Volume 6 Issue 2 November 2018 - April 2019

Volume 6 Issue 2 November 2018 - April 2019

UGC App. No. 64785Impact Factor: 4.213

ISSN 2348-3857

PatronShri Rajendra Prasad Gupta

RAS (Rtd.), Govt. of Rajasthan, Jaipur (Raj.)

Editor in ChiefDr. Pankaj Gupta

Assistant Professor, Department of College Education, Govt. of Rajasthan

EditorsDr. Sanjay Kedia Dr. Archana BansalAssistant Principal, IIERD, Jaipur (Raj.) Lecturer, Dept. of School Edu., Govt. of Raj.

Associate EditorsDr. Vinod K. Bhardwaj Dr. Shiv Kumar MishraAssoc. Prof., Dept. of College Edu., Govt. of Raj. Assoc. Prof., Govt. P.G. College, Kota (Raj.)

Dr. Jagadeesh Giri Ms. Deepshikha ParasharAsst. Prof., University of Rajasthan, Jaipur (Raj.) Asst. Prof., The IIS University, Jaipur (Raj.)

Dr. Shikha SharmaUniversity of Rajasthan, Jaipur (Raj.)

Research Reinforcement(A P�� R�� I�� R�� J��)

Editor’s Desk

Advisory BoardProf. Lal Mervin Dharmisiri Prof. Dr. Mohammad IqbalDirector, NCAS, Colombo, Sri Lanka Shah Jalal University of Sci. & Tech., Sylhet, Bangladesh

Prof. B.L. Sukhwal Prof. Syeda Rozana RashidWisconsin University, Medison, USA Dhaka University, Bangladesh

Dr. Kedar P. Acharya Prof. Miroljub JevticUGC, Nepal University of Belgrade, Belgrade

Prof. P.N. Shastry Prof. S.K. SharmaVice Chancellor, Rashtriya Sanskrit Sansthan, New Delhi Vice Chancellor, M.G. Central University, Motihari (Bihar)

Prof. Uma Gole Prof. Rajeev Gupta (Rtd.)Pt. Ravishankar Shukla University, Raipur (Chh.) University of Rajasthan, Jaipur (Raj.)

Prof. Ravindra G. Jayabhaye Prof. Kaushal Kishore MishraSavitrbai Phule Pune University, Pune (Maharashtra) Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi (U.P.)

Prof. P.S. Bhatnagar (Rtd.) Prof. B.L. Fadia (Rtd.)University of Rajsthan, Jaipur (Raj.) JNV University, Jodhpur (Raj.)

Dr. Vimal Prasad Agarwal Prof. M. Pareek (Rtd.)Ex-Chairman, RBSE, Ajmer (Raj.) University of Rajasthan, Jaipur (Raj.)

Dr. Inakshi Chaturvedi Prof. K.G. SharmaUniversity of Rajasthan, Jaipur (Raj.) University of Rajasthan, Jaipur (Raj.)

Prof. H.S. Sharma Prof. K.S. SharmaUniversity of Rajasthan, Jaipur (Raj.) The IIS University, Jaipur (Raj.)

Prof. B. Srinagesh Prof. Archana PurohitOsmania University, Hyderabad (Telangana) Mata Jijabai Govt. Girls College (Auto.), Indore (M.P.)

Vinay Kumar Sharma Prof. Virendra NagaraleDean, Faculty of Commerce, UOR, Jaipur (Raj.) SNDT Women University, Pune (MH)

Board of RefreesDr. Nandkumar N. Sawant Dr. Savita MishraPrincipal, Parvatibai Chowgule College, Madgaon (Goa) Principal, Vidyasagar College of Education, Darjeeling (W.B.)

Dr. Wangshimenla Jamir Dr. Aditi PednekarAssoc. Prof., Nagaland Central Uni., HQ Lumami (Nagaland) Economics, Jaipur (Raj.)

Dr. Sameena Hameed Dr. Monika KannanAssoc. Prof., SIS, JNU (Delhi) Head, Geography, So�ia Girls Autonomous College, Ajmer (Raj.)

Dr. Anju Beniwal Dr. Iyatta M. UpretiAsst. Prof., Sociology, Govt. Meera Girls College, Udaipur (Raj.) Principal, Sikkim Govt. College, Rhenok (Sikkim)

Dr. Sherap Bhutia Dr. Sheenu JainAsst. Prof., Darjeeling Govt. College, Darjeeling (W.B.) Asst. Prof., Jaipuria Institute of Management, Jaipur (Raj.)

Dr. Ibalari Phylla Khongjoh Dr. Shakti Singh ShekhawatAsst. Prof., Economics, Synod College, Shillong (Meghalaya) Asst. Prof., Pol. Sci., Govt. College, Jaipur (Raj.)

Dr. Batskhem Myrboh Dr. Ravindra TailorAsst. Prof., Pol. Sci., Synod College, Shillong (Meghalaya) Asst. Prof., History, Maulana Azad University, Jodhpur (Raj.)

Virendra Sharma Dr. Avdhesh SharmaAsst. Prof., History, Govt. Girls PG College, Ajmer (Raj.) Asst. Prof., Sanskrit, Govt. Arts College, Chimanpura, Jaipur (Raj.)

Dr. Shivangna Sharma Dr. Vishal Vikram SinghAssoc. Prof., Sanskrit, Govt. Arts College, Chimanpura, Jaipur (Raj.) Asst. Prof., Hindi, Uni. of Rajasthan, Jaipur, (Raj.)


From the EditorDear Authors /Readers/ Reviewers of Research Reinforcement Journal (RRJ),

I am privileged to handing over this prestigious new volume of the RRJ (Vol. 6; Issue-2; Nov. 2018- April 2019).

This Research Reinforcement journal, an initiative, was started to share research works, commenced in the disciplines of social science and humanities. Our focus is to provide platform to young and mature scholars who have been keenly exploring the possibilities to get their research published on one hand, and also to ensure reach up to the pioneer researchers and learners in their respective �ields. This journal, which is UGC approved and is moving in its 6 th year of its circulation, is attracting academicians from all corners of the country, and even from abroad like Nepal, Sri Lanka and Bangladesh. It is a peer reviewed journal which is academically cooperated by legendary experts from various disciplines as advisor and referees. Research papers and articles from social science and humanities backgrounds are published in this journal. We more prefer the �irst hand based research and analytical articles in this journal. Besides, we are equally providing space to the research papers based on survey, discussions and reviews.

This volume includes 26 research papers & articles across country and also from abroad. We expect more scholarly research papers and articles on issues of concurrent importance and socio-politico-economic analysis based. Besides, we welcome the research papers and articles related to other allied �ields including humanities, social sciences, science and commerce interpreting socio-economic relevance.

Best Wishes

Dr. Pankaj GuptaThe Editor in chief

S.No. Particulars Page No.

1. {dÚmb`r {ejH$ M`Z _mZH$sH$aU : {H$VZm Vm{H©$H$, {H$VZm g§JV? 1

{dZmoX Hw$_ma H§$d[a`m

2. ^maVr` g§{dYmZ _| _{hbmAm| H$s gwajm hoVw àmdYmZ 6

S>m°. g§Ord Hw$_ma

3. gm{hË`, {gZo_m Am¡a g_mO H$s A§V:g§~ÕVm : EH$ g_mOemñÌr` X¥{ï> 11

S>m°. Á`mo{V {gS>mZm

4. ZB© H$hmZr H$s {eën g§aMZm : _mohZ amHo$e Am¡a H$_boída Ho$ {deof g§X^© _| 17

S>m°. H¡$bme JhbmoV

5. ^maVr` bmoH$V§Ì _o§ X{bV _{hbmAm| H$s A{YH$ma àpñW{V : {gÕmÝV Ed§ `WmW© 22

S>m°. gwZrb _hmda Ed§ M§Mb amZr

6. eoImdmQ>r H$m ì`mnm[aH$ dJ© Ed§ ñdVÝÌVm AmÝXmobZ : PwÝPwZy§ Ho$ {deof g§X^© _| 28

Hw$bdÝVqgh eoImdV

7. Ý`m` Ho$ Eo{Vhm{gH$ Ed§ gm_m{OH$ Am`m_ 33

{d_b Hw$_ma _hmda

8. ^maV _| bmoH$nmb H$s AdYmaUm : EH$ {díbofUmË_H$ {ddoMZ 39

M¡Zmam_ (_w§X{b`m) Ed§ nwîH$a qgh ~J{‹S>`m

9. ^maV H$s {dXoe Zr{V: "nyd© H$s Amoa XoImo' go "nyd© H$s Amoa g{H«$`Vm' H$s Zr{V 44

^mdZm ZÝXdmZm

10. ^maV H$s àmMrZ {ejm nÕ{V …AmÜ`mpË_H$Vm go d¡km{ZH$Vm VH$ 50

S>m°. gwZrVm Jmo`b

11. 21dt gXr _| Câo amÁ` ñVar` Xb 54

Zohm Jwám

12. H¥${f CËnmXH$Vm _| n[adV©Z : ~yÝXr {Obo H$m EH$ AÜ``Z 60

MÝÐ àH$me ZmJa


Contents

13. ^maV-å`m§_ma gå~ÝY 65

Xrn_mbm

14. _{hbm geŠVrH$aU _| S>m°. ^r_amd Aå~oS>H$a H$m `moJXmZ 70

nyZ_ dmë_rH$

15. 73d| g§d¡Ym{ZH$ g§emoYZ Ho$ níMmV² J«m_g^m … pñW{V Ed§ ^y{_H$m 77

S>m°. H$Ýh¡`m bmb _rUm

16. _{hbm A{YH$mam| go gå~pÝYV g§d¡Ym{ZH$ Ed§ {d{YH$ àmdYmZ 81

MÝÐH$bm e_m©

17. ^maVr` ñdV§ÌVm g§J«m_ _| H«$mpÝVH$mar AmV§H$dmX (1907 go 1920) 86

S>m°. gwZrVm _rZm

18. _{hbm {ejm : AmYw{ZH$ g_mO Ho$ {bE _hËdnyU© Amdí`H$Vm Am¡a Cn`mo{JVm 90

g§JrVm Jm¡‹S>

19. Jmonmb qgh Zonmbr Ho$ H$mì` _| amï´>r` g§doXZm 95

Y_}ÝÐ d_m©

20. g§`wŠV amï´> g§K Am¡a _{hbmE± … dV©_mZ n[aX¥í` 100

S>m°. a§OZm JJ©

21. bmoH$ godmAm| Ho$ H$m`©H$aU H$m g§K na à^md VWm g§K H$s H$m`©àUmbr H$m bmoH$ godmAm| na à^md 104

S>m°. à{V_m H$m¡{eH$

22. ñÌr-nwéf g_mZVm Am¡a S>m°. ^r_amd Aå~oS>H$a 110

S>m°. {dZr e_m©

23. 21dt gXr _| X{jU-E{e`m H$s gwajm dmVmdaU Ed§ ^maV-~m§½bmXoe gå~ÝY 115

Zohm {dO`

24. amOñWmZ _| _{hbmAm| H$m Am{W©H$ gwX¥‹T>rH$aU Ed§ amOH$s` `moOZmE± 122

S>m°. g§JrVm e_m©

25. n`m©daU g§ajU _| _{hbmAm| H$s ^y{_H$m 126

S>m°. àr{V ^mQ>r

26. amOñWmZ _| Zmar CËWmZ hoVw {ejm H$s _hVr ^y{_H$m 130

S>m°. gamoO nmarH$

S.No. Particulars Page No.

àñVmdZm

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g~go nhbo _mZH$sH$aU Zm_H$ g§H$ënZm na àH$me S>mb| Vmo _mZH$sH$aU EH$ à{H«$`m H$s Amoa B§{JV H$aVm h¡& ò EH$ Eogr à{H«$`m h¡, {Og_| Hw$N> _mZH$m| H$m {Z_m©U {H$`m OmVm h¡ Ed§ {Og EH$H$ H$m _mZH$sH$aU H$aZm hmo Cgo BZ _mZH$m| H$s H$gm¡Q>r na naIm OmVm h¡, Cgo EH$ {deof à{H«$`m go JwOaZm hmoVm h¡

emoY gmam§e

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g§Ho$Vmja … {dÚmb`r {ejH$, {ejH$-M`Z, _mZH$sH$aU, _mZH$ à{H«$`m

Ed§ A§V _| ò V` {H$`m OmVm h¡ {H$ _mZH$sH$aU hþAm `m Zht& `hm± ò àíZ I‹S>m hmoZm ñdm^m{dH$ hr h¡ {H$ Š`m _mZH$sH$aU H$m AW© _mZH$ H$m {Z_m©U H$aZm h¡ `m nhbo go CnbãY _mZH$ Ho$ AmYma na {H$gr Am¡a EH$H$ H$mo Cg {ZYm©[aV H$gm¡Q>r na H$gZm& _mZH$sH$aU H$m AW© Z Ho$db _mZH$m| H$m {Z_m©U H$aZm h¡ ~pëH$ AÝ` EH$H$m| H$mo H$gm¡Q>r na H$gZo Ho$ {bE CZ _mZH$m| H$m AZwà`moJ H$aZm ^r h¡& AmJo ~‹T>Zo go nhbo ò ~Vm XoZm A{V Amdí`H$ h¡ {H$ àñVwV boI {ejH$-M`Z Ho$ _mZH$sH$aU Ed§ {ejH$ Ho$ _mZH$sH$aU H$mo EH$ hr ~mV Zht _mZVm dh Ho$db {ejH$-M`Z Ho$ _mZH$sH$aU H$s ~mV H$aZo VH$ hr gr{_V h¡&

{ejH$ lo{U`m±

{dÚmb` _| H$m`©aV {ejH$m| H$s ~mV H$s OmE Vmo ò Hw$N> _mZH$ lo{U`m| _| ~§Q>o hmoVo h¡§& ò lo{U`m± Am_ Vm¡a na Bg AmYma na

{dÚmb`r {ejH$ M`Z _mZH$sH$aU : {H$VZm Vm{H©$H$, {H$VZm g§JV?{dZmoX Hw$_ma H§$d[a`m

d[að> ghm`H$ AmMm`©, {ejm g§H$m`Ho$ÝÐr` {ejm g§ñWmZ, {Xëbr {díd{dÚmb`, ZB© {Xëbr ({Xëbr)

Research Reinforcement A Peer Reviewed International Refereed Journal ISSN 2348-3857UGC App. No. 64785 Impact Factor (IIJIF): 4.213 Vol. 6, Issue 2 Nov. 2018 - April 2019 pp. 1-5

2 [agM© [aBÝ\$mog©_|Q>> IÊS> 6, A§H$ 2 Zdå~a 2018-Aà¡b 2019

ISSN 2348-3857

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àmW{_H$ {ejH$ nhbr go nm±Mdr H$jm VH$ n‹T>mZo Ho$ {bE, ghm`H$ {ejH$ nhbr go AmR>dr H$jm VH$ Ho$ {bE, à{e{jV ñZmVH$ {ejH$ H$jm N>h go H$jm Xg VH$ Ho$ {bE Ed§ ñZmVH$moÎma {ejH$ H$jm ½`mah go ~mah VH$ n‹T>mZo Ho$ {bE M`{ZV Ed§ {Z`wº$ {H$E OmVo h¡§& ò AbJ ~mV h¡ {H$ Amdí`H$Vm n‹S>Zo na Ed§ gh_V hmoZo na ò AÝ` H$jmAm| H$mo ^r n‹T>m boVo h¡§ {H$ÝVw AÝ` H$jmAm| H$mo n‹T>mZo H$s ~mV g^r na Amdí`H$ ê$n go bmJy Zht hmoVr&

{ZOr ~Zm_ gaH$mar {dÚmb`

A{YH$m§e {ZOr {dÚmb` Am_ Vm¡a na Amdí`H$ ê$n go g^r Ho$ {bE g_mZ {Z`_ dmbr AdYmaUm _| {dœmg Zht H$aVo& `hr dOh h¡ {H$ {ZOr {dÚmb`m| Ho$ AÜ`mnH$m| Ho$ doVZ, `mo½`VmAm|, Ah©VmAm|, AÝ` Îmm| Ed§ gw{dYmAm| _| AË`{YH$ {df_VmE§ nm`r OmVr h¡§& Bg boI _| em`X Bg ~mV H$m à_mU XoZo H$s Amdí`H$Vm Zht h¡ {H$ hmbm§{H$ gaH$ma Zo {ejH$m| H$s {d{^ÝZ lo{U`m| Ho$ {bE doVZ {ZYm©[aV {H$`m hþAm h¡ {H$ÝVw {ZOr {dÚmb` BÝh| AŠga AnZo AZwgma doVZ XoVo h¡§ Omo {H$ AË`{YH$ Ag_mZ hmoVo h¡§& Am¡a Vmo Am¡a BZHo$ {ejH$m| H$s `mo½`VmAm| _| ^r AË`{YH$ Ag_mZVmE± hmoVr h¡§& H$hZo H$m VmËn`© ò h¡ {H$ `{X A^r ò MMm© Ho$db gaH$mar {dÚmb`m| VH$ hr gr{_V aIr OmE Vmo Bg {df` Ho$ gmW AÝ`m` Zht hmoJm& gaH$mar {dÚmb`m| _| gaH$ma Ûmam V` Z Ho$db doVZ Ed§ AÝ` gw{dYmE§ Xr OmVr h¡§ ~pëH$ BZ AÜ`mnH$m| Ho$ M`Z hoVw `mo½`VmE± ^r Hw$N> _mZH$ ê$n _| {ZYm©[aV H$s OmVr h¡§ {OZH$m gmYmaUV`m AZwgaU ^r {H$`m OmVm h¡&

{ejH$ M`Z Ed§ _mZH$

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h¡§& `{X gaH$ma Ûmam ñWm{nV {d{^ÝZ e¡{jH$ g§ñWmZm| Ho$ ñWmnZ XñVmdoOm| H$mo n‹T>m OmE Vmo BZ_| {ejH$ M`Z H$s Zm Ho$db à{H«$`m go dm{H$\$ hþAm Om gH$Vm h¡ ~pëH$ {d{^ÝZ lo{U`m| _| M`{ZV {H$E OmZo dmbo {ejH$m| H$s `mo½`VmAm| Ed§ Ah©VmAm| go ^r ê$~ê$ hþAm Om gH$Vm h¡& CXmhaU Ho$ {bE {Xëbr gaH$ma Ho$ {dÚmb`m| _| n‹T>mZo dmbo {ejH$m| H$s _mZH$ Ah©VmAm| Ho$ ~mao _| {Xëbr {dÚmb` {ejm A{Y{Z`_ Ed§ {Z`_ 1973 ({Xëbr gaH$ma, 1973), H|$Ðr` {dÚmb`m| _| n‹T>mZo dmbo {ejH$m| H$s _mZH$ Ah©VmAm| Ho$ ~mao _| [adrOZ Am°\$ ESw>Ho$eZ H$moS> \$m°a Ho$ÝÐr` {dÚmb` g§JR>Z 2013 (H|$Ðr` {dÚmb` g§JR>Z, 2013) Ed§ ZdmoX` {dÚmb` _| n‹T>mZo dmbo {ejH$m| H$s _mZH$ Ah©VmAm| Ho$ ~mao _| ZdmoX` {dÚmb` g{_{V JR>Z 1986 (_mZd g§gmYZ {dH$mg _§Ìmb`, 1986) go nVm MbVm h¡& Bgr àH$ma nyao Xoe _| ha àH$ma Ho$ gaH$mar {dÚmb` _| n‹T>mZo dmbo {ejH$m| Ho$ ~mao _| Bg àH$ma Ho$ XñVmdoOm| go _mby_ {H$`m Om gH$Vm h¡&

