linking with three EC Presidents (see page 4).
In this issue we also focus on a number of student
activities, including our student bursary scheme
which brough Carlos Lopez-Hurtado to Oxford;
students in debate on crisis prevention in Africa; and
Classics graduates discussing ancient travel and
poetry.. We also look forward to exciting joint
teaching initiatives for tomorrow’s students.
Finally, we report on the second of our three-
stage inquiry into the Future of European
Universities held at Paris last year, with powerful
statements from Ben Okri, poet and writer, and Tomas
Halik, former dissident and now, rightfully, professor
of sociology at Charles University, about what the
heart and soul of universities should be all about.
Paul Flather
2
Still generating theNews
The Graduate Institute (known by its Geneva
abbreviation of HEI – Hautes Études Internationales) was founded in 1927. The moving spirits behind its creation were William
Rappard, afriend ofW o o d r o wWilson, andPaul Mantoux,a friend ofLloyd Georgeand ofClemenceau –both scholar-d i p l o m a t s .They workedside by side and
in friendship as senior officials in the secretariat at the firstheadquarters of the League of Nations in the building, later(and still) known as the Palais Wilson. Their shared vision, atthe peak of faith in internationalism associated with the League,was for a graduate school to help prepare statesmen andsecretariat staff by studying, in complete impartiality, the newand distinct subject of international relations.
Rappard was influential in convincing President Wilsonto locate the League in Geneva. Indeed, the current site of theInstitute in the Parc Barton on the shore of Lake of Geneva,was one of the first sites considered for the organization’sheadquarters. The original mandate of the Institute highlightedthe aim of working closely with the League and the ILO (itsprecursor in Geneva) in a cooperative exchange through whichHEI would prepare staff and delegates, while theintergovernmental organizations would provide intellectualresources and diplomatic expertise as guest lecturers. TheInstitute continues to pride itself on being an intellectualcatalyst, and a magnet, for what is known as “ Geneve
The Graduate Institute of International Studiescelebrated its 75th Anniversary last year. Friends
from the Europaeum supported the festivities.DANNY WARNER and NORMAN SCOTT
delve into its history.
international “.The professors chosen to teach at the Institute constituted
a galaxy of brilliant academic merit. As Rappard himself wasto observe, ironically, the two men to whom the Institute oweda debt for so happy a selection were Mussolini and Hitler! From1928 onwards, the faculty consisting of co-directors ProfessorsMantoux and Rappard, and two local teachers was reinforcedby the arrival of eminent newcomers from abroad -Hans Wehberg and Georges Scelle for law, Maurice Bourquinfor diplomatic history, and Pitman B. Potter for politicalscience; and the rising young Swiss jurist, Paul Guggenheim.
These outstanding scholars were soon joined by otherheavyweights, notably Hans Kelsen, the towering theorist andphilosopher of law, Guglielmo Ferrero, the polymath Italianhistorian, and Carl Burckhardt, scholar and diplomat. Laterarrivals, also seeking refuge from the dictatorships, includedthe apostle of the free market economy, Ludwig von Mises,and another economist, Wilhelm Ropke, who wielded muchinfluence over German postwar liberal economic policy andthe development of the theory of a social market system.
Around the constellation of permanent professors orbiteda galaxy of visiting professors teaching for a semester or two,or giving cours temporaires. The list of their names reads likean Almanac de Gotha of prominent intellectuals of the 1930s.Between 1928 and 1957, in addition to the 40 professors whohad taught for a minimum of one semester, over 260 lecturersfrom Switzerland or abroad, contributed through their week-long cours temporaires to enriching considerably thecurriculum of the Institute.
In a sense the cours temporaires were the intellectualshowcase of the Institute, attracting such names as RaymondAron, René Cassin, Luigi Einaudi, John Kenneth Galbraith,G. P. Gooch, Gottfried Haberler, Friedrich A. von Hayek,Hersch Lauterpacht, Lord McNair, Gunnar Myrdal, HaroldNicolson, Philip Noel Baker, Pierre Renouvin, Lionel Robbins,Jean de Salis, Count Sforza, Jacob Viner, and the MontaguBurton Professor of International Relations at Oxford, SirAlfred Zimmern.
The last-named deserves separate mention for his ownpioneering role in the systematic study and teaching ofinternational relations. As early as 1924, while serving on thestaff of the International Council for Intellectual Cooperation
From Left: the original park and Villa Lammermoor; the 1955 HEI Council; a lake view, 1942; the American delegation at the1932 Disarmament conference; William Rappard and Paul Mantoux, founders of the HEI.
Villa Barton - home of the HEI
35
evening,mightily
Ashmoleanat first handitems from
, wherePraxiteles
this andCaesarit was
papersof
traveller’s
(Colleges Faculty
Pitcher
Oxford
the heart of Rome.
News
pathsstudies,
art andeach of these
“Next year we particularly wish toexplore the differing scholarly traditionsand approaches of the participatinguniversities”, explained ProfessorParsons. “We may be able to exploit,
formally or informally, reflections on theassumptions which different membershave brought to the topics discussed inthe first two years’ gatherings.”
The Classicists want to conceivethese colloquia as some sort of unity, butone which broaches an important newaspect each year.
The third event could be based onceagain in Oxford - unless anotherEuropaeum partner institution wishes tohost it?
The A-Z for Romans?
34
PThe Europaeum has forged a
vibrant partnership with
Classicists who now plan an
annual European-wide
graduate colloquium.
PAUL FLATHER reports.
The Ancient Romans were, of
course, great travellers. But how
did it all work without
lastminute.com?
On a chilly November weekend in
2001, graduate students from the
universities of Leiden, Prague, Bologna,
Bonn, Geneva and Oxford, gathered for
what effectively became a three-day
festival incorporating tours, informal
meetings, seminars, and an all-day
colloquium on travel and tourism in
ancient times.
The weekend fortuitously combined
the one-day graduate colloquium on the
theme of Travellers and Travelling,
described in more detail below, with a
meeting of the venerable Oxford
Philological Society, the autumn party of
Classical Languages and Literature sub-
faculty, plus a regular gathering of the
Work-in-Progress seminar, when Oxford
graduates can deliver papers unfettered
by the attendance of dons.
As Professor Christopher Pelling,
Director of Graduate Services, Classical
Languages and Literature, and Fellow of
University College, recalls: “The
graduate students, both home and
visiting, gained a great deal of benefit
late this year.
Europ
News
Julius Caesar - often on the road.
3
News
Genéve internationale
in Paris, he began organising summer schools in international
affairs under the auspices of the University of Geneva – the
“Zimmern schools” as they were known. That initiative was
taken in parallel with the early planning for the launch of the
Graduate Institute and the experience acquired by the former
helped to shape the latter. Zimmern retained friendly
connections with the Geneva institute when he moved to
Oxford to take up the first specialized chair in international
relations at that University. In that special sense, he was a
precursor of the renewed cooperation between the two within
the framework of the Europeum.
HEI takes pride in the fact that, despite its small size (the
faculty never exceeded 25 members before the 1980s), four
of those who have taught for more than one semester (i.e.
excluding guest lecturers for shorter periods) have won Nobel
Prizes for economics – Gunnar Myrdal, Friedrich von Hayek,
Maurice Allais, and Robert Mundell.
From 1927 until 1954 HEI obtained most of its funds from
a generous subvention provided by the Rockefeller Foundation.
Since then the Canton of Geneva and the Swiss Federal Council
have borne most of the costs. The change in financial
sponsorship coincided with a change of Directorship in 1955,
when the Lausanne historian Jacques Freymond took over from
William Rappard. Freymond inaugurated a period of rapid
expansion in the range of subjects taught, in the size of the
faculty and in student numbers, which continued after his
retirement in 1978. During that period HEI was host to many
international colloquia dealing with subjects as diverse as
preconditions for east-west negotiations, relations with China
and the rising influence of that country in world affairs,
European integration, techniques and results of politico-socio-
economic forecasting (the famous early Club of Rome reports,
and the Futuribles project led by Bertrand de Jouvenel), the
causes and possible antidotes to terrorism, Pugwash concerns
and many more. Landmark publications of these years included
the celebrated Treatise on international law by Professor Paul
Guggenheim and the path-breaking six-volume compilation of
historical documents relating to the various forms taken by the
Communist International.
Despite many changes over its seven and a half decades,
HEI has remained faithful to its original vocation, and retains
much of its original character. Associated with, but separate
from, the University of Geneva, the Institute is a teaching and
research institution devoted to the graduate-level study of
international relations. Its claim to distinction (in addition to
its role as a pioneer on the continent in specializing in
international relations as a distinct field of study) is by virtue
of its pluri-disciplinary and international character. Four
disciplines - international law, international economics,
international history and politics, and political science - are
taught at the Institute in English or French with the goal of
drawing on cross-disciplinary links to present a broad
understanding of international relations
Located in the heart of International Geneva - within 500
meters of such major organizations as the World Trade
Organization (WTO), the United Nations High Commissioner
for Refugees (UNHCR), the International Committee of the
Red Cross (ICRC), and the United Nations High Commissioner
for Human Rights (UNHCHR) among many others – HEI has
a geographically very diverse teaching staff and student body
that give it a markedly cosmopolitan and intercultural
personality.
To mark its 75th Anniversary, the Institute staged a major
two-day conference on Globalisation and International
Relations in the 21st Century. The United Nations Secretary-
General Kofi Annan, Nobel Peace Prize Laureate and a former
student of the Institute, delivered the keynote address. Other
speakers include a Ministers from the Swiss Government and
noted alumni in academia and international organizations. A
film festival dedicated to 75 years of history of international
relations with commentaries from GIIS professors, was also
held, and a special in-house video entitled Memories in Image:
75 Years of Teaching of International Relations as Seen by its
Actors, was shown.
Danny Warner is deputy director of the HEI and serves
as its representative on the Europaeum Management
Committee. Norman Scott is professor of International
Economics and wrote the HEI history.
Studying at the Institute today.
The library, Villa Barton, 1956; a ball at the HEI, 1959.
4
Univer sities ‘are vital’
In his address at Bologna University
on 14 June 2002, Jacques Delors,
former President of the European
Commission, urged people to get
behind universities, and cited the
Europaeum as an example of how
universities can contribute to build
tomorrow’s Europe.
He spoke with passion for the
need for intellectual engagement
today. “This was at the heart of a
generation which fought for
democracy, liberty, and the survival of
its country”, he said. “This is what
motivated individuals who had
become enflamed with the shock of
the new ideologies and visions of the
future. It was my good fortune to be
part of that period.”
“As I see it, influences on society
are changing. So, we should work to
restore the essential role that
universities must play, not only in
teaching and research, but for
producing the values which make up
the noble virtues of our institutions.”
He reminded his audience, drawn
from leading European universities, of
the report which he produced for
UNESCO on education in the 21st
Century, while President of its
International Commission (1993-
1996), entitled Education - The
Treasure Hidden Within, saying:
“In present circumstances, the
university must rediscover its
international and social mission at the
heart of society as one of the
institutions guaranteeing universal
values and cultural heritage.”
“This is therefore an opportunity
for me to salute the Europaeum
initiative, which reunites today
eminent university scholars and
researchers from our Europaeum
partners, for meaningful exchanges
which constitute the web of our
European ideas.”
News
Delors and Prodi backintellectual engagement
The Europaeum has enjoyed
close links with three
distinguished European
Committee Presidents, as
PAUL FLATHER recalls.
O ne of the most memorable of
Europaeum events took place
in the august and hallowed
halls of the Sorbonne, when Jacques
Delors and Norman Lamont were
brought together, head-to-head, to
discuss Europe.
The year was 1997 and the occasion
was the final session of an international
conference on Europe and Money –
heralding the then imminent arrival of
the Euro and the creation of Euroland.
In the left corner was the architect
of European integration, former political
leader of the French labour movement,
who went onto work in leading financial
institutions, the French Governments,
and finally served three terms as the
President of the European Commission.
In the right corner was Lord
(Norman) Lamont, one of Mrs
Thatcher’s new monetarist MPs, former
Chancellor of the Exchequer, forced to
resign when the UK pulled out of the
Euro in 1992, now self-styled saviour of
the UK economy’s rise, and of
independent European nation states.
Both produced compelling
restatements of their positions – the
European integration project that
promoted cooperation and collaboration
and the breaking down of barriers, versus
the need for national sovereignty and
independent economic policies, refereed
by Olivier Duharnel of Le Monde. It was
exactly what the Europaeum is all about,
and the buzz in the room and afterwards
from all those present, confirmed it. A
polite handshake signalled the end, only,
of that verbal contest.
It was thus all the more befitting that
Bologna University chose to honour
Jacques Delors with its Sigillum
Magnum at last year’s Europaeum
Council meeting there. In the words of
Romano Prodi (left) and Jacques Delors
its Rector, Professor PierUgo Cazolari:
“He is a shining example, particularly for
our young people, of how political ideals
are not simply garments to be tried and
cast aside depending on circumstances”
Jacques Delors, in his reply (see
below) to the Rector also saluted the
Europaeum project during that
ceremony, when David Marquand,
professor of Politics at Oxford and a
former chair of the Oxford Europaeum
Group, was also similarly honoured for
his European intellectual contribution.
Today, M. Delors heads the Notre
Dame Foundation, which is working for
the construction of a new society on a
human scale – and now, of course,
operating on European scale.
Roy Jenkins, also a distinguished EC
President (as we remember on page 18)
was in on the foundation of the
Europaeum, and took part in several
Europaeum events, including a
memorable discussion with Romano
Prodi, then merely a humble professor at
Bologna, on what makes great
Europeans.
Professor Prodi was, equally,
honoured by Lord Jenkins with an
honorary degree at Oxford last year for
his statesmanship and commitment to
European ideals – shortly before the
current President went off to the Said
Business School in Oxford to deliver a
keynote speech urging the UK not to
dally about joining the Euro.
Professor Prodi also gave a bravura
performance, taking over the final
session of an important international
conference in Bologna last year,
supported by the Europaeum, on the
Role of Intellectuals in the New Europe,
in which he craved more genuine
intellectuals (several were present, drawn
from across Europe) and fewer experts,
technocrats and managers – which, he
claimed, surrounded him all the time.
‘We need intellectuals who can give
us the whole picture, without bias,
without short-termism, and without
worrying about immediate policy
perspectives,’ he explained.
33
News
TS),
. An on-line
institutions and individuals who have
subscribed to the service, providing a
summary on a specific topic (such as
wireless technology, learning objects),
and indicates where further information
may be found. Additional services
include daily accounts of breaking news,
and consultancy opportunities.
The Observatory has also undertaken
research to improve the evidence base on
international borderless activity, and to
enable institutions to ‘benchmark’ their
position against wider trends. A first
survey was completed in spring 2002.
The Observatory provides
information on several themes currently
being discussed at the Europaeum
conference, “We believe Europaeum
member institutions will be able to keep
abreast of developments in this fast
moving, complex territory of borderless
higher education”, explained Richard
Garrett, the Director of the ACU. The
Europaeum is considering further
involvement.
For further information on the
Observatory, please contact Richard
Garrett at [email protected] or +44
(0) 20 7380 6773. Please visit
www.obhe.ac.uk.
Schemes
Euros are
for innovative
linking
s working
two or three
full range of
is given
cultural
interdisciplinary
Applicants
include external
Visiting Professor s
Each Europaeum partner institution can call
on funds to support an annual Europaeum
Visiting Chair, to be filled by a distinguished
scholar from another Europaeum partner
institution.
Each Europaeum Visiting Professor is
expected to carry out some teaching,
research, or discussion and development
of new collaborative projects, during a two-
week visit period.
The host institution receives 1,600 Euros
to cover board and lodging costs, while the
Visiting Professor receives 400 Euros
towards travel expenses.
may be submitted at any time.
schemes, please visit http://www.europaeum.org/grants
32
News
Students debateAfrica’ s future
Students from all Europaeum
institutions met in Geneva for
discussions on crisis
management in Africa. MARC
ROHR, one of the delegates,
reports. Below we report on
Bonn’s follow-up.
The third Model United Nations of
Geneva opened on the 4th March2002, with delegates to represent
the 15 EU member states beingwelcomed by the organisers of this year’ssimulation workshop - the GenevaGraduate Institute for InternationalStudies and the Europaeum.
The main topic of this GenevaModel UN simulation was “crisisprevention, management and resolutionin Africa”. The Europaeum simulation ofthe General Affairs Council consisted of15 EU delegates, from Europaeumuniversities, the Secretary General and arepresentative of the EuropeanCommission. Since the delegates haddifferent priorities, intense debates, butalso a readiness for consensus, werealready apparent when debating theagenda for the week. The final agendacomprised issues as diverse as SmallArms Control, the GeographicalConcentration of Development Aid,Terrorism, and Crisis Prevention Funds.
The first day ended with a splendiddinner at the Hotel Beau Rivage,providing the opportunity to meetparticipants who had come to Genevafrom all continents.
The proceedings began with thedelegates’ presentations of theircountries’ national policies in a so-calledtour de table. As delegates set out torepresent their national foreign policy onAfrica, the main challenge soon provedto be the integration of divergingpriorities and aims in order to reachrealistic and valuable conclusions,providing solutions to fundamentalobstacles in African development.
The first session was followed byaddresses by the World Bankrepresentative in Geneva and theSecretary General of the UNCTAD in thePalais des Nations. After the public
as the 190th
On the
event, student
last December
focusing on
the 2015 goal
the 100 p
Sust
5
News
New joint courses will offera deeper sense of Europe
New joint teaching courses are set to be
launched by Europaeum partners in 2003,
PAUL FLATHER explains.
In the autumn the Europaeum plans to launch a new
Masters programme in European Political Cultures,
Institutions and History, developed from Bologna
University, with students spending one term each at Bologna,
Leiden and Oxford.
This project, which is being validated by Bologna, has
been conceived within the framework of the Europaeum and
within the Bologna Process of degree standardisation. It will
allow students to study a coherent European politics
programme but with content drawn from three different
countries, delivered in three different and beautiful leading
European universities, and also taught in three different styles.
It is an attractive proposition that is already attracting
interest – and even imitators. The European Commission is
keen to watch how three such heavyweight institutions manage
success, and, indeed, how they negotiate their way through the
minefield of international rules and bureaucratic minutiae.
One of the key challenges will be to attract a cross-section
of European, as well as non-European, graduates, given the
different cultures that exist in terms of paying fees for courses.
The programme has received significant backing from the
Cassa di Risparmio foundation in Bologna, to support bursaries
primarily from central Europe and from Italy.
The programme will include modules on the political
systems of Italy, Spain and France, plus comparative European
History, European political economy, US / Europe relations
and European citizenship (offered in Bologna), modules on the
Dutch, German and Czech political systems, comparative
federalism, European international relations, Europe and the
UN, free trade areas and Europe and the Middle East (offered
in Leiden) and modules on the British and Central European
political systems, liberalism and European ideologies, Right-
Wing movements in Europe and the history of ideas in 20th
Century Europe (offered in Oxford), and there will be scope
for a supervised dissertation.
Professor Paolo Pombeni, professor of political history at
Bologna University, and a key figure behind the programme,
explains that the aim was to be both international and
innovative. “It is important for graduates to deepen their
knowledge of Europe by actually studying in different
European cultures. They will be well prepared as leading
Europeans of tomorrow.”
Next autumn should also see the launch of a new modular
‘leadership programme’ in European Culture, Business and
Institutions, aimed primarily at young to middle level
executives, managers and post-doctoral students, in the private
and public sectors will be launched. The joint diploma course,
coordinated by Leiden and Oxford, consists of eight short
modules offered over two years with a net workload of six
months, although individual modules can also be taken
separately to ensure access. It is planned ultimately to develop
a Masters of Public Administration level award.
The programme has twin objectives: to develop an
academic understanding of Europe’s political, economic and
cultural patterns and mechanisms, and to develop leadership
and management skills in the European context, as it aims at
experienced executives looking for something other than a
normal MBA.
Research, incidentally, shows that by far the great majority
of international mergers and acquisitions fail to produce value,
and often actually destroy value. In most cases the roots of
the problems are differences in culture, communication and
leadership styles, and to offer them a major incentive to remain
with their current employer at a time of high staff mobility.
The eight planned modules will be European Civilisation,
Europe in the world, state formation to European unification,
Comparative legal systems and cultures, Post-war European
history and politics, European Economic Integration, Europe
and foreign investment, and Conflicts and controversies.
Meanwhile, the annual module on the Economics of
European Integration was run once again for undergraduates
and graduates at Paris I from February 2002; the Oxford-Leiden
Law exchanges continue and Oxford and Geneva lawyers are
remaining in close working touch. Other joint initiatives in
Theology, Philosophy and Economics are under discussion.
Diversity is the hallmark of Europe – but we must also
provide real opportunities for mutual understanding. These
innovative programmes aim to offer a sense of Europe to the
coming generation of European professional, business and
political leaders – which will be essential to their success.
For further information and application forms, please
consult www.europaeum.org, and for the diploma programme
contact [email protected]
Students hard at work at a Leiden lecture.
6
Four new policy reports were unveiled at the second
international experts conference in the Europaeum’s
Pantheon-Sorbonne Future of European Universities,
project under the general theme: New Times: New
Responsibilities, at Paris I.
This inquiry is being carried out by the Europaeum as an
international investigation into how European universities can
operate at the forefront of the Knowledge Revolution.
The overall inquiry takes the form of three international
expert conferences at Hunboldt University, in Berlin
(December 2001), at Paris I Pantheon-Sorbonne (September
2002) and now, coming up, at Bonn University in June 2003.
The overall study is being supported by the German company,
DaimlerChrysler Services.
The four reports by leading scholars focused on the
following questions:
Ç How can we maintain language diversity in the new age
of technology increasingly dominated by English? The report
argued that plurilingualism should be encouraged, with more
languages taught alongside a greater number of degree courses
and multi-national courses. A recommendation for all students
to study a foreign language, regardless of their course, was
made at the conference.
Ç What are the lessons for leading European universities
from the many experiments in international Borderless
Teaching? The leading universities, the report argued, have a
special duty to provide secure, trusted information for the use
by the public to make informed decisions. The report also
suggests that Universities should be wary of on-line course
offers which often seem to run into difficulties.
