• RCP Goes Underground at the Pentagon• Chattanooga Upgrades Combined Sewer

System with RCP Detention Facility• SIDD Becoming New Concrete Pipe Standard

Volume 52 No. 3 Fall 2000

Opinions expressed by authors other than staffof the American Concrete Pipe Association donot necessarily reflect the official positions orpolicies of the Association.

AmericanConcrete Pipe

Association

This issue:

Volume 52, Number 3Fall 2000

Concrete Pipe News is designed to provide acommunication forum for the concrete pipeindustry to facilitate the exchange ofinformation regarding product use andapplications, industry technology andtrends among members of the AmericanConcrete Pipe Association, contractors,engineers, vendors, suppliers and otherinterested parties.

American Concrete Pipe Association Staff

John J. DuffyPresident

Mike SaubertDirector of Marketing

Josh BeakleyDirector of Technical Services

Matt ChildsDirector of Engineering Services

Carol LeSueurDirector of Member Services

Wendy LambertController

Media Task GroupScott Olson, ChairmanThe Cretex CompaniesElk River, Minnesota

Bill GardnerMadison Concrete Pipe, Inc.Madison, Wisconsin

Walter KrahnInland Pipe LimitedCalgary, Alberta

Bill HobsonN.C. Products Corp.Raleigh, North Carolina

Merle HeadingtonZeidlers, Inc.Waterloo, Iowa

Contract Editorial StaffA. Grant LeeAGL Marketing LimitedExecutive Editor

Gary WilderWilder StudiosProduction

Published by:

American Concrete Pipe Association222 W. Las Colinas Blvd., Suite 641Irving, Texas 75039-5423Phone: (972) 506-7216Fax: (972) 506-7682E-mail: info@concrete-pipe.org

Table of ContentsRegular DepartmentsPresident’s Report ............................................................................................ 3From Association President John J. Duffy

Industry Spotlight ............................................................................................. 4Wayne MacLean, P.Eng., The Shaw Group, Lantz, Nova Scotia(Retired)

FeaturesPrecast Concrete Pipe Scores at Denver’s New Football Stadium ..................... 5Tight production schedules and congested work areas called forcreative planning, design and installation of the undergrounddrainage system at Denver’s new football stadium.

Going Underground at the Pentagon with Reinforced Concrete Pipe................... 8Reinforced concrete pipe has taken its place in the history ofthe Pentagon, with 1,300 feet of jacking pipe used to improvestorm water drainage.

Chattanooga Upgrades Combined Sewer System with RCP Detention Facility ... 10New applications of precast concrete pipe are being used inChattanooga, Tennessee for storm water detention and irrigation– all for the betterment of the community and its citizens.

Standard Installations Becoming New Concrete Pipe Standard ........................ 12Engineers, contractors, developers, and concrete pipe producersare breaking ground by setting a benchmark for a new designprocedure for concrete pipe installations.

Over 5,500 linear feetof RCP and 1,700

linear feet ofreinforced concretebox culvert (RCBC)

were installed at theDenver Broncos' new

football stadium.Crews place a sectionof the 10-foot x 3-footRCBC on the east side

of the stadium.

President'sReport

John J. Duffy

Americans are about to exercise their mostcoveted right by casting their vote for the firstpresident of the twenty-first century. The UnitedStates of America was forged in 1776 on thefundamentals of a democratic society that offeredits citizens, choices and freedom of speech. Butthe new nation quickly realized that with choice,comes responsibility. Since those early days of anew nation, Americans have risen to the occasionrepeatedly to take responsibility for their actionsand champion the right of its citizens as well asother people around the world.

In many ways, the concrete pipe industrypractices the values entrenched in democracy, bychampioning the right to choose and takeresponsibility for the performance of its products.Industry producers offer a variety of precastconcrete products for specifiers and contractors touse on projects. It’s their choice. They can opt forthe durability and proven performance of precastconcrete pipe, or go with alternate products thatmay not have the range of choices, nor service life.For more than a century, concrete pipe producershave met technical challenges head on, anddeveloped standards for the manufacture and

installation of their products. They have taken theresponsibility to make sure that their productsperform as they say they will. The passage of timeattests to the value of producers taking responsibilityfor their products, since many systems installedbefore the turn of the nineteenth century are stillfunctioning.

This issue of Concrete Pipe News highlightsprojects, technology and leadership that deal withchoices and responsibility.

In Denver, Colorado, Carder Concrete Productshas supplied product for a storm and sanitarydrainage system at the new stadium for the DenverBroncos that was manufactured and installed withindemanding time constraints, and a congestedworking area.

The Pentagon is the nerve center for militarycommand in the USA. Here, Hanson Pipe andProducts supplied 1,300 feet of jacking pipe thatwas used under the new mall terrace andconstruction entrance. Reinforced concrete pipe isnow writing its own history in the defense andnational security of the nation.

New applications of precast concrete productsare being implemented in Chattanooga, Tennessee.Sherman Dixie Concrete Industries is supplyingproducts for a linear water detention system thatreuses grey water for irrigation. The systemdesigners had many choices, but made aresponsible decision in selecting RCP for the project.