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ISSN 2348-3857

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narjm _| AÀN>m àXe©Z Zht H$a nmVo CÝh| _o_mo Ed§ H$maU ~VmAmo Zmo{Q>g BË`m{X O¡gm nÌ {X`m OmVm h¡ Am¡a H$B© ~ma CZHo$ pIbm\$ X§S>mË_H$ H$ma©dmB© O¡go doVZ d¥{Õ amoH$Zm, ñWmZm§VaU H$aZm BË`m{X ^r H$s OmVr h¡& Am¡a g~go ~‹S>r ~mV, AŠga Bg àH$ma H$s narjmE±, {OZHo$ n[aUm_ Ho$ AmYma na _o_mo `m Zmo{Q>g {X`m OmVm h¡, {H$gr _mZH$ g§ñWmZ CXmhaUV`m {H$gr ~mø ~moS©> Ûmam {H$Ýht _mZH$ àíZnÌm| Ho$ AmYma na br OmVr h¡§ (_mZd g§gmYZ {dH$mg _§Ìmb`, 2012)& AV: O~ {ejH$m| H$m _yë`m§H$Z {H$Ýht {d{eï> _mZH$m| Ho$ AmYma na hr H$aZm h¡ Ed§ CÝh| EH$ g_mZ AmYma na hr _yë`m§{H$V {H$`m OmZm h¡ Vmo CZHo$ M`Z _| _mZH$m| H$m AZwgaU Š`m| Zht {H$`m OmZm Mm{hE, Š`m| Zht {ejH$ EH$ O¡go hr {bE OmZo Mm{hE, Š`m| Zht EH$ g_mZ {ejH$ hr M`{ZV {H$E OmZo Mm{hE `m Š`m| Zht ^Vu {H$E OmZo dmbo g^r {ejH$ EH$ O¡go hr hmoZo Mm{hE&

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_mZH$ M`Z Ho$ _mJ© _| Hw$N> ~mYmE±

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Am¡a ^r AÝ` H$B© H$maH$ Ed§ VËd h¡§ Omo {H$ g_mZVm Ed§ _mZH$Vm H$m AZwgaU H$aZo _| ~mYH$ hmo gH$Vo h¡§&

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ISSN 2348-3857

EH$ hr loUr _| M`Z hoVw ^r AbJ-AbJ eV], {Z`_, à{H«$`m BË`m{X Š`m|?

g_mZ Adga H$s AdYmaUm _mZH$Vm AmYm[aV M`Z Zm hmoZo Ho$ H$maU Yy{_b hmo OmVr h¡& M`Z _| _mZH$Vm Z hmoZo Ho$ H$maU g^r H$mo g_mZ Adga Zht àmá hmo nmVo& EH$ hr loUr H$m H$moB© Aä`Wu 45 à{VeV bmH$a r Cg nX H$mo àmá H$a boVm h¡ {H$ÝVw Cgr loUr H$m H$moB© Xÿgam Aä`Wu AJbo hr {dkmnZ Ho$ AmYma na 50 à{VeV bmZo na ^r AmdoXZ `mo½` Zht hmo nmVm&

O~ EH$ loUr Ho$ AÜ`mnH$m| H$mo g_mZ doVZ {X`m OmVm h¡ Vmo CZH$m M`Z EH$ g_mZ _mZH$ na Š`m| Zht& g_mZ doVZ H$s AdYmaUm g_mZ M`Z Ed§ g_mZ Ah©Vm AmYm[aV hmoZr Mm{hE Z {H$ AbJ-AbJ Ah©VmAm| na& `{X g^r H$mo EH$ hr loUr AmYm[aV doVZ XoZm h¡ Vmo EH$ g_mZ Ah©Vm AmYm[aV M`Z ^r {H$`m OmZm Mm{hE&

O~ EH$ hr loUr Ho$ AÜ`mnH$m| H$mo g_mZ H$m`©-dmVmdaU Ed§ H$m`©ñWb {X`m OmVm h¡ Vmo CZH$s M`Z Ah©VmAm| _| {d{^ÝZVm hmoZm H$hm± VH$ C{MV h¡? O~ EH$ hr loUr Ho$ AÜ`mnH$m| H$mo EH$ g_mZ ñVa H$s hr H$jmE± n‹T>mZr h¡§ Ed§ CZH$m _yë`m§H$Z ^r {d{^ÝZ _mZH$m| H$s ~Om` g_mZ _mZH$m| na hr hmoZm h¡ Vmo M`Z _mZH$ Š`m| Zht?Bgr go {_bVm-OwbVm àíZ h¡, Š`m AbJ-AbJ _mZH$m| Ho$ AmYma na M`{ZV {H$ÝVw EH$ g_mZ ñVa H$s hr H$jmE± n‹T>mZo dmbo {ejH$m| H$mo {dÚm{W©`m| Ho$ à{V ôX^md H$aZo H$s AZw_{V Xr OmZr Mm{hE, Bg àíZ H$m CÎma XoZo H$s Amdí`H$Vm Zht h¡&

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H$B© ~ma d¡Y Ed§ Cn`wº$ hmoZo na ^r M`Z _| amhV Ed§ bm^ {g\©$ CÝh| hr {_b nmVm h¡ Omo Ý`m`nm{bH$m H$m XadmOm IQ>IQ>mVo h¡§& AÝ` Aä`Wu `mo½` hmoZo na ^r d§{MV ah OmVo h¡§& Ý`m`-à{H«$`m

_| "Omo AmEJm, dhr nmEJm' H$s AdYmaUm H$mo à{H«$`mË_H$ n[aUm_ Ho$ àH$me _| nwZamdbmo{H$V H$a Am¡a A{YH$ Ý`m`g§JV ~ZmZo H$s Amdí`H$Vm h¡ (H§$d[a`m, 2017)&

EH$ hr loUr Ho$ {ejH$m| na {Z`w{º$ níMmV g_mZ {Z`_ Ed§ eV] bmJy hmoVr h¡§ Vmo M`Z _| ^r g_mZ {Z`_ Ed§ eV] Š`m| Zht& M`Z AbJ-AbJ pñW{V`m| Ho$ AmYma na H$aZo Ed§ CgHo$ níMmV g_mZ {Z`_ Ed§ eVm] go CÝh| {ZX}{eV H$aZm H$hm± VH$ C{MV h¡?

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ISSN 2348-3857


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{Xëbr, 2017

3. H|$Ðr` {ejH$ nmÌVm narjm. H|$Ðr` _mÜ`{_H$ {ejm ~moS©>, ZB©

{Xëbr, 2011

4. [adrOZ Am°\$ ESw>Ho$eZ H$moS> \$m°a Ho$ÝÐr` {dÚmb` g§JR>Z

2013-H|$Ðr` {dÚmb` g§JR>Z, ZB© {Xëbr, 2013

5. {Xëbr AYrZñW godm M`Z ~moS©>, {Xëbr amï´>r` amOYmZr joÌ

gaH$ma, {Xëbr, 1996

6. {Xëbr {dÚmb` {ejm A{Y{Z`_ Ed§ {Z`_ 1973, _mZd

g§gmYZ {dH$mg _§Ìmb`, ^maV gaH$ma, ZB© {Xëbr, 1973

7. ZdmoX` {dÚmb` g{_{V, _mZd g§gmYZ {dH$mg _§Ìmb`, ^maV

gaH$ma, ZB© {Xëbr, 1986

8. {ejm H$m A{YH$ma, _mZd g§gmYZ {dH$mg _§Ìmb`, ^maV

gaH$ma, ZB© {Xëbr, 2009

9. H|$Ðr` _mÜ`{_H$ {ejm ~moS©> {dYo`H$ 2012, _mZd g§gmYZ

{dH$mg _§Ìmb`, ^maV gaH$ma, ZB© {Xëbr, 2012

10. {ZXoemb`, _mÜ`{_H$ {ejm, amOñWmZ gaH$ma, _mÜ`{_H$

{ejm {ZXoemb`, ~rH$mZoa, 2017

11. amï´>r` AÜ`mnH$ {ejm n[afX: {dÚmb` AÜ`mnH$ {Z`w{º$ H$s

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amOH$s` ñZmVH$moÎma _hm{dÚmb` amZrIoV, Aë_mo‹S>m (CÎmamIÊS>)


ISSN 2348-3857


Amdí`H$VmAm| _| g_Ýd` ñWm{nV H$aZo H$m à`mg {H$`m J`m, {Og hoVw g§{dYmZ _| ^mJ 3 VWm ^mJ 4 à{VñWm{nV {H$ò Jò& g§{dYmZ Ho$ ^mJ 3 _| C{ëbpIV _yb A{YH$ma VWm ^mJ 4 _| C{ëbpIV Zr{V {ZXoeH$ VËdm| _| g_Ýd` hmoZm Amdí`H$ h¡ VWm XmoZm| EH$ Xÿgao Ho$ nyaH$ h¡§& Zr{V {ZXoeH$ VËdm| Ho$ Ûmam {OZ bú`m| H$s àm{á H$s Om gH$Vr h¡ do _yb A{YH$ma ê$nr gmYZm| go hr àmá {H$ò Om gH$Vo h¡§&1

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ISSN 2348-3857

ZmJ[aH$ YZ d gånpÎm Ho$ AmYma na Xÿgao ZmJ[aH$ H$m emofU Z H$a gHo$& amOZr{VH$ Ý`m` Ho$ AÝVJ©V ZmJ[aH$m| H$mo Y_©, Om{V, _ybd§e, Zñb, qbJ, joÌ BË`m{X Ho$ AmYma na ôX^md Ho$ {~Zm _VXmZ H$aZo VWm MwZmd b‹S>Zo H$m Adga gpå_{bV h¡& Bg àH$ma g§{dYmZ H$s CX²Xo{eH$m _| _{hbmAm| Ho$ {dê$Õ g^r àH$ma Ho$ ôX^mdm| H$mo {Z{fÕ H$aZo Ho$ {gÕmÝV H$m g_W©Z {H$`m J`m h¡& CX²Xo{eH$m hr g§{dYmZ Ho$ Cn~ÝYm| H$mo OmZZo H$s Hw§$Or h¡ Am¡a CX²Xo{eH$m _| {Z{hV _w»` AmXem] Ho$ AmYma na hr g§{dYmZ Ho$ Cn~ÝYm| H$m {Zd©MZ {H$`m OmVm h¡&5

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ISSN 2348-3857


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go Am~§{Q>V {H$ò Om gH|$Jo& AZwÀN>oX 243-Z (4) Ho$ AZwgma, ZJanm{bH$mAm| _| AÜ`jm| Ho$ nX AZwgy{MV Om{V`m|, AZwgy{MV OZOm{V`m| Am¡a pñÌ`m| Ho$ {bE Eogr ar{V go Ama{jV ah|Jo Omo amÁ` H$m {dYmZ-_ÊS>b {d{Y Ûmam Cn~pÝYV H$ao&

_{hbmAm| H$s gwajm Ho$ {bE g§d¡Ym{ZH$ Cn~ÝYm| Ho$ A{V[aŠV H$B© H$mZyZ ^r ~Zmò Jò h¡§, {OZ_| _{hbmAm| H$s Kaoby qhgm go amoH$Wm_ A{Y{Z`_ 2005, _{hbmAm| H$m Aíbrb àXe©Z ({ZfoY) A{Y{Z`_ 1986, gVr-àWm (amoH$Wm_) A{Y{Z`_1987, XhoO à{VfoY A{Y{Z`_ 1961, _mV¥Ëd bm^ A{Y{Z`_1961, J^m©dñWm H$s {M{H$ËgH$s` g_m{á A{Y{Z`_ 1971, nyd©-J^m©YmZ VWm OÝ_-nyd© Z¡Xm{ZH$ VH$ZrH$ (qbJ M`Z {ZfoY) A{Y{Z`_ 1994,10 _wpñb_ _{hbm (VbmH$ Ho$ A{YH$mam| H$m g§ajU) A{Y{Z`_ 1986 Am¡a H$m`©ñWb na _{hbmAm| H$m `m¡Z CËnr‹S>Z (amoH$Wm_, {ZfoY VWm {ZdmaU) A{Y{Z`_ 2013 à_wI h¡§& CƒV_ Ý`m`mb` Zo r _{hbmAm| Ho$ A{YH$mam| H$mo g§a{jV H$aZo Ho$ {bE AZoH$ _hËdnyU© {ZU©` {H$ò h¡§, {OZ_| `ygw\$ AãXþb AOrO ~Zm_² ~å~B© amÁ`, E.AmB©.Ama. (1954) Eg.gr. 321, Eà BpÊS>`m ~Zm_² Za{Jg {_Om©, E.AmB©.Ama. (1981) Eg.gr. 1829, gr.~r. _wWå_m ~Zm_² ^maV g§K, E.AmB©.Ama. (1979) Eg.gr. 1868, {demb OrV ~Zm_² ^maV g§K VWm AÝ`, E.AmB©.Ama. (1990) 1412 Am¡a {dO` bú_r ~Zm_² n§Om~ {díd{dÚmb` (2003) Eg.gr.gr. (8) 440 à_wI h¡§& MÝÐm amOHw$_mar VWm AÝ` ~Zm_² H${_íZa Am°\$ nw{bg h¡Xam~mX VWm AÝ`, 1998(1) E.Eb.S>r. ({H«${_.) 298. _m_bo _| AmÝY«àXoe Cƒ Ý`m`mb` Ho$ g_j `h àíZ CR>m {H$ Š`m gm¡ÝX`© à{V`mo{JVmE§ {Og_| pñÌ`m| Ho$ eara, AmH¥${V VWm ê$n H$mo Aemo^Zr` T>§J go àñVwV {H$`m OmVm h¡, g§{dYmZ Ho$ AZwÀN>oX 15 H$m Cëb§KZ h¡? Ý`m`mb` Zo A{^{ZYm©[aV {H$`m {H$ `{X {H$gr gm¡ÝX`© à{V`mo{JVm _| pñÌ`m| Ho$ eara H$m An_mZ {H$`m OmVm h¡ AWdm ñÌr-eara Ho$ {H$gr ^mJ H$mo Aíbrb T>§J go àX{e©V {H$`m OmVm h¡ Omo {H$ bmoH$ Z¡{VH$Vm Ho$ {bE IVaZmH$ h¡ Vmo Eogr gm¡ÝX`© à{V`mo{JVm _{hbmAm| Ho$ Aíbrb àXe©Z ({ZfoY) A{Y{Z`_ 1986H$s Ymam 4, Ymam 6 VWm Ymam 7 Ho$ A{VH«$_U H$aZo Ho$ gmW-gmW ^maVr` g§{dYmZ Ho$ AZwÀN>oX 14, 19, 21 VWm 51-E H$m ^r Cëb§KZ H$aoJr Am¡a Ag§d¡Ym{ZH$ hmoJr&

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ISSN 2348-3857

A{ejm, {ZY©ZVm, gm_m{OH$ {nN>‹S>onZ, ^«ï>mMma, IMubr Am¡a bå~r Ý`m{`H$ à{H«$`m Ho$ H$maU A^r ^r pñW{V gÝVmofOZH$ Zht h¡& e¡{jH$, àemg{ZH$ Am¡a Am{W©H$ Adgam| Ho$ _m_bm| _| Xoe _| A^r ^r nwéfm| VWm pñÌ`m| Ho$ ~rM Ag_mZVm H$_Zht hþB© h¡& g_mMma nÌm| VWm BboŠQ´>m°{ZH$ _r{S>`m _| _{hbmAm| Ho$ emofU VWm AË`mMma H$s I~a| à{V{XZ n‹T>Zo d XoIZo H$mo {_bVr h¡§& EH$ d¡pídH$ gd}jU Ho$ AZwgma ^maV _{hbmAm| Ho$ `m¡Z CËnr‹S>Z VWm Xmg-l_ H$s X¥{ï> go {díd Ho$ Xoem| _| gdm©{YH$ IVaZmH$ Xoem| _| h¡& dV©_mZ _| {d{^ÝZ àH$ma Ho$ _mÜ`_m| _| àgm[aV hmoZo dmbr H$mën{ZH$ qhgm, AíbrbVm d nmoZm}J«m\$s na à{V~ÝY bJmZo Ho$ gmW-gmW BgHo$ àgmaH$mo§ H$mo H$R>moa XÊS> {Xò OmZo H$s Amdí`H$Vm h¡ {Oggo {H$ wdmAm| Ho$ _Z d _pñVîH$ H$mo àXÿ{fV {dMmam| go ~Mm`m Om gHo$& _{hbmAm| Ho$ CËnr‹S>Z VWm AË`mMmam| H$mo amoH$Zo Ho$ {bE H$mZyZ H$m {Z_m©U H$aZm hr n`m©á Zht hmoJm, daZ² H$mZyZm| Ho$ àdV©Z A{^H$aUm| H$mo ^r à^mdr, Ëd[aV VWm {Zînj VarHo$ go H$m`© gånmXZ H$aZm hmoJm& BgHo$ A{V[aŠV _{hbmAm| H$s J[a_m H$mo ~ZmZo Ho$ {bE gm_m{OH$ dmVmdaUd {ejm _| gwYma Ho$ gmW-gmW g_Vm_ybH$ g_mO H$s Amdí`H$Vm h¡ {Og_| YZ, gånpÎm, nX VWm àpñW{V emofU H$m _mÜ`_ Z ~Z gHo$& _{hbmAm| H$mo {d{YH$ VWm VÏ`V: A{YH$mam| H$m AmZÝX àXmZ H$aZo Am¡a CÝh| AnZr j_VmAm| H$m gdm}Îm_ Cn`moJ H$m Adga àXmZ H$aZo Ho$ {bE AZwHy$b gm_m{OH$, gm§ñH¥${VH$, Am{W©H$ VWm amOZr{VH$ dmVmdaU H$m {Z_m©U H$aZm hmoJm& gaH$mar g§ñWmAm| VWm {ZU©` à{H«$`m _| _{hbmAm| H$s ^mJrXmar ~‹T>mZo Ho$ gmW-gmW gm_m{OH$, amOZr{VH$ Am¡a Am{W©H$ joÌm| _| CÝh| nwéfm| Ho$ g_mZ à{V^mJ H$aZo H$m Adga ^r XoZm hmoJm&

gÝX^© gyMr

1. {_Zdm© {_b {b. ~Zm_² ^maV g§K, E.AmB©.Ama. (1980), Eg.gr. 1789

2. H$m¡{eH$, {dO` VWm e_m©, ~obmamZr, "BpÊS>`Z {d_oZ Wy« EOoO', gan EÊS> g§g, ZB© {Xëbr (2005), n¥.g§. 29

3. Jd©Za OZab bmS©> {d{b`_ ~opÝQ>H$ Ho$ emgZH$mb _| JdZ©a OZab H$s n[afX Zo 04 {Xgå~a 1829 H$mo ao½`yboeZ H«$_m§H$ 17 Ûmam {~«{Q>e ^maV _| gVr àWm H$mo Ad¡Y VWm XÊS>Zr` Kmo{fV {H$`m&

4. Z¡à, lr_Vr D$fm : ""E.AmB©.S>ãë`y.gr. EQ> A ½bmÝg, X \$ñQ>© Q‰>¡ÝQ>r \$mBd B`g© 1927-1952'' B©. ~wH$, n¥.g§. 06

5. Ho$edmZÝX ^maVr ~Zm_² Ho$ab amÁ`, E.AmB©.Ama. (1973) Eg.gr. 1461

6. nmÊSo>`, S>m°. O`ZmamÙ, ^maV H$m g§{dYmZ, goÝQ´>b bm° EOoÝgr, Bbmhm~mX (C.à.), 2006, n¥.g§. 84.