Ç How should leading European universities from the West
best continue supporting their counterparts in the former East/
Central Europe to ensure their full return to Europe? With
patchy reforms and innovations in ECE universities after 1989,
according to the report, Western universities and other bodies
need to rethink their whole strategy towards aiding leading ECE
Universities. They will need to consider more ‘targeted work’
with individual centres of excellence and with outstanding
individual scholars.
Ç How can we improve the access to and sharing of data
and research findings across Europe? Laws and information
need to be dramatically improved to ensure better comparative
and actual findings from existing data collections, the report
argues. Universities must campaign for better access to
information, and scholarly terms need to encourage access to
their research.
The keynote speakers and contributors to the Paris
conference included M Jack Lang, the former Secretary of State
for Education in France, who argued the need for European
collaboration; Ben Okri, prize-winning poet and novelist,
whose passionate statement about what universities are really
for is reprinted here; Professor Dominique Moisi, deputy head
of the French Institute for Foreign Relations, who spoke of
how the 9/11 tragedy created the need for greater international
analysis and mutual understanding; as well as Lord Weidenfeld,
Chairman of Weidenfeld and Nicolson Publishers and founder
of the Europaeum; Professor Douwe Breimer, Rector of Leiden
University, and Professor Michel Kaplan, Rector of Université
Paris I Panthéon-Sorbonne.
Madame Viviane Reding, European Commissioner for
Education and Culture, also sent a significant
contribution to the Europaeum’s international
conference, outlining the plans of the EC to
promote more collaborative research and
teaching initiatives between European
universities over the coming years. She also
celebrated the arrival of the one millionth
Erasmus programme student – one of the
Commission’s most successful bridging
programmes, – which Europaeum partners
have all benefited from, and supported,
during the years.
Mme Reding paid tribute to the
association’s work, particularly its planned
new joint Masters in European politics
linking Bologna, Leiden and Oxford. “It is
in my opinion a major duty of all European
universities to work together more intensively
Univer sities must produce
News
Pa
ul
Fla
the
r
Participants share thoughts with Ben Okri (pictured centre).
In the age of the Internet and globalisation, our
leading European universities have a special
role to produce data that can be trusted by all,
a Europaeum conference in Paris was urged.
31
News -in-brief
fects of
ficient
Christine
tate University
, sociology,
,
analysis and also to bolster the work of
students particularly from candidate
countries in EU Enlargement – hence the
conference title.
The conference revealed the
ambiguities of the private identities,
which so often characterise the approach
of Central Europeans. They display ‘the
endemic apprehension of being
marginalized, of being out-of-history’, in
the words of Professor George
Schlopflin of the London School of
Economics.
Tim Garton Ash of St Antony’s
College, Oxford, summarised it thus:
“Tell me your definition of Central
Europe and I will tell you who you are.”
Graduates students from Leiden,
Bologna, Charles University, Prague,
and Oxford, were among the 75 students
who presented papers in 25 panels, along
with graduates from linked institutions
such as the Central European University,
Warsaw and the Brussels Free
University.
“We wanted to break new ground in
a field where there are virtually no
opportunities for international and inter-
disciplinary postgraduate colloquia,”
explained Larissa Douglass, in her final
year as a Phd student at St Antony’s
College, Oxford, who first conceived the
idea in 2000, and served as a key
coordinator.
Plans for publishing papers are
under consideration.
Old Prague rediscovering itself ....
30
News -in-brief
PREPARING AN ANTI-
CORRUPTION POLICY
A workshop backed by the Europaeum
examining Anti-corruption and the
Transfer of Standards in Central and
Eastern Europe was held at Charles
University last year to analyse the
development over the last decade of
externally-imposed anti-corruption
policies.
The workshop considered whether
the EU and other agencies have had a
clear and well-developed understanding
of the ethical acquis they have been
seeking to develop, and how far the
relevant states have made progress in
adopting this. In particular it focused on
behaviour of actors within the principal
units of the central state machinery:
ministers, elected representatives in
legislatures, civil servants, and members
of the judiciary.
Key areas included codes of conduct
applying to the various actors listed
above, formal rules on party finance,
rules on transparency of decision-making
and accountability of office-holders,
mechanisms for ensuring professional
autonomy for judges, police officials,
PRA
O
period.
Bank, T
Germany
Hungary.
Controlling the cash flows
Prague’
7
and to learn about and from each other,” shesaid. “I hope you will find in my words someimpetus and encouragement to move forwardwith your valuable and promising work, andI have no doubt that when Europaeum showsthe way, many will see it.”
A survey on the use of ICT inuniversities revealed that two out of threeacademics believe that the likelihood ofplagiarism has greatly increased with theadvent of computers, while two out of threestudents believe universities are not gearedup sufficiently to meet their computingneeds.
During the discussions many issues were raised, fromwhich a number underlying themes emerged. First, theconference strongly endorsed the notion that universities shouldbe in the business of dealing with fundamental intellectualchallenges, that universities should ask ‘big questions’, and thatuniversities should play a key role in promoting criticalthinking, in developing cohesive human forms ofcommunication, and in promoting what, in the past, used tobe termed the religio or biosphere of human kind. In the wordsof Ben Okri, in one of the keynote contributions to theconference, leading universities had a duty to set their studentsup for the “act of self discovery”.
Next, universities had to show students how to deal withthe mass of knowledge that was now available from traditionaland new sources, and had a key-role in promoting, developing,and disseminating data through libraries, publications, theInternet and other means, that could be trusted by the outsideworld. This was a particular duty for the older establisheduniversities, such as members of the Europaeum. They neededto rise above the stringencies and requirements of thecommercial and public sectors which had to operate for profit,or policy-making reasons, or expediency. The older universitieshowever, had a particular duty and responsibility to maintaintheir autonomy in producing open and reliable data.
The conference heard a strong statement about UNESCO’sprogrammes which encourage ‘education for governance’.Universities had a primary duty here to prepare their studentsfor citizenship and for their role in promoting civic society,including democratic values, human rights and goodgovernance. It was argued that they had to a ‘duty’ to instilvalues and ideas in their students that would lead them not tobe disengaged from political and public life, and from theduties and responsibilities of society.
Finally, in the Learning Age, it was agreed that universitiesneeded to promote dialogue with business, to build newpartnerships, to understand the needs and requirements ofbusiness, and at the same time to maintain their independence.Universities needed to maintain and renew their dialogue withstudents, to understand the practical and vocational needs ofstudents coming to study at universities, in preparation forfuture life as well as promoting critical thinking, civic valuesand so forth. Universities also needed to understand their publicand social responsibilities to society, and to continually reviewthese in the light of changes in society itself. Finally universitiesneed to refresh their relations and links with each other to buildinternational and collaborative projects and to encourageacademic and student mobility.
The Bonn conference which focuses on New partnerships
– risks and opportunities, will pick up some of these themes,in particular looking at knowledge transfer, funding and ethics,and universities in the global age.
trusted data
News
Da
imle
r C
hry
sle
r
Discussing language curriculum in one of the Sorbonne’s conference rooms.
The deliberations at Paris also produced a number of
recommendations, which are to be followed up at Bonn and in
subsequent discussions:
All universities to seek to promote joint teaching, and for the
Europaeum to continue to develop joint offers;
The Europaeum consider an audit or guidance notes on how
universities should continue to secure their academic integrity while
‘going to the market’ in the search of increasingly necessary and
Leading European universities should think of introducing a
course – at least optional perhaps compulsory – offering
civilisational studies;
The Europaeum consider developing its own processes to
encourage credit transfer and joint teaching;
The Europaeum should seek to ‘pick up the ball’ of a two-
language policy and argue that all students regardless of their
chosen subject of study, should aim to leave university with some
level of proficiency in a second language;
The Europaeum should consider a campaign to ensure that
information and data collected by the European Commission,
especially from publicly-supported sources, became more
transparent and accessible;
The Europaeum support moves to highlight excellence in
research and survey methodology to encourage greater sharing
of data;
Established universities should also work hard to ensure their
findings were made accessible and publicly available;
The leading universities should also seek to promote a series
of ‘targeted linkages’ with individual departments and individual
scholars of high quality and potential within the leading universities
in Central and East Europe.
q
vital additional funding;
q
q
q
q
q
q
q
q
8
Viewpoint
T he academies of the future will do one thing we do not
do today. They will teach the art of self-discovery.
There is nothing more fundamental in education. We
turn out students from our universities who know how to give
answers, but not how to ask questions. The wisdom centres in
our culture do not reach our students. They leave universities
with skills for the workplace, but no knowledge of how to live,
or what living is for. They are not taught how to see. They
are not taught how to listen. They are not taught the great art
of obedience, and how it precedes self-mastery. They are not
taught the true art of reading. True reading is not just passing
our eyes over words on a page, or gathering information, or
even understanding what is being read. True reading is a
creative art. It means seeing first; and then an act of the
imagination. Higher reading ought to be a new subject in the
academies of the future. As we read, so we are. I meet people
in all walks of life, and most notoriously in the fields of
literature and science, who, though professionals, do not
actually read what is in front of them. They read what is only
already inside them. I suspect this is true of listening; and that
it is happening now, even as I speak to you, or as you read this
page.
All our innovations, our discoveries, our creativity come
from one source; being able to see what
is there, and not there; to hear what is said,
and not said. And above all to think
clearly. And above that – the science of
intuition. The academy of the future will
have to engage this mysterious necessity
of the value, the sublime value of intuition
in our lives, and our work. How to make
those intuitive leaps that transformed the
science and the art of humanity a quality that is available to
all, and made of constant value to humanity – this will be the
true turning point in the future history of our civilisation.
Discipline, hard work, rationality, calculation, can get us only
so far; and in time will become the norm. But with it only we
will produce efficient, but mediocre citizens. These are tools
that can be used for good or ill. But the science of intuition –
the mysterious spark that separates the great discoverers and
philosophers and artists from the nearly great, this will one
day have to be studied, and used for the common good.
We need to widen, at base, and invisibly, the inevitable
necessity of teaching students the need for self-discovery.
Consciousness studies ought to be a fundamental part of a
liberal or scientific education. All students ought to be aware
that they are the true spark of the transformation of the world.
All students ought to be practical dreamers. Universities ought
What are our universities for?not only to turn out
students for the various
spheres of business,
science, the arts, the
running of the economy,
management and
information technology
skills, but people who as
human beings ought to
enrich the life of the
planet. We are more
than the functions and
jobs that we do. We are
the co-makers of this
world we live in. And
the moral force of our
citizens are too little
used in the greater
enrichment of our world.
We take the living potential that are young minds and turn them,
reduce them, into job-fillers and economy providers. We have
regressed from the wonderful project of the academy of Plato’s
dream. Every student is a light, a creative spark, waiting to
be of use in dispelling the darkness. The terms in which I speak
must be alien to you; but they will become inevitable. Every
day the crisis of purpose grows larger over the lives of people;
and prosperity or poverty does not diminish the paralysis it
brings if not addressed. A society can die of a lack of an
understanding of why it exists, or its
larger purpose in the scheme of things.
The universe grows more mysterious
around us even as we find out more about
it. The true reason in this; we are more
than we suspect, but are taught to see less
into ourselves, to ask no questions about
our true natures, and so the great mystery
that we are peers out into the greater
mystery that is out there. A mystery stares into a mystery; this
is a hopeless position. We ought to substitute the faith in
evidence with the knowledge of self-discovery. Only by
knowing ourselves can we begin to undo the madness we
unleash on the world in our wars, our divisions, our desire to
dominate others, the poverty we create and exploit, and the
damage we do with all the knowledge we have which has been
only a higher ignorance.
The true purpose of the academy, the university, ought to
be to unleash the bright and sublime possibilities of the human
being. Education is still in its infancy. The true art and science
of education looms over the horizon, where our disasters are
being born. There we will learn to avert what evils we
ourselves create, and then start again the project of humanity,
with humility and a new light.
(Copyright: Ben Okri, 18/9/2002. All rights reserved)
BEN OKRI provides hints and invocations
which plumb the very soul of our great
universities.
We have regressed from the
wonderful project of the
academy of Plato’s dream
Ben Okri is a poet and writer, whose
many works include The Famished
Road (1991) (winner of the Booker
Prize), and, most recently, Arcadia.
His influences are African, Classical,
and European myths.
29
News -in-brief
RY
The theme
th Century –
, and he
fairs seminar
, the history of
,
W
, an
Tomsk
in part to review the conclusions of a two-
year Tempus-Tacis Project on European
Studies at Tomsk as well to explore future
routes, including the impact of the
globalised world: on Eastern Europe and
the European Union, including the war
on terrorism, the Earth summit at
Johannesburg and European Enlargement
- and one session explored the
Europaeum as a model for building cross-
European intellectual links
The Oxford event follows last
December’s seminar in Moscow at the
Sate University of International
Relations, organised by Leiden
University, which explored scenarios for
Russia and Europe – including the
eventual feasibility of Russia joining the
EU. The seminar included senior advisors
to President Putin.
Key speakers in Oxford included
Professor David Marquand, former chair
of the Oxford Europaeum Group and
professor of politics; Graham Avery.
Chief Adviser for Enlargement, European
Commission, Brussels, on secondment to
European University Institute, Florence;
and Timothy Garton Ash, Director of
European Studies Centre, St Antony’s
College. Participants came from Leiden,
Geneva, Oxford, Brussels, Amsterdam as
well as Russian universities.
Vladimir Putin looking Westwards
28
next year.
over Turkey’
Council.
News -in-brief
academic and the professional worlds, to
discuss and research current affairs.
A new Centre for International Legal
Studies (CILS), also set up last year, will
organise intensive courses, seminars and
the L.L.M. Public International Law
Program, a one-year postgraduate course
for professionals.
In 1999 Leiden University
established its branch in The Hague, to
function as a centre for innovation, and
to provide post-academic training for
those working in the public, legal, or
corporate sectors plus part-time study and
short track courses. The main building
is in the town centre, opposite to the
medieval Parliament building and it has
offices and lecture-rooms in the Royal
Library.
NEW PUBLICATION
CAPTURES ESSENTIALS
The Europaeum has published a handy
pocket-sized guide to all its activities,
summarising all the various different
projects and schemes going back to the
origins of the association.
Europaeum Essentials, which
runs to 46 pages, has up to date
information from all research and
teaching projects and past academic
conferences, student summer schools and
lectures and sections on innovation
(including the New Initiatives Scheme,
the Small Grants Schemes and the
Knowledge Network) and organisation
and data (including a summary of the
Europaeum’s structure and governance
arrangements).
9
The Europaeum has been investigating the use
of new technology in its partner universities.
Here RICHARD HUGGINS and PAUL FLATHER
outline some findings.
Widening the netin teaching
The Europaeum survey on the use of new technologies
(ICT) in universities is based on data gathered from both
students and academic staff in two ways: a short on-line,
drop down, menu web-based questionnaire which has been
made available to students and staff in the member universities,
supplemented by short interviews with a sample of respondents
to provide more additional illustrative data. The findings
provide a rich snapshot of attitudes in the Europaeum
universities, and Oxford Brookes University.
Overall, our findings confirm that both students and staff
are generally alert to the opportunities provided by ICTs,
including increased ease of communication, increased
technology skills, increased enhancement, access, speed and
scope of information retrieval, processing and distribution, and
greater flexibility in terms of access to learning materials.
Of particular note was that few respondents in either group
felt that their university was developing ICT facilities
sufficiently to meet their needs and expectations, or indeed of
external bodies such as business, government or professional
bodies.
Students have a relatively high level of computer
ownership and email/internet access now, and clearly value the
immediacy and ease of e-communication and would like to see
this element of ICT usage developed further. However, they
also appear to spend relatively little time retrieving or
downloading academic information from the university’s
intranet, preferring to spend far more time using the Internet
for personal or entertainment activities.
Although students conceive of ICT skills as critical for
success in both study and after university, they also appear to
feel that the extent and quality of provision could be much
better in terms of university-wide and course-specific use and
quality. Interestingly, though, a significant number also express
concern that e-learning may encourage student laziness,
sloppiness and even plagiarism.
Staff also seem to like the ease and speed of
communication that networked ICTs bring, and the majority
report using email to communicate with academic colleagues,
administrative staff, students and friends. Some eluded to the
increased “elegance of presentation”, the increased use of
visual materials and the sheer volume of resources now readily
available.
However, some also saw disadvantages. “More and more
material is put on the Net. You can just get lost in the jungle
of information out there,” one professor said.
Staff appear more positive about the quality of the ICT
f a c i l i t i e s
available for
t e a c h i n g
purposes: 59%
r e p o r t e d
facilities to be
satisfactory or
better, while 14% described facilities as poor. But there is a
split, with 62% using ICT well in courses, while 21% reported
a poor level of integration and 16% did not use them at all.
They often cited a lack of equipment as a barrier to using
online resources in lectures, while 17%, expressed an interest
in knowing more about the potential benefits. Again, while
38% use course-specific web pages in teaching, 62% rarely or
never did – though 47% want to use more ICTs in their teaching
and only 11% stated that they did not want to do so.
Significantly, 40% of academics also reported that they
were not sure if ICTs encourage originality in student work,
and 29% believed that ICTs did not encourage originality.
Plagiarism is clearly a key issue, with 65% partly or strongly
agreeing that the use of ICTs encourages plagiarism (and only
13% disagreeing). “Students are not as likely to plagiarise from
books. They think it is more likely that the lecturer has read
the book than an article on the Internet. I am often suspicious,”
one explained.
For the future, some staff envisage virtual environments of
all kinds, increased flexibility and access, greater involvement
of students and distance learning “revolutionised” by virtual
seminars but also less direct contact between staff and students,
“lazier” students, a “poorer standard of debate” and
deteriorating language skills.
There are fears for the collapse of traditional teaching links
between staff and students. Staff complain about how students
abuse the net with sending lecturers more and more unnecessary
emails from students. “They are very informal and about things
that you would think twice about, like finding a book, before
calling your teacher,” said one professor. “And the students
expect a reply straight away. It is very annoying.”
Overall, students, increasingly familiar with the application
of ICTs to everyday social life, are overall more interested in
the “active,” and expectant of similar applications in education,
while academic staff are more hesitant using technology content
orientated ways that are often little more than electronic
presentations of traditional materials and activities. A critical
finding of the survey is patchy integration of ICT into courses.
The responses to this preliminary survey suggest that we
are a long way off reaching the ‘virtual university’. The
Europaeum should take these issues up in its battle to develop
as a genuine university without walls.
Dr Huggins teaches politics at Oxford Brookes University, and
Dr Flather is a Fellow at Mansfield College, Oxford.
News
ICT use: the future could be better.
10
My first remark is that the university always represented
an intellectual side of “religion”. However, to avoid
any misunderstanding, I hasten to clarify in what
sense I am employing the term religion here. When I say
religion, I do not mean any particular religious system or
religion in the post-Enlightment meaning of this word – a
certain faith, spirituality, rites
or beliefs. What I have in
mind is the old European
concept of religion - religio,
as it was used in ancient
Rome and most clearly
defined by Cicero: the ritual
contact with the “sacred
foundation of the society”,
the symbolic expression of a
common identity, of what
holds society together.
Religio is what holds society
together.
In my opinion, the main
power of religion – in the
sense of religio – resides in
its ability to be the “common
language” of a given society.
With Michel Foucault we
can speak here about “a
regime of truth”.
But this language of
religion has always had at
least two levels: a popular
one and an intellectual one.
It took several centuries
before Christianity assumed a form of a “religion” in the
ancient sense and played a political role, in a practical sense,
throughout the Middle Ages.
In this cultural context the university was born. The
medieval university held a responsibility for “health” – the
theological faculty looked after a healthy doctrine, the faculty
of medicine the health of the body, the faculty of law healthy
relationships in society, and the faculty of arts for healthy
thinking.
On the threshold of the modern age, Christianity – the
Christian theology, the intellectual, university-form, of religion
- began to lose the role of a common language of the society.
So, theology has gradually become a “dead language”, used,
like Latin, only for ceremonial purposes or at congresses of
experts. In a certain sense, science became the religio of the
West, and Universities became the temples of science.
However, in the course of the 20th century, modern science
became so complex that it lost the ability to be the “common
language of the Western civilisation” as well. It is my feeling
that in post-modern Western society, the social role of religion
as religio (the integrative power of society) is most likely
played by the mass media.
They increasingly influence ways of thinking and
behaviour, mediating symbols and creating a network among
people; for many they are arbiters of truth: what is real and of
importance is what can be seen on the television news.
What the majority of people know about politics, sport,
religion, culture and science they know through television,
radio, press or Internet. The influence of the universities in
society depends – whether we like it or not – on the access of
universities to the world of the mass media. Do we have any
other possibility to initiate and cultivate the public debate, to
inspire public opinion?
But the problem of relations between university and media
is not only technical or political. It is problem of hermeneutics:
is it possible to translate the discourse of academic milieu to
the style of mass media? The spirit of traditional theology and
metaphysics, which dominated the age when the University was
born, was really universal – all aspects of knowledge tended
Can the univer sity withstand
Essay
TOMÁŠ HALIK offers some personal thoughts on
universities, surviving in the new age of global
culture and pluralism.
Deta
il of
the T
om
b o
f G
iovanni da L
egnano,
Bolo
gna
Pondering the fate of the University in ages to come ...
27
News -in-brief
Campus
tate
, how
to understand the next Gulf War’.
He contrasted two case studies: the
invention by members of the house of
Orange of ‘volley fire’ by musketeers as
a battle-winning tactic after 1589, and
the evolution of ‘stealth’ technology to
win the wars waged by the House of
Bush after 1989. He argued that the
study of past Military Revolutions
demonstrates that the greater the
dependence of the military on
technology to bring victory, the greater
the need for civilian involvement in and
civilian control of military affairs - a
conclusion with significant implications
for the Second Gulf War.
As Professor Wim van den Doel ,
programme director, explains, the CPS
will bring together scholars from
different faculties of Leiden University
and beyond, and develop a close working
relationship with the Europaeum, to
promote interdisciplinary study of
domestic, European and international
policy issues. In particular, Legal
scholars, Political Scientists, Historians,
cultural and regional specialists on
Europe, Asia, the Middle East, Africa
and the Americas, will participate.