Throughout North America, StandardInstallations are being accepted by developers andmunicipalities for concrete pipe installations.Standard Installations offer choices that save projectcosts.

This issue recognizes the lifetime contributionsof Wayne MacLean to the concrete pipe industry.A past chairman of the ACPA, Wayne has led thisindustry in the development of standards forconcrete mixes and products. We hope you enjoyhis comments and insight.

This fall, Americans have choices to make thatwill determine the country’s direction for the nextfour years. Specifiers, contractors, engineers andproject owners have choices to make every daythat will impact the infrastructure of our nation andits ability to function as a great place to live andwork. Industry has a responsibility to provide awide choice of precast concrete drainage products,and standards that will ensure a strong infrastructurefor our way of life. It’s time to reflect on makingright choices and taking responsibility.

It’s Time For ChoicesAnd Taking Responsibility

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IndustrySpotlight

continued on page 15

J. WayneMacLean, P.Eng.

The concrete pipe industry has benefitedgreatly from Wayne MacLean’s tireless volunteerwork. For many years, he served on the AmericanSociety for Testing and Materials (ASTM) CommitteeC13 on Concrete Pipe. MacLean received the ASTMAward of Merit. The title of Fellowaccompanies the award, which isthe highest Society award grantedto an individual member foroutstanding participation anddistinguished service in ASTMtechnical committee activities.

In Canada, he remains activeon the Canadian StandardsAssociation (CSA) through theSteering Committee on Concrete,and is currently Chair of theCanadian Commission onConstruction Materials Evaluationof the National Research Council.

MacLean, formerly with TheShaw Group of Lantz, Nova Scotia(a long time member of the ACPA), served asChairman on the 1992-93 ACPA Board. Before then,he served as Chairman of the ACPA’s TechnicalCommittee and was a member of the Committeeon Concrete Pipe Research.

Recognizing Mr. MacLean as an industry leaderwith expertise in the development andimplementation of standards, we invited him towork with us once again to shed some light onproduct and material standards through thefollowing interview.

Q: What do you believe is the greatestchallenge facing the development andimplementation of 21st century standards for

precast concrete pipe and concrete mixes?MacLean: There are two challenges. The first is to

create all-inclusive performance-based standardsthat are clearly written, simple to apply and easyto understand. It would be ideal to have onecomplete standard for each product used. Thesecond is for the education of manufacturers/producers, consumers and general interest groups.Face-to-face meetings are as important today asever before. In this way, all industry interest groupsget to understand industry issues involvingproducts, as well as the technology.

Q: Are there significant differences between USand Canadian standards specific to precastconcrete drainage products?

MacLean: Not really. There are slight regionalvariations, but you must remember that we usedASTM standards as a model for creating many of

our Canadian standards. There are farmore ASTM standards, and they areupdated frequently. This is not alwaysthe case in Canada as several yearscan pass before a standard is updated.

Q: Why do you believe it isimportant for young industryprofessionals to become involved inorganizations responsible fordeveloping standards that affect ourindustry?

MacLean: It is vital that industryprofessionals from all sectors(producers, consumers and generalinterest) attend and participate inmeetings for developing standards. Ifthey do not attend, and participate, it

could be detrimental to industry as well as theirindividual careers. It is well known that youngprofessionals bring fresh approaches from theresearch labs, especially in the area of newmaterials used in concrete mixes.

Q: If there is one standard that you would liketo see addressed immediately in both the US andCanada related to precast concrete drainageproducts, what would it be and why?

MacLean: I would like to see a comprehensivestandard for precast reinforced concrete sanitarysewer pipe that would include StandardInstallations. Such a standard would assure people

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Long before voters approved a sales tax inNovember 1998 to fund the construction of a new$364 million football stadium in Denver, CarderConcrete Products of Littleton, Colorado, wasworking to help develop a storm and sanitarysewer system for the stadium. There are challengesfor the pipe producer from the outset with projectsof this magnitude. For Carder and its client, prod-ucts for the drainage system had to be manufac-tured and installed within demanding time con-straints, and a congested working area.

In September 1998 Carder Concrete’s engineer-ing and sales staff huddled with Turner EmpireAlvarado, a Denver-area consortium serving asthe general contractor on the project, to beginfinalizing project details. Carder’s staff also workedclosely with J.F. Sato and Associates, a Littleton,Colorado-based civil engineering firm to addressconstruction of the storm and sanitary lines thatwould eventually service the new 76,125-seat state-of-the-art facility. Located on 83 acres adjacent toDenver’s Central Platte Valley in the Denver SportsComplex, the new stadium will replace Mile HighStadium, home of the Denver Broncos over thepast 40 years.

One of the biggest challenges faced by Satoand Associates was to devisea configuration thatcould be constructeda r o u n dtwo

existing sports facilities:McNichols Arena, ahockey and basketball

venue; and the 52-year-old Mile High Sta-dium. McNichols had to remain functionaluntil the Pepsi Center, the new home ofthe Colorado Avalanche NHL hockey teamand NBA Denver Nuggets, was completed

in the fall of 1999. Mile High will con-tinue to host Broncos football andColorado Rapids MajorLeague Soccer games un-

til the new, yet unnamed stadiumis completed.