7. pñÌ`m| VWm b‹S>{H$`m| Ho$ AZ¡{VH$ ì`mnma (amoH$Wm_) A{Y{Z`_ 1956 (1956 H$m A{Y{Z`_ H«$_m§H$ 104) H$mo g§gX Ûmam 30 {Xgå~a 1956 H$mo A{Ygy{MV {H$`m J`m, {Ogo {XZm§H$ 02-10-1979 H$mo ""pñÌ`m| VWm b‹S>{H$`m| Ho$ AZ¡{VH$ ì`mnma amoH$Wm_ (g§emoYZ) A{Y{Z`_, 1978 (1978 H$m EŠQ> 46)'', Am¡a {XZm§H$ 26-01-1987 H$mo ""pñÌ`m| VWm b‹S>{H$`m| Ho$ AZ¡{VH$ ì`mnma amoH$Wm_ (g§emoYZ) A{Y{Z`_, 1986 (1986 H$m EŠQ> 44)'', Ûmam g§emo{YV {H$`m J`m&

8. g_mZ nm[al{_H$ A{Y{Z`_ 1976 (1976 H$mo A{Y{Z`_ H«$_m§H$ 25) H$mo df© 1987 Ho$ EŠQ> g§. 46 Ûmam g§emo{YV {H$`m J`m&

9. gabm _wX²Jb ~Zm_² ^maV g§K, (1995)3 Eg.gr.gr. 635.

10. nyd© J^m©YmZ Am¡a àgd nyd© {ZXmZ VH$ZrH$ A{Y{Z`_, 1994

àñVmdZm

H$mb© _mŠg©1 H$m `h H$WZ "{H$gr ^r (dJu`)g_mO H$m {dMma dhm± Ho$ emgH$ dJ© H$m {dMma hmoVm h¡', EH$ gr_m VH$ gm{hË` Ed§ {gZo_m na bmJy {H$`m Om gH$Vm h¡& hmbm§{H$ Bg VÏ` go ^r B§H$ma Zht {H$`m Om gH$Vm {H$ {díd _| hþB© {d{^ÝZ H«$m§{V`m| _| gm{hË` Ed§ gm{hË`H$mam| Ho$ EH$ ^mJ Zo "à{VamoY H$s g§ñH¥${V' H$m à{V{Z{Y ~ZH$a H«$m§{V _| _hËdnyU© `moJXmZ {H$`m h¡& Bg g§X^© _| O¡H$~, {b`mo Q>mbñQ>m`, _¡pŠg_ JmoH$r©, ào_M§X BË`m{X Ho$ Zm_m| H$m h_ CëboI H$a gH$Vo h¡§& {d{^ÝZ gm{hË`H$mam| Ho$ _hËdnyU© moJXmZ {gZo_m H$s aMZm _| r ghm`H$ aho h¡§& Bg X¥{ï> go {gZo_m Zo r à{VamoY H$s g§ñH¥${V H$mo àX{e©V {H$`m h¡& {gZo_m joÌ _| Bgo "ZdrZ {gZo_m' AWdm "g_mZm§Va {gZo_m' H$s g§km Xr OmVr h¡& ~m°brdwS> _| Eogr AZoH$ gm{hpË`H$ .{V`m| na AmYm[aV {gZo_m H$m CëboI {H$`m Om gH$Vm h¡& BZ Mb{MÌm| Zo OZ_mZg H$mo ^r à^m{dV {H$`m h¡& Bg g§X^© _| {\$ë_ "Vrgar H$g_' Ed§ Q>rdr gr[a`b "H$ŠH$m Or H${hZ' H$m CëboI H$a gH$Vo h¡§&

emoY gmam§e

gm{hË` H$m g_mOemñÌ _ybV: Bg VH©$ na ~b XoVm h¡ {H$ "gm{hË`' g_mO _o§ _Zwî`Vm/_mZdVm go gå~§{YV _yë` àUm{b`m| H$mo Z Ho$db CËnÝZ H$aVm h¡ A{nVw CZH$s Vm{H©$H$Vm go g_mO Ho$ àËòH$ ^mJ H$mo AdJV H$amVm h¡& ^bo hr dh gm{hË` `WmW© go a{MV hmo AWdm Bg_| nyU©ê$noU H$mën{ZH$Vm H$m ^md hmo& g_mOemñÌ `h ^r g§Ho$V XoVm h¡ {H$ gm{hË`H$ma Ed§ gm{hË` H$m AnZm dJ© M[aÌ hmoVm h¡& `h pñW{V gm{hpË`H$ {dYmAm| _| {d{dYVm, ~mhþë`Vm Ed§ A§V{dam}Ym| H$mo CËnÝZ H$aVr h¡& boIH$ H$s X¥{ï> _| {gZo_m ^r EH$ àH$ma H$m gm{hË` h¡ A§Va Ho$db BVZm h¡ {H$ gm{hË` _| g~ Hw$N> {bpIV Ed§ lì` h¡ O~{H$ {gZo_m ê$nr gm{hË` _| g~ Hw$N> X¥í` Ed§ lì` h¡& XmoZm| hr àH$ma H$s {dYmAm| _| EH$ g_mZVm h¡ BZ XmoZm| _| {Z{hV _mÜ`_ (_r{S>`_) H$m EH$ ào{fV AW© (_¡goO) hmoVm h¡& Am¡a Bg{bE gm{hË` Ed§ {gZo_m Z Ho$db g_mO H$m Xn©U hmoVo h¡§ A{nVw g_mO Ho$ B{Vhmg H$mo Xem©Vo hþE ^{dî` H$s ê$naoIm H$mo ^r H$^r-H$^r gm_Zo bmZo H$s H$mo{ee H$aVo h¡§& boIH$ H$s X¥{ï> _| Bg H$maU gm{hË` Ed§ {gZo_m EH$ gr_m VH$ ZdOmJaU (H$^r-H$^r à{V OmJaU) H$m à{V{Z{YËd H$aVo h¡§ Am¡a Bg{bE g_mO Ho$ gmVË` Am¡a n[adV©Z H$s à{H«$`mAm| hoVw H$maU Ed§ n[aUm_ ~Z OmVo h¡§& dV©_mZ AmboI BZ g~ njm| H$s {ddoMZm Ed§ {díbofU H$mo àñVwV H$aZo H$m EH$ à`mg h¡&

g§Ho$Vmja … à{VamoY H$s g§ñH¥${V, g_mZm§Va {gZo_m, gm{hË` H$m A§V

`h VH©$ Bg VÏ` H$s nw{ï> H$aVm h¡ {H$ gm{hË` H$m gX¡d go hr gm_m{OH$ gamoH$ma ahm h¡ {Ogo ^maVr` g_mO Zo AmOmXr H$s b‹S>mB© Ho$ Xm¡amZ àË`j-AàË`j ê$n go AZw^d {H$`m h¡& `h ^r EH$ gd©_mÝ` VÏ` h¡ {H$ {~«{Q>e gÎmm H$mo ^maV N>mo‹S>Zo na _O~ya H$aZo _| gm{hË` Zo Ah_ ^y{_H$m H$m {Zdm©h {H$`m& _hmdra àgmX {ÛdoXr, O` e§H$a àgmX, ào_M§X BË`m{X Ho$ `moJXmZ ñdmYrZVm Am§XmobZ _| _rb Ho$ nËWa ~ZH$a CâVo h¡§& gm{hË` g_mO _o§ hmoZo dmbo haoH$ n[adV©Z go _mZd Om{V H$mo AdJV H$amVm h¡& `hr dh nj h¡ Omo "gm{hË` H$mo g_mO H$m Xn©U ~ZmVm h¡'& na§Vw `h ^r EH$ VÏ` h¡ {H$ gm{hË` Ho$db g_mO Ho$ Xn©U H$m hr ê$n Zht h¡ A{nVw dh ^{dî` H$m {Z_m©Vm d {ZX}eH$ ^r hmoVm h¡& gm{hË` H$m B{Vhmg2 Bg ~mV H$m gmjr ahm h¡ {H$ EH$ Va\$, gm{hË` Zo A§Y{dídmg, Hw$ar{V`m|, àWmAm| Ho$ à{V {damoY H$mo _wI[aV {H$`m Vmo Xÿgar Va\$, g_mO _| Amò gH$mamË_H$ ~Xbmdm| Ho$ {bE ^r bmoJmo§ H$mo V¡`ma {H$`m& Bgr àH$ma `{X {gZo_m na ZOa S>mbo Vmo ñnï> hmoVm h¡ {H$ AmOmXr Ho$ ~mX

gm{hË`, {gZo_m Am¡a g_mO H$s A§V:g§~ÕVm : EH$ g_mOemñÌr` X¥{ï>S>m°. Á`mo{V {gS>mZm

ghm`H$ AmMm`©, g_mOemñÌ {d^mJ, amOH$s` H$bm H$Ý`m _hm{dÚmb`, H$moQ>m (amOñWmZ)



ISSN 2348-3857

{Og Vah H$s {\$ë_| ~Z ahr Wr CZHo$ Ho$ÝÐ _| em§{V, gwemgZ, {dH$mg Am¡a nmañn[aH$ gh`moJ Ho$ _yë` hmoVo Wo Vm{H$ EH$ g\$b bmoH$V§Ì H$m {Z_m©U {H$`m Om gHo$& VËH$mbrZ {\$ë_ {Z_m©Vm AnZr {\$ë_m| _| Jar~r, ^wI_ar, ~oamoOJmar, A{ejm, X{bVm| H$m CËnr‹S>Z, _{hbmAmo§ H$s ñdV§ÌVm Am¡a CZH$s J¡a-~am~ar Ho$ _wÔo, Kaoby qhgm, _OXÿa d {H$gmZ H$s g_ñ`mE§ BË`m{X H$mo Ho$ÝÐr` ñWmZ XoVo Wo& Am¡a Eogm ^r Zht Wm {H$ CZ {\$ë_m| _| _Zmoa§OZ H$m gm_mZ Zht hmoVm Wm AWm©V² ào_, B©î`m©, VH$ama, eÌwVm, h±gr-_OmH$, JmZo g^r Hw$N> Vmo _m¡OyX Wm CZ_|& na§Vw `h ^r EH$ VÏ` h¡§ {H$ CZ {\$ë_m| _| g_mO Ho$ `WmW©dmXr njm| H$mo à_wIVm go C^mam OmVm Wm, gå~§{YV g_ñ`m Ho$ H$maUm| na àH$me S>mbVo hþE CgHo$ {ZXmZ H$s Amoa ^r g§Ho$V {H$`m OmVm Wm& Cg {\$ë_ Ho$ Zm`H$ `m Zm{`H$m Xe©H$m| H$mo Eogo ZoV¥ËdH$mar ^y{_H$m _| ZOa AmVo Wo {OgH$mo do AnZo OrdZ _| CVmaZo Ho$ {bE V¡`ma hmo OmVo Wo Am¡a ñd`§ H$mo {H$gr ^r MwZm¡Vr H$m gm_Zm H$aZo Ho$ {bE V¡`ma nmVo Wo& EH$ X¥{ï> go ào_ H$m àX©eZ gm_m{OH$ ê$nm§VaU hoVw gh`moJr Ad`d Ho$ ê$n _| àX{e©V hmoVm Wm& Eogo AZoH$ JrVm| H$m CëboI {H$`m Om gH$Vm h¡&

^maVr` {gZo_m _| àM{bV Hw$N> JrV ^r Bgr loUr _| aIH$a XoIo Om gH$Vo h¡§& df© 1953 _| ~Zr EH$ {\$ë_ "~yQ> nm{be' Ho$ JmZo H$s dmo n§pŠV`m± `mX H$s{OE {Og_| EH$ {ejH$ ~ƒm| Ho$ EH$ g_yh go nyN>Vm h¡ {H$ ZÝh|-_wÝZo ~ƒo Voar _wR>R>r _| Š`m h¡?' ^mobr ^mbr _Vdmbr Am§Im| _| Š`m h¡? Vmo ~ƒo O~md XoVo h¡§ {H$ "_wR>R>r _| h¡ VH$Xra h_mar, h_Zo {H$ñ_V H$mo ~g _| {H$`m h¡& Am§Im| _| Py_| Cå_rXm| H$s Xrdmbr, AmZo dmbr Xþ{Z`m H$m gnZm gOm h¡'& AmOmXr Ho$ 70 dfm] Ho$ ~mX ^r Š`m ^maV Ho$ ñdmYrZVm Am§XmobZ Ho$ nwamYmAm| Ûmam XoIo Jò gnZo gM hþE h¡§? `h ñdrH$mam OmVm h¡ {H$ gm{hË` Am¡a {\$ë_| g_mO Ho$ `WmW© H$mo A{^ì`pŠV H$aVo h¡§ Š`m|{H$ BZ_| dhr {bIm `m {XIm`m OmVm h¡ Omo g_mO _| hmo ahm hmoVm h¡& Š`m AmO {Og g_mO H$mo h_ XoI aho h¡§ Eogo g_mO H$s H$ënZm hr Cg VËH$mbrZ nr‹T>r Zo H$s Wr, g§^dV: Zht& ò ~mV JmZo H$s AmJo H$s n§pŠV`m| go ñnï> hmo OmVr h¡ O~ ~ƒo H$hVo h¡§ - AmZo dmbr Xþ{Z`m _| g~Ho$ {ga no VmO hmoJm, Z ^yIm| H$s ^r‹S> hmoJr, Z XþIm| H$m amO hmoJm& ~XboJm O_mZm ò {gVmam| no {bIm h¡& JmZo H$s BÝht npŠV`m| Zo g_mOemñÌ H$s {dÚmWu hmoZo Ho$ ZmVo _wPo Bg {df` na AÜ``Z H$aZo hoVw àmoËgm{hV {H$`m Vm{H$ 70 dfm] H$s EH$ b§~r `mÌm Ho$ ~mX Amò ~Xbmdm| H$m gM OmZm Om gHo$& H$hVo h¡§ {H$ {H$gr g_mO H$mo g_PZm hmo Vmo VËH$mbrZ gm{hË` H$m AÜ``Z H$aZm

hmoJm My§{H$ gm{hË` AnZo g_` H$m gƒm à{Vq~~ hmoVm h¡& {W`moS>a ES>m}Zm|3 Ho$ AZwgma {gZo_m H$mo "g§ñH¥${V CÚmoJ' Ho$ EH$ ^mJ `m BH$mB© Ho$ ê$n _o§ O~ _yë`m§{H$V H$aVo h¡§ Vmo "CËnmX', "Cn^moŠVm', "Amdí`H$Vm Ed§ AnojmAm| H$s àH¥${V', "~mOma H$m dJ©/Apñ_Vm Ho$pÝÐV M[aÌ' Ed§ "CÚmoJ H$mo {Z`§{ÌV Ed§ {ZX}{eV H$aZo dmbr àË`j Ed§ namoj epŠV`m| Ho$ M[aÌ' Ho$ {díbofU Amdí`H$ hmo OmVo h¡§& {gZo_m Ho$ Q>r.dr. {ZX}{eV ~mOma H$m ^r Bg g§X^© _| {díbofU _hËdnyU© hmo OmVm h¡&

"gm{hË` H$m A§V', "B{Vhmg H$m A§V', "gm_y{hH$Vm H$m A§V', "boIH$ H$m A§V', Am¡a "{dMmaYmam H$m A§V' O¡go ^«m_H$ {dMmam| H$mo CËnÝZ Am¡a àgm[aV H$aHo$ epŠVembr Xoe AWdm npíM_r Xoe AmO ^r ^maV H$mo AnZm Cn{Zdoe ~ZmZo _| g\$b hþE h¡§& AÝVa Ho$db BVZm h¡ {H$ nhbo do h_mao Xoe Ho$ ^rVa AmH$a h_ na emgZ H$aVo aho A~ ~mha ahH$a AmYw{ZH$ àm¡Úmo{JH$s Ho$ _mÜ`_ go Eogm H$a aho h¡§& na§Vw nhbo h_Zo CZHo$ emgZ/X_Z/emofU H$mo ghZ Zht {H$`m Am¡a Xoe go ~mha IXo‹S> {X`m& bo{H$Z AmO h_ Eogm Zht H$a nm aho h¡§ Š`m|{H$ Om{V, Y_©, ^mfm, joÌ _| ~§Q>m h_mam g_mO "Apñ_Vm H$s ImoO' _| ì`ñV h¡ Ohm§ "gm_y{hH$Vm' H$m ñWmZ "ì`pŠVdm{XVm' Zo bo {b`m h¡ `m H$h| {H$ "gm_y{hH$ Apñ_Vm' H$m ñWmZ "ì`pŠVJV Apñ_Vm' Zo bo {b`m h¡& npíM_r Xoem| Zo h_mao Mmam| Amoa EH$ "dMw©Ab {díd' (Am^mgr {díd CXmhaU Ho$ {bE {S>OZr dëS©>) H$m {Z_m©U {H$`m h¡ {OgHo$ ~mha Ho$ `WmW© H$mo h_ `m Vmo g_PZm Zht MmhVo `m g_P Zht nm aho&

CnamoŠV n¥ð>^y{_ H$mo Ho$ÝÐ _| aIH$a EH$ bKw gd}jU Am`mo{OV {H$`m J`m {Og_| 75 `wdm CÎmaXmVmAm| (18-35 df©) Ed§ 75 d`ñH$/àm¡‹T> (35-55 df©) CÎmaXmVmAm| go Hw$N> àíZ {H$ò Jò Am¡a gmW hr AZm¡nMm[aH$ dmVm©bmn Ho$ Ûmam g§~§{YV VÏ`m| H$mo OmZZo H$m à`mg {H$`m J`m& AZm¡nMm[aH$ dmVm©bmn H$s {dYm H$mo Hw$N> M`{ZV CÎmaXmVmAm| na hr bmJy {H$`m J`m& nyN>o Jò àíZm| go àmá gyMZmAm| H$mo {ZåZ{bpIV àmê$n Ho$ A§VJ©V àñVwV {H$`m J`m&

1. Š`m ^maV Ho$ ñdmYrZVm Am§XmobZ Ho$ nwamoYmAm| Ûmam XoIo Jò gnZo gM hþE h¡§?