The Centre will develop
interdisciplinary MA programmes and
organise Executive programmes and
conferences on a wide range of policy-
related topics. It will also serve as an
institute for advanced studies with a
limited number of fellows from the
s Inferno,
, and
,
.
Thomas
Visconti’s
’s
,
,
Translation,
Anne’s College
Wim van den Doel outside the new
Centre for Policy Studies.
26
News -in-brief
The Complutense University of Madrid
has agreed to join the Europaeum,
becoming the eighth member of the
association, founded 10 years ago to
promote academic collaboration and
European studies.
The Complutense University of
University, one of the oldest and largest
in the world, was founded in 1293,
originally in Alcalá de Henares, moving
to Madrid in 1836. It has about 100,000
students, including 3,500 international
students.
The central campus in Moncloa
houses the majority of schools and
colleges, while Somosaguas houses
Social Sciences, including economics,
business, politics, and psychology.
The Rector, Sr. D. Rafael Puyol
Antolin, has expressed the institution’s
appreciation to join such a “prestigious
association”. Madrid has now been
invited to join in current activities and
projects.
“Excellence is the leitmotiv of the
Europaeum. For us, it is certainly a
reason for pride that this prestigious
association has invited us to join,” he
said.
“We appreciate the honour bestowed
upon us. I congratulate you all for your
goals and achievements and I assure you
that you will find in the UCM, an active
and loyal member.”
The Europaeum plans to add two
further members, one from Scandinavia
and one more from East-Central Europe.
The Europaeum Council, at its meeting
in Bologna last summer, confirmed its
commitment to limit the number of full
MADRID JOINS EUR
S
College.
longer be ef
ar
“W
or
outcomes.”
11
to one centrue.
Also the modern Enlightment world
view inherited concepts of western
universalism. Instead of the metaphysical
God, there was ratio – “our God Logos”
(Freud). Nietzsche was, perhaps, the first
one who realised that the rationalism of
modernity was just “the shadow of a dead
God”, a culture which still depended on the
“Western canon” of values.
In the our post-modern age, in our time
of global mass media as contemporary
religio of the West, there is no sense for
uni-versality, but a radical pluralism. How
this “sign of the times” could be
compatible with the universalism that was
the original heritage of the University is
important, and a very hard question. In the
global multicultural discussion we can
hear: What is universalism for the West, is
imperialism for the rest, as Samuel
Huntington has said. So I ask: Can the
university withstand the global culture of
pluralism?
The second remark I should like to
make is on globalisation – the socio-
cultural revolution of our time. When we
speak about the role of universities in society, we must take
into account that the political context of our activities is no
more the nation state, but the global civil society. Though in
the Middle Ages, universities were already global players: for
example, the crisis of the Charles University of Prague started
with the very beginning of nationalism, the decree of Kutna
hora in 1409).
The task of overcoming provincialism is of special
importance for the post-communist countries. I am convinced
that it was the globalisation process that swept away communist
regimes. Regimes based on a rigid state-planned economy and
the censorship of ideas, were unable to withstand the onslaught
of competition and the free market of goods and ideas. With
the fall of the Soviet Empire, the countries of Central and East
Europe won back their independence, the “second world” has
disappeared.
Now the former First and Third worlds stand before a task
to redefine themselves, to find a new common language.
Radical Islam tries to offer a common language for the great
part of the former third world. What will be the common
language of the West? What are the foundations of our cultural
identity? What holds our society together? I don’t believe in
an artificial (invented) language such as Esperanto. But are we
able to reinterpret our tradition in a new context, and define
the basic value of our civilisation? And how are we prepared
the global culture of pluralism?
Essay
to communicate with the rest of the
world?
Who will deal with such problems
if not the universities?
I also see a very important role for
universities in the process of European
integration. I would prefer the term
‘Europeanization’ of the EU to
‘enlargement’ of the EU.
The EU of today represents only
a fragment of Europe, we must first
overcome in our minds the naïve
identification of Europe with its western
part.
The integration of Europe should
be more than the unification of financial
markets or connection of economic and
political structures. The core of European
integration is of a European conscience
and consciousness, the common space for
sharing intellectual and moral values.
This is, I know, the root thinking behind
Lord Weidenfeld’s vision for the
Europaeum. So, I am very happy to be
making these remarks here today.
In my country, the Czech
Republic, intellectuals have played a very
important role in public life for centuries. Perhaps we can take
Jan Hus as an example of one of the first public intellectuals
in Europe – he became an archetype of the man of conscience.
The great political leaders of our nation appeared from that
intellectual milieu – Palacky, Masaryk, Havel. The role of
intellectuals, academics and artists in dissent against nazi-
regime and communist totalitarianism is well known.
We can ask if now - in a democratic society with a
parliamentarian system - whether this public, political, role of
intellectuals and universities is over? The answer is yes and
no. On the one hand, we should respect the elected politicians
and the institutional structures of democratic society.
On the other hand, the effective functioning of political
structures supposes a certain political, cultural and moral
climate. Democracy supposes a competent public opinion and
public debate. Without this biosphere of certain political
culture, the political structures are like the organs in the body
- but without blood circulation.
Is it not one of our responsibilities to help, by creating
and mutually cultivating, this climate as a pre-political
dimension of the society?
This paper was first presented at the Europaeum’s international
conference at Paris-Sorbonne last September.
Professor Tomáš Halik is
Professor of Sociology and
Head of the Department of the
Religious studies at Charles
University, Prague; Rector of the
University Church of the Holy
Savior; and President of the
Czech Christian Academy.
During the Communist regime,
he studied theology
clandestinely under Josef
Zvìøina, was ordained
clandestinely, and worked in the
underground Church.
12
the ‘universal inter-dependence of nations’ in The Communist
Manifesto. They were premature, but by the late-nineteenth
century, a global market, more complete than anything seen
until our own day, was unmistakably in being. It too had
developed without the help of a global state. The surrogate
for such a state – the architect and lynch-pin of the global
market – was Great Britain, the world’s first global hegemon.
The Royal Navy policed the world’s sea lanes, opening markets
in distant continents and then keeping them open. The world’s
trade was conducted in sterling, and largely carried in British
ships. The gold standard, operated by the Bank of England,
ensured currency stability across the globe. Britain was
overwhelmingly the world’s chief creditor nation, earning huge
sums from past overseas investments and exporting capital on
a massive scale. Her formal empire was
the biggest in human history, and it was
buttressed by an extensive informal one.
The economic ties that bound Buenos
Aires to London were as strong as those
that bound Brisbane and Bombay. The
British ideal of gentlemanly capitalism
flourished as vigorously in Hamburg as
in Huddersfield, in Cambridge, Massachusetts as in Cambridge,
England.
But Britain’s days as a hegemon were numbered, and the
global market she had brought into being came to a bad end.
During the first industrial revolution she had towered above
her competitors industrially as well as financially, but she lost
her industrial lead as the century wore on. The dynamic
continental powers that triumphed in the American civil war
and the Franco-Prussian war – the United
States and imperial Germany – challenged
her politically, economically and, in the
German case, militarily. By the turn of the
nineteenth and twentieth centuries, far-
sighted intellectuals and politicians,
ranging from Alfred Milner and Joseph
Chamberlain on the right to Sidney Webb
and Ramsay MacDonald on the left, were
beginning to suspect that she was no
longer strong enough to bear the burdens
of hegemony and to call for a drastic
reconstruction of her political economy.
Their suspicions turned out to be only too
well-founded. In the 1920s, British
political and economic elites made heroic,
self-lacerating efforts to repair the damage
which the first world war had inflicted on
the global system and to put Britain back
on her hegemonic perch. But when the
newly formed National Government was
forced off the gold standard in 1931, the
Essay
American hegemony andThe US is building a new global market and wants
to fashion the rest of the world to fit its model.
DAVID MARQUAND lays bare the thinking behing
Bush’s war on Saddam - it is all about proving the
US is still invincible despite the 9/11 atrocity.
American cruise missiles are
today’s equivalent of the
guns of the Royal Navy
An extraordinary experiment has dominated world history
since the fall of Communism – the construction of a
global market unsupported by a global state. Except
in France, the political elites of the West insist, with
breathtaking insouciance, that this experiment is necessary,
inevitable and benign. In truth, it is much more hazardous than
they appreciate. In two crucial respects it
flies in the face of past experience.
Historically, states came before markets.
Adam Smith may have been right that a
propensity to ‘truck, barter and exchange’ is
fundamental to human nature, but as the
history of his own country showed, that
propensity could not be fully realised until a
powerful and impersonal state, with the will
and capacity to enforce contracts, keep the peace and dismantle
traditional obstacles to the operation of market forces, had
come into existence. National markets were created by nation-
states; the states concerned were then sustained by the wealth
which national markets brought in their train.
To be sure, the nineteenth century saw an experiment in
stateless globalisation presaging the one through which we are
now living. As far back as 1847, Marx and Engels proclaimed
British warships - here in action in 1797 - once policed the world’s seas.
25
News
s
Robert Fox is Professor of the History of
Science at the University of Oxford.
focus ever more finely, however, we have
also to feed into a bigger picture of the
processes of cultural change. It is this
challenge, of linking case-study to
generalization, that between now and
2004 will inform the cycle of
conferences on ‘Transmission and
understanding in the sciences’ for which
three partners in the Europaeum -
Oxford, Bologna, and Paris I - are now
preparing.
1. The conference was organized by the Maison
Française, Oxford, with the support of the
Europaeum, the Institut Français du Royaume-
Uni, the Europaeum, and the Modern European
History Research Centre of the Modern History
Faculty, University of Oxford. The Europaeum
is continuing support for the project in the form
of a Research Project Group, specifically linking
Science historians in Parisy, Bologna, Oxford
and others.
24
Science
For some decades now, thecategories of centre and peripheryhave been invoked by scholars
across a broad swathe of the humanitiesand social sciences. Ancient historians,anthropologists, archaeologists,sociologists, economists, and politicalscientists have all used the terms inanalyses of relations betweengeographical areas, institutions, andsocial groups on one side or the other ofa perceived centre-periphery divide. Forhistorians of science, too, the contrastbetween central and peripheral cultureshas been a productive one.
The traditional model has been thatof a straightforward diffusion ofconcepts or practices in which ascientific or technological communityrich in novelty is interpreted as ‘feeding’
a passive intellectual of diffusion to include translation, case of the technology in the centuries) movement Codification been seen as diffusion historian important with studies mechanics made much interpreters Pemberton, Marquise du
It is no Brunet’s quarter of a many bred at history of of cultural
scientific and The new historians to
European science was not
just invented and created in
the workshops of Britain,
France and Germany.
ROBERT FOX explains,
framing the fruits of a recent
conference on the Centre and
Periphery supported by the
Europaeum.
News
13
game was up. The global system collapsed, withdisastrous consequences for the entire world.
Will history repeat itself? Or will we learn fromit to shape a more enduring, multilateral, civic versionof globalisation, based on law, negotiation and politicalparticipation rather than on the power of an inevitablyself-interested and inevitably temporary hegemon?These questions go to the heart of the febrile globalpolitics of our time. They reverberated through theanguished debates that followed last year’s atrocitiesin New York. They hovered over the Johannesburgearth summit, and they haunted the United NationsSecurity Council and the feverish diplomaticmanoeuvres over arms inspection in the run up to thewar in Iraq.
At first sight, the omens are not encouraging. Sofar, the globalisation of our day has been a repeatperformance of that of the nineteenth century, with ahegemonic United States playing Britain’s old role aslynch-pin of the global system. Of course, today’shegemon is not a carbon copy of its nineteenth-centurypredecessor. It is a cliché that the United States is now theworld’s only super-power. That was never true of Britain. Shewas supreme at sea, but never on land. British governmentsalways had to reckon with the great powersof the European mainland, even in the glorydecades following the defeat of NapoleonI. And nineteenth-century Britain’s prudentgentlemanly capitalism could hardly havebeen more different from the profligate anddistinctly ungentlemanly capitalism ofpresent-day America. Yet the similaritiesbetween Britain’s global role 100 years ago and America’stoday are more striking than the differences. Today’s globalmarket is an essentially American construct, underpinned byAmerican power and shaped by American interests. Americancruise missiles are today’s equivalent of the guns of the RoyalNavy. The so-called ‘Washington consensus’ constrains lessernations as tightly as the Gold Standard used to do.
For most Europeans (though not for Russians exposed tothe ravages of kleptocratic mafia capitalism, or for Palestiniansexposed to illegal Jewish colonisation on the West Bank) theresults have been, on the whole, acceptable. Unfortunately, theperiod since the atrocities of last September have called theacceptability – and for that matter the long-term viability – ofthis version of globalisation into question. Enduring hegemonycomes with a price tag. The elites that run the hegemonic powerhave to have the self-discipline and imagination to subordinatethe short-term interests of their own country to the long-termrequirements of the global system – knowing, of course, thatit is in their country’s long-term interest to do so. Withoccasional exceptions, this was spectacularly true of the elites
that ran nineteenth-century Britain; andit was only slightly less true of the elitesthat shaped American policy during andafter World War Two.
Unfortunately, the United Statesof Roosevelt, Acheson, Marshall andTruman is now a distant memory. Today’sUnited States wants hegemony on thecheap. As the balance of internal powershifts from the Atlantic seaboard to theSouth and West, the political forces thatshape American policy are becomingmore parochial, more short-sighted, moreimpatient with external constraints andmore contemptuous of the rest of theworld. A raw, provincial brutalismpervades the current Bush Administrationand the think-tanks of the right. Bush andhis political allies are indifferent to thelong-term health of the global system.What matters to them is that narrowly-
defined American national interests should prevail in theshortest of short terms. If American steel workers wantprotection, then to hell with free trade. If European leaders
demur at America’s tenderness to Sharon,that only proves that Europeans are anti-semitic wimps.This is the real meaning of Bush’sobsessional campaign for ‘regime change’in Iraq. Saddam is, by any reckoning, aloathsome figure, but he was equallyloathsome when Britain and the United
States supplied him with arms. Nuclear proliferation in theMiddle East is an undoubted danger, but few Americanscomplained when Israel joined the nuclear club. The truth isthat Bush’s lust for battle has little to do with the character ofSaddam’s rule or with nuclear proliferation as such. The point
Essay
Saddam is acting on
Machiavelli’s precept that a
wise prince would rather be
feared than loved
American fire power in action.
David Marquand isProfessor of Politics atOxford University and aformer Chairman of the
Oxford Europaeum Group.He is an author of manybooks, a former MP andadvisor to Roy Jenkins
when Emeritus President ofthe European Commission.
the war against Saddam
14
of the exercise is to prove beyond doubt that – despite the
humiliation of September 11th 2001 and the disappointing
longueurs of the war against terrorism – the United States is
still invincible.
In this, Bush is a mirror image of Osnama Bin Laden. Bin
Laden wanted to show the world, and the Islamic world in
particular, that the United States was not invulnerable; that a
handful of martyrs, prepared to die for the Islamist Revolution,
could strike successfully at America’s heart – and that Muslim
states therefore had no need to crawl to Washington. He
succeeded beyond his wildest dreams, and the Afghanistan war
did not undo the demonstration
effect. Now Bush wants a
reverse demonstration. He is not
deterred by manifest risks of
regime change in Iraq. For him,
the implosion of the Iraqi state,
with a Kurdish revolt in the
north and a Shiite turn to Iran in
the south; further damage to
America’s appalling image in the Muslim world; and the danger
of an anti-American backlash in Europe count for nothing. He
(Saddam) is acting on Machiavelli’s precept that a wise prince
would rather be feared than loved. As Khrushchev once said
of West Berlin, Saddam is a bone sticking in America’s throat.
Toppling him is an end in itself. It will prove that there are no
limits to American power; that the United States can and will
dictate the terms on which globalisation continues. If lesser
nations squeal, so be it.
Yet there is a paradox in all this, which may account for
the increasingly hysterical quality of Bush’s rhetoric.
Hegemonial globalisation on the nineteenth-century British and
present-day American model is no longer the only kind on offer.
Tentatively, and sometimes confusingly, a different approach
has started to challenge it; and Bushite brutalism has given the
challenge an extra edge of moral passion. This second approach
stresses interdependence, dialogue and law rather than
hegemony. One of its most striking examples is the emergence
of an embryonic global legal system, manifested most clearly
in the Pinochet affair, the trial of Slobodan Milosevic and the
establishment of the ICC in the teeth of American hostility.
Less striking in the short run, but perhaps more significant
for the long term, are the faint beginnings of a stateless or
borderless politics. Increasingly,
non-state associations and
social movements of all kinds –
women’s groups, think tanks,
networks of local authorities,
anti-capitalist protesters, human
rights campaigners, a plethora
of international NGOs and, on
a different level, multi-national
corporations, employers’ associations and trade unions – seek
to structure public debate and to influence public policy on a
global as well as a national level. Their activities transcend
national boundaries, and elude the essentially national political
categories we have inherited from the great thinkers of the past,
but they are no less political for that. Meanwhile, notions of
global citizenship – usually vaguely defined, often mutually
contradictory, but nevertheless strongly held – are steadily
gaining currency.
There is still no global polity, still less a global
government. The nation state has not suddenly become obsolete
and it will not do so for the foreseeable future. It is still
overwhelmingly the most important focus for political
allegiance and the chief site of political conflict. Global
citizenship is still a tiny fledgling in comparison with the proud
eagles of national citizenship. For all that, we are at least
beginning to see the emergence of a global civil society or
public space. This space is extraordinarily difficult to map. Its
contours and boundaries are changing all the time. Its
implications for the future are unknown. In the language of
the American political scientist, Joseph Nye, it has more to do
with ‘soft’ power than with ‘hard’, and the ebbs and flows of
soft power are inherently unpredictable. But it exists and it is
growing. Potentially, at least, it offers a civilized, multilateral
alternative to the brutal, hegemonial globalisation favoured in
present-day Washington.
Which approach will prevail? The only certainty is that
the hegemonial approach cannot do so. The rest of the world
will not tolerate American hegemony for ever. Indeed, its
tolerance is already wearing thin. The German electorate’s
response to Gerhard Schroeder’s magnificent election
Essay
Saddam’s last stand?
America’s overwhelming preponderance
will, in any case, come to an end sooner
or later, just as Britain’s did. This is the
Bushites’ nightmare . . . .
23
what could be better for tackling the causes of
terrorism that to encourage a moderate Islamic
party in a country which accepts a secular state
and which still wants to join the European Union
and which is looking to us to give a clear signal
about bringing Turkey in? That does seem to me
a very powerful argument because the example
of a Turkey gaining benefits from becoming closer
to Europe would be a powerful example for the
rest of the Middle East.
This is one reason, of course, why we are being
pressed quite hard by the United States to do
exactly that. But of course, it is not the United
States who decides what the EU does. Indeed for
many in EU the fact that the United States wants
to do it is quite a good reason for not doing it. So
gue that the logic of peace, a powerful logic of
Turkey,
. I do not know how, at
Turkey in the next
ficult enough with 30 European
ficult enough with all of them having a large,
Turkey it seems to me close to
And this is not just the logic of unity, it is also a
. If this political community is to survive it
Turkey.
So that ultimate logic of democracy inside the European
The logic of democracy clashes with the logic
We face it as a true political conflict.
, the logic of
. And we face Turkey and really the
. We have created
Turkey for 40 years since 1963. How much longer
The only answer I could offer is that of the famous American
ed at a conference on Russia and Europe
d, supported by the Europaeum.
Viewpoint
Ash
s
22
I would like to start by saying that the EU is called
end? And this is geographically.
To
should be enlarged to the North Pole. Not to the W
after all West is the Atlantic. But, of
course, actually if you define Europe as
a community of values than it becomes
a real question whether there are
European values distinct from American
values or whether there are EU Atlantic
values.
You may also think that Europe is
clearly distinctive from Africa to the
South. But again I wonder. As most of
you know, Morocco has applied to join
the European Union. It is the only
country which has been refused
permission on the grounds that it is not
a European country. But of course in the
period of classical civilization there was
the whole Mediterranean world into which North
much belonged.
Finally, of course, the EU is open to the East.
line extended to the Urals and the Bosporus (T
Turkey in Asia).
So after the openness, the ambiguity to the W
the East. That means we must talk about T
‘where on the earth will Europe end?’.
but politically.
This question is indeed being posed, ar
europeenne. We
Europe or the United S
will Europe end?’ are closely related. That is to say
Enlargement is around the corner for
But where will it end and what about T
TIM GARTON ASH excavates these
questions. © Timothy Garton
Viewpoint
To
15
Once Britain bestrode the globe, now it is the USA’s goal.
Essay
campaign showed. If they
were given the chance to do
so, the British electorates
would almost certainly follow
where the Germans have led,
whilte the French are already
doing so. China – the world’s
next super-power – is keeping
her own counsel. The same is
true of India, the next but one.
Perhaps they will eventually
fall into line behind Bush’s
campaign against Saddam,
but if they do it will be for
reasons of national
realpolitik, not out of love for the United States or enthusiasm
for its hegemonial role. Russia can probably be bribed to follow
the American lead, but the price will be high and bribes as can
be seen, do not always work.
As all this implies, America’s overwhelming
preponderance will, in any case, come to an end sooner or later,
just as Britain’s did. This is the Bushites’ nightmare and they
are doing everything in their power to stop it from coming true.
Their proclaimed aim is to freeze the
global political economy in its
present shape, to ensure that the
United States is for ever invulnerable
and invincible and, to that end, to re-
make the rest of the world in the
image of American-style democracy
and the American version of
capitalism – if you like, to turn
Francis Fukuyama’s preposterous vision of the end of history
into a reality.
It is a nonsense, of course. It can’t be done. The American
model is specific to the United States, the product of a unique
(and very short) history to which the rest of the world offers
no parallel. The notion that it can be transplanted in the ancient
soil of China and India, or even in the somewhat less ancient
soil of Europe, betrays a mixture of arrogance and parochialism
which would be comic if the likely consequences were not
tragic.
American-style hegemonial globalisation is, in fact, self-
stultifying. Already it is beginning to undermine the conditions
for its own existence, just as its British-style predecessor did
around the turn of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries.