The owner of the newstadium, the Metropoli-tan Football Dis-trict, requiredthe 1.7 mil-lion squarefoot facility tobe completedby the 2001 sea-son. The tightschedule forced de-sign engineers andstadium architects,HNTP Sports Enter-tainment, to come upwith a constructionproposal that wouldprovide for timely un-derground utility con-struction to allowother contactorsinto thesite to

By John D. Gimlin,Contractor Sales Representative,Carder Concrete Products Company,Littleton, Colorado303-791-1600

Reinforced concretebox culverts were

installed to handlestorm water runoff

from the 10,000parking spaces

surrounding thestadium.

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begin work. The proposal included two phases –rerouting an existing sanitary sewer interceptor,and revamping the area’s storm sewer system.

General contractor consortium Turner EmpireAlvarado chose Tierdael Construction Companyof Denver to complete both phases of utility con-struction. For the first phase that began in spring1999, Tierdael selected Carder Concrete Productsto manufacture approximately 560 linear feet of72-inch diameter reinforced concrete pipe (RCP).

The 72-inch diameter pipe would be used toreroute the existing South Platte River SanitaryInterceptor.

The majority of the 72-inch diameter RCP wasproduced with a single offset joint utilizing pro-file rubber gaskets. The two pieces of pipe enter-ing and exiting each manhole were constructedwith a 360 degree PVC liner and O-ring rubbergasket joints. J.F. Sato specified Class V RCP dueto the 25 feet of fill that would eventually be placedover the pipe. The sanitary line included sevenpre-formed special fabrications that consisted ofbends and PVC-lined manhole tees.

Installation of the 72-inch line progressedsmoothly and Tierdael was able to complete con-struction of the first phase on time. This allowedother contractors to enter the site to begin demo-lition of McNichols Arena and start constructionof the new stadium.

Phase Two encompassed the bulk of the re-vamped storm sewer system. The design for thesecond phase continued to evolve while PhaseOne was being completed. Phase Two proved to

be more challenging when J.F. Satoencountered existing

c o n -

Project: New Denver Broncos Stadium

Owner: Metropolitan Football DistrictPat Bowlen, Denver Broncos Owner

Designer: J.F. Sato and Associates,(Civil Design)Littleton, Colorado

Contractors: Turner Empire Alvarado (consortium)Denver, ColoradoTierdael Construction Company(Utility Construction)Kevin Strott, project managerRon McPherson, projectsuperintendentDenver, Colorado

Quantities: 560 linear feet of 72-inch diameterRCP (for sanitary sewer)Over 5,000 linear feet of RCP (forstorm sewer)600 linear feet of 5-foot x 3-footreinforced concrete box culvert1,100 linear feet of 10-foot x 3-footreinforced concrete box culvert

Producer: Carder Concrete ProductsLittleton, Colorado

crete storm sewer lines, brick sanitary lines, andnearly every imaginable dry utility.

“That was the most challenging aspect of thejob: staying on schedule with all the design is-sues we encountered,” said Kevin Strott, projectmanager for Tierdael. “We had two crews work-

ing over 50 hours a week to get the newsystem in service before we coulddisable the old system.”

Tierdael began installingnew RCP and reinforced con-crete box culvert (RCBC) linesduring the spring of 2000.Carder Concrete Products sup-plied over 5,500 linear feet ofRCP, along with nearly 1,700linear feet of RCBC.

The box sections weredesigned to take run-off fromthe planned 10,000 parking

Close coordination between the producer and thecontractor was required to assure timely delivery of RCPto the construction site near downtown Denver.

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spaces surrounding the new stadium, and dis-charge the storm water into the South Platte River.Carder Concrete Products manufactured two runsof 10-foot x 3-foot boxes and over 600 linear feetof 5-foot x 3-foot box sections. All of the RCBCwere designed for 10 feet of earth load, plus liveload based on the actual cover height. Fourteenspecial box fabrications were made, includingbends, manhole tees, and rough openings for lat-eral connections.

Strott said that utilizing precast boxes madethe job easier, allowing Tierdael to stay on sched-ule and afford them the ability to jump betweendifferent installation locations as necessary. “Thebox installation went great,” Strott said. “There’sno way we could have cast those boxes in place.It simply would have taken too long.”

Tierdael finished the majority of the utility con-struction during the summer of 2000. Remaininglateral connections will be constructed after thedemolition of Mile High Stadium.