Bg àíZ Ho$ CÎma _| g_ñV 150 CÎmaXmVmAm| Zo `h ñdrH$mam h¡ {H$ ñdmYrZVm Ho$ Vwa§V ~mX H$s H$ënZm gmH$ma Zht hmo nm`r h¡& CZH$m _V Wm {H$ {d{^ÝZ ñVam| na à{V~ÕVmAm| Ho$ A^md Zo gnZm| H$mo _yV© ê$n J«hU Zht H$aZo {X`m& CZH$m h r _V h¡ {H$

ISSN 2348-3857


{dH$mg Vmo hþAm h¡ na§Vw Ag§VwbZ Ed§ Ag_mZ {dH$mg Zo gnZm| H$mo {~IaZo H$s à{H«$`m H$s Va\$ AJ«ga H$a {X`m&

2. `wdm CÎmaXmVmAm| go O~ `h nyN>m J`m {H$ {H$Z H$maUm| go ñdmYrZVm g§J«m_ Ho$ gnZo _yV© ê$n Zht bo gHo$ Vmo CÝhm|Zo AnZr à{V{H«$`mAm| H$mo {ZåZ ê$n _| àñVwV {H$`m-

1. A~ ^bo hr ^maVr` g_mO Am¡n{Zdo{eH$ XmgVm go _wŠV hmo MwH$m hmo na§Vw {dH$mg H$s Ag_mZ à{H«$`m Zo Zd-Cn{ZdoedmX H$mo OÝ_ {X`m h¡ gmW hr Om{V, Y_©, OoÊS>a Ho$ AmYma na gm_m{OH$ {d^mOZ H$s Zr{V Ed§ Cggo nZnm emofU AmO ^r à^mdr h¡&

2. A_ra-Jar~ Ho$ ~rM H$s ImB© ~‹T>r h¡ AWm©V² Am{W©H$ Ag_mZVm H$m ñdê$n Am¡a Jham hþAm h¡ Omo {d{^ÝZ gm_m{OH$ lo{U`m| Ho$ OrdZ ñVa _| n[ab{jV hmoVm h¡&

3. `wdm CÎmaXmVm Om{V, OZOm{V Ed§ {nN>‹S>r Om{V Ho$ AmYma na {Z{_©V AmajU Zr{V go Agh_V h¡& CZH$m _V h¡¡ {H$ AmajU H$m AmYma Am{W©H$ hmoZm Mm{hE& gmW hr AmajU H$s dV©_mZ Zr{V H$mo g_`-g_` na nwZ_yªë`m§{H$V ^r {H$`m OmZm Mm{hE&

4. CÎmaXmVmAm| H$m _V h¡ {H$ ^«ï>mMma, H$mbm YZ, KmoQ>mbo Ed§ AmV§H$dmX H$s KQ>ZmAm| _| d¥¥{Õ hþB© h¡&

5. amOZr{VH$ BÀN>m epŠV OZ{hV Ho$pÝÐV Z hmoH$a ì`pŠV Ho$pÝÐV hþB© h¡&

6. Xoe^pŠV, amï´>dmX H$s ^mdZm Am¡a OZ{hV H$s ^mdZm _| H$_r Am`r h¡&

7. AZoH$ àbmo^Zm| d gw{dYmAm| Ho$ H$maU A{YH$m§e Hw$eb Am¡a `mo½` ì`pŠV {dXoe H$m amñVm MwZ boVo h¡§&

8. A{e{jV Ed§ Aën-{e{jV bmoJ emgZ H$a ah| h¡§ O~{H$ Cƒ {e{jV bmoJ ~oamoOJma `m Aën amoOJma h¡§&

`hr àíZ O~ d`ñH$ CÎmaXmVmAm| go O~ `h nyN>m J`m {H$ {H$Z H$maUm| go ñdmYrZVm g§J«m_ Ho$ gnZo _yV© ê$n Zht bo gHo$ Vmo CÝhm|Zo AnZr à{V{H«$`mAm| H$mo {ZåZ ê$n _| àñVwV {H$`m-

1. nydm©J«h, àWmE§ Ed§ ê${‹T>`m± emofU, Ag_mZVm Ho$ Omo AmYma h¡§ do g_má Zht hþE h¡§&

2. g_mZVm, Y_©{ZanojVm Am¡a gm_m{OH$ Ý`m` O¡go _yë`m| H$s ñWmnZm _yV© ê$n Zht bo gH$s h¡&

3. g_mO _| Jm§Yr, Zohê$, bmo{h`m, A§~oS>H$a, _mŠg© Ho$ _yë`m| H$s Cnojm H$a Xr JB©&

4. gm_§VdmX Am¡a ny§OrdmX Ho$ _Ü` H$m JR>Omo‹S> Xoe na hmdr ahm h¡&

5. A~ bmoJm| _| OZm§XmobZ Am¡a g§Kf© H$aZo H$m µOÁ~m Zht h¡&

6. nhbo Ho$ `wdmAm| H$s AmH$m§jmE§ `WmW©dmXr Wr do n[al_ Am¡a g§Kf© go AnZr qOXJr H$mo AmH$ma XoZo na `H$sZ H$aVo Wo&

7. g§Vw{bV Ed§ gh^m{JVm_ybH$ {dH$mg Zht hþAm h¡&

8. Xoe^pŠV Am¡a OZ{hV ^mdZm H$m ^md KQ>m h¡&

3. ^mdr g_mO H$m ñdê$n H¡$gm hmo, na `wdmAm| Ed§ d`ñH$m| Ho$ {dMma?

`wdm nrT>r H$m _mZZm h¡ {H$: 1. ^«ï>mMma _wŠV g_mO hmo, 2. A_o[aH$m H$s Vah h_mam Xoe ^r gwna nm°da ~Zo Am¡a BgHo$ {bE Oê$ar h¡ {H$ `wdm Xoe Ho$ {dH$mg Ho$ {bE hr H$m_ H$ao Am¡a Xoe go ~mha Z Omò 3. g§gX _| Aemo^Zr` ì`dhma Z hmo 4. d¥¥Õ nr‹T>r Am¡a [aQ>m`S©> bmoJm| H$mo g{d©g _| Zht aIZm Mm{hE, 5. gaH$mar Zm¡H$ar Ho$ A{YH$ go A{YH$ Adga CnbãY hmo, 6. ha H$moB© {dXoe OmZm MmhVm h¡ Š`m|{H$ dhm§ n¡gm ~hþV h¡ Am¡a gw{dYmE§ ~hþV h¡§& d`ñH$ nr‹T>r H$m _mZZm h¡ {H$: 1. AmO H$s `wdm nr‹T>r Xÿgam| H$mo g_má H$aHo$ g\$bVm H$s D$MmB©`m| na ~‹T>Zm MmhVr h¡, 2. ñd`§ H$mo Iwe H$aZo Ho$ {bE Omo Hw$N> H$aZm n‹S>o H$aVo h¡§, 3. g\$bVm nmZo Ho$ {bE `wdm loUr emQ>©-H$Q> AnZmVr h¡, 4. amï´>r`Vm go BZH$m H$moB© Ow‹S>md Zht h¡, Ho$db AnZo goboar n¡Ho$O go Ow‹S>o h¡§, 5. AmO H$s nr‹T>r _ohZVr Vmo h¡ na§Vw OëXr go OëXr g\$bVm nmZo H$s BÀNw>H$ h¡&

4. ^mdr g_mO H$mo _yV© ê$n XoZo Ho$ {bE Š`m à`mg hmoZo Mm{hE?

`wdm loUr Ho$ CÎmaXmVmAm| H$m Bg g§X^© _| _V h¡ {H$.

1. ñWmZr` ñVa go boH$a amï´>r` ñVa VH$ B©_mZXma `wdm ZoV¥Ëd H$mo amOZr{VH$ Xb àmoËgm{hV H$a|&

2. JwUmË_H$ {ejm H$mo ^maVr` g_mO Ho$ g^r joÌm| _| àËòH$ ñVa H$s OZg§»`m H$mo CnbãY H$adm`m Omò&

3.µµµ ^«ï>mMma na {ZUm©`H$ àhma hmo VWm Am{W©H$ Ag_mZVm H$mo Ý`yZV_ H$aZo H$s Zr{V`m± ~Zo&

4. b¡§{JH$ g_mZVm hoVw _{hbmAm| Ho$ g~brH$aU H$s à{H«$`m H$mo àmW{_H$Vm Xr Omò&

5. g_mO _| g^r dJ© EH$-Xÿgao Ho$ à{V gm§ñH¥${VH$, d¡Mm[aH$ VWm Ym{_©H$ g{hîUwVm H$mo AnZo ì`dhma _| gpå_{bV H$a|&


ISSN 2348-3857

d`ñH$ loUr Ho$ CÎmaXmVmAm| H$m Bg g§X^© _| _V h¡ {H$-

1. `wdm OZg§»`m H$mo `h g_PZo H$s Amdí`H$Vm h¡ {H$ VmËH$m{bH$ g\$bVm H$s XrK©H$m{bH$ {Za§VaVm g§^d Zht h¡&

2. amÁ` H$mo Zr{V`m| Ho$ {Z_m©U _| d¥Õ nr‹T>r Ho$ AZw^dm| H$m bm^ àmá H$aZm Mm{hE&

3. Eogo {Z`_ Ed§ H$mZyZ ~Zmò Omò {OZgo `wdm nr‹T>r g_yMo g_mO Ho$ à{V {deofV: d¥Õ nr‹T>r Ho$ à{V AnZo CÎmaXm{`Ëdm| H$mo gOJVm go {Z^mò&

4. J«m_rU Ed§ ZJar` joÌm| _| _Ü` amoOJma, {ejm Ed§ ñdmñÏ` gå~ÝYr njm| H$mo boH$a EH$ Cn`moJr Ed§ AW©nyU© Zr{VJV gå~ÕVm hmo&

5. amoOJma H$s CnbãYVm H$mo amÁ` _hËdnyU© CÎmaXm{`Ëd _mZo VWm ^«ï>mMma H$mo H$R>moaVm go amoH$m Omò&

5. Eogo 5 Zm_ ~VmB o {OÝh| Amn Xoe H$s AmOmXr Ho$ nwamoYm _mZVo h¡§?

g_ñV CÎmaXmVmAm| Zo Jm§Yr, Zohê$, nQ>ob, ^JV qgh, gw^mf M§Ð ~mog, Aå~oS>H$a, _m¡bmZm AmOmX, bú_r ~mB©, bmb ~hmXþa emñÌr, bmbm bmOnV am`, _§Jb nm§So> H$m Zm_ {b`m& CZHo$ CÎmam| go ñnï> h¡ {H$ CÝhm|Zo 1857 H$s H«$m§{V Ho$ à{V{Z{Y`m| Am¡a ñdmYrZVm Ho$ nwamoYmAm| _| H$moB© A§Va Zht {H$`m& `h EH$ VÏ` ^r h¡ {H$ ñdmYrZVm H$s b‹S>mB© H$s ewê$AmV 1857 go hr _mZr OmVr h¡&

6. CZ amOZr{VH$ Xbm| Ho$ Zm_ ~VmBò {OÝhm|Zo ñdmYrZVm g§Kf© _| g~go _hËdnyU© ^y{_H$m {Z^m`r?

A{YH$m§e wdm CÎmaXmVmAm| Zo H$hm {H$ ñdmYrZVm H$s àm{á {H$gr EH$ amOZr{VH$ Xb Ho$ à`mgm| H$m n[aUm_ Zht h¡ A{nVw AZoH$ Xbm| Ho$ gm_y{hH$ à`mgm| H$m n[aUm_ h¡& O~{H$ A{YH$m§e d`ñH$ CÎmaXmVmAm| H$m H$hZm Wm {H$ maVr` amï´>r` H$m§Jo«g Ed§ dm_n§Wr {dMmaYmam Ho$ H«$m§{VH$m[a`m| Zo ñdmYrZ g§Kf© _| _hËdnyU© moJXmZ {X`m& gmW hr CZH$s X¥{ï> _| AmOmXr OZm§XmobZm| H$m n[aUm_ h¡&

7. Eogo 5 q~Xþ ~VmBò {OZ na Xoe Ho$ {dH$mg H$mo Ho$pÝÐV hmoZm Mm{hE?

1. {ejm, ñdmñÏ`, gmd©O{ZH$ {dVaU àUmbr BZ na amÁ`m| H$mo gdm©{YH$ ì`` H$aZm Mm{hE 2. H¥${f Ho$ {dH$mg na n`m©á ~b hmo VWm Q>oŠZmobm°OrH$b So>dbn_|Q> H$m ñH$mon Vbmem Omò 3. Eogm Am¡Úmo{JH$ {dH$mg hmo {Og_| gmd©O{ZH$ joÌm| H$mo Á`mXm _O~yVr Xr OmE 4. Hw$ebVm Ho$pÝÐV ì`pŠVËd {dH$mg {H$`m Omò 5. gmd©O{ZH$ Ed§ {ZOr joÌm| _| godm gwajm àmá hmo 6. Am{W©H$

AmË_{Z^©aVm na ~b gmW hr {Z`m©VmoÝ_wIr AW©ì`dñWm H$m {dñVma hmo 7. n`m©daU, nmZr, {~Obr H$s gwajm Am¡a C{MV à`moJ na ~b {X`m Omò 8. AmajU Ed§ ^«ï>mMma H$mo g_má {H$`m Omò 9. OZ ZoV¥Ëd/ZoVmJU `mo½` d Cƒ {e{jV hmo 10.H$mZyZ Ho$ gå_wI g_mZVm Ho$ nj H$m à^mdr {H«$`mÝd`Z hmo VWm nmaXeu Ed§ à{V~Õ àemg{ZH$ ì`dñWm ñWm{nV hmo BË`m{X&

{ZîH$f©

1. mdZm H$m ñWmZ ì`pŠVdm{XVm Zo bo {b`m h¡ Bg{bE Xoe {hV Am¡a OZ{hV Ho$ _yë` hm{eE na Am Jò h¡§&

2. A~ g§^dV: g§Kf© H$mo Jbo bJmZm OrdZ H$m {hñgm Zht h¡ Š`m|{H$ ~mOma Zo `wdmAm| H$mo g§Kf© go nao EH$ "^«m_H$ {díd' H$m {hñgm ~Zm`m h¡& Ohm§ g~ Hw$N> gabVm go {_b OmVm h¡ A~ g§Kf© d n[al_ H$s Amdí`H$Vm Zht h¡ Am¡a g\$bVm Vmo EH$ OwAm h¡&

3. g\$bVm H¡$go ^r àmá hmo Mmho [aídV go, ZH$b go, YmoIo go `m ZH$br {S>J«r go `m AnZm| H$mo g_má H$aHo$, ~g àmá hmoZr Mm{hE&

4. A~ h_mam gmoM Z Vmo n[adma Ho$ {bE h¡ Am¡a Z g_mO d Xoe Ho$ {bE A{nVw Ho$db ñd`§ Ho$ {bE h¡&

5. EH$ AmíM`©OZH$ ~mV `h hþB© {H$ `wdm Am¡a {H$emoam| H$mo AmOmXr _| _hËdnyU© `moJXmZ H$aZo dmbo nwamYmAm| H$mo `mX H$aZo _| ~hþV gmoMZm n‹S>m Am¡a H$B© Zo Vmo H$hm {H$ Wmo‹S>m g§Ho$V Xr{OE Š`m|{H$ h_| CZHo$ Zm_ `mX Zht Am aho& `h ~mV ^`mdh h¡ {H$ h_ CÝh| ^r `mX Zht aI nmò {OZH$s dOh go AmO h_Zo ñdmYrZVm Ho$ 71df© go{b~«oQ> {H$ò h¡§ Am¡a AmOmXr H$s hdm _| gm§g bo nm aho h¡§& `h VÏ` Bg Amoa g§Ho$V H$aVm h¡ {H$ h_ AnZo B{Vhmg go hr H$Q>Vo Om aho h¡§ Am¡a B{Vhmg Ho$ {~Zm hþAm {dH$mg {H$g àH$ma H$m hmoVm h¡ `h h_mao gm_Zo h¡& `h VÏ` npíM_r Xoem| Ho$ Ûmam \¡$bmò Ow_bo "B{Vhmg H$m A§V hmo MwH$m h¡' H$mo gM H$aVm àVrV hmo ahm h¡& `wdmAm| H$s MoVZm _| go ñdmYrZVm g§Kf© Ho$ B{Vhmg H$m hmoVm {dbwárH$aU ^maVr` {ejm àUmbr Ed§ {ejmemñÌ H$s {dg§J{V`m| H$m g§Ho$V XoVm h¡&

6. A~ g§Kf© H$aZo H$m ñWmZ à{V`mo{JVm Am¡a à{VñnYm© Zo bo {b`m h¡ {Og_| Ag\$b hmoZo na AmË_hË`m `m hË`m H$aZo go ^r Zht MyH$Vo& AmO H$s nr‹T>r _| g§Kf© H$aZo Ho$ OÁ~o H$s g_m{á hmo JB© h¡ Omo H$ht Z H$ht ghZerbVm/Y¡`© Ho$ JwU H$s ^r g_m{á h¡& CÝh| g~ Hw$N> Vwa§V Mm{hE AÝ`Wm AmH«$m_H$Vm, AbJmd,

ISSN 2348-3857


AdgmX Am¡a ^` CZHo$ ì`pŠVËd H$m {hñgm ~Z OmVo h¡§ Am¡a {Zñg§Xoh Eogo ì`pŠVËd "OmopI_ g_mO'4 (Risk Society) H$mo CËnÝZ H$aVo h¡§&

7. `h ^r EH$ VÏ` h¡ {H$ gm_y{hH$Vm Ho$ ñWmZ na ì`pŠVdm{XVm H$m _yë` _hËdnyU© hþAm h¡ Bg{bE n[adma, {ddmh, ZmVoXmar, {_ÌVm O¡gr AZm¡nMm[aH$ Ed§ _yb^yV g§ñWmE§ ^r MwZm¡Vr àmá H$aVr ZOa Am ahr h¡§ Eogo _| Xoe Am¡a g_mO {hV Ho$ {bE gmoMZo H$s Anojm `wdmAm| go H¡$go H$s Om gH$Vr h¡?