American predominance will sooner or later be challenged by
the rising super-powers of East and South Asia, just as Britain’s
predominance was challenged by Germany and the United
States 100 years ago. They may well be joined by a Phoenix-
like Eurasian successor to impoverished and IMF-battered
Russia. There is no point in
trying to foresee the detailed
shape of the global political
economy in fifty years time,
but globalisation backed by a
single hegemon is plainly the
least likely scenario in sight.
Sadly, it does not follow that
multilateral globalisation
through law and politics is
bound to be the wave of the
future. Another possibility is
a new version of the shifting
balance of power that led to
the First World War, the
demise of the Victorian global market and the economic
disasters of the 1920s and 1930s. That is the real nightmare
for our time.
The choice between these futures will not be made in or
by Europe, but Europe will have a crucial part to play. It will
not be an easy one. Fawning on the Americans, as virtually all
post-war British governments have done, does no service to
anyone – least of all to the Americans themselves. President
Bush has become the playground
bully of the west.
The only way to stop him is to
stand up to him. Blairite sweet talk
does more harm than good. The
American hard right see it as a sign
of weakness, and like all bullies they
despise the weak. In dealing with
American hard right, De Gaulle’s
proud intransigence is a better model than Churchill’s
sentimental Atlanticism for the federalising Europe which is
slowly beginning to emerge from the quagmire of
confederalism.
Yet simplistic anti-Americanism is equally dangerous. The
civic, law-based model of globalisation, which offers the only
alternative to the bankrupt hegemonial model, cannot come into
being without American participation. This won’t happen under
Bush, but Bush is not the United States. (Apart from any other
considerations, he actually lost the presidential election.) So
Europe has a testing hand to play. It needs the courage to tell
the Americans when they are wrong, coupled with the
imagination and generosity of spirit to appeal to the best in
the American tradition, which has by no means disappeared.
Above all, it needs the self-discipline and political creativity
to put its own civic house in order.
This article was first published in the New Statesman.
Europe has a testing hand to play.
It needs the courage to tell the
Americans when they are wrong.
16
The sorry figure cut by the European Union in recent
months should not blind us to the real and remarkable
achievements of the Common Foreign and Security
Policy over the last decade: in the Balkans, in Afghanistan,
and in many other parts of the world. But it should also remind
us how far we have to go. Of course, it is possible as some
have suggested for a small group of Member States to act as a
driving force to give Europe a coherent, high profile foreign
policy. But without better machinery to harness common
political will, they are just as likely to drive an incoherent high-
profile policy. This has not been a good time for those who
believe that the way forward for European foreign policy is to
leave things to the big Member States.
Enhancing the UN
One lesson we can already draw from the unfolding events is
the importance of developing the role and authority of the
United Nations. It is in the interests of the whole world that
power should be constrained by global rules, and used only
with international agreement. What other source of
international legitimacy but the UN exists for military
intervention? On what other basis is it possible, indeed, to
address the problem of weapons of mass destruction? I am here
thinking not just of the particular case of Iraq, but of the wider
issue. America’s refusal to press forward with ratification of
the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty hardly strengthens the hand
of the IAEA and others seeking to prevent the proliferation of
nuclear technology in Iran, North Korea and beyond. I
regretted, too, America’s decision to resile so lightly from the
Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty. For such decisions and there have
been many send a dangerous signal about the value that the
US places on international commitments. And that, surely, is
a critical battle lost in what some call the ‘war against
terrorism’.
For I find it hard to conceive how the terrorist threat can
be confronted effectively except through international co-
operation and disciplines. Impressive work has already been
done within the EU and through the UN Counter-terrorism
Committee. We should continue to help countries which find
it hard to meet their counter-terrorism obligations under UN
Security Council Resolution 1373. And we should continue to
work for a less unequal world for example in the WTO Doha
Development Agenda; by carrying forward the Monterrey
decisions on development financing; and by implementing the
Johannesburg decisions on sustainable development. As a
general rule, are wars not more likely to recruit terrorists than
to deter them? It is hard to build democracy at the barrel of a
gun, when history suggests that it more usually the product of
long internal development within a society.
Because of the UN’s unique role as a source of legitimacy, it
is of the greatest importance that if a war is waged in Iraq, the
UN should authorise the decision to attack. If, tragically, the
position of the UN remains ambiguous (if, for example,
authority for an attack rested on Resolution 1441, but without
explicit Security Council confirmation that Iraq’s failure fully
to comply constituted a casus belli), then it is still likely to be
desirable that the UN should provide the framework as soon
as possible for humanitarian assistance that may be necessary
thereafter; that it should oversee the emergence of the new Iraqi
polity, driven by the people of Iraq themselves; and that it
should help to co-ordinate the international reconstruction
effort that will certainly be required. But it would be better
(who can seriously dispute this) if, a huge “if” we were able
to disarm Saddam Hussein preferably by inspections.
EU humanitarian assistance
The EU is a massive donor in the Balkans and in Afghanistan,
and we are already the largest humanitarian donor in Iraq. If it
comes to war, we shall certainly have to step up that help, not
just to the victims of the conflict, but to those who may seek
refuge from it. The Commission has been engaged in intensive
contacts with UN organisations and with countries
neighbouring Iraq about how we might best contribute on the
may well need to go further drawing, if necessary, on the
budget’s emergency reserve.
It will be essential that, with other international assistance
agencies, the EU should be free to give independent and
impartial help. A strict separation will need to be maintained
between military action and assistance in order to preserve the
so-called ‘humanitarian space’. That objective will be much
easier to achieve if the UN is recognised, at an early stage, as
In search of a Europeanforeign and security policy
Viewpoint
The Iraq war has exposed deep divisions in the
foreign policy of European nations. Here
CHRIS PATTEN charts a path for a common
European foreign policy.
Keeping the peace .... under whose authority?
21
Research
Others
the University of
described how
policy from
to the mid-20th
for the
on French soil
Another paper
image of America
in part on a lack
of consumer
emigrants had a
Another paper
defined through
from and
Others, with hosts,
the community but
or cultural
the identity
in France’
of possible
Diaspora is thus a
contemporary
where identity
potent sources
European Otherness
Amsterdam University looked at the relationship between
in the Habsburg Empire with its established elite, and
new Serbian Kingdom at the beginning of the 20th century.
the two groups in social composition, cultural
goals, was indirectly expressed in contemporary
and national identity. Another paper on modern
identity, showed that the first generation of intellectuals
identity, came from Greek or French (i.e. Other)
Sobotková of Charles University compared the image
the 19th century in French and Czech public discourse.
their superiority, while the Czechs identified with
s in a multi-ethnic empire, particularly Slavs and
ation. Another paper explored the construction of
in the anti-Bolshevik campaign organised by a group
s after the 1917 Revolution, using allegorical expressions
) or personal testimony of emigrés without
Reijnen of Leiden University argued that the stereotype
not always be purely negative, as Czech images of
in the interwar period were. The Germans embodied
past, while the Slovaks were to be the foundation of
state.
expresses an entirely wholesalejudgment and sometimesdistinguishes between variousdifferent groups to whom he hasdifferent political attitudes?
The Meeting the “Other”
Workshop brought discussion onmany similar questions, offeringscope for plenty of suggestionsthat participants could take backto their own research, and use toexpand or modify their ownperspectives. The questionsdiscussed also correspondedremarkably closely, in theme, tothe trio of motifs (authority,identity, past) that MiroslavHroch identified in connectionwith otherness in his openingpaper. There was also, however,a noticeable dimension to thepresent discussions that waslacking 20 years ago, a more
interest in methods of research.The questions raised at the workshop illustrate the self-
inclination to reflections on method, its gnoseologicaland also its moral legitimacy, that European social
has developed in the last decades. They also suggestthis trend can produce valuable results.
humanitarian front. €15m has already been set aside, but we
20
An Indian Nabob
identified in the
concrete situation, in
the place where they
operate directly. This
is the charm of
discursive analysis,
but it raises the
question of whether
anything more than a set of heterogenous othernesses
exists as a research subject. Secondly
views of otherness
themselves is reflected in modern criminology
triumphant, one-sided confrontation of two worlds?
otherness of a society’
Research
A French
cartoon
showing the
under the
burden of
Church and
nobility. A
said to p
100 in t
17
the lead assistance co-ordinator.
Immediate humanitarian help is one thing but the demands
upon us will certainly extend much beyond that. As you are
all too well aware in this House, Europe’s external relations
budget is already heavily committed. It will be very difficult
in any circumstances to launch massive new programmes in
Iraq and in the neighbourhood of Iraq. But it will be that much
more difficult for the EU to co-operate fully and on a large
scale also in the longer-term reconstruction process if events
unfold without proper UN cover and if the Member States
remain divided.
When I have made this point in the past I have sometimes
been accused of issuing a threat of EU nonco-operation if the
United States chooses to proceed without UN backing, on the
principle suggested by Tom Friedman from the sign in a china
shop: “If you broke it, you own it.” But that is not my point. I
am making, rather, a simple observation of fact: that if it comes
to war, it will be very much easier to persuade you the EU
budgetary authority to be generous if there is no dispute about
the legitimacy of the military action that has taken place; about
the new political order that emerges thereafter; or about who
is in charge of the reconstruction process. I am not making a
quasi-legal point. I am simply offering a political judgement
of no great novelty or sagacity. It seems pretty obvious.
Minimising collateral damage
I am gravely concerned and I know that many in this House
share my concerns about the potential collateral damage of
recent events. Our joint efforts should be directed to trying to
minimise those potential effects. I am thinking not just of the
death and destruction that might be wrought by war itself, or
of the destabilising consequences for Iraq’s immediate
neighbours but of potential
damage, for example to the
authority of the United
Nations; to NATO; and to
transatlantic relations,
which are going through a
very difficult passage. In all
these contexts we must look
beyond the immediate
arguments and remind
ourselves of our long-term
interests to co-operate and
to strengthen the flawed but
necessary apparatus of
international governance.
But there are three other
areas where we should also
work to reduce collateral
damage from recent events.
Future goals
The first is the CFSP itself, which has suffered a severe
setback because Member States on both sides of the debate
have chosen to take firm national policy positions as if they
spoke for the European Union as a whole. We must not be
disheartened by this setback. There have been similar divisions
within the United States, and even within the US
Administration, but these do not pull the country apart because
in the end the President is empowered to speak for the nation
as a whole. As a Union of independent nations we do not enjoy
that luxury. But that is reason to redouble our efforts to build
an effective CFSP, not to abandon them. As we return to the
work we shall find, perhaps, a little more humility even among
the large Member States who can surely see how much they
have damaged their common enterprise and how much they
have reduced their common influence as a result of public
squabbling;
A second European project that risks being hurt by recent
events if we do not work actively to sustain it, is the cause of
enlargement. I think it is particularly damaging that
disagreements over Iraq have been allowed to over-shadow the
debate about enlargement. We should not call into question
the European vocation of countries simply because of their
views on the Iraq crisis. Let us assure the acceding countries
that we continue to look forward eagerly to their imminent
membership.
But on the other side of the argument let us acknowledge
that those who join our Union are making an existential choice.
They are not declaring themselves for Europe and against the
United States. Emphatically not. But, in the words of the Treaty,
they are accepting a responsibility to “refrain from
action…likely to impair [the effectiveness of the Union] as a
Viewpoint
Looking ahead - Chris Patten at an EU Summit.
18
Chris Patten has just been
elected Chancellor of the
University of Oxford. He is
currently European
Commissioner for External
Affairs. He is a former (and
final) British Governor of
Hong Kong, former Chairman
of the Conservative Party, MP
for Bath, and head of the
Conservative research
department.
cohesive force in international relations.”
The present members may have set a badexample but that does not reduce theresponsibility on all members, including theacceding states, to meet that Treatyobligation.
Finally, I want to say a word about Israeland Palestine. What happens if there is a warin Iraq? Let us suppose, let us pray, that it isbrief. Let us further suppose that all theworries expressed about the consequences interms of stability of the country proveunfounded. Let us, in short, put all or mostanxieties to one side.
I want to ask two questions. First, willthe peace that breaks out drive Palestiniansand Israelis into an historic reconciliation?The state of the Palestinians was describedlast week by Peter Hansen, CommissionerGeneral of the UN Relief and Works Agency.“The stark fact is”, he wrote, “that almost aquarter of Palestinian children are sufferingfrom acute or chronic malnutrition for purelyman-made reasons. No drought has hit Gaza and the WestBank, no crops have failed and the shops are often full of food.But the failure of the peace process and the destruction ofthe economy by Israel’s closure policy have had the effect ofa terrible natural disaster”.
Second, in the aftermath of a war, willAmerica (the leader of a UN backedoperation or a more limited coalition) takea much more proactive role in forging anIsraeli-Palestinian peace? We have beentold that will happen. European leadershave been told that will happen: that theroad map will see the light of day beforewe all run out of road. I sincerely hopethat is so. I genuinely fear the outcome ifwar in Iraq is followed by another year ormore of violence in Palestine and Israel.That would further inflame opinion in theIslamic world. To defeat terrorism, it is saidby some to be necessary to defeatSaddam Hussein. That may or may not betrue some of us are at the very leastagnostic on that point. But what I amabsolutely sure about is that to invadeIraq while failing to bring peace to theMiddle East would create exactly the sortof conditions in which terrorism would belikely to thrive. And none of us would be
immune from the consequences.
Viewpoint
This is a slightly edited version of a speech, delivered in March
to the European Parliament.
Roy Jenkins, Lord Jenkins of Hillhead,
was a leading figure in British national
and European international affairs.
He held great offices of state, as
Home Secretary Chancellor of the
Exchequer, leader of a new centre
party, the Social Democrats, was
Chancellor of one of the oldest and
round-table in Bologna on whether
great European statesmen are born
or need to be constructed shortly after
being conferred Sigilum Magnum (a
role reversed when Professor Prodi
received an Honorary Doctorate as
President of the European
Commission from Lord Jenkins as
Chancellor of Oxford)
He was active to the last – and
had just agreed to deliver a
Europaeum Lecture in Prague on
European Economic Integration –
past, present and future, recalling his
keynote speech in Florence just over
25 years ago, which presaged the
birth of the Euro.
He is already greatly missed.
In memoriam: Roy Jenkinsmost prestigious universities in the
world, and a noted writer, and
biographer of Gladstone, Asquith
and, most recently, Churchill, among
many others.
His enthusiasms for whatever
was to hand captivated those about
him, whether it was a new idea, a
complex point of European
legislation, Labour or Liberal
Democrat Party policy, a
biographical anecdote, or even a fine
claret.
Lord Jenkins was also a great
friend of the Europaeum, in at the
foundation with George Weidenfeld
and Ronnie Grierson, active in the
early fund-raising, debating with
Romano Prodi at a Europaeum
1920 - 2003
Photos ©European Communities, 1995-2002
19
Research
and there
control of the “other” as an inferior, and second, theof one’s own identity as a place of safety from
otherness. In the debates ofthe Eighties a third importantelement was added, thediachronic aspect of attitudesto the other - the identificationof “otherness” in one’s ownpast.
The fact that “otherness” isstill discussed today stronglysuggests its continuingcontemporary relevance.Given the huge range of waysin which the concept can behandled, the workshoporganisers decided to grouppapers in sections on the basisof its relationship to certaingeneral lurking problems,rather than by overt subjectmatter or declared method.This proved effective withmuch fruitful discussion.
Discussions focused onhow far the results of researchon marginalised groups couldbe generalised. Two lines ofthought emerged: Firstly, themethodology employed,largely derived from MichelFoucault, only allows themechanisms of power to be
panish
. The Mixtec gave up
yya) but hung on as a
) subordinate to the
, in
Tribe,
ales of
prairy
, without an adequate
akes tea . . . . served by others
s.
18
Af
cohesive force in international relations.”
The present members may have set a badexample but that does not reduce theresponsibility on all members, including theacceding states, to meet that Treatyobligation.
Finally, I want to say a word about Israeland Palestine. What happens if there is a warin Iraq? Let us suppose, let us pray, that it isbrief. Let us further suppose that all theworries expressed about the consequences interms of stability of the country proveunfounded. Let us, in short, put all or mostanxieties to one side.
I want to ask two questions. First, willthe peace that breaks out drive Palestiniansand Israelis into an historic reconciliation?The state of the Palestinians was describedlast week by Peter Hansen, CommissionerGeneral of the UN Relief and Works Agency.“The stark fact is”, he wrote, “that almost aquarter of Palestinian children are sufferingfrom acute or chronic malnutrition for purelyman-made reasons. No drought has hit Gaza and the WBank, no crops have failed and the shops are often full of But the failure of the peace process and the the economy by Israel’s closure policy have had the efa terrible natural disaster”.
Viewpoint
Roy Jenkins, Lord Jenkins of Hillhead,
was a leading figure in British national
and European international affairs.
He held great offices of state, as
Home Secretary Chancellor of the
Exchequer, leader of a new centre
party, the Social Democrats, was
Chancellor of one of the oldest and
In
claret.
1920 - 2003
19
Globalisation, diversity, pluralism, equality,
migration, refugees, have given fresh impetus
to writing about the other. An international
work-shop, backed by the Europaeum,
dissected the concept.
MICHAEL VORISEK explains.
Research
Meeting the Other: here and there
M eeting the Other - incongruous, unknown, or just
plain different – is one of the archetypal situations of modern life. For some it is exciting, for somedisturbing, for others offensive. It is in the nature of the worldaround us. For academics (at least one hopes so) meetings withOthers are an important part of working life, and if they manageto cultivate these meetings and turn them to mutual advantage,their students and whole communities may follow their lead.With the aim of making more such meetings possible, morethan 30 historians, sociologists and other social scientists fromFinland, France, the Netherlands, Poland, Rumania, GreatBritain and the Czech Republic, met in the historic Small Aulaof Charles University in Prague last September for a SummerWorkshop Meeting the “Other”,organised by Charles Universityin collaboration with theEuropaeum.
The event gave participantsa series of opportunities to meetthe Others. The aim was toprovide stimulus for researchersfrom a range of different fields,with different theoreticalperspectives and nationaldiscourses, and offer them asmuch intellectual space aspossible, as the main organiser ofthe workshop, Professor L u ï aKlusáková, explained.
The concept of “the other”has held its own in productivehistoriographical discourse formore than two decades now. In1984 it was the theme of one ofthe main sections of the WorldHistorical Congress in Stuttgart,as Miroslav Hroch recalled in hisopening paper at the workshop.Hroch noted that then historianshad stressed two aspects of theconcept, seeing the two sides ofthe coin of “otherness” as, first,the question of power, authority
and control of the “other” as an inferior, and second, thequestion of one’s own identity as a place of safety from
otherness. In the debates ofthe Eighties a third importantelement was added, thediachronic aspect of attitudesto the other - the identificationof “otherness” in one’s ownpast.
The fact that “otherness” isstill discussed today stronglysuggests its continuingcontemporary relevance.Given the huge range of waysin which the concept can behandled, the workshoporganisers decided to grouppapers in sections on the basisof its relationship to certaingeneral lurking problems,rather than by overt subjectmatter or declared method.This proved effective withmuch fruitful discussion.
Discussions focused onhow far the results of researchon marginalised groups couldbe generalised. Two lines ofthought emerged: Firstly, themethodology employed,largely derived from MichelFoucault, only allows themechanisms of power to be
Europeans and Others
Lorna Colberg Goldsmith of Northumbria University
traced changes in municipal social policy in Newcastle
in the 1960s, focusing on “problem families” in conflict
with the changing form of the city (rebuilding, slum
clearance). Local government policy remained
manipulatively interventionary in relation to these
families. Another paper looked at how Birmingham
council saw mothers going to work as irresponsible,
while Göteburg council saw mothers who were helping
to support the family by finding employment, as
responsible. Another paper described how Mixtec
nobility adopted the culture of their Spanish
colonialists and used symbolic interaction and
‘mimicry’ from the discourse of the conquerors to
legitimise their own supremacy. The Mixtec gave up
its claim to divine nobility (yya) but hung on as a
class of local landlords (cacique) subordinate to the
Spanish. Lea Zuyderhoudt, of Leiden University, in
her paper on the North American Blackfoot Tribe,
showed how the Native Americans tended to be
presented in a set of ahistorical myths (tales of
ancestors) or as a matter of one episodic role in the
long story of White America, i.e. the Indian as prairy
horseman. This approach was condemned as morally
and intellectually unacceptable, though the tendency
to write the history of the Other, without an adequate
knowledge, still persists.
A well-to-do European family takes tea . . . . served by others
- their rather poor servants.
20
An Indian Nabob . . . . a world away from his Indian coolies.
identified in the
concrete situation, in
the place where they
operate directly. This
is the charm of
discursive analysis,
but it raises the
question of whether
anything more than a set of heterogenous othernesses actually
exists as a research subject. Secondly, we can see that our
views of otherness are usually one-sided, that is the subjective
perspective of the “other” is absent, and so it seems crucial to
ask, for example, how far the life and the world of criminals
themselves is reflected in modern criminology. Is it the
delinquent or just our heterostereotype of the delinquent that
speaks to us from dictionaries of argot, police interrogation or
medical records? How do we cope with the fact that historical
“documents” usually leave behind them what is mainly a
triumphant, one-sided confrontation of two worlds?
The role of the social scientist in encounter with the “other”
was the focus of lively subsequent discussion. The historian
may seem to be someone who mediates, or indeed reduces the
otherness of a society’s past, but the Other may not always
thank him for his efforts. “Problem” families do not invite
social workers to inspect them, and nobody invites historians
or anthropologists into marginalised ethnic communities. Does
the academic community do anything more for its Others than
steal and mutilate their stories? What is the justification for
an “objectivity” that gives priority to its own discursive
operation over the lived experience of the people who are its
subjects, whether “problem families” or “savages”, or for a
“science” that has proved so ready to offer legitimation for
Research
the political
strategies of the
powerful (see the
case of social
policy)? Most
participants agreed
that historians today
owe it to their
Others to try and
grasp and respect the meanings they attribute to their own past.