Most of the $364 million cost of the new sta-dium will be shouldered by taxpayers in Denverand five metro-area counties through a penny-per-$10 sales tax on retail goods. The same tax isalready paying for the 5-year-old Coors Field,home to the Colorado Rockies baseball club. Thetax revenue will transfer to the stadium once thetax for the baseball park ends in 2000 or 2001.The Metropolitan Football District is currently so-liciting corporate bids for naming rights to thenew stadium. That money would be used to re-

Carder Concrete Products was founded in the late 1960s byJim Carder in Littleton, Colorado. During the 70s and 80s, Carderwent through a series of acquisitions that included the formationof Wyoming Concrete Products, and in 1980, both Carder andWyoming were bought by Oldcastle, Inc. In1993, employees ofCarder Concrete and Wyoming Concrete purchased the companyfrom Oldcastle. A new production facility was built in ColoradoSprings in 1997, and another plant is scheduled for late 2000 inGreeley, Colorado. CCP employs approximately 130 people inColorado and 25 in Wyoming. CCP manufactures round pipe insizes 12 inches to144 inches diameter, including non-reinforcedconcrete pipe from 12 inches to 36 inches in diameter. The plantalso produces horizontal elliptical reinforced concrete pipe in sizes14 inches by 23 inches through 68 inches by 106 inches.Reinforced concrete box sections are available in sizes 4 feet by 2feet through 20 feet by 10 feet. Wyoming Concrete Products alsoproduces manholes, utility vaults, inlets, and other precast items.

duce the taxpayer debt,estimated at $289 million.

Turner EmpireAlvarado celebrated thehalfway completion pointfor the new stadium at theend of July, and all indi-cations are that the projectwill remain on schedulefor the anticipated August2001 completion.

When the stadium isfinished, it will be roughlytwice the size of Mile HighStadium, although it willonly have two more seats.The new stadium will ac-commodate 13,700 club

level seats in addition to the 105 planned luxurysuites. It will have roughly twice the number ofmen’s restrooms of that in Mile High Stadium,and triple the number of women’s. Three high-tech video boards will sit above the end zones;two are nearly 50 feet wide, and one is 96 feetacross.

When the Broncos embark on the 2001 sea-son, the beauty of the astounding structure willcertainly impress the fans. However, only a few,other than the people who were involved fromday one, will appreciate the magnitude of thestorm and sanitary sewer systems lying under-ground.

Lasers were used to align 10-foot x 3-foot reinforced concrete box culvert sections. TheRCBC line will discharge storm water runoff into the South Platte River.

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Commissioned in 1943, the Pentagon wasfound to be in desperate need of majorrenovations by the early nineties. Subsequently,in 1990, the decision was made to move aheadwith a five-phase renovation plan representingthe five (1,000,000 gross square foot) wedges ofthe pentagon-shaped building.

A major structural element of the renovationstrategy, was the use of 1,300 feet of jackingpipe consisting of 84-inch diameter x 8-foot steeljoint ring Class V reinforced concrete pipe.Bradshaw Construction Corp., contractor for thetunneling project, needed top quality jackingpipe, and contacted Hanson Pipe & Products,Inc. who agreed to supply the jacking pipe fromits Hanover Pipe Plant in Ashland, Virginia.

Jacking 84-inch diameter reinforced concretepipe allowed for the installation of a muchneeded and improved storm water drainage

system, with little impact on the adjacent utilities.Open trench installation would have threatenedthe required continuous operation ofcommunication cables and other importantutilities. Only two, 30-foot diameter jacking pitswere required to install the 1,300 feet of 84-inchpipe. Bradshaw Construction used a state-of-the-art boring machine and advanced the 84-inchdiameter concrete pipe with four hydrauliccylinders capable of applying a total thrust of1,000 tons of force. The jacking pipe wasdesigned to resist the maximum thrust loadsapplied from the jacking cylinders in variousoffset alignment conditions.

The 84-inch diameter pipe was made byvibrating low slump, wetcast concrete intoprecision formwork. Water-reducing admixturesallowed for the fluid placement of 6,000+ psistrength concrete. Steel joint rings provided

Going Underground at the Pentagon withReinforced Concrete Pipe

By John M. Blankenship, P.E.,Eastern Region Operations Manager,

Hanson Pipe & Products, Inc.Richmond, Virginia

804-233-5471

Reinforced concrete jacking pipeused for storm water drainagesystem at the Pentagon.

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Project: Pentagon Renovation Program

Owner: U.S. Army Corps. of Engineers

Designer: Sverdrup Facilities, Inc.Arlington, VAProject Consulting Engineer

Quantities: 1,300 feet (Class V)84-inch diameter x 8-footReinforced Concrete Jacking Pipe

Producer: Hanson Pipe & Products, Inc.Hanover Pipe PlantJeff Tennyson, Plant Manager

greater strength to the bell and spigot ends ofthe pipe. Class V reinforcing along with extrabell wire and 360° stirrups provided additionalstrength. Three, 2-inch diameter grout ports wereprovided at four, eight and twelve o’clockpositions on the pipe barrel. Bradshaw pumpedbentonite through these ports to maintain theannular space between the concrete pipe andthe bored tunnel. The top port was also utilizedas a lifting hole to set the pipe. Finally, fifty-fivesections of the pipe were cast with a 5-inchdiameter pipe sleeve to be used as an anchoringport to safeguard against possible pipe flotation.Steel cables were run through the anchoring portand secured to the pipe.

The Pentagon in Arlington, Virginia,headquarters of the U.S. national defenseestablishment, and the nerve center for commandand control, is virtually a city within itself. Ithouses approximately 26,000 military and civilianemployees and about 3,000 non-defense supportpersonnel dedicated to protecting the nationalinterests of the United States. The Pentagon has6,500,000 gross square feet of space and 17 1/2

miles of corridor. In spite of the building’stremendous size, it takes only seven minutes towalk between any two points of the buildingbecause of its unique design.