8. h r EH$ VÏ` h¡ {H$ Hw$N> wdmAm| Zo h qMVm Om{ha H$s {H$ h_| Xoe {hV _| gmoMZm Mm{hE Am¡a IwX go nhbo Xoe {hV _| H$m_ H$aZm Mm{hE Vm{H$ h_mam Xoe gwna-nmda ~Z gHo$ Am¡a nyU©V: AmË_{Z^©a hmo gHo$, na§Vw Eogo `wdmAm| H$s g§»`m ~hþV H$_ Wr&

9. Am§H$‹S>>m| go ñnï> h¡ {H$ `wdm nr‹T>r ^«ï>mMma, AmV§H$dmX, ~oamoOJmar, H$mbm YZ Am¡a AmajU O¡go njm| H$mo {dH$mg H$s amh _| amo‹S>m _mZVr h¡§ Am¡a BgHo$ H$maU Ag§Vwï> d {Zamem ^r h¡ Š`m|{H$ BZ g~ MwZm¡{V`m| Ho$ H$maU do AnZo gnZo nyao Zht H$a nmVr h¡&

10. _oam _mZZm h¡ {H$ B{Vhmg Omo A~ `wdmAm| H$s MoVZm H$m {hñgm Zht h¡ Xoe Ho$ {dH$mg Ho$ {bE EH$ ÌmgXr h¡ Š`m|{H$ Bggo g§Kfm] Am¡a Am§XmobZm| H$m _hËd ^r H$_ hmo ahm h¡ Omo gm_y{hH$Vm d gh^m{JVm_ybH$ {dH$mg Ho$ {bE A{Zdm`© h¡&

n§aVw AmO Ho$ {gZo_m _| `h g^r nj AX¥í` hmo MwHo$ h¡§& {gZo_m OJV Ho$ bmoJ _mZVo h¡§ {H$ dhr {XIm`m Om ahm h¡ Omo bmoJ XoIZm MmhVo h¡§& AmO Ho$ VoOr go ~XbVo hþE g_mO _| bmoJ J§^ra {df`m| H$mo XoIZm Zht MmhVo dmo Ho$db hëH$m \w$ëH$m _Zmoa§OZ H$aZm MmhVo h¡§ Vm{H$ VZmd d ì`ñV qOXJr _| Hw$N> nb gwHy$Z go Or gHo$& Š`m dmñVd _| Eogm hr h¡ `m {\$a BgHo$ nrN>o Hw$N> Am¡a H$maU h¡§? boIH$ H$m _mZZm h¡ {H$ bm^-Ho$pÝÐV ~mOma H$m VoOr go {dH$mg BgH$m EH$ H$maU hmo gH$Vm h¡& ~mOma H$m EH$ hr CÔoí` hmoVm h¡ {H$ dh A{YH$ go A{YH$ bm^ H$_mZm MmhVm h¡ {OgHo$ {bE dh g^r {Z`_m| Am¡a _yë`m| H$mo VmH$ na aIZo go ^r nahoO Zht H$aVm h¡& Eogo Xm¡a _| Ohm§ ~mOma {ZXo©{eV g_mO C^ma bo ahm hmo dhm§ {gZo_m H¡$go ~M gH$Vm h¡& Bg{bE Bg_| H$moB© g§Xoh Zht {H$ {gZo_m H$s JwUdÎmm Am¡a _m§J H$mo ~mOma hr V` H$aVm h¡& {\$ë_ H$s H$m_`m~r go CgH$s JwUdÎmm H$m {ZYm©aU hmoVm h¡ Z {H$ CgH$s {df`dñVw, nmÌm| H$s A{^Z` e¡br, S>m`°bmJ, ^mfm e¡br BË`m{X go& My§{H$ ~mOma H$m M[aÌ OZ Ho$pÝÐV `m H$ë`mU Ho$pÝÐV Zht h¡ Bg{bE Cggo `h Anojm H$aZm {H$ dh g_mO H$s g_ñ`mAm| H$mo {\$ë_m| Ho$ _mÜ`_ go

`WmW© ê$n XoZo H$m à`mg H$aoJm JbV h¡& g§^dV: Bg{bE AmO H$s {\$ë_m| d JmZm| H$m `WmW© go H$moB© boZm XoZm Zht hmoVm& CXmhaU Ho$ {bE \y$h‹S> ^mfm, Aíbrb JmZo, qhgm Am¡a à{VemoY Ho$pÝÐV {\$ë_m| Zo `WmW© Ho$pÝÐV {\$ë_m| H$mo hm{eò na bm I‹S>m {H$`m h¡& {deof ê$n go _{hbmAm| Ho$ Aíbrb àñVwVrH$aU H$mo AmO H$s {\$ë_m| _| A{YH$ C^ma {X`m Om ahm h¡& "~r‹S>r Obm`r bo {OJa g§§§o§ {n`m {OJa _| ~‹S>r AmJ h¡' `m "Hw§$S>r _V I‹S>H$mAm| amOm grYm A§Xa AmAmo amOm' `m {\$a "_wÝZr ~XZm_ hþB©', "erbm H$s OdmZr' BË`m{X CXmhaU XoIo Om gH$Vo h§¡&

gm{hË` go bmoJm| H$s Xÿar CZHo$ g_mO go n¥WŠH$aU H$mo ^r {XImVr h¡& A~ g_mO _| gm{hpË`H$ MMm©E§ Zht hmoVr Am¡a AJa H$^r hmo ^r OmE§ Vmo Eogo Am`moOZ bmoJm| H$s gh^m{JVm Ho$ {bE VagVo ZOa AmVo h¡§& A~ \|$Q>ogr AmYm[aV CnÝ`mg gdm©{YH$ {~H$Zo dmbo CnÝ`mgm| H$s loUr _| em{_b h¡§ {OZH$m `WmW© go H$moB© dmñVm Zht hmoVm Am¡a Z hr g_mO H$s {H$gr g_ñ`m go H$moB© gamoH$ma hmoVm h¡ dmo Vmo ~g Am^mgr g_mO/H$ënZm OJV (Vertual Society) H$s g¡a H$amVm ZOa AmVm h¡& Ohm§ g~ Hw$N> "A{V `WmW©'5 (Ksyper reality) Ho$ ê$n _| àñVwV hmoVm h¡ Omo dmñVd _| H$^r g§^d Zht hmoVm Am¡a bmoJ Bgr _¥J-_mar{MH$m Ho$ nrN>o ^mJVo ZOa AmVo h¡§& Hw$N> bmoJm| Zo A§V:{H«$`m Ho$ Xm¡amZ `h _mZm {H$ MMm©E§ Vmo AmO ^r hmoVr h¡§ na _§M ~Xb Jò h¡§& O¡go gmoeb _r{S>`m, \o$g~wH$, dmQ²>gAn, Q²>{dQ>a BË`m{X na Eogr MMm©E§ hmoVr h¡§& na§Vw boIH$ H$m _mZZm h¡ {H$ Š`m ò MMm©E§ dmñVd _| CVZr hr gmaJ{^©V hmo ahr h¡§ {OVZr H$m°\$s hmCg, H$bm XrKm©, Mm¡nmbm| Am¡a go_rZmam| _| hþAm H$aVr Wr? g§^dV: Eogm Zht hmo ahm h¡ A{nVw {dMmaeyÝ`Vm H$s pñW{V gm\$ {XImB© XooVr h¡& Š`m|{H$ H$moB© ì`pŠV m g_yh gyMZmE§ S>mbVm h¡ Am¡a AÝ` bmoJ Ho$db like, share, cut, copy, paste H$aVo h§¡ `m {\$a "ghr h¡', "~hþV Iy~', A{nVw Jmbr-JbmoM H$aVo h§¡ ~g& BZ_| {dMma H$hm§ h§¡? Zrb nmoñQ>_¡Z6 Zo ghr Vmo H$hm h¡ {H$ "AmO H$s nr‹T>r {dMmahrZ {dMma go âr ZH$bMr nr‹T>r h¡, CgHo$ nmg Ho$db \§$So> h¡§, Ow_bo h¡§ na§Vw {dMmaYmamË_H$ qMVZ Zht h¡& `mZr AmO qMVZ àYmZ ^mfm H$m A^md h¡& h_ "kmZ g_mO' H$s Amoa AJ«ga h¡§ na§Vw "{dMmaeyÝ`Vm' Ho$ gmW& Eogo _| Š`m `h g§^d h¡ {H$ h_mam g_mO kmZ g_mO Ho$ ê$n _| _yV© ê$n bo gHo$?

AmO gyMZm H«$m§{V Ho$ Xm¡a _| gm{hË` Vmo hm{eE na Am J`m h¡ na§Vw gyMZm H$s epŠV H$s _XX go EH$ ZdrZ àH$ma H$m


ISSN 2348-3857

"~m¡{ÕH$ Cn{ZdoedmX' C^ma bo ahm h¡ {OgZo bmoJm| Ho$ _pñVîH$ na {Z`§ÌU H$aZm àmaå^ H$a {X`m h¡& n[aUm_ñdê$n g_mO _| ~§YH$ _pñVîH$ (captive mind) H$m C^ma XoIm Om gH$Vm h¡& gyMZm H«$m§{V Ho$ ~mX Q>r.dr. M¡Zbm| H$s AmB© ~m‹T> Ho$ _mÜ`_ go epŠVembr Xoe A~ {dH$mgerb Xoem| H$mo OrVZo Ho$ {bE {H$gr AÝ` epŠV H$m à`moJ Z H$aHo$ gyMZm H$s epŠV H$m à`moJ H$a|Jo& Eogm àVrV hmoVm h¡ {H$ {dH${gV/g_¥Õ Xoem| H$s h gmoMr g_Pr gm{Oe h¡ {H$ {dH$mgerb Xoem| Ho$ bmoJm| H$mo {deof ê$n go `wdm nr‹T>r H$mo Q>r.dr.M¡Zbm| Am¡a gmoeb _r{S>`m _| BVZm ì`ñV H$a {X`m Omò {H$ do AnZr g¥OZerbVm Am¡a H$m¡eb H$mo ^ybH$a {dMmam| Ho$ {Z_m©U H$s à{H«$`m go Xÿa hmo Omò VWm {dMmaYmam Ho$ A§V, gm_y{hH$Vm Ho$ A§V, H$ënZmerbVm Ho$ A§V H$mo _yV© ê$n àXmZ H$a Xo& AmO H$m {gZo_m hmo `m Q>obr{dOZ g^r OJh `WmW© H$mo {N>nmH$a gnZm| _| `m Am^mgr {díd (vertual world) _| ahZm {gIm`m Om ahm h¡ {OgHo$ n[aUm_ñdê$n ~ƒo/{H$emoa `WmW© H$m gm_Zm hmoZo na O~ Ag\$b hmoVo h¡§ Vmo AmË_hË`m H$aZo go ^r JwaoO Zht H$aVo& AV: Amdí`H$Vm Bg ~mV H$s h¡ {H$ ~ƒm| _| àmaå^ go hr gm{hË` go Ow‹S>Zo AWdm nwñVH$m| H$mo n‹T>Zo H$s AmXV {dH${gV H$aZm hmoJr& Š`m|{H$ n‹T>Zo go Z Ho$db {dMma epŠV {dH${gV hmoVr h¡, A{nVw {H$gr ^r

àKQ>Zm Ho$ H$maU-n[aUm_ gå~ÝYm| H$m {díbofU H$aZo H$s j_Vm ^r {dH${gV hmoVr h¡& H$hm{Z`m| Ho$ _mÜ`_ go ~ƒm| _| g§ñH¥${V, _yë` Am¡a naånamAm| H$m Am§VarH$aU hmoVm h¡ gmW hr do OrdZ _| g§Kf© H$aZo H$m OÁ~m ^r grIVo h¡§& `h {df` AË`§V J§^ra h¡ AJa g_` ahVo Bg {df` na qMVZ Zht {H$`m J`m Vmo g§^dV: ~hþV Xoa hmo OmòJr&

g§X^© gyMr

1. _mŠg©, H$mb© Ed§ E§{Oëg, \o$S>[aH$, X O_©Z AmB{S>`mobm°Or, àmo_oWg ~wŠg, Ý`y`mH©$, 1845

2. nMm¡ar, gwYre, gm{hË` H$m CÎma g_mOemñÌ, amYm.îU àH$meZ, ZB© {Xëbr, 2006

3. {W`moS>a, ES>m}Zmo S>ãë`y., H$ëMa B§S>ñQ´>r: {gboŠQ>oS> EgoO Am°Z _mg H$ëMa, ê$Q>boO Ý`y`mH©$, 1947

4. ~¡H$, Ab[aM, [añH$ gmogm`Q>r: Qy>dS©>g E Ý`y _m°S©>{ZQ>r, goO: ZB© {Xëbr, 1992

5. ~mS>ubmS>, OrZ, {g_wbH$mam E§S> {g_wboeZ, `y{Zd{g©Q>r Am°\$ {_{eJZ àog, `y.Eg.E., 1994

6. nmoñQ>_¡Z, Zrb, {S>gEßnràoÝg Am°\$ MmBëS>hþS>, qdQ>oO ~wŠg, Ý`y`mH©$, 1982

àñVmdZm

ZB© H$hmZr Ho$ AÝVJ©V _mohZ amHo$e Am¡a H$_boída XmoZm|o AnZr geŠV ^mfm e¡br Ho$ {bE OmZo OmVo h¢& H$hmZr _| A{^ì`pŠV nj ^r CVZm hr _hËdnyU© hmoVm h¡, {OVZm H$s AZww^y{V nj& Z`r H$hmZr H$s ^mfm Am¡a {eën na {dMma H$aVo hþE amHo$e H$hVo h¢ {H$ ""AmYw{ZH$ H$hmZr H$s MMm© H$aVo hþE EH$ Am¡a ~mV ^r H$hr OmZr Mm{hE Amo¡a dh `h {H$ CnÝ`mg Ho$ joÌ _| {Og g§J{R>V {eën H$m {dH$mg A^r VH$ g§^d Zht hþAm, dh H$hmZr Ho$ joÌ _| AmO EH$ gmYmaU-gr ~mV hmo JB© h¡, Š`m|{H$ Zò H$hmZrH$mam| Zo d¡`pŠVH$ Am¡a gm_y{hH$ ê$n _| H$hmZr Ho$ {eën H$mo ~hþV _m±Om h¡& EH$ ~‹S>r ~mV `h ^r h¡ {H$ BZ H$hmZrH$mam| Zo Xÿgar ^mfmAm| Ho$ g_¥Õ gm{hË` Ho$ ~Zo-~Zmò ZwñIm| H$mo AnZo {bE AmXe© _mZH$a aMZm Zht H$s CÝhm|Zo naånam go ~hþV Hw$N> J«hU {H$`m h¡& {\$a ^r AnZo {bE g\$bVmnyd©H$ Zò _mJ© H$s ImoO H$s h¡& Am¡a, {d{^ÝZ H$hmZrH$mam| Zo {d{^ÝZ ñVam| na ImoO H$aVo hþE AnZo ì`pŠVËd H$s N>mn ^r ZB© H$hmZr H$mo Xr h¡¡&''1

emoY gmam§e

ZB© H$hmZr, Omo gmR> Ho$ XeH$ _| EH$ Am§XmobZ Ho$ ê$n _| gm_Zo AmB©, _| Zò Ho$ Zm_ na H$Ï` Am¡a {eën H$s ZdrZVm h¡& ZB© H$hmZr Zo _mZd-OrdZ Ho$ ha jU {deof H$mo AnZm H$Ï` ~Zm`m h¡ Am¡a Cgo n[adoe Ho$ `WmW© go Omo‹S>Vo hþE gmW©H$ A{^ì`pŠV XoZo H$m à`ËZ {H$`m h¡& ZB© H$hmZr _| {Zê${nV `WmW© H$m EH$ ê$n _mZdr` {Z`{V Ho$ ^`mdh Am¡a O{Q>b g§X^m] _| ApñVËd H$s ~w{Z`mXr g_ñ`mAm| go OwS>m hþAm h¡, {Ogo ZB© H$hmZr Zo nyar _m{_©H$Vm Ho$ gmW A{^ì`ŠV {H$`m h¡& ZB© H$hmZr H$m dmVmdaU {d{eï>Vm Ho$ g§X^© _| ì`pŠV _Z Ho$ ^rVa H$m hr dmVmdaU h¡& H$hmZrH$ma Zo ì`pŠV-_Z H$s CbPZm| H$m ñdmZw^yV {MÌU {H$`m h¡& {eën Ho$ X¥{ï>H$moU go ZB© H$hmZr _| "gm§Ho${VH$Vm' Am¡a "{~å~-{dYmZ' H$s àYmZVm h¡& ZB© H$hmZr Ho$ AÝVJ©V Bg gm§Ho${VH$Vm Am¡a {~å~-{dYmZ H$mo H$Ï` H$s _m±J Ho$ AZwê$n ñdrH$ma {H$`m J`m h¡& ZB© H$hmZr H$s AZw^y{V`m| H$mo dhZ H$aZo Ho$ {bE Eogo hr {eën-{dYmZ H$s Amdí`H$Vm Wr& ^mfmJV àofUr`Vm Am¡a ^mdJV `WmW©Vm Ho$ gmW-gmW ZB© H$hmZr H$s ^mfm _| amo_mZr g§ñH$ma ^r h¡ Am¡a gabVm d AH¥${Ì_Vm ^r& {eën g§aMZm H$s CŠV gmar {deofVmE§ _mohZ amHo$e Am¡a H$_boída H$s H$hm{Z`m| _| ^br ^m§{V g_m{hV hþB© h¡& AV: àñVwV emoYmboI _| XmoZm| H$hmZrH$mam| Ho$ {deof g§X^© _| ZB© H$hmZr H$s aMZm à{H«$`m Ed§ CgH$s {eën g§aMZm H$mo ñnï> H$aZo H$m à`ËZ {H$`m J`m h¡&

g§Ho$Vmja … {eën-{dYmZ, aMZm à{H«$`m, gm§Ho${VH$Vm, {~å~-{dYmZ, ^mfmJV àofUr`Vm, ^mdJV `WmW©Vm

gmW hr dh h r H$hVo h¢ {H$ ""....naÝVw h_| h Zht yb OmZm Mm{hE {H$ ^mfm h_mam _mÜ`_ h¡ Am¡a aMZm H$s {g{Õ EH$ à^md Ho$ gåàofU _o| h¡& {X mfm hr à^md Ho$ gåàofU _| ~mYH$ ~ZVr h¡ Vmo dh ñd`§ AnZo CÔoí` na àhma H$aVr h¡&''2

^mfm Am¡a e¡br _| gå~ÝY _| H$_boída H$m _V h¡ {H$ ""^mdwH$Vm `m _Zmoa§OH$Vm `m _Zmod¡km{ZH$ gË`m^mg A~ gåàofUr`Vm Ho$ goVw Zht h¡& ^mfm H$m M_ËH$ma, _whmdam| H$s N>Q>m, `m e¡br H$s {d{eï>Vm A~ H$hmZr Ho$ ûm¥§Jma Zht h¡- e¡br A~ EH$ Amamo{nV ê$ndmXr _mÝ`Vm Zht ah JB© h¡& A~ ha H$hmZr H$m H$Ï` hr AnZr e¡br {ZYm©[aV H$aVm h¡&''3 XmoZm| H$hmZrH$ma H$hmZr Ho$ {eën Ho$ g§§~§Y _| gåno«fU H$s g\$bVm na {deof ~b XoVo h¢&