The papers from the morning section of the 13th of
September had a strong whiff of political history, since they
were concerned with the image of the Other as developed in
the name of certain short-term (primarily political and
economic) goals. In the discussion participants debated the
advantages and limits of this kind of research. It is highly
sensitive to the deliberately propagated image (“the
Americanisation” of Central Europe and the US interwar
propaganda), and suggest the importance of the positive image
of the Other, for example the possibilities of the conscious
adoption of the identity of a host (French immigrants) or its
rejection (diaspora), or of balancing alternative centres of
identity. On the other hand, it tends to ignore the longer-term
mental structures beneath the political surface, for example a
community’s autostereotypes. It is also arguable how far
politics is a system that rationally follows its own ends and
how far it is at the mercy of waves of popular xenophobia.
Criminals and Us
Peter Becker of the European University Institute,
Florence set the image of the 19th century criminal in
context of the “historical semantics of asymmetrical
oppositions”, with which modern society defines and
maintains its boundaries. The approach to criminals
changed from the moralising ethnographic to the
medical, thus isolating criminals more profoundly as
they were now believed to be biologically inferior to
the respectable citizen. Daniela Tinková of Charles
University saw the modern definition of crime, born
in Josephine Austria and revolutionary France, as a
source of the practices by which criminals are created
and manipulated by state authority, involving
secularisation of the basis of crime; decriminalisation
of certain crimes - now reclassified as moral
transgressions (e.g. suicide) - and medicalisation,
involving a preference for explaining crime as the
outcome of involuntary biological “inclination”. New
definitions of crime brought with them a new form of
discipline of the individual, and illustrate the
emergence of modern individualism and modern
forms of power.
A French
revolutionary
cartoon
showing the
peasant bent
under the
burden of
Church and
nobility. A
peasant was
said to pay 85
francs out of
100 in taxes.
17
neighbours but of potential
damage, for example to the
authority of the United
Nations; to NATO; and to
transatlantic relations,
which are going through a
very difficult passage. In all
these contexts we must look
beyond the immediate
arguments and remind
ourselves of our long-term
interests to co-operate and
to strengthen the flawed but
necessary apparatus of
international governance.
But there are three other
areas where we should also
work to reduce collateral
damage from recent events.
Future goals
The first is the CFSP itself, which has suffered a severe
because Member States on both sides of the debate
chosen to take firm national policy positions as if they
for the European Union as a whole. We must not be
by this setback. There have been similar divisions
the United States, and even within the US
but these do not pull the country apart because
the end the President is empowered to speak for the nation
a whole. As a Union of independent nations we do not enjoy
luxury. But that is reason to redouble our efforts to build
effective CFSP, not to abandon them. As we return to the
we shall find, perhaps, a little more humility even among
large Member States who can surely see how much they
damaged their common enterprise and how much they
reduced their common influence as a result of public
A second European project that risks being hurt by recent
if we do not work actively to sustain it, is the cause of
gement. I think it is particularly damaging that
over Iraq have been allowed to over-shadow the
about enlargement. We should not call into question
European vocation of countries simply because of their
on the Iraq crisis. Let us assure the acceding countries
we continue to look forward eagerly to their imminent
But on the other side of the argument let us acknowledge
those who join our Union are making an existential choice.
are not declaring themselves for Europe and against the
States. Emphatically not. But, in the words of the Treaty,
are accepting a responsibility to “refrain from
Viewpoint
16
The sorry figure cut by the European Union in
months should not blind us to the real and
achievements of the Common Foreign and
Policy over the last decade: in the Balkans, in
and in many other parts of the world. But it should also
us how far we have to go. Of course, it is possible as
have suggested for a small group of Member S
driving force to give Europe a coherent, high profile
policy. But without better machinery to harness
political will, they are just as likely to drive an incoherent
profile policy. This has not been a good time for those
believe that the way forward for European foreign policy
leave things to the big Member States.
Enhancing the UN
One lesson we can already draw from the unfolding
the importance of developing the role and authority
United Nations. It is in the interests of the whole world
power should be constrained by global rules, and used
with international agreement. What other
international legitimacy but the UN exists for
intervention? On what other basis is it possible,
address the problem of weapons of mass destruction? I am
thinking not just of the particular case of Iraq, but of the
issue. America’s refusal to press forward with
the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty hardly strengthens the
nuclear technology in Iran, North Korea and
regretted, too, America’s decision to resile so lightly
Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty. For such decisions and there
In Viewpoint
foreign policy of European nations. Here
CHRIS PATTEN charts a p
European foreign policy.
Keeping the peace .... under whose authority?
21
Research
The discussion focused on therelation of discourse to the implicit orexplicit political background ofimages of the Other. It raised theproblem of the interpretation of themeaning attributed by historical actorsto the formal or discursive boundary,i.e. people writing about the Balkanscan either emphasise difference or elsetry to incorporate the Balkans “intoEurope”. An attitude to the Other thatseems to be just a question ofdiscursive preference (e.g. Serbphilological disputes) may reflectconcrete social relations. In othercases the construction of the other isdirectly instrumentalised, whether fora specific political end (to support anintervention policy) or with theintention of creating a basic identityfor a new state.
Then there is the question ofplurality of meanings. This is not justa problem of selection of sources, but derives from the factthat any single academic interpretation is open to challenge ina world of competing political conceptions. In a state thatadheres to the idea of a “Czechoslovak” people, for example,can Slovaks still be defined as an Other, or are they alreadyUs? Can we talk of an image of Germans if someone sometimes
Migration and Others
Jean-François Berdah of the University of
Toulouse II le Mirail described how
changes in French immigration policy from
the ancienne regime to the mid-20th
century meant that conditions for the
residence of foreigners on French soil
could be quite favourable. Another paper
looked at the idealised image of America
in interwar Poland, based in part on a lack
of information. The stories of consumer
lifestyle told by Polish emigrants had a
major impact on migration. Another paper
looked at diaspora, defined through
confrontation – distancing from and
closeness to - types of Others, with hosts,
and with Others within the community but
separated by a geographical or cultural
frontier. Thus for example the identity
‘Sephardic Jew from Marseilles in France’
conceals a remarkable number of possible
future developments. Diaspora is thus a
concept applicable to contemporary
political struggles where identity
represents one of the most potent sources
of mobilisation.
European Otherness
Floris van Nierop of Amsterdam University looked at the relationship between
the Serb diaspora in the Habsburg Empire with its established elite, and
the peasants of the new Serbian Kingdom at the beginning of the 20th century.
The lack of fit between the two groups in social composition, cultural
orientation and political goals, was indirectly expressed in contemporary
disputes over language and national identity. Another paper on modern
Bulgarian national identity, showed that the first generation of intellectuals
to claim Bulgarian identity, came from Greek or French (i.e. Other)
environments. Hana Sobotková of Charles University compared the image
of the Balkans in the 19th century in French and Czech public discourse.
The French emphasised their superiority, while the Czechs identified with
non-dominant ethnic groups in a multi-ethnic empire, particularly Slavs and
their attempts at emancipation. Another paper explored the construction of
the image of the Other in the anti-Bolshevik campaign organised by a group
of British journalists after the 1917 Revolution, using allegorical expressions
(Bolsheviks as Antichrist) or personal testimony of emigrés without
commentary. Carlos Reijnen of Leiden University argued that the stereotype
of the Other need not always be purely negative, as Czech images of
Germans and Slovaks in the interwar period were. The Germans embodied
a tie with the historical past, while the Slovaks were to be the foundation of
the future of the new state.
Refugees encapsulate otherness.
expresses an entirely wholesalejudgment and sometimesdistinguishes between variousdifferent groups to whom he hasdifferent political attitudes?
The Meeting the “Other”
Workshop brought discussion onmany similar questions, offeringscope for plenty of suggestionsthat participants could take backto their own research, and use toexpand or modify their ownperspectives. The questionsdiscussed also correspondedremarkably closely, in theme, tothe trio of motifs (authority,identity, past) that MiroslavHroch identified in connectionwith otherness in his openingpaper. There was also, however,a noticeable dimension to thepresent discussions that waslacking 20 years ago, a more
intense interest in methods of research.The questions raised at the workshop illustrate the self-
critical inclination to reflections on method, its gnoseologicaladequacy and also its moral legitimacy, that European socialscience has developed in the last decades. They also suggestthat this trend can produce valuable results.
22
I would like to start by saying that the EU is called The
European Union. It is nor called the Freedom Union or the
Peace Union or the democracy Union. So there is a way in
which we could ask the question where on Earth will Europe
end? And this is geographically.
To the north. I have not heard anyone propose that the EU
should be enlarged to the North Pole. Not to the West because
after all West is the Atlantic. But, of
course, actually if you define Europe as
a community of values than it becomes
a real question whether there are
European values distinct from American
values or whether there are EU Atlantic
values.
You may also think that Europe is
clearly distinctive from Africa to the
South. But again I wonder. As most of
you know, Morocco has applied to join
the European Union. It is the only
country which has been refused
permission on the grounds that it is not
a European country. But of course in the
period of classical civilization there was
the whole Mediterranean world into which North Africa very
much belonged.
Finally, of course, the EU is open to the East. There is a
map by a Greek geographer from the 3rd century BC which is
the first map I know to draw the eastern frontier of Europe. It
was the river Don. Only I believe in the 18th century was the
line extended to the Urals and the Bosporus (Turkey in Europe,
Turkey in Asia).
So after the openness, the ambiguity to the West and to the
South we could talk about the openness and the ambiguity to
the East. That means we must talk about Turkey and Russia.
But there is another way in which we could ask the question
‘where on the earth will Europe end?’. This is not geographically
but politically. Where on earth will the European project end?
This question is indeed being posed, arguably for the first time
in a real form, by the Convention on the Future of Europe. The
question should be what in French is called the finalité
europeenne. We have on the table the question whether it should
be called European Union , European Community , United
Europe or the United States of Europe. It seems to me absolutely
clear that these two ways of posing the question ‘where on earth
will Europe end?’ are closely related. That is to say, what kind
of political community you think Europe will be determines
how far you want to go, and how far you go clearly determines
what kind of political community Europe can be. This is why it
is no accident that it is Valery Giscard d’Estaing - not only
because he is a white, catholic, conservative Frenchman but
also because he is President of the European Convention - who
poses in a very sharp from the question should Turkey belong
to EU and answers No!
I actually want in my remarks to dwell, if I may, much
more on Turkey and the questions it poses than Russia or even
Ukraine or Belarus. Firstly, because many here know more than
I do in the case of Russia or Ukraine, but secondly, because at
the same time it seems to me that Turkey s claims to europeaness
are more questionable but politically the question is more
immediate. The Turkish question is
posed today, the Russian question is
not.
Now if one thinks for a moment
of what a European political
community of 30 to 32 Members-
States has in common in a deeper
sense, we could talk about interests,
we could talk about a European social
model different from an American
one, or the wider you go, we could talk
about the common language that we
don t have. John Stuart Mills
considered that for a democratic
political community it would be
central to have a common language.
We could reflect, obviously on history. And in reflecting
on history, we always are reminded of the famous definition of
nation as being a community of people who remember many
things together, but also who have forgotten many things
together. And we could talk about how Europe is such a
community of shared memory and forgetting everything from
classical civilization, from the Renaissance, Reformation and
Enlightenment to the Second World War, or again, the wider
you go the more different memories become. I would argue
that one of the fundamental differences between Britain and
France in the whole European debate is their different
experience in the Second World War. If that is true for Britain
and France how much more true for France and Turkey or
Ukraine and Russia.
If we go on looking at Europe’s self-definition, of course,
sooner or later we come to the question of religion, which
according to Samuel Huntington is the core defining feature of
civilizations, of cultures. Huntington, as you all know, wanted
to argue that there is a great dividing line in Europe between
Western and Extern Christianity. His book contains a footnote
in which it is indicated that Greece belonged to classical
civilization but is not a part of Western civilization. It seems to
me that we are way beyond that. No one now is seriously arguing
Where on earthEnlargement is around the corner for Europe.
But where will it end and what about Turkey?
TIM GARTON ASH excavates these regional
questions. © Timothy Garton Ash
Viewpoint
To be or not to be European?
15
’s goal.
Essay
Russia. There is no point in
trying to foresee the detailed
shape of the global political
economy in fifty years time,
but globalisation backed by a
single hegemon is plainly the
least likely scenario in sight.
Sadly, it does not follow that
multilateral globalisation
through law and politics is
bound to be the wave of the
future. Another possibility is
a new version of the shifting
balance of power that led to
the First World War, the
of the Victorian global market and the economic
of the 1920s and 1930s. That is the real nightmare
our time.
The choice between these futures will not be made in or
Europe, but Europe will have a crucial part to play. It will
be an easy one. Fawning on the Americans, as virtually all
British governments have done, does no service to
– least of all to the Americans themselves. President
Bush has become the playground
bully of the west.
The only way to stop him is to
stand up to him. Blairite sweet talk
does more harm than good. The
American hard right see it as a sign
of weakness, and like all bullies they
despise the weak. In dealing with
American hard right, De Gaulle’s
intransigence is a better model than Churchill’s
Atlanticism for the federalising Europe which is
beginning to emerge from the quagmire of
Yet simplistic anti-Americanism is equally dangerous. The
law-based model of globalisation, which offers the only
to the bankrupt hegemonial model, cannot come into
without American participation. This won’t happen under
but Bush is not the United States. (Apart from any other
he actually lost the presidential election.) So
has a testing hand to play. It needs the courage to tell
Americans when they are wrong, coupled with the
and generosity of spirit to appeal to the best in
American tradition, which has by no means disappeared.
all, it needs the self-discipline and political creativity
put its own civic house in order.
tatesman.
.
14
of the exercise is to prove beyond doubt that –
humiliation of September 11th 2001 and the
longueurs of the war against terrorism – the United
still invincible.
In this, Bush is a mirror image of Osnama Bin
Laden wanted to show the world, and the Islamic
particular, that the United States was not invulnerable;
handful of martyrs, prepared to die for the Islamist
could strike successfully at America’s heart – and that
states therefore had no need to crawl to W
succeeded beyond his wildest dreams, and the
did not undo the demonstration
effect. Now Bush wants a
reverse demonstration. He is not
deterred by manifest risks of
regime change in Iraq. For him,
the implosion of the Iraqi state,
with a Kurdish revolt in the
north and a Shiite turn to Iran in
the south; further damage to
America’s appalling image in the Muslim world; and the
of an anti-American backlash in Europe count for
(Saddam) is acting on Machiavelli’s precept that a wise
would rather be feared than loved. As Khrushchev once
of West Berlin, Saddam is a bone sticking in America’s
T
limits to American power; that the United States can and
dictate the terms on which globalisation continues. If
nations squeal, so be it.
Yet there is a paradox in all this, which may
the increasingly hysterical quality of Bush’s
Hegemonial globalisation on the nineteenth-century
Essay
Saddam’s last stand?
America’
or later
23
that any serious political Europe should stop at the
line dividing Western and Eastern Christianity. The
very first use of the term Europeans is in a chronicle
reporting of a battle in 732, a battle against the
Muslims. And right through the Middle Ages in the
battle against the Turks. So this is something
extremely deep in the southern definition of Europe.
It is the thing that for political correctness and other
reasons no one mentions now except a very few
Christian Democrats like Romano Prodi. We have
within the existing EU already probably some 10 to
15 million Muslims and there are another 6 to 7
million Muslims in Kosovo, in Bosnia, in Albania,
ect, waiting to come in, but above all Turkey. In 2020
according to estimates it could become the most
populous country in the European Union. So the
largest country in the Union would be largely
Muslim.
Now I am not here again to argue that this is the reason
why I question the inclusion of Turkey. I do want to argue that
if we are looking for deep elements of community to make a
European political community work this is also a deep problem.
But I want to argue something else, and this is that in the case
of Turkey we have a clash not of two civilizations but of two
logics: the logic of unity and logic of peace. If we consider
that the first purpose of the European project was to avoid the
returning of war between European countries then we have to
ask where is the greatest probability of war now. Clearly not
between Belgium and France, between Poland and Slovakia or
Poland and Lithuania, nit even between Serbia and Bosnia.
Where is it? In the Caucasus and in the Middle East.
So if the primary purpose of the European project is the
avoiding of war, then nowhere should be more important for us
to go then there where wars are most likely to occur. That seems
to me a strongly powerful case for saying Yes to turkey. If we
are in the 21st century engaged in a war against terrorism that
has its roots to a significant degree in the Islamic Arab world,
what could be better for tackling the causes of
terrorism that to encourage a moderate Islamic
party in a country which accepts a secular state
and which still wants to join the European Union
and which is looking to us to give a clear signal
about bringing Turkey in? That does seem to me
a very powerful argument because the example
of a Turkey gaining benefits from becoming closer
to Europe would be a powerful example for the
rest of the Middle East.
This is one reason, of course, why we are being
pressed quite hard by the United States to do
exactly that. But of course, it is not the United
States who decides what the EU does. Indeed for
many in EU the fact that the United States wants
to do it is quite a good reason for not doing it. So
here I would argue that the logic of peace, a powerful logic of
peace which pushes to make stronger commitments to Turkey,
clashes directly with the logic of unity. I do not know how, at
least in the short or medium term, we could ever make a coherent
political community of Europe bringing in Turkey in the next
10 or 15 years. It will be difficult enough with 30 European
countries, difficult enough with all of them having a large,
common heritage, but with Turkey it seems to me close to
impossible. And this is not just the logic of unity, it is also a
logic of democracy. If this political community is to survive it
clearly must have a democratic element. Europe wants more
people participating. I find that very hard to imagine in the
short to medium term - a functioning democratic political
community with Turkey.
So that ultimate logic of democracy inside the European
Union clashes with the logic of spreading democracy to the
East and South. The logic of democracy clashes with the logic
of spreading democracy - which is the best way of securing a
lasting peace. It seems to me that in this sense that we do not
face some abstract academic question: it is a conflict between
the geographical answer to the question where on earth will
Europe end and the political answer to the question where on
earth will Europe end. We face it as a true political conflict.
And we have an agonising dilemma between the logic of unity
and the logic of peace, the logic of democracy, the logic of
spreading democracy. And we face Turkey and really the
European Union is creating ambiguity. We have created
ambiguity for Turkey for 40 years since 1963. How much longer
can we seriously go on? Do I have an answer to this dilemma?
Frankly I do not. I do not know how we should resolve it.
The only answer I could offer is that of the famous American
baseball player who as you all know said: If you see a fork in
the road take it.
This talk was delivered at a conference on Russia and Europe
in Oxford, supported by the Europaeum.
Viewpoint
Timothy Garton Ash
is Director of the
European Studies
Centre at St Antony’s
College, Oxford.
will Europe end?
The challenge to Europe from the East ....?
24
Science and technology from
For some decades now, thecategories of centre and peripheryhave been invoked by scholars
across a broad swathe of the humanitiesand social sciences. Ancient historians,anthropologists, archaeologists,sociologists, economists, and politicalscientists have all used the terms inanalyses of relations betweengeographical areas, institutions, andsocial groups on one side or the other ofa perceived centre-periphery divide. Forhistorians of science, too, the contrastbetween central and peripheral cultureshas been a productive one.
The traditional model has been thatof a straightforward diffusion ofconcepts or practices in which ascientific or technological communityrich in novelty is interpreted as ‘feeding’
a passive receiver on the geographical orintellectual periphery. The mechanismsof diffusion have long been recognizedto include such vehicles as education,translation, or (as in the much-studiedcase of the spread of steam powertechnology from Britain to the Continentin the eighteenth and nineteenthcenturies) industrial espionage and themovement of skilled workmen.Codification and simplification have alsobeen seen as common elements in thediffusion process. Here, the Frenchhistorian Pierre Brunet blazed animportant trail more than 70 years agowith studies of the arrival of Newtonianmechanics in continental Europe thatmade much of the role of such perceptiveinterpreters of the Principia as HenryPemberton, Colin Maclaurin, and theMarquise du Châtelet.
It is no criticism of scholars ofBrunet’s generation to say that in the lastquarter of a century, new perspectives,many bred at the interface between thehistory of science and the broader fieldof cultural history, have transformed ourunderstanding of the movement ofscientific and technological innovations.The new perspectives have encouragedhistorians to abandon their dominantpreoccupation with the main seats of
European science was not
just invented and created in
the workshops of Britain,
France and Germany.
ROBERT FOX explains,
framing the fruits of a recent
conference on the Centre and
Periphery supported by the
Europaeum.
News
Diagram of Lavoisier’s
apparatus for the
analysis of water,
whose composition
was also discovered
by Henry Cavendish.
novelty: England in the seventeenth and(for technology) eighteenth centuries,France in the eighteenth and early
nineteenth centuries, Germany in the latenineteenth and early twentieth centuries,and the USA in our own day (to speakonly of the West). They have also laidto rest a style of analysis that would seecentre and periphery as two sides of achasm, separating the donor on one sidefrom the passive receiver on the other.
The new departures inhistoriography havebeen refined for someyears now in ani n t e r n a t i o n a lprogramme of researchentitled Science and
Technology on the
European Periphery
(STEP). The aim of theproject, led by KostasGavroglu, Professor ofthe History andPhilosophy of Science
Isaac Newton - European trailblazer.
13
that ran nineteenth-century Britain; andit was only slightly less true of the elitesthat shaped American policy during andafter World War Two.
Unfortunately, the United Statesof Roosevelt, Acheson, Marshall andTruman is now a distant memory. Today’sUnited States wants hegemony on thecheap. As the balance of internal powershifts from the Atlantic seaboard to theSouth and West, the political forces thatshape American policy are becomingmore parochial, more short-sighted, moreimpatient with external constraints andmore contemptuous of the rest of theworld. A raw, provincial brutalismpervades the current Bush Administrationand the think-tanks of the right. Bush andhis political allies are indifferent to thelong-term health of the global system.What matters to them is that narrowly-
American national interests should prevail in theof short terms. If American steel workers want
then to hell with free trade. If European leadersdemur at America’s tenderness to Sharon,that only proves that Europeans are anti-semitic wimps.This is the real meaning of Bush’sobsessional campaign for ‘regime change’in Iraq. Saddam is, by any reckoning, aloathsome figure, but he was equallyloathsome when Britain and the United
supplied him with arms. Nuclear proliferation in theEast is an undoubted danger, but few Americans
when Israel joined the nuclear club. The truth isBush’s lust for battle has little to do with the character of
s rule or with nuclear proliferation as such. The point
Essay
on
that a
rather be
loved
isof Politics at
and aof theGroup.
of manyMP and
Roy JenkinsPresident of
Commission.