The 10-year, $3.5 billion PentagonRenovation Project involved reconditioning ofthe basic building structure and electrical andmechanical systems, including modernization ofa maze of communication cables and networks.All of this had to be completed withoutinterruption to the ongoing operations of thePentagon. This was accomplished by phasingthe construction, and temporarily relocatingpeople to nearby office space. A new mall terraceis a secure and efficient receiving, processingand storage facility for supplies to the Pentagon.This addition provides better security againstpossible terrorist access to the Pentagon, as wellas extra storage space for supplies. Its locationis under a large open-air mall with a beautifulassortment of walkways, stairs and reflectingpools.

The quality of the 84-inch jacking pipe isrecognized as a major factor in the ease of theinstallation of the storm drainage upgrades for

Only two 30-foot diameter jacking pits were required to install1,300 feet of 84-inch reinforced concrete pipe.

Hanson’s Hanover Pipe Plant includes a 40,000 squarefoot machine plant, outside cast yard, and block plant locatedon 70 acres in Ashland, Virginia. The machine plant has twoMcCracken Packerhead Machines (PH60 and PH84), and adry cast operation set up for elliptical pipe and box sections.Packerhead pipe sizes range from 24-inch diameter to 84-inch diameter. Box sections range from 4-foot to12-foot, andall sizes of elliptical pipe are available. The cast yard centersaround a 100 ton Manitowac crane and a radial conveyor thatwet cast 30-inch diameter to 156-inch diameter pipe in lengthsranging from 8 feet to 20 feet. The plant has produced wellover 3 million tons of product since it was built in 1971.

the Pentagon. Teamwork at Hanson’s HanoverPipe Plant was the key ingredient to the superiorquality of the pipe. All would agree thatreinforced concrete jacking pipe has taken itsproper place in the history of the Pentagon, andthe national security of the United States.

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Renewal of Chattanooga’s infrastructure in itsdowntown core is paying off, as the city is quicklybecoming identified as the “Newest–Old” city inthe Southeast. Downtown Chattanooga is goingthrough an economic renaissance, and people aremoving back to work and live in a wonderful envi-ronment. Reinforced concrete pipe is playing animportant role in the City’s renovation and renewalefforts.

Combined storm and sanitary sewer systems isjust one of the many infrastructure rehabilitationissues that the City’s Public Works Department hasaddressed. Working together, the Sanitary Sewerand Storm Sewer Design Divisions of Public Worksdesigned and implemented new trunk lines andCombined Sewer Overflow (CSO) abatement fa-cilities. The CSO facilities detain and control stormrunoff from the combinedsewers to allow for propertreatment of sanitary sew-age. In addition, theyeliminate, or greatly re-duce, untreated overflowinto the Tennessee River,which skirts the downtownarea of Chattanooga.

The 17th StreetStreetscape Project (one ofseveral streetscape im-provement projects) is cur-rently nearing completion.Design and engineeringstaff incorporated a linear“grey water” detention fa-cility into this project thatintercepts and stores alarge volume of storm run-

Chattanooga UpgradesCombined Sewer Systemwith RCP Detention FacilityBy Al Hogan, P.E.,Sherman-Dixie Concrete Industries, Inc.,Knoxville, Tenn.865-546-0870

Chattanooga UpgradesCombined Sewer Systemwith RCP Detention Facility

The RCP detention facilitywill help prevent overtaxingthe existing CSO duringanticipated redevelopmentin the downtownChattanooga area.

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Project: 17th Street Streetscape Project

Owner: City of Chattanooga

Designer: City of Chattanooga Public WorksDepartmentNaveed Minhas, P.E., Bill Payne, P.E.,Dennis Malone, P.E.

Contractors: East Tennessee Grading Inc.Chattanooga, Tennessee

Quantities: 216 linear feet - 72” Class III RCP488 linear feet - 96” Class III RCP2 ea. – 72-inch x 48-inch saddle teeswith factory bulkhead2 ea. – 96-inch x 48-inch saddle teeswith factory bulkhead3 ea. – 96-inch x 48-inch saddle tees6 ea. – 96-inch 45 degree bends

Producer: Sherman-Dixie Concrete Industries, Inc.Franklin, TennesseeRoy Webb, Plant Manager

off from area roofs and yard areas. It will help pre-vent the existing combined sewer in this area frombeing overtaxed due to anticipated redevelopment.

The linear detention facility, constructed usingprecast reinforced concrete pipe, services an eightsquare-block area covering 16.8 acres. In a futurephase of this project, the stored grey water will bepumped to an above ground storage facility, andused to irrigate the landscaped areas of this projectas well as other downtown streetscape projects.

To date, Sherman-Dixie Industries, Inc. has sup-plied 216 linear feet of 72-inch reinforced concretepipe (RCP) and 544 linear feet of 96-inch RCP tothe project that was installed by East TennesseeGrading Inc. The constructed portion of the deten-tion facility holds 30,638 cu. ft., or 229,175 gallonsof grey water.