H$hmZr _| {eën H$s gmar gå^mdZmE§ H$WmZH$ na {Z^©a H$aVr h¡& Zm_da qgh Ho$ AZwgma ZB© H$hmZr _| ""....H$WmZH$ H$s YmaUm (H$ÝgoßQ>) ~Xb JB© h¡& {H$gr g_` _Zmoa§OZ, ZmQ>H$s` Am¡a Hw$VyhbnyU© KQ>Zm-g§KQ>Z H$mo hr H$WmZH$ g_Pm OmVm

ZB© H$hmZr H$s {eën g§aMZm : _mohZ amHo$e Am¡a H$_boída Ho$ {deof g§X^© _|S>m°. H¡$bme JhbmoV

ghm`H$ AmMm`©, qhXr {d^mJamOH$s` _hm{dÚmb`, {gamohr (amOñWmZ)



ISSN 2348-3857

Wm Am¡a AmO KQ>Zm g§KQ>Z BVZm {dK{Q>V hmo J`m h¡ {H$ bmoJm| H$mo A{YH$m§e H$hm{Z`m|o _| "H$WmZH$' Zm_ H$s MrO {_bVr hr Zht&''4 ZB© H$hmZr H$m H$hmZrH$ma OrdZ Ho$ jU-{deof H$m H$hmZrH$ma h¡& dh Cgr go H$Ï` J«hU H$aVm h¡ Am¡a H$hmZr H$m {Z_m©U H$aVm h¡& amHo$e Am¡a H$_boída XmoZmo| _|o `h {deofVm g_mZ ê$n go _m¡OyX h¡& ""amHo$e H$s H${Vn` H$hm{Z`m± Eogr h¡ Ohm± _mÌ ì`§OZm `m gm§Ho${VH$Vm H$m Aml` boH$a nyar H$hmZr H$h Xr JB© h¡& Eogr H$hm{Z`m| _| H$WmZH$ Zht h¡, Omo h¡ gmo ì`§OZm H$m H$m¡eb h¡& "O»_' Am¡a "gmo`m hþAm eha' Eogr hr H$hm{Z`m± h¡&''5 H$hmZr _| "M[aÌ' Ho$ gå~ÝY _| amHo$e H$m _V h¡ {H$ ""H$hmZr Ho$ AÝVJ©V nhbr MrO hr M[aÌ h¡ Am¡a g\$b M[aÌ-{MÌU H$m AW© h¡ CÝh|o CZH$s AÀN>mB`m| Am¡a ~wamB©`m| Ho$ gmW EH$ gOrdZ Am¡a {dídgZr` ê$n go àñVwV H$aZm&''6 "H$WmonH$WZ' Ho$ X¥{ï>H$moU go amHo$e H$s H$hm{Z`m± loð> h¡, Š`m|{H$ `h "ZmQ>H$' {dYm H$m g~go _hËdnyU© A§J h¡& H$WZ-`moOZm Ho$ _mÜ`_ go amHo$e Zo nmÌm| H$m g\$bVmnyU© M[aÌ-{MÌU {H$`m h¡& A{YH$m§e H$hm{Z`m| _| dmVm©bmn Ho$ dmŠ` N>moQ>o-N>moQ>o h¡ bo{H$Z g§X{^©V AW© àXmZ H$aVo h¡& "{_ñQ>a ^m{Q>`m' H$hmZr _| ^m{Q>`m Ho$ ~oamoOJmar Ho$ XX© H$mo Bgr Vah A{^ì`ŠV {H$`m J`m h¡-

""Š`m hmb h¡ ^m{Q>`m?'' _¡§Zo CgHo$ H§$Yo na hmW aIH$a nyN>m&

""\$mBZ!'' Am¡a dh hmoR>m| na EH$ AYyar-gr _wñHw$amhQ> bo Am`m&

""ò {H$Vm~| Š`m| ~oM aho Wo?''

""`y§ hr...... n¡gm|o H$s Oê$aV Wr?''

""BZ {XZm| S>m§g grI aho hmo Š`m?''

""Zht, {g\©$ Xmo EH$ {XZ J`m Wm& '' Am¡a CgHo$ Mohao go _wñHw$amhQ> Jm`~ hmo JB©&

""{\$a?''

""b‹S>H$s Ho$ gmW ZmMZm AÀN>m Zht bJm, N>mo‹S> {X`m& ''

""Am¡a npãb{gQ>r H$m Š`m MŠH$a Wm?''

""npãb{gQ>r ã`yamo _| Zm¡H$ar H$s Amem Wr& ''

""{\$a?""

"'Zht {_br& ""

""Am¡a Hw$N>?''

""B§í`moa|g H$s EO|gr br Wr& ''

""Hw$N> H$m_ {H$`m?''

""EH$ XmoñV H$m Ho$g {_b ahm Wm, nm§M hOma H$m, _Ja.......''

""_Ja.....?''

""_Ja CgH$s ~rdr Zht _mZr& ''

""Vmo AmOH$b Š`m H$a aho hmo?''

""AmOH$b..... AmOH$b Amam_ H$a ahm hÿ§&''7

H$WmonH$WZ H$s `h N>Q>m H$_boída Ho$ `hm± ^r Ðï>ì` h¡& boIH$ Zo "amdb H$s aob' _| aob-`mÌm Ho$ _mÜ`_ go Xoe H$s g§d¡Ym{ZH$ ì`dñWm na g§X{^©V ì`§½` {H$`m h¡-

""- ò H¡$gr aob h¡?''

""- ò ~mny H$s aob h¡& ''

""- ~mny _hmË_m Jm±Yr H$s?''

""- Zht amdb H$s........ amOm H$s& ''

""- na amdb Am¡a amOm Vmo IË_ hmo JE& ''

""- na CZH$s aob A^r MbVr h¡.... `hr Vmo bmoH$V§Ì h¡!""

""- bmoH$V§Ì!''

""- hm±, Vmo Am¡a Š`m?''

""- `h H$hm± VH$ OmVr h¡?''

""- Ohm± VH$ Vwåhmam YraO Vwåh| bo Om gHo$&''8

XmoZm| boIH$mo| Zo AnZo nmÌm| H$s CXmgr H$mo {XImZo Ho$ {bE àmH¥${VH$ n[aX¥í` H$mo MwZm h¡&

_mohZ amHo$e -

""~maht `m Voaht H$s amV hmoZo go AmH$me _o| VrZ Va\$ Iwbr Mm±XZr \¡$br Wr& ì`mg H$s AmdmO dmVmdaU _|o EH$ Jy±O n¡Xm H$a ahr Wr& d¥jm| H$s gagamhQ> Ho$ A{V[aŠV _¡XmZ H$s Kmg go ^r EH$ Yr_r-gr gagamhQ> {ZH$bVr àVrV hmoVr Wr& hdm VoO Wr Am¡a gm_Zo nhm‹S> Ho$ nrN>o go CR>Vm hþAm ~mXb Yrao-Yrao Mm§X H$s Va\$ gaH$ ahm Wm& '' `hm± "{_g nmb' H$s CXmgr H$mo {XImZo Ho$ {bE amHo$e Zo CgHo$ CWb-nwWb _Mo hþE _Z H$mo àH¥${V Ho$ _mÜ`_ go ì`ŠV {H$`m h¡&

H$_boída -

""...Am¡a do Im_moe ~¡R>r pI‹S>H$s go {XImB© n‹S>Vo Amg_mZ H$s Amoa Bg Vah VmH$ ahr Wr O¡go dhm± ~hþV-gr _mgy_ AmË_mE§... ZÝh|-ZÝh| {eew g\o$X n§I bJmE C‹S> aho hmo& ...'' `hm± "amV, Am¡aV Am¡a JwZmh' H$hmZr _o| H$_boída Zo dH$sbZ Ho$ AHoo$bonZ H$mo ì`ŠV {H$`m h¡&

XmoZm| boIH$m| H$s ^mfm _| {MÌmË_H$ epŠV {dÚ_mZ h¡& nwînnmb qgh Ho$ AZwgma ""H$_boída H$s ^mfm _| n[adoe {MÌU H$s ~hþV AÀN>r j_Vm h¡& dh {H$gr ^r X¥í` Ho$ {MÌ go A§{H$V H$aVo Mbo

ISSN 2348-3857


OmVo h¡§ {Oggo H$hmZr H$mo EH$ Ord§VVm {_bVr h¡&''9 boIH$ H$s H$hmZr "AmË_m H$s AmdmO' H$m EH$ X¥í` Ðï>ì` h¡ ""em_ H$m\$s PwH$ AmB© Wr& bmbQ>oZ ObmH$a ^m^r {\$a dht Myëho Ho$ nmg AmH$a ~¡R> JB©& Cg C_g Am¡a Im_moer Ho$ dmVmdaU _| Or K~amZo bJm& Am±JZ _o| ~±Yo Vma na n‹S>o H$n‹S>m| H$s gbdQ>m| _| A±Yoam âVm Om ahm Wm Am¡a ObVr bmbQ>oZ H$m nrbm-nrbm ~r_ma-gm WH$mZ âm àH$me Am¡a CgHo$ gm_Zo n‹S>Zo dmbr dñVwAm| H$s \¡$br bå~r-bå~r H$mbr N>m`mE§§&''10

X¥í` H$mo {MÌ _| A§{H$V H$aZo H$s `h {deofVm amHo$e Ho$ `hm± ^r g_mZ ê$n go {dÚ_mZ h¡& "Jw§Pb' H$hmZr H$m EH$ {MÌ ""...nhm‹S> Ho$ eara Ho$ {MH$Zo amo`|- har Kmg, Mr‹S>, Iy~mZr& hdm Ho$ MbZo go amo`| H$m§n OmVo Am¡a nhm‹S> O¡go nwb{H$V hmoH$a "gr-gr' H$a CR>Vm& OmZo H$hm± go g¡H$‹S>m| {M{‹S>`m± MhH$Zo bJVr& Hw$N> _rb AmJo KmQ>r H$m AmH$me hëHo$-hëHo$ ~mXbm| go {Kam Wm& ñ`mh, g\o$X Am¡a gwa_B© Jwã~mao ~mhm| _| ~mh| S>mbo KmQ>r _| ^Q>H$ aho Wo& Amg-nmg Am¡a D$na-ZrMo ~g Yw§Y hr Yw§Y&''11

^mfmJV {deofVmAm| Ho$ AÝVJ©V _mohZ amHo$e H$s ^mfm H$mo eãX-M`Z Ho$ AmYma na VrZm| ^mJm| _| ~m±Q>m Om gH$Vm h¡- nhbm mfm H$m gm{hpË`H$ ñVa, {Og_| n[aîH¥$V eãXmdbr Am`r h¡& Xÿgam OZ^mfm H$m ñVa VWm Vrgam Xoer-{dXoer eãXm| H$m à`moJ& amHo$e Ho$ eãX-M`Z Ho$ g§X^© _| Zm_da qgh H$m _V h¡ {H$ ""...."_§Xr' Ho$ O_mZo _| _mohZ amHo$e ^r H$hmZr Ho$ A§Xa "{ZarjUmË_H$', "AÜ``ZmË_H$' VWm "{ZU©`mË_H$' O¡go eãXm| H$m à`moJ H$aVo Wo, O¡go H$moB© AmbmoMZmË_H$ boI {bI aho hm|& bo{H$Z Yrao-Yrao amHo$e Zo AnZr ^mfm H$mo H$m\$s _m±Om h¡&''12 amHo$e H$s Hw$N> H$hm{Z`m| _o| A§Jo«Or eãXm| H$m à`moJ ~hþV hþAm h¡& "goâQ>r {nZ' H$hmZr _|o VWmH${WV A{ÔmË` dJ© H$s AmS>å~anyU© OrdZ e¡br {XImZo Ho$ {bE dmVm©bmn _| A§Jo«Or eãXm| H$m M`Z Ðï>ì` h¡-

_oOa qgh {\$a h§go... AHo$bo ""X¡Q²>g BQ>... X¡Q²>g BQ>& `h {dQ> _wPo ng§X h¡& em_ H$s gmar CXmgr EH$ {\$H$ao go Xÿa hmo OmVr h¡& ''

""S>moÊQ> Q>ob _r... {H$ gmar em_ Vw_ CXmg aho hmo&'' {_goO qgh _oOa Ho$ gmo\o$ na PwH$ JB©&

""Zm°Q> X¡Q>... Zm°Q> X¡Q>...'' _oOa OëXr go ~mobo, ""_oam _Vb~ Wm {H$.....''

""ahZo Xmo'' {_goO qgh Zo CÝh| H$mQ> {b`m, ""Vwåhmam _Vb~ h_oem ~mo[a¨J hmoVm h¡&''13

Bgr Vah CXÿ© eãXm| Ho$ à`moJ H$m CXmhaU ^r Ðï>ì` h¡-

""Omo b_h| CgZo gw§Xar Ho$ gmW {~VmE Wo do CgH$s qOXJr Ho$ g~go IweJdma b_ho§ Wo& Š`m qOXJr Eogr Zm-BÝgm\$s CgHo$ gmW H$a gH$Vr Wr {H$ CZ hgrZ Am¡a IweJdma b_hm| H$s `mX Cggo N>rZH$a Cgo {~bHw$b Xrdm{b`m H$a Xo&''14

Xoer Am¡a àmXo{eH$ eãXm| Ho$ Zm_ na amHo$e H$s H$hm{Z`m| _| n§Om~r eãX AZoH$ ñWbm| na Amò h¡& J~ê$ OdmZ, _m{h`m, Pm¡§Q>m, PQ>nQ>, _w{Q>`ma, {XXo, {ZnyVo, ZwE, g|H$Zm Am{X&

H$hmZr _| ^mfm H$s pñW{V na {dMma H$aVo hþE amHo$e H$hVo h¢ {H$ ""ha Xoe Am¡a ^mfm H$s H$hmZr AnZr n[apñW{V`m| Am¡a AnZo boIH$m| H$s gm_Ï`© Ho$ AZwgma {dH${gV hmoVr h¡& ... {H$gr ^r ^mfm H$s H$hmZr H$m _yë`m§H$Z H$aVo g_` h_mar X¥{ï> Xmo ~mVm| na ahZr Mm{hE& EH$ Vmo `h {H$ H$hmZr H$s Am§V[aH$ CnbpãY`m| H$m {dH$mg Cg_| {H$Z ñVam| na hþAm h¡, Am¡a Xÿgao `h {H$ Š`m Cg ^mfm H$s H$hmZr Ho$ {dH$mg H$mo EH$ {ZpíMV naånam Ho$ AÝVJ©V aIH$a XoIm Om gH$Vm h¡&''15 H$hmZr H$s CnbpãY Ho$ gå~ÝY _| amHo$e H$m H$WZ h¡ {H$ ""H$hmZr H$s ~mV {H$gr ^r H$moU go CR>mB© Om gH$Vr h¡- H$hmZr H$m {eën EH$ H$moU h¡, ^mfm Xÿgam, `WmW© H$s A{^ì`pŠV Vrgam Am¡a gm§Ho${VH$Vm Mm¡Wm& H$moU Am¡a ^r h¡ Am¡a ha H$moU go {dMma H$B© ^y{_`m| na {H$`m Om gH$Vm h¡& naÝVw {H$gr ^r EH$ CnbpãY go H$hmZr H$hmZr Zht ~ZVr- H$hmZr H$s AmÝV[aH$ ApÝd{V H$m {Z_m©U BZ g^r CnbpãY`m|o Ho$ gm_§Oñ` go hmoVm h¡&''16

amOoÝÐ `mXd Ûmam amHo$e H$s ^mfm Ho$ gå~ÝY _| {Xò Jò {damoYm^mgr dŠVì` H$mo amHo$e Ho$ nj _| Kmo{fV H$aVo hþE Zm_da qgh H$hVo h¢ {H$ ""_mohZ amHo$e Ho$ ~mao _| ñd`§ amOoÝÐ `mXd H$s am` h¡ {H$ "CgZo Z`m {eën, ZB© ^mfm `m Z`m H$Ï` H$_ ImoOm h¡', {\$a ^r OmZo dh H$m¡Zgr {ddeVm h¡ {OgHo$ H$maU BVZm Am¡a Omo‹S>m OmVm h¡ {H$ "AnZo nwamZonZ Ho$ ~mdOyX dh gOJ Am¡a g_W© H$WmH$ma h¡" Zò Am¡a nwamZo Ho$ g§Kf© _| `h gm\$ g_Pm¡VmdmX h¡ Am¡a {Og g_Pm¡VmdmX Ho$ H$maU "amHo$e' XmoZm| H$Wm-nr{‹T>`m| _| ñdrH¥$V h¡, Cgr Ho$ {eH$ma ñd`§ amOoÝÐ `mXd hmo Mbo h¡, {H$ÝVw EH$ Xÿgar {Xem _|&''17

ZB© H$hmZr _| "H$WmZH$' Ho$ {df` na Zm_da qgh H$s Vah H$_boída ^r ñdrH$ma H$aVo h¡ {H$ ""AmO "Z`r H$hmZr' _| Wr_ H$m `WmW© hr _w»` h¡- AÝ` CnmXmZ Ho$db Cg `WmW© H$mo KZr^yV H$aHo$ OrdÝV Am¡a Jham ~ZmVo h¢& AmO H$WmZH$ H$m {dH$mg O¡gr H$moB© MrO Zht h¡& OrdZ IÊS> Ho$ ê$n _| Omo


ISSN 2348-3857

H$WmZH$ h¡, AmO Cgo noe {H$`m OmVm h¡&''18 ZB© H$hmZr H$s e¡br H$mo "H$Ï`-gmnoj {dbrZ e¡br' H$hVo hþE AÝ`Ì ñWmZ na H$_boída H$hVo h¢ {H$ ""H$WmZH$, {df` dñVw, H$WmonH$WZ, M[aÌ-{MÌU, g§dmX, dmVdaU, Ma_ {~ÝXþ Am¡a g§Xoe-g~H$mo AñdrH$ma H$a ZB© H$hmZr Zo {Og e¡br H$mo OÝ_ {X`m, dh H$Ï`-gmnoj {dbrZ e¡br h¡ mZr Cgo {dbrZ hr _mZm Om gH$Vm h¡, Omo {H$ H$Ï` Ho$ H$U _| D$Om© H$s Vah {dÚ_mZ h¡ Am¡a H$Ï` Ho$ H$X Am¡a gÝX¥{ï> ({dOZ) Ho$ AZwgma AnZm àgma J«hU H$aVr h¡, Omo g§píbï> H$Wm-IÊS>m| _| gKZ Am¡a gyú_ hmoVr Om ahr h¡, Omo H$Ï` Ho$ AZw^d H$mo dhZ H$aVr h¡ Am¡a H$hmZr H$mo g_J«Vm _| àñVwV H$aVr h¡- `mZr Cgo gånyU© CnpñW{V ~Zm XoVr h¡&''19

ZB© H$hmZr _| H$WmZH$ Ho$ gå~ÝY _| amHo$e Am¡a H$_boída Ho$ {dMma EH$-go h¡& XmoZm| hr boIH$m| Zo H$hmZr _|o ^mfm-e¡br H$s g§^mdZm H$mo "H$Ï`' na {Z^©a _mZm h¡& amHo$e- ""{eën H$s g§^mdZmE§ A{Zdm`©V: AZw^y{V _| AÝV{Z©{hV hmoVr h¡&''20