12
Essay
to fashion the rest of the world to fit it
DA
Bush’
US is still invincible despite the 9/11 atrocity.
An extraordinary experiment has dominated world
since the fall of Communism – the construction
global market unsupported by a global state.
in France, the political elites of the West insist,
breathtaking insouciance, that this experiment is
inevitable and benign. In truth, it is much more hazardous
they appreciate. In two crucial respects it
flies in the face of past experience.
Historically, states came before markets.
Adam Smith may have been right that a
propensity to ‘truck, barter and exchange’ is
fundamental to human nature, but as the
history of his own country showed, that
propensity could not be fully realised until a
powerful and impersonal state, with the will
and capacity to enforce contracts, keep the peace and
traditional obstacles to the operation of market forces,
come into existence. National markets were created by
states; the states concerned were then sustained by the
which national markets brought in their train.
To be sure, the nineteenth century saw an
stateless globalisation presaging the one through which w
now living.
British warship
25
News
the European peripheryat the University of Athens, is not to
denigrate the creative force of what are
conventionally, and properly, recognized
as the central nations of European
science and technology. It is rather to
study the multiple interacting
circumstances - political, social,
economic, and intellectual - that since the
Enlightenment have fostered or impeded
the appropriation of concepts and
practices in such (for this purpose)
peripheral nations as Spain, Portugal,
Greece, Sweden, and Russia.
The word ‘appropriation’ is crucial
here. For, as Professor Gavroglu has
argued, what we may, as a first-order
approximation, interpret as essentially
unidirectional transmission can almost
invariably be better interpreted as an
interaction, one shaped by the divergent
agendas and institutional structures of the
communities involved in the process. To
cite an example elaborated within the
Athens group, Manolis Patiniotis has
shown that the way in which scholars in
Greece appropriated the ideas of the
French and German forms of the
Enlightenment between 1760 and 1820,
bore the indelible stamp of the tensions,
characteristic of Greek culture on the eve
of independence, between Christian
Orthodoxy and the revered classical
heritage. The result was something very
different from what passed for
Enlightenment in Paris or Berlin.
The conference1 on ‘Centre and
periphery revisited: the structures of
European science, 1750-1914’, held at
the Maison Française in Oxford in April
2002, brought members of the STEP
group face to face with other historians,
mainly from Oxford and Paris, also
working on the movement of cutting-
edge science and technology in modern
Europe. Papers on France (by John
Perkins, Faidra Papanelopoulou, Robert
Fox, and Hélène Gispert) demonstrated
the fragility of the conventional view of
provinces reduced to intellectual
impotence by an all-powerful central
authority vested in the Académie des
Sciences and the great Parisian
institutions. Pietro Corsi presented a
similar picture of nineteenth-century
Italian geologists, keenly observant of
the centres of European geology north of
the Alps but in no sense subservient to
them. And the power of the approaches
developed within the STEP group was
exemplified in papers by Kostas
Gavroglu (setting Greece in a the
broader European context), Irina and
Dmitri Gouzévitch (on the relations
between Russian and French engineers
in the first half of the nineteenth century),
Agustí Nieto-Galan (on the dyers and
dyestuffs chemists who brought Spain
into an international network centred on
France), and Ana Simoes (on the
importance of travellers in Portugal’s
integration with the Enlightenment
tradition).
As the exchanges in Oxford made
clear, the way forward on the centre-
periphery question lies in a fine focus on
time and place that is indispensable if we
are to fix the
s h i f t i n g
kaleidoscope in
which today’s
centre (English
chemistry in the
age of Humphry
Davy, for
example) can
b e c o m e
t o m o r r o w ’ s
periphery (as
happened in the
golden age of
German organic
chemistry at the
end of the
n i n e t e e n t h
century). As we
Robert Fox is Professor of the History of
Science at the University of Oxford.
An early 19th
century portable
observatory
Equatorial
Instrument,
viewed by
Antony Lummis
at the History of
Science
Museum, Oxford
focus ever more finely, however, we have
also to feed into a bigger picture of the
processes of cultural change. It is this
challenge, of linking case-study to
generalization, that between now and
2004 will inform the cycle of
conferences on ‘Transmission and
understanding in the sciences’ for which
three partners in the Europaeum -
Oxford, Bologna, and Paris I - are now
preparing.
1. The conference was organized by the Maison
Française, Oxford, with the support of the
Europaeum, the Institut Français du Royaume-
Uni, the Europaeum, and the Modern European
History Research Centre of the Modern History
Faculty, University of Oxford. The Europaeum
is continuing support for the project in the form
of a Research Project Group, specifically linking
Science historians in Parisy, Bologna, Oxford
and others.
26
News -in-brief
The Complutense University of Madrid
has agreed to join the Europaeum,
becoming the eighth member of the
association, founded 10 years ago to
promote academic collaboration and
European studies.
The Complutense University of
University, one of the oldest and largest
in the world, was founded in 1293,
originally in Alcalá de Henares, moving
to Madrid in 1836. It has about 100,000
students, including 3,500 international
students.
The central campus in Moncloa
houses the majority of schools and
colleges, while Somosaguas houses
Social Sciences, including economics,
business, politics, and psychology.
The Rector, Sr. D. Rafael Puyol
Antolin, has expressed the institution’s
appreciation to join such a “prestigious
association”. Madrid has now been
invited to join in current activities and
projects.
“Excellence is the leitmotiv of the
Europaeum. For us, it is certainly a
reason for pride that this prestigious
association has invited us to join,” he
said.
“We appreciate the honour bestowed
upon us. I congratulate you all for your
goals and achievements and I assure you
that you will find in the UCM, an active
and loyal member.”
The Europaeum plans to add two
further members, one from Scandinavia
and one more from East-Central Europe.
The Europaeum Council, at its meeting
in Bologna last summer, confirmed its
commitment to limit the number of full
MADRID JOINS EUROPAEUM
NEW CHAIRS
PROMOTE MOBILITY
Three more Europaeum Visiting Chairs
were filled this year under the
Europaeum’s new scheme to promote
academic mobility among distinguished
scholars across the association’s network
of leading European universities. A
short-term Europaeum Visiting Chair is
avaiable in each of the partner institutions
each year.
Professor Robert Frank, Professor of
Modern History at Paris I Panthéon-
Sorbonne, last year lectured on France
and the United Kingdom in the
Construction of Europe in Oxford, and
chaired a graduate seminar at the Modern
European History Research Centre.
Professor Frank returned to Oxford for a
second week in February 2003.
Professor Michael Wolter, Professor
of Theology at Universität Bonn visited
Oxford in February, delivered lecture on
Different Approaches to Paul’s Letter to
the Romans, and seminars including one
on Defining Apocolyptiscism.
Professor Tiziano Bonazzi,
Professor of Euro-American Relations at
Bologna University, is due to visit Oxford
in the Spring, under the new Europe-US
Europaeum project.
Other EVPs under consideration
include Professor Hubert Kempf,
Professor of Economics at Paris I,
visiting Charles University, and Professor
Paolo Manasse, Professor of Economics
at Bologna, visiting Paris, Lord Professor
Herman Phillipe of Leiden visiting
Oxford.
AZNAR VISITS OXFORD
In the run-up to Madrid University’s
entry to the Europaeum as its new
Spanish partner, the Prime Minister of
Spain, Jose Maria Aznar, was welcomedto Oxford last year to deliver an
inaugural lecture for the European
Studies at Oxford forum, which is
backed by the Europaeum, at St Antony’s
College.
Prime Minister Aznar spoke of the
‘future of Europe’. He stated that the
present system, in which the presidency
is rotated every six months, would no
longer be effective an enlargement of the
EU had taken place, and presented his
arguments for the European Council to
play for a more influential role.
He advocated the idea of a single
president, holding office for up to five
years. He also advocated that the
European Council of Ministers should
Prime Minister Jose Maria Aznar
have the authority to dissolve the
European Parliament, and to call new
European elections when required.
The Prime Minister then handled a
range of searching questions, many
addressing the political relationships
between European nations and the US,
in many ways a preview of the great
debate that led up to the launch of the
War on Iraq. He also expressed the
strong wish that Britain should join the
Euro, indicating that Spain had not felt
any loss of identity.
university members to 10.
“We are looking to ensure the
Europaeum is fully reflective of the new
Europe in its membership,” explained
Professor Pier Ugo Calzolari, Rector of
Bologna University. “But we want to
maintain the Europaeum as an
organisation which provides deep,
meaningful, relations and clear cut
outcomes.”
11
pluralism?
Essay
to communicate with the rest of the
world?
Who will deal with such problems
if not the universities?
I also see a very important role for
universities in the process of European
integration. I would prefer the term
‘Europeanization’ of the EU to
‘enlargement’ of the EU.
The EU of today represents only
a fragment of Europe, we must first
overcome in our minds the naïve
identification of Europe with its western
part.
The integration of Europe should
be more than the unification of financial
markets or connection of economic and
political structures. The core of European
integration is of a European conscience
and consciousness, the common space for
sharing intellectual and moral values.
This is, I know, the root thinking behind
Lord Weidenfeld’s vision for the
Europaeum. So, I am very happy to be
making these remarks here today.
In my country, the Czech
Republic, intellectuals have played a very
role in public life for centuries. Perhaps we can take
Hus as an example of one of the first public intellectuals
Europe – he became an archetype of the man of conscience.
great political leaders of our nation appeared from that
milieu – Palacky, Masaryk, Havel. The role of
academics and artists in dissent against nazi-
and communist totalitarianism is well known.
We can ask if now - in a democratic society with a
and universities is over? The answer is yes and
the institutional structures of democratic society.
On the other hand, the effective functioning of political
supposes a certain political, cultural and moral
Democracy supposes a competent public opinion and
debate. Without this biosphere of certain political
the political structures are like the organs in the body
without blood circulation.
Is it not one of our responsibilities to help, by creating
mutually cultivating, this climate as a pre-political
esented at the Europaeum’s international
ence at Paris-Sorbonne last September.
Academy.
10
My first remark is that the university always
an intellectual side of “religion”. However, to
any misunderstanding, I hasten to clarify in
sense I am employing the term religion here. When
religion, I do not mean any particular religious
religion in the post-Enlightment meaning of this
certain faith, spirituality, rites
or beliefs. What I have in
mind is the old European
concept of religion - religio,
as it was used in ancient
Rome and most clearly
defined by Cicero: the ritual
contact with the “sacred
foundation of the society”,
the symbolic expression of a
common identity, of what
holds society together.
Religio is what holds society
together.
In my opinion, the main
power of religion – in the
sense of religio – resides in
its ability to be the “common
language” of a given society.
With Michel Foucault we
can speak here about “a
regime of truth”.
But this language of
religion has always had at
least two levels: a popular
one and an intellectual one.
It took several centuries
before Christianity assumed a form of a “religion”
ancient sense and played a political role, in a practical
throughout the Middle Ages.
In this cultural context the university was born.
medieval university held a responsibility for “health”
of medicine the health of the body, the faculty of law
relationships in society, and the faculty of arts for
thinking.
On the threshold of the modern age, Christianity
Christian theology, the intellectual, university-form, of
- began to lose the role of a common language of the
So, theology has gradually become a “dead language”,
like Latin, only for ceremonial purposes or at
Can
Essay
TOMÁŠ HALIK offers some personal thought
culture and pluralism.
Pondering the fate of
27
UMBERTO ECO
TRANSLATES IDEAS
The mysteries of human communication
featured in an exciting series of lectures
at Oxford delivered by Professor
Umberto Eco, as the Weidenfeld Visiting
Professor of Comparative Literature last
summer. The lectures, on the theme of
Translation and Being Translated, were
coloured by Professor Eco’s own
enigmatic works that, the medium of
written language itself, presents elegant
insights and uncanny suggestions of the
News -in-brief
NEW POLICY STUDIES
CENTRE AT LEIDEN
In 2002, the Europaeum was among
those backing the opening of the Leiden
Centre for Policy Studies at its Campus
The Hague.
The Centre was officially opened on
November 6, marked by a rather
prescient lecture delivered by Professor
Geoffrey Parker, Andreas Dorpalen
Professor of History at the Ohio State
University, entitled ‘From the House of
Orange to the House of Bush: 400 years
of revolutions in military affairs, or, how
In all, the scheme launched last year
has supported eight EVPs, linking all
Europaeum partners. Last year,
Catherine Ridgewell from All Souls
College, Oxford visited Geneva, and
Professor Bernard Michel of Institut
Pierre Rénouvin of the Université Paris
1, visited Prague.
The scheme aims to fulfil one of the
key aims of the association echoing the
Europaeum’s Abelard scheme proposed
some years back by Lord Weidenfeld.
“Ideas do not have frontiers. This is a
good way to encourage travel across our
network so that ideas can be shared more
widely and more fruitfully” he explained.
The new posts are designed to allow
senior academics to spend two or three
weeks giving a lecture running seminar,
following up research, or preparing for
future collaboration, at a fellow partner
institution.
to understand the next Gulf War’.
He contrasted two case studies: the
invention by members of the house of
Orange of ‘volley fire’ by musketeers as
a battle-winning tactic after 1589, and
the evolution of ‘stealth’ technology to
win the wars waged by the House of
Bush after 1989. He argued that the
study of past Military Revolutions
demonstrates that the greater the
dependence of the military on
technology to bring victory, the greater
the need for civilian involvement in and
civilian control of military affairs - a
conclusion with significant implications
for the Second Gulf War.
As Professor Wim van den Doel ,
programme director, explains, the CPS
will bring together scholars from
different faculties of Leiden University
and beyond, and develop a close working
relationship with the Europaeum, to
promote interdisciplinary study of
domestic, European and international
policy issues. In particular, Legal
scholars, Political Scientists, Historians,
cultural and regional specialists on
Europe, Asia, the Middle East, Africa
and the Americas, will participate.
The Centre will develop
interdisciplinary MA programmes and
organise Executive programmes and
conferences on a wide range of policy-
related topics. It will also serve as an
institute for advanced studies with a
limited number of fellows from the
Professor Umberto Eco
extent of its capabilities.
Professor Eco used a wide variety of
languages and examples, including
Shakespeare’s Hamlet, Dante’s Inferno,
translations by Seamus Heaney, and
theubiquitous multilingual instruction
manual of a piece of electronic gadgetry,
as lively illustrations.
He expounded much more than the
mere evaluation of the art of translation
as pinning down one written language
system into an approximation of another.
For example he considered ‘translations’
between two media, the printed page to
the canvas or screen, using Thomas
Mann’s Novelle and Luchino Visconti’s
film, Death in Venice. Surprising aspects
of the unique qualities of written
language compared to the visible world
were highlighted, such as an author’s
careful, or deliberately ambiguous,
choices of words or information.
Professor Eco was also, as ever,
entertaining and amusing, and the lecture
series also gave a fascinating insight into
the man ‘behind’ the novels, philisopher,
and linguist. His fourth novel,
Baudolino, will be published in English
in October.
Ç Professor Eco also presented the
2002 Weidenfeld Prize for Translation,
at a reception held at St Anne’s College
last June. Seven books were shortlisted,
with the prize awarded to Patrick.
Wim van den Doel outside the new
Centre for Policy Studies.
28
STUDENTS BUILD
BRIDGES IN CYPRUS
The long-standing division of the island
of Cyprus between north and south makes
it one of the most complicated issues in
the expansion of the EU due to proceed
next year. The UK has long been playing
its part in Europe-wide efforts to resolve
the conflict on the island, and this has
become ever more pressing as discussion
over Turkey’s eventual membership with
the European Union hit the headlines.
Europaeum students were able to
play an exciting part in this
‘reconciliation process’, participating in
a series of video-conferences bringing
together students in North and South
Cyprus with students from other countries
across Europe, organised by the British
Council.
The series organiser, Lois Hastings,
said: “This seminar series forms part of
an ambitious project, which aims to
provide a constructive and pro-active
forum where participants are given the
opportunity to share their hopes, ideas
News -in-brief
OXFORD CENTRE FOR
POLITICAL IDEOLOGIES
A new Centre of Political Ideology,
established at Oxford, will have a launch
event in the form of an international
research workshop on liberalisation
backed by the Europaeum.
The aim of this project, which is
being coordinated by Professors Jan-
Werner Müller of All Souls College,
Oxford; Michael Freeden of Mansfield
College, Oxford; and Paolo Pombeni of
the Department of Politics, Bologna, is
to investigate the history of liberal
thought in 20th Century Europe in its
national and transnational dimensions.
In particular, the group will focus on
two key questions: How did different
forms of liberalism react to the persistent
onslaught of anti-liberal and illiberal
ideologies in the twentieth century? How
did non-liberal ideologies and traditions
accommodate or take over liberal
arguments, whether as rhetorical devices,
as exercises in ideological repositioning
and packaging, or as genuine
assimilations of liberal ideas?
The workshop will consist of 14
scholars drawn from Europaeum
universities and elsewhere, who will
discuss the development of a research
programme and outlining areas and
hypotheses of research.
“Our investigations will be sensitive
to the different national contexts of
argument, paying particular attention to
What future inside the EU?
academic and the professional worlds, to
discuss and research current affairs.
A new Centre for International Legal
Studies (CILS), also set up last year, will
organise intensive courses, seminars and
the L.L.M. Public International Law
Program, a one-year postgraduate course
for professionals.
In 1999 Leiden University
established its branch in The Hague, to
function as a centre for innovation, and
to provide post-academic training for
those working in the public, legal, or
corporate sectors plus part-time study and
short track courses. The main building
is in the town centre, opposite to the
medieval Parliament building and it has
offices and lecture-rooms in the Royal
Library.
NEW PUBLICATION
CAPTURES ESSENTIALS
The Europaeum has published a handy
pocket-sized guide to all its activities,
summarising all the various different
projects and schemes going back to the
origins of the association.
Europaeum Essentials, which
runs to 46 pages, has up to date
information from all research and
teaching projects and past academic
conferences, student summer schools and
lectures and sections on innovation
(including the New Initiatives Scheme,
the Small Grants Schemes and the
Knowledge Network) and organisation
and data (including a summary of the
Europaeum’s structure and governance
arrangements).
The booklet, which forms the
backbone of the Europaeum’s website,
also has full details on committee
members, the past history of the
Europaeum, its ‘mission’ and its founding
‘vision’. It is planned to update the
booklet at the end of the year.
and expectations with fellow Europeans
across national borders.”
With the help of video-conference
technology the first meeting last year
linked three groups from across Europe:
one from Oxford in the UK, and two
groups from Cyprus (one with Greek-
Cypriot, and another with Turkish-
Cypriot participants), and a group from
Malta will join the second meeting. It is
hoped to bring in groups from other
European countries, including Serbia and
Bosnia, for future events.
9
for
59%
to be
or
, while 14% described facilities as poor. But there is a
with 62% using ICT well in courses, while 21% reported
level of integration and 16% did not use them at all.
They often cited a lack of equipment as a barrier to using
resources in lectures, while 17%, expressed an interest
knowing more about the potential benefits. Again, while
use course-specific web pages in teaching, 62% rarely or
did – though 47% want to use more ICTs in their teaching
1% stated that they did not want to do so.
Significantly, 40% of academics also reported that they
not sure if ICTs encourage originality in student work,
29% believed that ICTs did not encourage originality.
is clearly a key issue, with 65% partly or strongly
that the use of ICTs encourages plagiarism (and only
disagreeing). “Students are not as likely to plagiarise from
They think it is more likely that the lecturer has read
book than an article on the Internet. I am often suspicious,”
explained.
For the future, some staff envisage virtual environments of
kinds, increased flexibility and access, greater involvement
students and distance learning “revolutionised” by virtual
but also less direct contact between staff and students,
students, a “poorer standard of debate” and
language skills.
There are fears for the collapse of traditional teaching links
staff and students. Staff complain about how students
the net with sending lecturers more and more unnecessary
from students. “They are very informal and about things
you would think twice about, like finding a book, before
your teacher,” said one professor. “And the students
a reply straight away. It is very annoying.”
Overall, students, increasingly familiar with the application
ICTs to everyday social life, are overall more interested in
“active,” and expectant of similar applications in education,
academic staff are more hesitant using technology content
ways that are often little more than electronic
of traditional materials and activities. A critical
of the survey is patchy integration of ICT into courses.
The responses to this preliminary survey suggest that we
a long way off reaching the ‘virtual university’. The
a genuine university without walls.
d Brookes University, and
d.
News
ICT use: the future could be better.
8
Viewpoint
T do today. They will teach the art of
There is nothing more fundamental in education.
answers, but not how to ask questions. The wisdom
our culture do not reach our students.
with skills for the workplace, but no knowledge of how to
or what living is for. They are not taught how to see.
are not taught how to listen. They are not taught the
of obedience, and how it precedes self-mastery. They
taught the true art of reading. True reading is not just
our eyes over words on a page, or gathering
even understanding what is being read. True reading
creative art. It means seeing first; and then an act
imagination. Higher reading ought to be a new subject
academies of the future. As we read, so we are. I meet
in all walks of life, and most notoriously in the
literature and science, who, though professionals,
actually read what is in front of them.
already inside them. I suspect this is true of listening;
it is happening now, even as I speak to you, or as you
page.
All our innovations, our discoveries, our creativity
from one source; being able to see what
is there, and not there; to hear what is said,
and not said. And above all to think
clearly. And above that – the science of
intuition. The academy of the future will
have to engage this mysterious necessity
of the value, the sublime value of intuition
in our lives, and our work. How to make
those intuitive leaps that transformed the
science and the art of humanity a quality that is
all, and made of constant value to humanity – this will
true turning point in the future history of our
Discipline, hard work, rationality
will produce efficient, but mediocre citizens. These are
that can be used for good or ill. But the science of
the mysterious spark that separates the great
philosophers and artists from the nearly great, this will
day have to be studied, and used for the common good.
We need to widen, at base, and invisibly, the
necessity of teaching students the need for
Consciousness studies ought to be a fundamental part
liberal or scientific education. All students ought to be
All students ought to be practical dreamers. Universities
What
BEN OKRI provides hints and invocations
which plumb the very soul of our great
universities.