Design and construction of the linear deten-tion facility was not an easy task. Engineers had todesign a 750 linear foot RCP facility within an ex-isting right of way, with minimal disturbance toexisting underground utilities. One of the most dif-ficult challenges, however, was to site the deten-tion facility around an historic tree. Preliminaryalignment and design called for the installation offour large junction boxes to avoid disturbing the

tree. Before making its final decision, city designstaff invited Sherman Dixie engineering staff toreview their design for possible value engineeringoptions. After review by both parties, it was agreedthat the use of 45 degree bends and saddle teeswould be the best and most economical approachto meet the required alignment concerns.

The currently installed section of the linear de-tention facility provides only half of the fully pro-jected storage needs for the affected eight-blockarea. It was designed this way to accommodateeasy expansion. Sometime in the future, it will beextended to accommodate the anticipated economicexpansion in the catchment area. The 17th StreetStreetscape project is proof that the city is carefullyplanning its economic growth to attract new busi-ness and sustain its existing downtown economiccore. Congratulations to the City of Chattanoogaon its vision and another job well done.

Sherman-Dixie Concrete Industries, a long timemember of the American Concrete Pipe Association, hasbeen manufacturing precast drainage products for civilengineering projects for 51 years. With headquarters inHermitage, Tennessee, Sherman-Dixie operates 9manufacturing facilities in 8 cities throughout Middle andEastern Tennessee and Kentucky. SDCI maintains acomprehensive line of precast products, utilizing the latestin manufacturing and production technologies for thecreation of reinforced concrete pipe (round and elliptical),precast box culverts, storm and sanitary precast concretemanholes, catch basins, inlets, end treatments and precaststorm water quality units. For detail about Sherman-DixieConcrete Products, see www.shermandixie.com.

45 degree bends and saddle tees were used to overcomesite restrictions for the RCP storm water detention facility.

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Engineers, contractors, developers, and con-crete pipe producers are breaking ground by set-ting a benchmark for a new design process forconcrete pipe installations. The breakthrough isin the new technology used for precast concretepipe beddings, greater understanding of the in-teraction of the pipe with bedding and backfillmaterial, and the methodology for applying back-fill.

Standard Installations acceptanceIn 1993, Standard Installations were adopted

by the American Society for Civil Engineers(ASCE) as Specification 15-93 Standard Practicefor Direct Design of Buried Precast Concrete PipeUsing Standard Installations. It was adopted laterin the 1996 (16th) Edition of the American Asso-ciation of State Highway and Transportation Offi-

cials (AASHTO) Standard Specification for High-way Bridges, Section 17, Soil-Reinforced Con-crete Structure Interaction Systems. In 1997, Stan-dard Installations were incorporated into the newCanadian National Bridge Design Code, and in1999, the City of Edmonton adopted the designmodel in their specifications as the preferredmethod for designing concrete pipe. Most re-cently, ASTM has adopted them in ASTM Stan-dard C1479.

The Standard Installations model for designand installation of concrete pipe was developedthrough the American Concrete Pipe Association’slong-range research program started in the1970s. Implementation of the model came in theform of four Standard Installations; Types 1, 2, 3,and 4. Type 1 is a top quality installation with thehighest requirements on backfill material andcompaction levels. Type 4 is the installation withminimal requirements on bedding material andcompaction (equivalent to the old Class D bed-ding).

Most North American bedding and backfillstandards for concrete pipe are based on a de-sign concept developed almost ninety years agothat has not been updated to account for today’shigh quality products, modern installation prac-tices and pipe-soil interaction research. StandardInstallations use today’s technological advancesin soil classification and density testing, finite el-ement analysis, manufacturing, and constructionpractices.

Breakthrough in AlbertaThe City of Calgary, Alberta, is a focal point

where the value of Standard Installations is beingrecognized. Current City of Calgary specificationspermit engineers to design storm and sanitarysewers with only Class C bedding (granular ma-terial cradling 60% of the pipe width) or Class A(concrete) bedding for deeper fills. Calgary con-tractors had been installing concrete pipe usinggranular material to at least springline, despitethe City’s Class C bedding specifications. Thebedding material specified is typically a readilyavailable 40-mm gap graded rock, which the Cityhas always accepted as compacted to 95% Stan-dard Proctor density when installed in a dumpedcondition. Contractors found that the additionalcost of extra granular material was more than off-set by the savings in time compacting backfill

StandardInstallationsBecomingNew ConcretePipe StandardBy Mike Smith, P.Eng., Inland Pipe Limited780-448-0731, andMike Schmidtler, P.Eng., Lafarge Canada Inc.403-292-9501

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(specified in Class C bedding specification) be-low the springline. The Calgary concrete pipeproducers recognized that the bedding and back-fill material, installed in this manner, was by defi-nition a Type 1 Standard Installation.

The first project where the City agreed to theuse of Standard Installations was the SouthwestElbow Valley Sanitary Sewer Trunk project, in Au-gust of 1997. It agreed to the Type 1 StandardInstallation with the condition that the pipe be in-creased by one class above Type 1 design. TheStandard Installation design method saved thedeveloper $175,000.

Paul Taylor, Manager of Land Developmentfor Hopewell (the project’s developer) had this tosay about the impact of Standard Installations. “Iam impressed by the savings the proposalbrought to the job, without sacrificing quality. Theconcrete pipe industry is to be commended fortheir work in bringing this significant cost savingsissue to the attention of the land development in-dustry.”