H$_boída- ""H$Ï` hr ^mfm Ho$ ñdê$n H$mo {ZYm©[aV H$aVm h¡& ''21 H$_boída H$s H$hm{Z`m| _o| M[aÌ-{MÌU H$s {deofVm H$mo aoIm§{H$V H$aVo hþE gwaoÝÐ Mm¡Yar H$hVo h¡ {H$ ""^¡adàgmX Jwá, H$_boída, a_oe ~jr BË`m{X H$hmZrH$mam| H$mo Qy>Q>Vo hþE ì`pŠV`m| H$m {MÌU {à` h¡& do n[apñW{V H$s O{Q>bVm H$m ~‹S>m hr g~b ê$n I‹S>m H$a AnZo nmÌm| H$mo Cg_| S>mb XoVo h¢& ñdm^m{dH$ ê$n go BZ O{Q>b n[apñW{V`m| _| n‹S>| nmÌ Qy>Q> OmVo h¡, {H$ÝVw CZ_| Qy>Q>Zo H$m ghO __© BZH$s H$hm{Z`m| H$mo àmUdmZ ~Zm XoVm h¡&''22

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boIH$ H$s "amOm {Za~§{g`m' BgH$m loð> CXmhaU h¡&

ISSN 2348-3857


àËòH$ aMZmH$ma H$mo {H$gr nmÌ Ho$ Zm_ {deof go A{YH$ _moh hmoVm h¡& dh AnZr aMZmAm| _| ~ma-~ma Cg Zm_ H$m à`moJ H$aVm h¡& H$_boída H$s H$hm{Z`m| _| gdm©{YH$ à`wŠV Zm_ "MÝXa' h¡& _mohZ amHo$e H$s H$hm{Z`m| _| "Hw$ÝVb' Zm_ H$m à`moJ ~ma-~ma hþAm h¡& XmoZm| boIH$m| H$s H$hm{Z`m| _| gypŠV`m| H$s {Z`moOZm XoIZo H$mo {_bVr h¡& Ohm± na boIH$mo|o Zo Xme©{ZH$ {ddoMZ {H$`m h¡, dhm± CZH$m boIH$ gypŠV`m| Ho$ ê$n _| A{YH$ àñVwV hþAm h¡& H$hm{Z`m| Ho$ H$Ï` Am¡a {eën-Q>oŠZsH$ Ho$ X¥{ï>Ho$mU go `{X amHo$e H$s H$hm{Z`m| _| go Hw$N> H$hm{Z`m± H$_boída Ho$ Zm_ {bIr OmZr hmo Vmo "O§Jbm' Am¡a "dm[ag' H$hmZr loð> CXmhaU h¡& Bgr Vah H$_boída H$s H$hm{Z`moo _| go Hw$N> H$hm{Z`m± `{X amHo$e Ho$ Zm_ {bIr OmZr h¡ Vmo "gm±n' Am¡a "ImoB© hþB© {XemE§' loð> CXmhaU h¡& VwbZmË_H$ X¥{ï>H$moU go amHo$e H$s H$hm{Z`m| Ho$ erf©H$ N>moQ>o h¡& "~g-ñQ>¡§S> H$s EH$ amV' H$hmZr erf©H$ H$mo N>mo‹S>H$a {H$gr ^r H$hmZr H$m erf©H$ Mma eãXm| go A{YH$ H$m Zht h¡, O~{H$ H$_boída H$s H$B© H$hm{Z`m| Ho$ erf©H$ bå~o dmŠ`m| H$s Vah hmo Jò h¡&

CŠV {díbofU Ho$ AmYma na H$hm Om gH$Vm h¡ {H$ ZB© H$hmZr H$m {eën {dYmZ CZ g_ñV {deofVmAm| H$mo J«hU {H$ò hþE h¡, Omo VËH$mbrZ n[adoe H$s ^mdm{^ì`pŠV Ho$ {bE {ZVm§V Amdí`H$ Wr& Cg g_` ~XbVo OrdZ _yë`m| Am¡a g§H«${_V hmoVr AZw^y{V`m| H$mo dhZ H$aZo Ho$ {bE Eogo hr {eën-{dYmZ H$s Amdí`H$Vm Wr& _mohZ amHo$e Am¡a H$_boída H$s H$hm{Z`m| _| ^mfm Ed§ e¡brJV àofUr`Vm Ho$ gmW ZB© H$hmZr Ho$ g^r amo_mZr g§ñH$ma {dÚ_mZ h¡&

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1. amHo$e, _mohZ, gm{hË` Am¡a g§ñH¥${V, amYmH¥$îU àH$meZ àm. {b., ZB© {Xëbr, 2011, n¥.g§. 28

2. Cn`w©ŠV, n¥.g§. 24

3. H$_boída, ZB© H$hmZr H$s ^y{_H$m, amOH$_b àH$meZ àm. {b., ZB© {Xëbr, 2015, n¥.g§. 19

4. Cn`w©ŠV, n¥.g§. 14

5. AJ«dmb, S>m° gwf_m, H$hmZrH$ma _mohZ amHo$e, n§Merb àH$meZ, O`nwa, 1979, n¥.g§. 108


7. amHo$e, _mohZ, _mohZ amHo$e H$s g§nyU© H$hm{Z`m§, amOnmb EÊS> gÝg, {Xëbr, 2010, {_ñQ>a ^m{Q>`m, n¥.g§. 334

8. H$_boída, g_J« H$hm{Z`m§, amOnmb EÊS> gÝg, {Xëbr, 2007, amdb H$s aob, n¥.g§. 544

9. qgh, nwînnmb, H$hmZrH$ma H$_boída : nwZ_y©ë`m§H$Z, {H$Vm~Ka àH$meZ, ZB© {Xëbr, 2012, n¥.g§. 188

10. H$_boída, g_J« H$hm{Z`m§, amOnmb EÊS> gÝg, {Xëbr, 2007, AmË_m H$s AmdmO, n¥.g§. 97

11. amHo$e, _mohZ, _mohZ amHo$e H$s g§nyU© H$hm{Z`m§, amOnmb EÊS> gÝg, {Xëbr, 2010, Jw§Pb, n¥.g§. 383

12. qgh, Zm_da, H$hmZr : ZB© H$hmZr, bmoH$^maVr àH$meZ, Bbmh~mX, 2009, n¥.g§. 36

13. amHo$e, _mohZ, _mohZ amHo$e H$s g§nyU© H$hm{Z`m§, amOnmb EÊS> gÝg, {Xëbr, 2010, goâQ>r {nZ, n¥.g§. 204

14. amHo$e, _mohZ, _mohZ amHo$e H$s g§nyU© H$hm{Z`m§, amOnmb EÊS> gÝg, {Xëbr, 2010, JwZmh ~ob‚mV, n¥.g§. 252

15. AdñWr, Xodre§H$a (g§.), ZB© H$hmZr : g§X^© Am¡a àH¥${V, amOH$_b àH$meZ àm. {b., ZB© {Xëbr, 2008, n¥.g§. 92

16. Cn`w©ŠV, n¥.g§. 91

17. qgh, Zm_da, H$hmZr : ZB© H$hmZr, bmoH$^maVr àH$meZ, Bbmh~mX, 2009, n¥.g§. 190


19. H$_boída, ZB© H$hmZr H$s ^y{_H$m, amOH$_b àH$meZ àm. {b., ZB© {Xëbr, 2015, n¥.g§. 178-179


21. Cn`w©ŠV, n¥.g§. 64

22. AdñWr, Xodre§H$a (g§.), ZB© H$hmZr : g§X^© Am¡a àH¥${V, amOH$_b àH$meZ àm. {b., ZB© {Xëbr, 2008, n¥.g§. 87

23. qgh, nwînnmb, H$hmZrH$ma H$_boída : nwZ_y©ë`m§H$Z, {H$Vm~Ka àH$meZ, ZB© {Xëbr, 2012, n¥.g§. 193

24. H$_boída, g_J« H$hm{Z`m§, amOnmb EÊS> gÝg, {Xëbr, 2007, Vwåhmam eara _wPo nmn Ho$ {bE nwH$maVm h¡, n¥.g§. 555

25. amHo$e, _mohZ, _mohZ amHo$e H$s g§nyU© H$hm{Z`m§, amOnmb EÊS> gÝg, {Xëbr, 2010, hH$ hbmb, n¥.g§. 360-361

26. H$_boída, g_J« H$hm{Z`m§, amOnmb EÊS> gÝg, {Xëbr, 2007, OmO© n§M_ H$s ZmH$, n¥.g§. 289

27. qgh, nwînnmb, H$hmZrH$ma H$_boída : nwZ_y©ë`m§H$Z, {H$Vm~Ka àH$meZ, ZB© {Xëbr, 2012, n¥.g§. 196-197

28. Cn`w©ŠV, n¥.g§. 200

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emoYmWu, amOZr{V {dkmZ Ed§ bmoH$ àemgZ {d^mJ, dZñWbr {dÚmnrR>, Q>m|H$ (amOñWmZ)


ISSN 2348-3857


Am¡a gdU© joÌ _| àdoe {Z{fÕ H$a {X`m OmVm& Eogo AÝ`m`nyU© OrdZ go am h dJ© {ZaÝVa emofU H$m {eH$ma hmoH$a A_mZdr` OrdZ OrZo H$mo {dde Wm& `h dJ© OrdZ OrZo hoVw Ý`yZV_ A{YH$ma/Amdí`H$VmAm| H$s ny{V© H$aZo _| ^r Ag_W© Wm& Bg dJ© Ho$ g_mZ hr ^maVr` g_mO _| _{hbmAm| H$s pñW{V ^r Wt& _{hbmAm| H$mo ^r CZ g^r gm_m{OH$, amOZr{VH$ Ed§ Am{W©H$ A{YH$mam| go d§{MV Ka H$s Mma Xrdmar _| H¡$X H$a {X`m J`m Wm& `Ú{n `h pñW{V ^maV _| bJ^J g^r dJ© H$s _{hbmAm| H$s Wr VWm{n X{bV dJmªo H$s _{hbmAm| H$mo Bg b¡§{JH$ {dôX Ho$ gmW OmVr` ôX^md H$m gm_Zm ^r H$aZm n‹S>Vm Wm& `{X `h H$hm Omò H$s gdU© _{hbmAm| H$mo {\$a Hw$N> A{YH$ma àmá ^r Wo {H$ÝVw X{bV _{hbmAm| H$s pñW{V Vmo AË`ÝV {ZåZV_ H$mo{Q> H$s Wr& CÝh| H$ht {H$gr àH$ma Ho$ H$moB© ^r Adga àmá Zht Wo Eogo _| BZH$mo _O~yaZ AË`ÝV {ZH¥$ï> H$mo{Q> Ho$ g_Po OmZo dmbo H¥$Ë`m| H$mo Vmo H$aZm n‹S>Vm hr Wm b¡§{JH$ emofU H$m ^r {eH$ma hmoZm n‹S>Vm Wm& Eogo Ag_mZ/A_mZdr` dJ© {d^mOZ Ed§ Hw$-naånam go nmo{fV ^maVr` g_mO O~ naV§ÌVm H$s ~o{‹S>`m± H$mQ>H$a ñdV§ÌVm H$s Amoa CÚV hþAm Vmo Hw$N> _hmZ AmË_mAm| {deof ê$n go ~m~m gmho~ ^r_amd Aå~oS>H$a Ho$ à`mgm| Ho$ \$bñdê$n Z Ho$db X{bV dU©/dJ© H$mo daZ² _{hbmAm| H$mo ^r g§{dYmZ _| g_mZ A{YH$ma CnbãY H$amò Jò& BgHo$ gmW hr AÝ` Hw$N> Amoa à`mg {H$ò Jò {Oggo ò _{hbmE§ g_mZVm H$m ñVa àmá H$a gHo$& `h àíZ {dMmaUr` h¡ {H$ Š`m g§{dYmZ _| A{YH$ma àXmZ H$a XoZo _mÌ go X{bV _{hbm H$s pñW{V _| gwYma Am J`m h¡?, Š`m CZHo$ gmW g{X`m| go Omo CËnr‹S>Z hþAm, dh g_má hmo J`m h¡?/Cgo _mZd Ho$ ê$n _o§ nhMmZ àmá hmo J`r h¡? ò Eogo àíZ h¡§ Omo {ZaÝVa ^maVr` bmoH$V§m{ÌH$ ì`dñWm H$mo nwZ…nar{jV/nwZ_y©ë`m§{H$V H$aZo H$m Amh²dmZ H$aVo h¡§&

AmOmXr Ho$ 70 dfm] Ho$ H$mbIÊS> _| ^maVr` bmoH$V§Ì Ho$ g_j H$B© AZw^d Amò {Og_| H$ht Jm¡adembr jU Amò Vmo H$ht Eogr MwZm¡{V`m± ^r AmB© {OgZo bmoH$V§Ì H$mo AmË_-_yë`m§H$Z H$aZo Ho$ {bE ~mÜ` {H$`m& ^maVr` bmoH$V§Ì Zo h_oem OZmXoe H$m gå_mZ {H$`m h¡& EH$ emgZ àUmbr Ho$ ê$n _| ^maVr` bmoH$V§Ì {ZíM` hr n[an¹$ hmo MwH$m h¡& ñdV§ÌVm àm{á Ho$ níMmV² àËòH$ ZmJ[aH$ H$mo _Vm{YH$ma àXmZ {H$`m VWm ñdVÝÌ{Zdm©MZ H$s ì`dñWm H$s JB©& ^maV _| gÎmm n[adV©Z h_oem em§{VnyU© VarHo$ go Am¡a Am_ MwZmd Ho$ _mÜ`_ go hmoVm h¡& {OZ dJm] H$mo h_oem amOZr{VH$ emgZ àUmbr go d§{MV aIm J`m Wm CÝh| bmoH$Vm§{ÌH$ ì`dñWm Ho$ _mÜ`_ go amOZr{V H$s _w»`Ymam _| em{_b hmoZo H$m Adga {X`m J`m& AmO ^maVr` bmoH$V§Ì {H$gr {deof dJ© `m joÌ

{deof H$m Zht ~pëH$ gånyU© g_mO Ed§ Xoe H$s OZVm H$s AmË_m Ed§ AmdmO ~ZH$a Câm h¡& bmoH$V§Ì Ho$ ~w{Z`mXr bjU h¡§ {H$ à^wgÎmm bmoJm| _| {Z{hV hm|, Y_©, Om{V, gåàXm`, a§J `m ñÌr-nwéf Ho$ à{V ôX^md Ho$ {~Zm, H$mZyZ Ho$ g_j g^r g_mZ hm| Am¡a àËòH$ ì`pŠV H$mo BVZm gj_ g_Pm Omò {H$ dh Cg VarHo$ go, {Ogo dh C{MV g_Po, ñd`§ na emgZ H$a gHo$ VWm AnZo {ZOr H¥${f-ì`mnma H$m à~§Y H$a gH|$& bmoH$V§Ì _| bmoJ ñd`§ AnZo ñdm_r _mZo OmVo h¡§& '1

bmoH$V§Ì _| à^wgÎmm OZVm _| {Z{hV hmoVr h¡ OZVm ñd`§ AnZo D$na emgZ H$aVr h¡ AWm©V² EH$ bmoH$Vm§{ÌH$ amÁ` dh hmoVm h¡, Ohm± bmoJ gdm}ƒ gÎmm Ed§ epŠV Ho$ A{YH$mar hmoVo h¡ bmoH$V§Ì H$m AW© h¡, bmoJm| H$m emgZ `m ~hþ_V H$m emgZ& bmS©> ~«mBgHo$ _VmZwgma bmoH$V§Ì emgZ H$m dh àH$ma hmoVm h¡, {Og_| amÁ` Ho$ emgZ H$s epŠV {H$gr {deof dJ© AWdm dJm] _| {Z{hV Z hmoH$a gånyU© g_mO Ho$ gXñ`m| _| {Z{hV hmoVr h¡& '2

àmMrZ ^maVr` J«m_-JUamÁ`m| VWm `yZmZr ZJa-amÁ`m| _|, g^r ZmJ[aH$ EH$ gmW BH$Q²>R>o hmoH$a emgZ Ho$ _gbm| H$m {ZU©` H$aVo Wo& `h bmoJ amÁ` Ho$ _m_bm| H$m {ZU©` H$aZo _| gÎmm H$m grYo à`moJ H$aVo Wo Am¡a Bg àH$ma H$s amÁ` ì`dñWm H$mo àË`j bmoH$V§Ì H$hm OmVm h¡& Bg pñW{V _| H$hm Om gH$Vm h¡ {H$ H$mZyZr VWm amOZr{VH$ à^wgÎmm, XmoZm| hr MrO| bmoJm| _| {Z{hV hmoVr h¡& {H$ÝVw amOZr{VH$ BH$mB`m| Ho$ AmH$ma VWm Am~mXr _| d¥{Õ Ho$ gmW Am¡a A§VV: AmYw{ZH$ amï´>-amÁ`m| Ho$ AmJ_Z Ho$ gmW hr amÁ`m| Ho$ _m_bm| na MMm© H$aZo VWm AmgmZr go {ZU©`m| na nhþ±MZo Ho$ {bE bmoJm| H$mo EH$ ñWmZ na BH$Q²>R>m H$aZm Ag§^d hmo J`m& BgHo$ Abmdm, {dYmZ ~ZmZo VWm amÁ` H$m àemgZ H$aZo H$s à{H«$`m O{Q>b go Am¡a A{YH$ O{Q>bVa hmoVr Mbr JB© Bg{bE erK« hr àË`j bmoH$V§Ì H$s g^r àH$ma H$s àUm{b`m± {dídâ _| dñVwV: g_má hmo JB©& pñdQ²>Oab¡§S> Ho$ Hw$N> àXooe Eogo ~Mo Ohm± N>moQ>o-N>moQ>o àíZm|, O¡go ñHy$b ~¥hñn{Vdma H$mo ~§X hmoZo Mm{hò Š`m {H$gr dñVw H$s H$s_V ~‹T>Zr Mm{hò Am{X {ZU©` Am_ OZ_V Ûmam {H$ò OmVo h¡& _hËdnyU© A§Vam©ï´>r` _gbm| Ho$ gå~ÝY _| Hw$N> ñWmZm| na OZ_V g§J«h H$am`m Om gH$Vm h¡& BgHo$ Abmdm Hw$N> Xoem| (O¡go-\«$m§g, Amàb¡§S>, OmnmZ Am¡a pñdQ²>Oab¡§S>) Ho$ g§{dYmZ _| Eogo àmdYmZ aIo JE h¡ {OZHo$ A§VJ©V g§{dYmZ g§emoYZ Ho$ {bE OZ_V g§J«h H$s ì`dñWm H$s JB© h¡& bo{H$Z, dV©_mZ g_` _| {d{^ÝZ Xoem| _| Am_ bmoJ AŠga à{V{Z{Y`m| H$m M`Z H$aZo Ho$ {bE hr {Z`VH$m{bH$ A§Vamb Ho$ ~mX _VXmZ H$aVo h¡& Bg àH$ma AmYw{ZH$ bmoH$V§Ì _|