We have
29
News -in-brief
the cultural constraints - as opposed to
logical ones - of political thought,” said
Professor Freeden, director of the new
Centre.
This will also be a genuinely cross-
cultural and comparative investigation
with particular emphasis on the
“appropriations, re-appropriations and
misappropriations” of liberal thinking in
its European context.
The aim is also to make a
contribution to the larger question of how
political thought is transferred - and
translated - across national and cultural
boundaries.
“Ultimately, we would also isolate a
number of political concepts which have
been central to the traditions of European
liberalism as we want to assess the
survival of liberalism as a distinctively
European tradition, given the supposed
‘Americanization’ of liberal political
thinking after the Second World War, but
which have also been contested within
and across national contexts,” explains
Professor Freeden.
There have been no comparative or
transnational studies of this kind – at least
not for the twentieth century. The last
genuinely comparative book on the topic
was in 1927 by Guido de Ruggiero, The
History of European Liberalism, which
focuses mainly on the nineteenth century,
as do more recent collaborative
NARRATING MODERN
JEWISH HISTORY
The second Europaeum Bertelsmann
Visiting Professor in 20th Century Jewish
History and Politics is to be Professor
Dan Diner, Director, Simon Dubnow
Institute for Jewish History and Culture,
University of Leipzig, and Professor at
the Hebrew University of Jerusalem,
Department of History.
Professor Diner will be attached to
Mansfield College – which is linked to
the Europaeum when he delivers a series
of lectures in May and June. The theme
will be Jewish History and General
History in the 19th and 20th Century –
Narrations and Interpretations, and he
will also give a current affairs seminar
on the Middle East and take a graduate
seminar.
Professor Dan Diner is author of
numerous articles and books on the
history of the 20th century, the history of
the Middle East and German history,
especially the history of National
Socialism and the Holocaust.
PUTIN’S WINDOW
ON THE WEST
As Norman Davies wrote in this elegant
Europe: A history: “For more than five
hundred years the cardinal problem in
defining Europe has centred on the
inclusion or exclusion of Russia.
Throughout modern history, an
Orthodox, autocratic, economically
backward but expanding Russia, has been
a bad fit.
It was this that in part motivated
Professor Judith Marquand of Mansfield
College, Oxford, to set up a conference
to review links between Russia and
Europe, drawing on the resources of the
Europaeum along with her own links with
Russian universities, particularly Tomsk
University in Siberia.
A two-day event was held in Oxford
in part to review the conclusions of a two-
year Tempus-Tacis Project on European
Studies at Tomsk as well to explore future
routes, including the impact of the
globalised world: on Eastern Europe and
the European Union, including the war
on terrorism, the Earth summit at
Johannesburg and European Enlargement
- and one session explored the
Europaeum as a model for building cross-
European intellectual links
The Oxford event follows last
December’s seminar in Moscow at the
Sate University of International
Relations, organised by Leiden
University, which explored scenarios for
Russia and Europe – including theProfessor Michael Freeden
eventual feasibility of Russia joining the
EU. The seminar included senior advisors
to President Putin.
Key speakers in Oxford included
Professor David Marquand, former chair
of the Oxford Europaeum Group and
professor of politics; Graham Avery.
Chief Adviser for Enlargement, European
Commission, Brussels, on secondment to
European University Institute, Florence;
and Timothy Garton Ash, Director of
European Studies Centre, St Antony’s
College. Participants came from Leiden,
Geneva, Oxford, Brussels, Amsterdam as
well as Russian universities.
Vladimir Putin looking Westwards
30
News -in-brief
PREPARING AN ANTI-
CORRUPTION POLICY
A workshop backed by the Europaeum
examining Anti-corruption and the
Transfer of Standards in Central and
Eastern Europe was held at Charles
University last year to analyse the
development over the last decade of
externally-imposed anti-corruption
policies.
The workshop considered whether
the EU and other agencies have had a
clear and well-developed understanding
of the ethical acquis they have been
seeking to develop, and how far the
relevant states have made progress in
adopting this. In particular it focused on
behaviour of actors within the principal
units of the central state machinery:
ministers, elected representatives in
legislatures, civil servants, and members
of the judiciary.
Key areas included codes of conduct
applying to the various actors listed
above, formal rules on party finance,
rules on transparency of decision-making
and accountability of office-holders,
mechanisms for ensuring professional
autonomy for judges, police officials,
Oxford went on to award medical
degrees in the name of Czech universities
to 44 students, the majority from Charles
University in Prague. The first of the
three degree ceremonies took place in
Oxford 60 years ago, following
Czechoslovak regulations, and even the
degree certificates were modelled on
Czechoslovak diplomas.
Last November delegation from
Oxford, including the Regius Professor
of Modern History, Robert Evans, who
is actively involved in Europaeum
activities and is a key figure in this year’s
Summer School in Prague, received a
gold medal to mark its support in those
dark times.
PRAGUE REMEMBERS
OXFORD’S SUPPORT
Charles University has expressed its
gratitude to fellow Europaeum partner,
the University of Oxford, in a moving
ceremony for its support during the Nazi
occupation of 1939 to 1944. All Czech
universities were closed down after
German forces brutally suppressed a
demonstration by Czech students on 17
November 1939. The Czech
Government-in-exile then appealed to
British universities to help refugee
students to finish their studies during that
period.
OPENING DOORS TO
GLOBAL TALENT
The Europaeum is joining forces with a
new non-profit foundation to help
promote talented young graduates who
are committed to designing and
implementing projects, which will
benefit society.
The Global Talents Foundation has
been set up to provide commercial
support to those with ideas and initiatives
which are driven by ethical values, are
‘multipliable, and are entrepreneurial.
It is particularly interested in
networking proposals and building up
communities – two of the principals
behind the concept of the Europaeum
which aims to build up a European
community of scholars and intellectuals
interested in ideas about the future.
“We are looking for people of
extraordinary talent and flair who think
global and act responsibly towards
society and the environment,” explained
Wolfram Klinger, the chairman, of the
foundation, which is backed by Baklin
Ltd, a Swiss asset management company.
“We would be pleased to work with
young people drawn from the
Europaeum network.”
For more details of the new scheme
and others involved in law-enforcement.
Case-studies were drawn from the
activities of the European Union, the
Council of Europe, the OECD, the World
Bank, Transparency International, and
national development departments/
ministries (especially those of the UK,
Germany, and the Netherlands), and
Poland, the Czech Republic and
Hungary. The workshop was led by Dr
Mark Philip, Head of the Politics
Department of Oxford University, and
talks were also given aimed at graduates
at Charles University.
The workshop, which involved some
25 participants, was also supported the
auspices of the UK Economic and Social
Research Council as part of a wider
study on promoting public standards in
post-Soviet Europe.
Controlling the cash flows
Prague’s medal of appreciation.
7
Next, universities had to show students how to deal withmass of knowledge that was now available from traditionalnew sources, and had a key-role in promoting, developing,disseminating data through libraries, publications, the
and other means, that could be trusted by the outsideThis was a particular duty for the older established
such as members of the Europaeum. They neededrise above the stringencies and requirements of the
and public sectors which had to operate for profit,policy-making reasons, or expediency. The older universities
, had a particular duty and responsibility to maintainautonomy in producing open and reliable data.
The conference heard a strong statement about UNESCO’swhich encourage ‘education for governance’.
had a primary duty here to prepare their studentscitizenship and for their role in promoting civic society,
democratic values, human rights and goodIt was argued that they had to a ‘duty’ to instil
and ideas in their students that would lead them not todisengaged from political and public life, and from the
and responsibilities of society.
Finally, in the Learning Age, it was agreed that universitiesto promote dialogue with business, to build new
to understand the needs and requirements ofand at the same time to maintain their independence.
needed to maintain and renew their dialogue withto understand the practical and vocational needs ofcoming to study at universities, in preparation for
life as well as promoting critical thinking, civic valuesso forth. Universities also needed to understand their publicsocial responsibilities to society, and to continually review
in the light of changes in society itself. Finally universitiesto refresh their relations and links with each other to build
and collaborative projects and to encourage.
The Bonn conference which focuses on New partnerships
, will pick up some of these themes,particular looking at knowledge transfer, funding and ethics,
universities in the global age.
News
Da
imle
r C
hry
sle
r
curriculum in one of the Sorbonne’s conference rooms.
6
Four new policy reports were unveiled at the
international experts conference in the
Pantheon-Sorbonne Future of Eur
project under the general theme: New T
Responsibilities, at Paris I.
This inquiry is being carried out by the Europaeum
international investigation into how European
operate at the forefront of the Knowledge Revolution.
The overall inquiry takes the form of three
expert conferences at Hunboldt University, in
(December 2001), at Paris I Pantheon-Sorbonne
2002) and now, coming up, at Bonn University in June
The overall study is being supported by the German
DaimlerChrysler Services.
The four reports by leading scholars focused
following questions:
Çof technology increasingly dominated by English? The
argued that plurilingualism should be encouraged, with
languages taught alongside a greater number of degree
and multi-national courses. A recommendation for all
to study a foreign language, regardless of their course,
made at the conference.
Ç What are the lessons for leading Eur
from the many experiments in international Bor
Teaching? The leading universities, the report argued,
News
Pa
ul
Fla
the
r
Participants share thoughts with Ben Okri (pictured
role to produce dat
a Europ
31
News -in-brief
please contact Global Talents Non-profit
Foundation, Bäumleingasse 22, CH-
4051 Basel - Tel: +41 61 331 3054, Fax:
+41 61 331 3055 or
Email: [email protected]
www.globaltalents.org
PROTECTING GLOBAL
LABOUR RIGHTS
A seminar on Globalisation and Labour
Rights in Oxford last year brought
together scholars from Geneva and
Oxford working on different aspects of
the relationship between economic
globalisation and human rights.
The seminars organised by
Professor Christopher McCrudden of
Lincoln College, and Carlos Lopez-
Hurtado, Europaeum Oxford-Geneva
bursary scholar, with support and
funding from Oxford’s Institute of
Comparative and European Law.
Participants also discussed
increasing concern about the effects of
company practices on the protection of
labour rights, which has led to a rise in
businesses being held legally
accountable for any violation of human
rights committed in the course of their
activities.
There was also concern about
constraints that are exerted by
international trade law over some local
citizens’ initiatives. For instance, the
labelling of products and services to
provide consumers with information
about their methods of production or
supply, has been a relatively efficient
instrument in curbing child labour and
forced labour in certain export-oriented
industries. However, some labelling
initiatives, if sponsored by local or
national governments, can also run foul
of international trade rules.
Among the participants were
Daniel Warner, Andrew Clapham (both
Geneva Institute), Gabrielle Marceau
(World Trade Organisation), Christine
Breining (World Trade Institute in
Berne), Virginia Leary, (State University
of New York) and Mark Freedland,
(Director of the OICEL).
REINTERPRETING
CENTRAL EUROPE
Europaeum students took part in an
international three-day graduate
symposium, which attracted 135
participants overall, in Oxford last
summer, examining the ‘contours of
legitimacy in Central Europe’.
The aim was to allow graduates to
present papers in an open and friendly
atmosphere on trends in Central
European culture, literature, linguistics,
history, anthropology, sociology,
geography, politics and economics, from
the early Modern period to the present.
The project, supported under the
Europaeum’s New Initiatives Scheme,
helped encourage greater cross-country
analysis and also to bolster the work of
students particularly from candidate
countries in EU Enlargement – hence the
conference title.
The conference revealed the
ambiguities of the private identities,
which so often characterise the approach
of Central Europeans. They display ‘the
endemic apprehension of being
marginalized, of being out-of-history’, in
the words of Professor George
Schlopflin of the London School of
Economics.
Tim Garton Ash of St Antony’s
College, Oxford, summarised it thus:
“Tell me your definition of Central
Europe and I will tell you who you are.”
Graduates students from Leiden,
Bologna, Charles University, Prague,
and Oxford, were among the 75 students
who presented papers in 25 panels, along
with graduates from linked institutions
such as the Central European University,
Warsaw and the Brussels Free
University.
“We wanted to break new ground in
a field where there are virtually no
opportunities for international and inter-
disciplinary postgraduate colloquia,”
explained Larissa Douglass, in her final
year as a Phd student at St Antony’s
College, Oxford, who first conceived the
idea in 2000, and served as a key
coordinator.
Plans for publishing papers are
under consideration.
(OICEL)
Papers covered the dispute
settlement system of the WTO, human
rights law, World Bank and IMF policies
on labour rights, the balance between
property rights and labour rights in the
context of ‘social clauses’ in
international investment agreements, and
the development of standard-setting in
the ILO. One session investigated the
need for a more coherent and co-
ordinated approach to labour rights in
international policy and law making.
Cloudy future for today’s workers?
Old Prague rediscovering itself ....
32
News
Students debateAfrica’ s future
Students from all Europaeum
institutions met in Geneva for
discussions on crisis
management in Africa. MARC
ROHR, one of the delegates,
reports. Below we report on
Bonn’s follow-up.
The third Model United Nations of
Geneva opened on the 4th March2002, with delegates to represent
the 15 EU member states beingwelcomed by the organisers of this year’ssimulation workshop - the GenevaGraduate Institute for InternationalStudies and the Europaeum.
The main topic of this GenevaModel UN simulation was “crisisprevention, management and resolutionin Africa”. The Europaeum simulation ofthe General Affairs Council consisted of15 EU delegates, from Europaeumuniversities, the Secretary General and arepresentative of the EuropeanCommission. Since the delegates haddifferent priorities, intense debates, butalso a readiness for consensus, werealready apparent when debating theagenda for the week. The final agendacomprised issues as diverse as SmallArms Control, the GeographicalConcentration of Development Aid,Terrorism, and Crisis Prevention Funds.
The first day ended with a splendiddinner at the Hotel Beau Rivage,providing the opportunity to meetparticipants who had come to Genevafrom all continents.
The proceedings began with thedelegates’ presentations of theircountries’ national policies in a so-calledtour de table. As delegates set out torepresent their national foreign policy onAfrica, the main challenge soon provedto be the integration of divergingpriorities and aims in order to reachrealistic and valuable conclusions,providing solutions to fundamentalobstacles in African development.
The first session was followed byaddresses by the World Bankrepresentative in Geneva and theSecretary General of the UNCTAD in thePalais des Nations. After the public
elections on the accession of Switzerlandas the 190th member state of the UnitedNations, which clearly satisfied both,proceedings continued with delegatesintroducing new proposals on conflictprevention funds and an early warninginformation network. Then allies had tobe found, questions answered, andamendments to be agreed upon, until aqualified majority was feasible.
In strict adherence to the officialdiscussion rules and under constantsurveillance by the Presidency, theypresented the first proposals for election.These were first the concentration ofmajor development aid funds on theMediterranean countries, aiming ateconomic and political stability reducedmigration incentives, and enhanced intra-African trade relations with sub-Saharancountries; second, there was the proposalto raise the national development aidvolume to 0.7 % of the GDP.
Both were characterised by asignificant North-South divide within theCouncil. However, final amendmentsand alterations such as the creation of aMediterranean Investment Bank,modelled on the European InvestmentBank, led all members to agree.
On the Thursday, the discussion
entered more specialised and complexterritory, such as the prevention ofterrorist potential; the employment ofcivil means for crisis management; Thecreation of civil Peace Corps and aninformation and recommendationnetwork which would combine theintellectual resources of major Africanand European research units, includingThink Tanks in order to indicate andpredict future political and societaldevelopments in African countries; andfinally export restrictions on arms tocountries which do not meet the stabilitycriteria determined by the EuropeanCouncil in 1998.
The last day of the simulation sawthe presentation of all agreed proposalsand the preparation of a final presscommuniqué. All events of theEuropaeum simulation were covered bythe GIMUN news reporters, whopublished a comprehensive overview ofits progress during the week. Despite thefact that the GAC´s ambitious agendacould not be covered entirely, and twoissues - the introduction of sanctionmechanisms for development projectsand the redistribution of resources inAfrica - had to be postponed, nine finalpropositions emerged.
All delegates agreed unanimouslythat this third GIMUN had been atremendous success and thanked theorganisers, for the unique opportunity towitness and experience diplomaticworking procedures under realistic
circumstances.
Preventing famine in Africa?
Following the success of the Geneva
event, students who attended from Bonn
University set-up their own Bonn
International Model UN Committee
and mounteLeading universities must
‘safeguard true knowledge’ and an event
last December, with Europaeum support,
focusing on Human Rights - Reaching
the 2015 goal. Delegates, including a
handful of Europaeum students, among
the 100 participants from 38 countries,
took roles from the General Assembly,
Security Council, the newly formed
International Criminal Court, and
Commissions for Human Rights and
Sustainable Development. Prominent
speakers came from outside, and
support was provided by Cologne
University the city, German Foundations
and DaimlerChrysler Services, which
enabled students from developing
countries to participate. The Bonn group
is busy planning a similar further event
for the end of this year.
5
News
courses will offersense of Europe
offered over two years with a net workload of six
although individual modules can also be taken
to ensure access. It is planned ultimately to develop
of Public Administration level award.
The programme has twin objectives: to develop an
understanding of Europe’s political, economic and
patterns and mechanisms, and to develop leadership
management skills in the European context, as it aims at
executives looking for something other than a
MBA.
Research, incidentally, shows that by far the great majority
international mergers and acquisitions fail to produce value,
often actually destroy value. In most cases the roots of
problems are differences in culture, communication and
styles, and to offer them a major incentive to remain
their current employer at a time of high staff mobility.
The eight planned modules will be European Civilisation,
in the world, state formation to European unification,
legal systems and cultures, Post-war European
and politics, European Economic Integration, Europe
foreign investment, and Conflicts and controversies.
Meanwhile, the annual module on the Economics of
opean Integration was run once again for undergraduates
graduates at Paris I from February 2002; the Oxford-Leiden
exchanges continue and Oxford and Geneva lawyers are
in close working touch. Other joint initiatives in
, Philosophy and Economics are under discussion.
Diversity is the hallmark of Europe – but we must also
real opportunities for mutual understanding. These
programmes aim to offer a sense of Europe to the
generation of European professional, business and
leaders – which will be essential to their success.
For further information and application forms, please
www.europaeum.org, and for the diploma programme
s hard at work at a Leiden lecture.
4
News
Delors and intellectual
The Europaeum has enjoyed
close links with three
distinguished European
Committee Presidents, as
PAUL FLATHER recalls.
O ne of the most memorable of
Europaeum events took place
in the august and hallowed
halls of the Sorbonne, when Jacques
Delors and Norman Lamont were
brought together, head-to-head, to
discuss Europe.
The year was 1997 and the occasion
was the final session of an international
conference on Europe and Money –
heralding the then imminent arrival of
the Euro and the creation of Euroland.
In the left corner was the architect
of European integration, former political
leader of the French labour movement,
who went onto work in leading financial
institutions, the French Governments,
and finally served three terms as the
President of the European Commission.
In the right corner was Lord
(Norman) Lamont, one of Mrs
Thatcher’s new monetarist MPs, former
Chancellor of the Exchequer, forced to
resign when the UK pulled out of the
Euro in 1992, now self-styled saviour of
the UK economy’s rise, and of
independent European nation states.
Both produced compelling
restatements of their positions – the
European integration project that
promoted cooperation and collaboration
and the breaking down of barriers, versus
the need for national sovereignty and
independent economic policies, refereed
by Olivier Duharnel of Le Monde. It was
exactly what the Europaeum is all about,
and the buzz in the room and afterwards
from all those present, confirmed it. A
polite handshake signalled the end, only,
of that verbal contest.
It was thus all the more befitting that
Bologna University chose to honour
Jacques Delors with its Sigillum
Magnum at last year’s Europaeum
Council meeting there. In the words of
its Rector,
“He is a
our young
are not
cast aside
Jacques
below) to
Europaeum
ceremony,
professor of
former chair
Group, was
his European
Today,
Dame
the
human
operating on
Roy
President (as
was in on
Europaeum,
Europaeum
memorable
Prodi, then
Bologna,
Europeans.
honoured
honorary
his
European
current
Business
keynote
dally about
Professor
session of
conference
supported
Role of
in which
intellectuals
from across
technocrats
‘We need
us the
without
worrying
33
News-in-brief News
The Europaeum has beenfostering connections with a
new Observatory onBorderless Higher Education.
Here we report onits strategic aims.
The Observatory on Borderless
Higher Education was
launched as an international
strategic information service last year by
the Association of Commonwealth
Universities (ACU) and Universities UK
with an announcement to more than 500
university vice-chancellors and
presidents.
The Observatory was established
following two studies undertaken in the
UK and Australia, on ‘the business’ of
Borderless Education which looked at the
fast-paced developments in e-learning, as
well as corporate and private education
across the world.
The studies recommended an
observatory be established to provide a
scanning facility specifically for the
university sector. This now provides
strategic information on trends and issues
relating to borderless higher education,
aimed at university management and
other interested parties.
‘Borderless higher education’ here
includes activities that cross
geographical, sectoral and conceptual
borders, such as e-learning, transnational
education, overseas franchising,
collaborative provision - a central
mission of the Europaeum – as well as
activities in private and corporate
education markets.
Each month a report is
commissioned from external experts to
provide an international perspective on
a key issue and posted on the Observatory
website. Reports have covered policy
imperatives that higher education faces
in the 21st Century, the General
Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS),
and intellectual property. An on-line
discussion takes place each month with
the author(s) of each report, and a
monthly ‘briefing’ is also circulated via
email to all member institutions and other
Monitoring borderlesshigher education
institutions and individuals who have
subscribed to the service, providing a
summary on a specific topic (such as
wireless technology, learning objects),
and indicates where further information
may be found. Additional services
include daily accounts of breaking news,
and consultancy opportunities.
The Observatory has also undertaken
research to improve the evidence base on
international borderless activity, and to
enable institutions to ‘benchmark’ their
position against wider trends. A first
survey was completed in spring 2002.
The Observatory provides
information on several themes currently
being discussed at the Europaeum
conference, “We believe Europaeum
member institutions will be able to keep
abreast of developments in this fast
moving, complex territory of borderless
higher education”, explained Richard
Garrett, the Director of the ACU. The
Europaeum is considering further
involvement.