The Southwest Elbow Valley installation iden-tified the need for a third party assessment of gen-eral installation practice by Calgary contractors.This would confirm that current installation prac-tice indeed falls within Standard Installations, andwould establish the Standard Installation “Type.”

Testing and evaluation confirms antici-pated pipe performance

The opportunity for this assessment presenteditself in 1998 when the developer of the Cranstondevelopment in Calgary (Carma Developers Ltd.),and the City agreed to a proposal by local con-crete pipe producers to instrument a section of aconcrete pipe installation. Inland Pipe Limited andLafarge Canada Inc. retained the services of theconsulting firm, Simpson Gumpertz & Heger(SG&H) Inc. of Arlington, Massachusetts to re-view the existing practice, and instrument andevaluate the Cranston installation.

The test installation was 122 meters of 2400-mm diameter Class IV reinforced concrete pipe,installed under approximately five meters of back-fill. The test plan called for the pipe to be installedusing standard Calgary construction practice.

The results of the in-field tests were comparedto the finite-element computer program, SPIDA(the same program used to develop the StandardInstallation design method), and to the simplifiedStandard Installation pressure distribution. These

evaluations indicated that the pipe performanceat the Cranston site was close to analytical pre-dictions, and that the pressure distribution is ap-propriately conservative for use in design.

The performance of the pipe was consistentwith a Type 1 Standard Installation, the best ofthe four classifications. To be conservative, theconsultant recommended that the standardCalgary installation of backfilling concrete pipewith uncompacted 40-mm drainage stone be con-sidered a Type 2 Standard Installation. If modestcompactive effort is applied at the springline, thenthe installation should be considered a Type 1Standard Installation.

The entire Cranston Storm Trunk was 1100meters in length. In just the 122 meter test sec-tion, $154,000 was saved in reducing the pipeclass. Had the entire length been designed us-ing Standard Installations, approximately$1,500,000 would have been saved.

Industry continues to advance accep-tance of Standard Installations

Consulting engineers and their developer cli-ents in Calgary continue to advance the under-standing and benefits of Standard Installations.A third development, Country Hills Town Centreby Genstar, used Standard Installations to save$250,000. The project involved installation of 516meters of 2100-mm diameter storm trunk sewerwith depths of buries ranging from 3.8 meters to9.5 meters. After analyzing the installation for Type

Standard installations helped the developer save $250,000at Country Hills Town Centre in Calgary, Alberta.

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Project: New Design Process forConcrete Pipe Installations

Partners: Inland Pipe LimitedLafarge Canada Inc.Alberta Land DevelopersUrban Development InstituteAlberta MunicipalitiesAlberta ContractorsAlberta Consulting Engineers

Designer: Simpson Gumpertz & Heger(SG&H) Inc.,Arlington, MassachusettsAmerican Concrete PipeAssociation,Irving, Texas

Test Site Quantities: 122 meters — 2400-mm(96-inch) diameter Class IVreinforced concrete pipe

Producer: Inland Pipe LimitedCalgary, AlbertaMike Smith, P.Eng.

1 and Type 2 beddings, as well as the older ClassB and Class C beddings, the consulting engi-neers, Progressive Engineering, recommendedthe Type 2 installation. It was accepted by theCity Sewer Division, with a requirement for addi-tional monitoring and inspection of the pipe at thecompletion of installation, and during the mainte-nance period.

James Hammermeister, Calgary Region VicePresident of Genstar Development Companystated, “Overall our experience at Genstar withStandard Installations has resulted in significantmaterial cost reductions and installation time sav-ings compared to the traditional design & instal-lation standards. This was accomplished withoutcompromising the long-term design life or qualityof installation. Another important aspect is thatso far, there has been no increase in the mainte-nance costs associated with this infrastructure.”

Recognizing the substantial cost savings,other projects are now being proposed in Calgaryusing Type 2 Standard Installations. Among themare; Carma’s Elgin development in SoutheastCalgary (designed by Walker Newby) where theprojected savings are $320,000 and McCalgary’s,Saddleridge Phase 4 (designed by Sunbow).

CH2M Gore & Storrie has used Standard In-stallations for the design of all concrete pipe inthe high profile airport expressway 96th Avenueproject, and other centers in Alberta have alsotaken advantage of its benefits. The City ofLethbridge, for instance, has already used Stan-dard Installations on two projects, and the City of

Installation of 516 meters (1,693 feet) of 2100-mm (84-inch) diameter RCP atCountry Hills Town Centre, Calgary.

Fex = 0.5(1.1 + 63p)FN

Shear Strength Design Provisions Based on the AASHTOLRFD Specification Applied to Concrete Pipe and Comparedwith Industry Practice, By Frank J. Heger, P.E.

The 0.5 multiplier is needed on the “strain fac-tor” because of the “2” coefficient in the Beta equa-tion. The equation should read:

CORRECTIONConcrete Pipe News, Volume 52, No. 2

Summer 2000, page 12

Red Deer is considering it for their2001 specification revision.

Use of Standard Installationspresents significant project savingsfor owners, specifiers, consultants,and contractors by upgrading oldbedding and backfill standardswithout affecting the quality of con-crete pipe products. The Cities ofCalgary and Edmonton and localconstruction companies have ad-vanced the value of Standard In-stallations for other municipalitiesand government agencies to seefor themselves.

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J. Wayne MacLeancontinued fron page 4

who purchase concrete systems thatthey are getting exactly what theyexpect to get.

Q: How do you believeorganizations that develop standardscan maintain their credibility in theeyes of government and industry?

MacLean: Organizations like ASTMand CSA must be certain that theyare developing standards that areneeded by end users. This can beachieved through honest ongoingworking relationships with industryassociations such as the ACPA.

Q: Do you see Associations suchas the American Concrete PipeAssociation increasing their role inthe development of industrystandards that are then passed on torecognized standards organizationsfor testing, acceptance andimplementation?

MacLean: The ACPA has historicallyworked with standards organizations,and will undoubtedly continue to doso. Nevertheless, associations mustbe vigilant to present drafts ofstandards that are relevant to overallmarket activities, and notrepresentative of the interests of afew.

Q: Do you have any partingcomments for industry peoplecurrently serving as volunteers oncommittees and subcommitteescharged with standardsdevelopment?

MacLean: I would like to thankindustry volunteers for their time andeffort, especially people representingconsumers and general interestgroups. I believe that somethingcould be missed in standardsdevelopment if people do not meetperiodically with each other inperson, to take full advantage ofhuman interaction.

In an effort to improve the overall quality ofall concrete pipe products, the AmericanConcrete Pipe Association offers an on-goingquality assurance program to member andnon-member companies. Called the“Quality Cast” Plant Certification Program,the 124-point audit-inspection programcovers the inspection of materials,finished products and handling/storageprocedures, as well as performancetesting and quality controldocumentation. Plants are certified toprovide storm sewer and culvert pipe orunder a combined sanitary sewer, storm sewer andculvert pipe program. The following plants have been certifiedunder ACPA’s Quality Cast Certification Program:

Storm Sewer and Culvert Pipe• Cayuga Concrete Pipe Company (Oldcastle, Inc.), New Britain, PA

Edward Pentecost• Elk River Concrete Products (Cretex), Billings, MT

Milton Tollefsrud• Elk River Concrete Products (Cretex), Rapid City, SD

John Tuttle• Riverton Concrete Products Company (Cretex), Riverton, WY

Butch Miller• Sherman-Dixie Concrete Industries, Inc., Chattanooga, TN

Earl Knox• Sherman-Dixie Concrete Industries, Inc., Franklin, TN

Roy Webb• Tarmac America, Inc., Charleston, SC

Bill Gary

Sanitary Sewer, Storm Sewer and Culvert Pipe• Amcor Precast (Oldcastle, Inc.), Nampa, ID

Mike Burke• Amcor Precast (Oldcastle, Inc.) Ogden, UT

Tim Wayment• CSR Hydro Conduit Corporation, Tulsa, OK

Jeff Bassett• Elk River Concrete Products (Cretex), Elk River, MN

Bryan Olson• Geneva Pipe Company, Orem, UT

Fred Klug• Kansas City Concrete Pipe Co. (Cretex), Shawnee, KS

Rich Allison• N.C. Products (Oldcastle, Inc.), Fayetteville, NC

Preston McIntosh• Ocean Construction Supplies Limited (Inland Pipe), Vancouver,

BC, CanadaRod Boyes

• W.R. White Company, Ogden, UTJ. P. Conn

“Quality Cast” Certified Plants

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American Concrete Pipe Association222 W. Las Colinas Blvd., Suite 641

Irving, TX 75039-5423

www.concrete-pipe.org

Bulk MailU.S. Postage

PAIDDallas, TX

Permit No. 1883

Recently updated and revised to include the mostcurrent design procedures, the 13th edition of theConcrete Pipe Design Manual is nowavailable. Engineers andtechnologists, responsible for thedesign and specification of precastconcrete pipe for sanitary sewer,storm drain and culvert applicationswill find the Concrete Pipe DesignManual an indispensable aid inselecting the type, size and stengthof pipe.

Chapter 4, Loads andSupporting Strengths has beencompletely revised toincorporate the new StandardInstallations. The Marston/Spangler design procedure, withtables and figures, was retained butmoved to Appendix B.

Each hardbound Design Manual includes a

Revised Concrete Pipe Design Manual Now Availablecompanion CD-ROM so the user has the option ofaccessing the information in the manual from their

computer. The CD is searchable and provides theuser with a wide range of options for navigatingand accessing information. Complete withdocumentation and system requirements, the CD-ROM is available without the hardbound manual.

To order the revised Design Manual with CD-ROM, contact the ACPA Resource Center at (800)

290-2272, fax (972) 291-0622.Cost: $22.50 (member) $45.00(non member), plus shippingand handling. CD-ROM only,$7.50 (member) and $15.00(non member) plus shippingand handling. Visa, MasterCardand American Express areaccepted. For further

information, contact theAmerican Concrete Pipe Association, (972) 506-7216,or e-mail: info@concrete-pipe.org.