For further information on the
Observatory, please contact Richard
Garrett at [email protected] or +44
(0) 20 7380 6773. Please visit
www.obhe.ac.uk.
Europaeum Small Grants Schemes
Research Project Groups
This scheme aims to stimulate new
internationally linked research projects,
within, but not exclusive to, the Europaeum
academic community.
Each successful group receives a ‘pump
priming’ grant of up to 3,200 Euros support
for research initiatives undertaken by
groups of academics working
collaboratively, drawn from at least two or
three Europaeum partner institutions.
Grants could be used for the launch and
development of a group, perhaps to run a
research seminar, co-ordinate a research
proposal bid, or aid research preparation.
New Initiatives
Small grants of up to 3,200 Euros are
available to provide support for innovative
and imaginative schemes linking
academics and/or students working
collaboratively across at least two or three
Europaeum partner institutions.
This scheme aims to support a wide range
of projects, across the full range of
academic disciplines. Preference is given
to activities that broaden cultural
perspectives, or facilitate interdisciplinary
and international collaboration. Applicants
are also encouraged to include external
partners in their projects.
Visiting Professor s
Each Europaeum partner institution can call
on funds to support an annual Europaeum
Visiting Chair, to be filled by a distinguished
scholar from another Europaeum partner
institution.
Each Europaeum Visiting Professor is
expected to carry out some teaching,
research, or discussion and development
of new collaborative projects, during a two-
week visit period.
The host institution receives 1,600 Euros
to cover board and lodging costs, while the
Visiting Professor receives 400 Euros
towards travel expenses.
Applications for grants under each of these programmes may be submitted at any time.
For full details, guidelines, and application procedures for all three schemes, please visit http://www.europaeum.org/grants
34
Poetr y and travelling
News
News
The Europaeum has forged a
vibrant partnership with
Classicists who now plan an
annual European-wide
graduate colloquium.
PAUL FLATHER reports.
The Ancient Romans were, of
course, great travellers. But how
did it all work without
lastminute.com?
On a chilly November weekend in
2001, graduate students from the
universities of Leiden, Prague, Bologna,
Bonn, Geneva and Oxford, gathered for
what effectively became a three-day
festival incorporating tours, informal
meetings, seminars, and an all-day
colloquium on travel and tourism in
ancient times.
The weekend fortuitously combined
the one-day graduate colloquium on the
theme of Travellers and Travelling,
described in more detail below, with a
meeting of the venerable Oxford
Philological Society, the autumn party of
Classical Languages and Literature sub-
faculty, plus a regular gathering of the
Work-in-Progress seminar, when Oxford
graduates can deliver papers unfettered
by the attendance of dons.
As Professor Christopher Pelling,
Director of Graduate Services, Classical
Languages and Literature, and Fellow of
University College, recalls: “The
graduate students, both home and
visiting, gained a great deal of benefit
from this contact. It produced both
informal links between students working
on similar fields and a broader
understanding of the different research
approaches and styles current in the
participants’ scholarly cultures.”
The pattern established in 2001 was
a good one socially, and after its success,
the Classicists quickly decided that they
wished to extend this to a second and
even a third event, though each one of
them marking a broadening of focus.
The innovation for 2002 was in the
area of the actual colloquium, when the
subject under discussion was given a
more interdisciplinary focus. Thus in
2002, the programme included ancient
historians, historians of art, as well as
philologists and literary critics, giving
the colloquia a more literary slant. This
is to be taken even further in a third event
late this year.
The 2002 event, including
participants from Leiden, Prague,
Bologna, Bonn, Geneva, Oxford and
Paris, focussed on a recent papyrus find
which was still unfamiliar to many
students. The publication of 800
previously unknown lines of Greek
poetry was bound to be an event. The
book, which appeared in September
2001, contains a decipherment and
reconstruction of the unique papyrus.
The efforts of the first editors of the
papyrus went largely into establishing an
intelligible text, and the first comments
in journals have similarly dealt with
matters of verbal detail. These fragments
of Posidippus, containing open various
perspectives of historical interest, led to
the colloquium entitled ‘Poems and
propaganda: the new Posidippus and the
tradition of epigram,’ organised by
Professor Peter Parsons, Professor of
Classics, and Fellow of Christ Church
College.
The content is a collection of short
poems (epigrams) which cover a wide
spectrum of ancient life - gems, statues,
ominous birds, victories at the races,
deaths by drowning, miraculous
healings.
Traveller s’ tales in Oxford
Europaeum graduates gather at the Oxford colloquium in 2001.
News
Julius Caesar - often on the road.
3
News
documents relating to the various forms taken by the
International.
Despite many changes over its seven and a half decades,
has remained faithful to its original vocation, and retains
of its original character. Associated with, but separate
institution devoted to the graduate-level study of
relations. Its claim to distinction (in addition to
role as a pioneer on the continent in specializing in
relations as a distinct field of study) is by virtue
its pluri-disciplinary and international character. Four
- international law, international economics,
history and politics, and political science - are
at the Institute in English or French with the goal of
on cross-disciplinary links to present a broad
of international relations
Located in the heart of International Geneva - within 500
of such major organizations as the World Trade
ganization (WTO), the United Nations High Commissioner
Refugees (UNHCR), the International Committee of the
Cross (ICRC), and the United Nations High Commissioner
very diverse teaching staff and student body
give it a markedly cosmopolitan and intercultural
.
To mark its 75th Anniversary, the Institute staged a major
conference on Globalisation and International
. The United Nations Secretary-
Kofi Annan, Nobel Peace Prize Laureate and a former
of the Institute, delivered the keynote address. Other
include a Ministers from the Swiss Government and
alumni in academia and international organizations. A
festival dedicated to 75 years of history of international
with commentaries from GIIS professors, was also
and a special in-house video entitled Memories in Image:
ears of Teaching of International Relations as Seen by its
was shown.
Danny Warner is deputy director of the HEI and serves
epresentative on the Europaeum Management
ofessor of International
ote the HEI history.
, Villa Barton, 1956; a ball at the HEI, 1959.
2
News
The Graduate Institute (known by its
abbreviation of HEI – Hautes Internationales) was founded in The moving spirits behind its creation were W
Rappard, friend WWilson, Paul a friend Lloyd and
both
They side by
in friendship as senior officials in the secretariat at the headquarters of the League of Nations in the building, (and still) known as the Palais Wilson. Their shared the peak of faith in internationalism associated with the was for a graduate school to help prepare statesmen secretariat staff by studying, in complete impartiality, the and distinct subject of international relations.
Rappard was influential in convincing President Wto locate the League in Geneva. Indeed, the current site Institute in the Parc Barton on the shore of Lake of was one of the first sites considered for the orheadquarters. The original mandate of the Institute the aim of working closely with the League and the precursor in Geneva) in a cooperative exchange through HEI would prepare staff and delegates, while intergovernmental organizations would provide resources and diplomatic expertise as guest lecturers. Institute continues to pride itself on being an catalyst, and a magnet, for what is known as “
The Graduate Institute of International Studiescelebrated its 75th Anniversary last year
from the Europaeum supported the DANNY WARNER and NORMAN SCOTT
delve into its history.
From Left: the original park and Villa Lammermoor; the 1932 Disarmament conference; William Rappard and Pa
Villa Barton - home of the HEI
35
in Ancient times
News
But, as Professor Peter Parsonswonders, was the text itself a book ofpoems – or a new concept, the coherentPoetic Book? This turned out to be justone of many conundrums. It includespoems about horseracing, celebratingvictories – but are they also weapons inthe propaganda wars of these Hellenisticdynasts? Poems about fine statues arethemselves fine verbal artefacts – butthey also encapsulate the aestheticpreconceptions of Hellenistic art. Poemsfor tomb-stones might be composed forpractical use - but the imaginary andparodic epitaphs shed light not just oncommon fears and superstitions, but alsoon the intervention of philosophy in thetraditional treatment of mortality.’
The colloquium explored throughexpert papers the new light which thesepoems shed on quite different aspects ofthe culture and mentality of the Greeksin the world of diaspora and opportunitythat Alexander the Great’s conquest hadcreated.
It brought together branches of study
Graduates were first welcomed with a tour on a chilly November evening,and then a visit to a traditional English hostelry, the King’s Arms, which mightilystrengthened the bonds of international amity.
Tours of the Beazley Archive and Papyrology departments at the AshmoleanMuseum the next day also offered a splendid opportunity to observe at first handthe largest photographic archive of Athenian vases in the world and items fromthe famous P .Oxy collection of Grenfell and Hunt.
In the afternoon, everyone attended the Work-in-Progress seminar, whereVerity Platt, one of the Oxford ‘hosts’, read a paper entitled “Where did Praxitelessee me naked? Evasive epiphanies in ekphrastic epigrams”. Between this andMark Toher’s address to the Philological Society on the subject of “Julius Caesarand Octavian under Augustus”, was sandwiched a drinks party at which it waspossible to mingle with the Senior Members of Oxford’s Faculty of Classics.
The graduate colloquium on Saturday featured a variety of learned paperson topics as diverse as Lucian’s De Dea Syria; the ideological significance ofitineraries in late antiquity; the aims of the early geographers; the traveller’sperspective in Imperial Latin Epic; and, in lighter vein, the visual identificationof Scottish alternative comedians.
The day, and the visit, was brought to a close with a meal - and a bop (Collegeparty) at Magdalen. Everyone left with vivid impressions of Oxford’s Facultyof Classics - in both academic and festive mood.
Luke Pitcher
Somerville College, Oxford
All roads lead to (and from) the heart of Rome.
News
too often treading separate paths(literature, politics, cultural studies,thought and religion, art andarchaeology), to show how each of thesecan profit from this single find.
“Next year we particularly wish toexplore the differing scholarly traditionsand approaches of the participatinguniversities”, explained ProfessorParsons. “We may be able to exploit,
formally or informally, reflections on theassumptions which different membershave brought to the topics discussed inthe first two years’ gatherings.”
The Classicists want to conceivethese colloquia as some sort of unity, butone which broaches an important newaspect each year.
The third event could be based onceagain in Oxford - unless anotherEuropaeum partner institution wishes tohost it?
The A-Z for Romans?
36
Carlos Lopez-Hurtado
in Christ Church’s
main quad.
Why would a PhD student based in
Geneva working on issues related to
the World Trade Organisation and
human rights values want to come to Oxford?
After all, most of the international organisations
focused on the fields of trade, labour rights and
human rights are based in Geneva and the experts
working in those organisations and their
documentation can be accessed more easily there.
My decision was influenced by two
advantages that Oxford offered: to my knowledge,
it is the only University that offers a seminar on
international economic law and labour rights - exactly the
subject of my dissertation - and an excellent academic
environment conducive to concentration. Secondly, I had the
opportunity to benefit from the Europaeum bursary scheme for
a year. I have not regretted my decision.
During the academic year I spent in Oxford, I was able to
carry out a substantial part of my research. When you are in
the last stages of your PhD the most valuable things you can
get is quiet and time to read and write. If you have the
opportunity to share your ideas and concerns with others who
are working on similar issues, then you have the perfect
environment.
I benefited very much from the discussions held during
the seminar on international economic law conducted by
Professor Christopher McCrudden during Michaelmas term,
which provided me with very interesting insights and
perspectives for my research and allowed me to engage in
fruitful discussions. The seminar on the function of law in
international relations convened by Professor Guy Goodwin-
Gill during the Trinity term was also invaluable. I also enjoyed
discussing my dissertation with Professors McCrudden and
Vaughan Lowe. Their guidance proved to be very useful for
my research.
One initiative directed towards enhancing the academic
relationship between the Graduate Institute in Geneva and
Oxford University was a seminar on globalisation and labour
rights on 11 and 12 April, which was attended by scholars from
Geneva and Bern (see page 31).
Of course, not all of my activities in Oxford were academic
in nature; not all my experiences were confined to libraries,
seminar rooms and papers. The town is remarkably beautiful,
with medieval architecture renovated and combined with the
most modern facilities that offer a great variety of possibilities.
Most of my leisure time was spent in one of a number of
wonderful bookshops or having coffee with friends in Lincoln
College or elsewhere, or walking alongside
the river Thames. My wife and I even
managed to participate in a small but active
Latin American community of students
resident in Oxford, which afforded us extra
entertainment.
I was fortunate to live in a small and
enchanting cottage in the south of the city,
rather than in my college, as most students
normally do, largely because of limited
availability of suitable college or university
accommodation. Even if this limited my daily
interaction with other students, our centuries-
old cottage was so spacious and full of
character that we did not want to leave it.
My weekends were almost invariably
reserved for long walks along the river
passing through the locks down the river, or
visits to the several parks and meadows around the town with
friends. These are activities that one can enjoy at any time of
year, which is very important considering the notorious British
climate!
The bursary allowed for some trips between Geneva and
Oxford, which I used to carry out research in the libraries of
the international organisations there and to meet other people.
These visits allowed me to keep in touch with my academic
world in Geneva and strengthened the feeling that I was
working as a liaison between the two institutions.
Although I had a wonderful and fruitful time academically
and personally, I did face some problems, in particular in
accessing library and IT facilities.
I leave
with a good
draft of my
dissertation, a
p u b l i s h e d
article and
many contacts
and ideas for
f u t u r e
collaboration
b e t w e e n
Oxford and
Geneva.
Labouring between Oxford and Geneva
CARLOS LOPEZ-HURTADO spent a fruitfulyear in Oxford under the Europaeum’ s
Oxford-Geneva bursary scheme. Here herecollects his year.
News
Fellow
students
discuss ideas
in an Oxford
college
garden.
1
From the editor
The war on Saddam broke out just as we were
finalising the contents for this issue of the
Review. Europaeum scholars have plenty
to say – and one European view is put brilliantly in
David Marquand’s essay here, in which he argues
that the US is out to fashion the world in its own
image – using different tactics and methods, but in
so many ways, following the ambitions of the mighty
British Empire. Failure, he suggests, is the Bushite
nightmare.
Tim Garton Ash raises the Islamic question in
an article on where Europe ends, which chimes with
our fascinating report on an international research
workshop on Meeting the Other. We also reprint an
important speech from Chris Patten, just elected
Chancellor of Oxford University in succession to Roy
Jenkins, in which he argues for a common European
foreign policy – to counteract the many foreign
policies Europe currently has! Lord Jenkins, friend
of the Europaeum, is of course, already much missed
and we remember him (see page 18).
The Europaeum exists to “unite eminent
university academics and researchers from our
European universities”, in Jacques Delors’ words
of salute to us, “for meaninful exchanges that weave
the rich tapestry of intellectual Europe.” We recall
our linking with three EC Presidents (see page 4).
In this issue we also focus on a number of student
activities, including our student bursary scheme
which brough Carlos Lopez-Hurtado to Oxford;
students in debate on crisis prevention in Africa; and
Classics graduates discussing ancient travel and
poetry.. We also look forward to exciting joint
teaching initiatives for tomorrow’s students.
Finally, we report on the second of our three-
stage inquiry into the Future of European
Universities held at Paris last year, with powerful
statements from Ben Okri, poet and writer, and Tomas
Halik, former dissident and now, rightfully, professor
of sociology at Charles University, about what the
heart and soul of universities should be all about.
Paul Flather
BolognaDr Giovanna FilippiniSettore Relazioni InternazionaliUniversità degli Studi di BolognaVia Zamboni 33I-40125 BolognaTel: +39 0 51 209 9364e-mail: [email protected]
BonnDr Hartmut IhneDirector, ZEF/ZEIRheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universitat BonnRegina-Pacis-Weg 3D-53113 BonnTel: +49 22 873 7249Fax: +49 22 873 5097e-mail: [email protected]
GenéveProfessor Daniel WarnerDeputy DirectorGraduate Institute of InternationalStudies132, rue de LausanneP.O.Box 36CH-1211 Genève 21Tel.: +41 22 908 5747Fax: +41 22 908 5710e-mail: [email protected]
LeidenJoost J.A. van Asten, MSc, MPADirector of International RelationsUniversiteit LeidenUniversity OfficeP.O.Box 9500NL-2300 RA LeidenTel.: +31 715 273105Fax: +31 715 273031e-mail: [email protected]
MadridProfessor Carlos SeoaneVice Rector, International RelationsUniversidad ComplutenseAvda. Senèca, 2Ciudad Universitaria28040 MadridTel: +34 91 394 6957e-mail: [email protected]
OxfordMrs Beverly PottsInternational OfficeUniversity of OxfordUniversity OfficesWellington SquareGB-OX1 2JD OxfordTel. +44 1865 270189Fax. +44 1865 270077e-mail: [email protected]
Paris I: Panthéon-SorbonneProfessor Dr Robert FrankDirector, Institut Pierre Renouvin1, rue Victor CousinF-75005 ParisTel.: +33 140 462865Fax.: +33 140 517934e-mail: [email protected]
Mrs Elizabeth CarlisleRelations InternationalesUniversité de Paris I58, boulevard AragoF-75013 ParisTel.: +33 1 44 07 76 70Fax.: +33 1 44 07 76 76e-mail: [email protected]
PrahaMr Tomás Jelinek, ChancellorHead of the Rector�s OfficeUniverzita Karlova V PrazeOvocny trh 3/5116 36 Praha 1Czech RepublicTel. +420 2 24 491301Fax. +420 2 24 229487e-mail: [email protected]
Ms Ivana Hala�kováDirector, International Relations OfficeTel.: +420 2 24491391e-mail: [email protected]
Central SecretariatSecretary GeneralDr Paul FlatherEuropaeum Office99 Banbury RoadGB-OX2 6JX OxfordTel.: +44 1865 284480Fax: +44 1865 284481e-mail:[email protected]
AssistantTel.: +44 1865 284482e-mail:[email protected]
EVROPAEVMContacts
EVROPAEVMDiary
April 2003Workshop4th & 5th April - Appropriations, Misappropriationsand Adaptations of Liberalism in Twentieth- CenturyEurope, to be held at Mansfield College, Oxford,led by Professors Michael Freeden (Oxford),Jan-Werner Müller (Oxford), and PaoloPombeni (Bologna).
Europaeum Lecture8th April - Sir Marrak Goulding, Warden of St.Antony’s College, Oxford, and former UNUnder-Secretary- General for Peacekeeping, onThe United Nations and Peace Since the Cold War:success, failure or neither? at the Graduate Instituteof International Studies, Geneva. (details t.b.c)
Academic Committee11th April - Annual meeting will reviewEuropaeum research strateg ies, to beaccompanied by an internatinal EuropaeumDebate, Does the World Need Need America as its‘tough guy’ for the 21st Century?
Europaeum Policy Institute12th April, Prague - Meeting of Project WorkingGroup.
Accession of MadridComplutense University, Madrid formally joinsthe Europaeum at a ceremony in Prague.
Europaeum Visiting Professors24th April - 3rd May - Professor Tiziano Bonazzi(Bologna) will spend two weeks at Oxfordworking on the US-Europe Research Project.
Policy Forum Conference25th–27th April - Whose Europe? NationalModels and the Constitution of Europe, at theSaid Business School, Oxford, with DenisMacShane, UK Minister for Europe, BronislawGeremek, former Polish Foreign Minister, TimGarton-Ash, and others. Organized withEuropean Studies at Oxford, supported by theEuropaeum in partnership with St. Antony’sCollege, Oxford, and the Graduate Institute ofInternational Studies, Geneva.
May 2003Europaeum Leadership CourseLaunch13th May - a European Cultures, Institutions andBusiness, launch event at Dutch Embassy inLondon, with Prince Constantijn, ViceChancellor of Oxford, President of Leiden. Thefirst module of this programme due to start atLeiden University in Autumn.
AMERUS InitiativeConference on Civil Society, Cultural and HumanRights, linking America, Europe and Russia, withEuropaeum support.
Europaeum Visiting Professor26th May - Professor Dan Diner, EuropaeumBertelsmann Visiting Professor of 20th CenturyJewish History and Politics, and Director of theSimon Dubnow Institute for Jewish History andCulture at the University of Leipzig, will beginhis series of lectures at Oxford: Jewish and GeneralHistory in 19th & 20th Centuries - Narrations andInterpretations.
June 2003Annual General Meeting6th June - The Europaeum Council will meet atUniversiteit Leiden, followed by a EuropaeumLecture to be given by Professor Sir AdamRoberts, Professor International Relations,Oxford, on The US, UN and Iraq.
WorkshopEconomics of European Integration research projectgroup meeting at Charles University, Prague,to follow up the 2002 Summer School (t.b.c).
Future of European UniversitiesExperts Conference21st–22nd June - Third and final internationalexpert conference: International Partnerships,Risks and Opportunities at Universität Bonn,sponsored by DaimlerChrysler Services AG,with linked student event, with keynotespeakers Mary Robinson, Head of the EthicalGlobalisation Project, and Lord Moser, formerWarden.
September 2003Summer SchoolOld and New Ideas of Federalism in Europe, to beheld at Charles University, Prague, with threeEuropaeum students from all partner plus anarray of academic and other experts.
October 2003Europaeum Leadership CourseThe first module of the European Cultures,Institutions and Businss programme, due to startat Leiden University as an introduction toEurope and European Culture.
MA in European PoliticalCultures, Institution, and HistoryNew joint course, linking Universities ofBologna, Leiden and Oxford, due to commencewith the first trimester in Bologna, supportedby Fondazione Cassa di Risparmio.
November 2003Policy ForumUniversities in Europe: to review, discuss, anddisseminate the next stage of the BolognaProcess and key findings of the Future of EuropeanUniversities inquiry.
Policy ForumAgeing and Democracy, to be held in Oxfordlooking at problems of investing in health carefor older people, new technology, equity acrossthe world. (details t.b.c)
Academic CommitteeAudio meeting to be arranged.
WorkshopCultural Difference in Europe to be held at CharlesUniversity, Prague, with Europaeum supportand Asian participants (date t.b.c.).
Europaeum LectureGeneva Professor to speak at Oxford, as partof Oxford-Geneva Link Programme (details t.b.c.).
Classics ColloquiumTwo research students from Europaeum partnerinstitutions will meet to review a topical issue.(database)
December 2003Management CommitteeAudio meeting to be arranged.
For updated diary seehttp://www.europaeum.org
Applications for the Europaeum�s small grantsschemes are now accepted at any time. Fordetails, see page 4.