ISSN 2348-3857

namoj à{V{Z{YËd Amdí`H$ hmo J`m h¡, {OgHo$ AÝVJ©V emgZ g§MmbZ VWm H$mZyZm| H$m {Z_m©U bmoJm| Ho$ MwZo hþE à{V{Z{Y H$aVo h¢& Bg àH$ma, bmoH$V§ÌmË_H$ amÁ` ì`dñWm h_mao g§{dYmZ H$s EH$ ~w{Z`mXr {deofVm ~Z JB© h¡, {Ogo g§d¡Ym{ZH$ g§emoYZ Ûmam ~Xbm Zht Om gH$Vm& h_Zo à{V{Z{Y g§gXr` bmoH$V§Ì H$mo AnZm`m h¡& g§{dYmZ {Z_m©VmAm| Zo à`mg {H$`m h¡ A{YH$ go A{YH$ g§»`m _| Xoe Ho$ g_ñV dJm] H$mo gmjaVm, gån{Îm `m qbJ Ho$ AmYma na {~Zm {H$gr ôX^md Ho$ _VXmZ H$m nyU© à{V{Z{YËd àXmZ {H$`m Omò& 18 df© Ho$ Ed§ CgHo$ D$na Ho$ g^r d`ñH$m| H$mo `h A{YH$ma {X`m J`m h¡& 3

^maV _| X{bV _{hbmAm| H$s A{YH$ma àpñW{V

^maV _| VrZ hOma df© nyd© nhbo _Zwñ_¥{V H$s aMZm H$s JB© Wr, V~ X{bVm| Am¡a pñÌ`m|o H$mo {ejm Ho$ A{YH$ma go d§{MV aIm J`m& XmoZm| hr gm_m{OH$ ñVa na Xmg/Xmgr H$hbmò& BZH$mo d¡{XH$ nmR> n‹T>Zo-{bIZo Ed§ gwZZo na nm~ÝXr Wr Am¡a ^yb go ^r `{X H$moB© `h JbVr H$a ^r XoVm Wm Vmo CZHo$ H$mZ _| H$m§M H$mo nrgH$a Am¡a J_© H$aHo$ XÊS> {X`m OmVm Wm& CÝh| _mZd H$s H¡$Q>oJar _| aIm hr Zht OmVm Wm& _Zwñ_¥{V _| {bIm J`m h¡ {H$ pñÌ`m| Ho$ {bE (n{V Ho$ {~Zm) `k Zht h¡ Am¡a n{V H$s Amkm Ho$ {~Zm d«V VWm Cndmg Zht h¡& n{V H$s godm go hr ñÌr ñdJ© bmoH$ _| nyOr OmVr h¡& ht {díd H$s àmMrZV_ Ý`m{`H$ ì`dñWm Am¡a gm_m{OH$ ì`dñWm h¡ Am¡a `h BVZr H$R>moa h¡ {H$ ^maVr` g§{dYmZ Am¡a h_mar {hÝXÿ gm_m{OH$ ì`dñWm AmO ^r Bgr na AmYm[aV h¡& `ht H$maU h¡ {H$ ~«m÷UdmXr B{VhmgH$mam| Zo X{bVm| Am¡a _{hbmAm| Ho$ B{Vhmg H$mo B{Vhmg Ho$ nÝZm| go ^r AX¥í` aIm Am¡a bmoH$V§Ì _| CZH$s ^y{_H$m H$mo ñnï> Zht hmoZo {X`m& ''4

15 AJñV 1947 H$mo h_mam Xoe ñdVÝÌ hþAm Am¡a EH$ nyU© JUamÁ` H$s ñWmnZm H$s JB©& S>m°. Aå~oS>H$a Ho$ AWH$ à`mgm| go ^maVr` g§{dYmZ _| g^r {nN>‹S>o, Aëng§»`H$m| H$mo, X{bV Ed§ _{hbmAm| H$mo g_mZVm Ho$ A{YH$mam| _| gpå_{bV {H$`m J`m& gmW hr X{bVm| Ed§ _{hbmAm| H$mo AmajU àXmZ H$a ^maV _| bmoH$V§Ì, bmoH$ H$ë`mUH$mar amÁ` VWm gm_m{OH$ Ý`m` H$mo dmñV{dH$ ê$n _| ñWm{nV H$aZo H$m à`mg {H$`m J`m& BgHo$ gmW hr g§gX Ed§ amÁ` {dYmZ _ÊS>bm| Ho$ {bE ^r X{bV _{hbmAm| Ho$ {bE AmajU hoVw à`mg {H$ò Jò Š`m|{H$ ^maV O¡go g~go ~‹S>o bmoH$V§Ì _| _{hbmAm| H$s amOZr{VH$ gh^m{JVm, _{hbmAm| H$s Xem Ed§ pñW{V H$mo gwYmaZo VWm ^maVr` bmoH$V§Ì _| gm_m{OH$ Ý`m` H$s ñWmnZm Ed§ gwX¥‹T>Vm Ho$ {bE Amdí`H$ Ed§ _hËdnyU©

h¡& ^maVr` g§{dYmZ _| X{bVm| Ed§ _{hbmAm| Ho$ {bE {ZåZ gd¡§Ym{ZH$ A{YH$mam| H$s ì`dñWm H$s JB© h¡ -

AZwÀN>oX 341 Am¡a 342 Ho$ VhV ^maVr` g§{dYmZ _| amï´>n{V H$mo amÁ`nmbm| Ho$ gmW nam_e© Ho$ gmW ^maV _| AZwgy{MV Om{V Am¡a AZwgy{MV OZOm{V H$s àW_ gyMr V¡`ma H$aZo H$s epŠV àXmZ H$s J`r h¡& AZwÀN>oX 14 Ho$ AÝVJ©V {d{Y Ho$ g_j g_mZVm, AZwÀN>oX 15 Ho$ VhV Y_©, _ybd§e, Om{V, qbJ, ñWmZ, dJ© VWm OÝ_ ñWmZ Am{X Ho$ AmYma na ôX^md H$mo à{V~pÝYV {H$`m J`m h¡& AZwÀN>oX 15(2) _| gmd©O{ZH$ ñWbm|, XþH$mZm| hmoQ>bm| Am¡a _Zmoa§OZ Ho$ ñWbm| na àdoe `m Hw$E± AWdm Vmbm~m| Am{X Ho$ BñVo_mb na à{V~§Y H$mo {ZfoY {H$`m J`m h¡& AZwgy{MV Om{V H$s _{hbmAm| Ho$ gm_m{OH$ Ed§ e¡j{UH$ ñVa H$mo Ü`mZ _| aIVo hþE CZHo$ {dH$mg Ho$ Adgam| Ho$ {bE g_mZVm àXmZ H$aZo hoVw {deof à~ÝY {H$ò Jò h¡§& AZwÀN>oX 16(1) _| gaH$mar Zm¡H$[a`m| `m nXm| na AmajU H$s gw{dYm, AZwÀN>oX 16(2) _| amÁ`m| Ho$ AYrZ {H$gr {Z`moOZ `m nX go gå~pÝYV {H$gr ^r ì`pŠV go CgH$s Om{V, Y_©, qbJ, {Zdmg AWdm OÝ_ ñWmZ Ho$ AmYma na {H$gr ^r ZmJ[aH$ H$mo AnmÌ Kmo{fV Zht {H$`m Om gH$Vm Am¡a Z hr H$moB© ôX^md {H$`m OmòJm& AZwÀN>oX 16(4) _| AZwgy{MV Om{V Ho$ gm_m{OH$, e¡j{UH$ X¥{ï> go {nN>‹S>onZ H$mo Xÿa H$aZo hoVw AmajU H$m ^r bm^ {X`m J`m h¡& AZwÀN>oX 17 Ho$ AÝVJ©V Ny>AmNy>V H$m nyU©V: {ZfoY {H$`m J`m h¡ Am¡a Añn¥í`Vm H$mo XÊS>Zr` AnamY Kmo{fV {H$`m J`m h¡& AZwÀN>oX 19Ho$ AÝVJ©V àËòH$ g_mO Ho$ ZmJ[aH$m| H$mo Xoe _| Or{dH$m Ho$ gmYZ, ì`dhma Ed§ H$moB© ^r H$mamo~ma H$aZo H$m A{YH$ma àXmZ {H$`m J`m h¡& AZwÀN>oX 21 Ho$ VhV Xo{hH$ ñdV§ÌVm H$m A{YH$ma, AZwÀN>oX 23(1) Ho$ Ûmam ~oJma `m ~bnyd©H$ {H$gr go l_ H$amZm XÊS>Zr` AnamY h¡& AZwÀN>oX 25 (2)(9) _| gmd©O{ZH$ g§ñWmAm| _| g^r {hÝXÿAm| H$mo àdoe H$m A{YH$ma {X`m J`m h¡& AZwÀN>oX 28 _| J¡a gaH$mar ñHy$bm| Am¡a H$m°boOm| _| {OÝh| gaH$ma Ûmam AZwXmZ {_bVm h¡ CZ_| Ym{_©H$ {ejm Xr Vmo Om gH$Vr h¡ naÝVw A{Zdm`© Zht hmoJr& AZwÀN>oX 29 Ho$ Ûmam amÁ` Ûmam nmo{fV {H$gr ^r {ejU g§ñWmZ _| AZwgy{MV Om{V dJ© Ho$ _{hbm AWdm nwéf H$mo àdoe Ho$ A{YH$ma go d§{MV Zht {H$`m Om gH$Vm& AZwÀN>oX 35(2) _| g§gX H$mo _m¡{bH$ A{YH$mam| go Ow‹S>oo gd¡§Ym{ZH$ àmdYmZm| Ho$ Cëb§KZ Ho$ VhV H$mZyZ ~ZmZo H$m nyam A{YH$ma {X`m J`m h¡ Am¡a XÊS> H$s ^r ì`dñWm H$s JB© h¡& Ymam 35(A)(77) Ho$

ISSN 2348-3857


AÝVJ©V "Añn¥í`Vm AnamY {ZdmaU A{Y{Z`_ 1955" nm[aV {H$`m J`m h¡& `h A{Y{Z`_ 106 Ho$ O[aò g§emo{YV H$mZyZ Ho$ ê$n _| "ZmJ[aH$ A{YH$ma g§ajU A{Y{Z`_ 1955' Oå_y-H$í_ra amÁ` H$mo N>mo‹S>H$a gånyU© ^maV _| bmJy {H$`m J`m h¡& `h A{Y{Z`_ 30 OZdar 1990 H$mo bmJy {H$`m J`m& BgH$s Ymam-3 AË`ÝV _hËdnyU© h¡& BgHo$ IÊS> 10 _| `h àmdYmZ h¡ {H$ H$moB© ^r ZmJ[aH$ AZwgy{MV Om{V Ho$ gXñ` H$m An_mZ H$aZo Ho$ CX²Xoí` go H$m`© AWdm AZwgy{MV Om{V H$s _{hbm H$s b‚mm ^§J H$aZm `m Cnhmg H$s X¥{ï> go XoIZm `m ZrMm {XImZm, K¥Um H$s X¥{ï> go XoIZm, Ny>AmNy>V H$aZm `m Om{VJV gå~moYZ H$aZo na Cgo 6 _mh go 5 df© VH$ H$s Ad{Y H$s H¡$X Am¡a Ow_m©Zo H$m àmdYmZ {H$`m J`m h¡& BgHo$ Abmdm X{bV _{hbmAm| H$mo V§J H$aZm, CZH$m AZmXa H$aZm `m AZw{MV X~md ~ZmH$a CZH$m b¡§{JJ emofU H$aZm Ed§ Jm±d N>mo‹S>Zo Ho$ {bE {dde H$aZm BË`m{X hoVw Ymam 3(1) Ho$ AÝVJ©V N>: _mh go nm±M df© VH$ H$s Ad{Y H$m H$mamdmg Ed§ Ow_m©Zo H$m ^r àmdYmZ {H$`m J`m h¡& AZwÀN>oX 330 Am¡a 332 Ho$ AÝVJ©V bmoH$g^m d amÁ` {dYmZg^mAm| _| AZwgy{MV Om{V`m| Ed§ AZwgy{MV OZOm{V`m| Ho$ {bE n¥WH$ grQ>m| H$m àmdYmZ h¡& BgHo$ A{V[aŠV 73d| VWm 74d| g§{dYmZ g§emoYZ {dYo`H$ 1992 Ho$ Ûmam n§Mm`Vm| Ed§ ZJanm{bH$mAm| _| AZwgy{MV Om{V Ed§ OZOm{V H$s _{hbmAm| Ho$ {bE 1/3 ñWmZm| H$mo gwa{jV {H$`m J`m h¡&

AZwgy{MV Om{V A{Y{Z`_, 1989

Bg A{Y{Z`_ _| àmdYmZ {H$`m J`m h¡ {H$ {X {H$gr AZwgy{MV Om{V H$s _{hbm Ho$ gmW _manrQ> H$aZo, CgH$m An_mZ H$aZo `m {H$gr ^r àH$ma H$m A^Ð ì`dhma {H$`m OmVm h¡ Vmo CgHo$ {bE XÊS> AWdm Ow_m©Zo H$s gOm AWdm XmoZm| àH$ma go XÊS>Zr` {H$`m OmòJm& Bg_| X{bV _{hbm H$s BÀN>m H$mo A{Yem{gV H$aZo H$s pñW{V _| hmoZo H$s pñW{V _| CgH$m b¡§{JJ emofU H$aZo Ho$ {bE gOm d Ow_m©Zo H$m àmdYmZ h¡& ''5 BgHo$ Abmdm AZwgy{MV Om{V AWdm AZwgy{MV OZOm{V Ho$ {H$gr r gXñ` Ho$ Ûmam Cn`moJ _| bmò OmZo dmbo Obme` `m ObñÌmoVm| H$mo J§Xm H$aZm AWdm AZwn`moJr ~Zm XoZm, gmd©O{ZH$ ñWmZm| na OmZo go amoH$Zm, OmZ~yP H$a OZVm H$s ZOa _| Obrb H$aZm, Ny>AmNy>V H$aZm `m ZrMm {XImZm AWdm BZ g_wXm`m| Ho$ gXñ`m| H$mo AnZm {Zdmg N>mo‹S>Zo na _O~ya H$aZm Am{X Ho$ {bE Xmofr ì`pŠV H$mo N>: _mh go nm±M gmb VH$ H$s gOm, AW©XÊS> Ho$ àmdYmZ h¡& H«y$aVmnyU© hË`m Ho$ AnamY Ho$ {bE _¥Ë`wXÊS> H$s

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ISSN 2348-3857

Ho$ gå~ÝY _| Eogo H¥$Ë`m| H$m {Zd©hZ H$aZm Omo amï´>n{V Ed§ gg§X Ûmam ~ZmB© JB© {H$gr ^r {d{Y Ho$ Cn~§Ym| Ho$ AYrZ ahVo hþE {Z`_m| Ûmam {Z{X©ï> H$aZm h¡& ''6

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ISSN 2348-3857


Ym{_©H$ H$ï>m| H$s Xmohar _ma PobVr n‹S>Vr h¡& dV©_mZ gX§^© _| X{bV _{hbmAm| H$s Ag§VmofOZH$ n[apñW{V`m| Ho$ à{V g_mO Am¡a gaH$ma H$mo Amoa A{YH$ OmJê$H$ hmoZm Mm{hò& gmW hr _{hbmAm| Ho$ OmVr` emofU H$mo boH$a _{hbm AmÝXmobZm| H$mo _O~yV {H$`m Omò& X{bV _{hbmAm| H$s g_ñ`mAm| H$mo gm_m{OH$, Am{W©H$ Am¡a amOZr{VH$ H$m`©gy{M`m| _| aIZo H$m gVV² à`mg {H$`m Omò& _{hbm A{YH$ma H$m grYm gå~ÝY OrdZ OrZo Ho$ A{YH$ma Ed§ CZH$s Apñ_Vm go h¡& AV: _{hbm A{YH$mam| _| X{bV _{hbmAm| H$s g_ñ`mE| _w»` ê$n go gm_m{OH$ nydm©Jh Am¡a naånamJV Ed§ nmaån[aH$ X¥{ï>H$moUm| Ho$ gm_m{OH$ ì`dñWm _| Kwbo-{_bo hmoZo Ho$ H$maU h¡& Bg_| gwYma Ho$db ì`dñWm n[aVd©Z Am¡a g_mO _| ghr Am_ am` {dH${gV H$aHo$ {H$`m Om gH$Vm h¡ Am¡a `h EH$ g§`wŠV {Oå_oXmar h¡ Omo {H$ gm_wXm{`H$ g§JR>Zm|, {d{Y n[adV©Z EO|{g`m|, {ejH$m|, Ý`m`nm{bH$m, _mg _r{S>`m Ed§ ñd`§ X{bV _{hbmAm| Ho$ gVV² gh`moJ go hr g§^d h¡& BgHo$ gmW hr BZ g_ñ`mAm| H$mo Xÿa H$aZo hoVw h_mar Ho$ÝÐ Ed§ amÁ` gaH$mam| H$mo à^mdembr H$X_ CR>mZo hmoJ| Am¡a Ý`m`nm{bH$m H$mo H$R>moaVm go bmJy H$amZm hmoJm&

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1. H$í`n, gw^mf, h_mam g§{dYmZ : ^maV H$m g§{dYmZ Am¡a g§d¡Ym{ZH$ {d{Y, amï´>r` nwñVH$ Ý`mg, ^maV, ZB© {Xëbr, 1995, n¥.g§. 54

2. {_lm, _hoÝÐ Hw$_ma, ^maV H$m g§{dYmZ (^mJ-2), A[ahÝV npãbqeJ hmCg, O`nwa, 2011, n¥.g§. 2

3. H$í`n, gw^mf, h_mam g§{dYmZ : ^maV H$m g§{dYmZ Am¡a g§d¡Ym{ZH$ {d{Y, amï´>r` nwñVH$ Ý`mg, ^maV, ZB© {Xëbr, 1995, n¥.g§. 55-56

4. EMQ>rQ>rnrEg://S>ãë`yS>ãë`yS>ãë`y.EQ´>oH$mb.H$m°_/2017/AmB©AmB©/BZ{d{O{db-dy_oZ-BZ-{hñQ´>r.EMQ>rE_Eb

5. I§So>bm, _mZ§MX, X{bV A{YH$ma Ed§ ì`dhma, nmoBÝQ>a npãbeg©, O`nwa, 2018, n¥.g§. 5-6

6. gmo_d§er, Zdm~ qgh, ^maVr` g§{dYmZ : EH$ g_J« AdbmoH$Z, {n`©gZ, ZB© {Xëbr, 2013, n¥.g§. 327

7. _mZdm{YH$ma : ZB© {XemE±, dm{f©H$ A§H$-19, g|Q> Omogo\$ àog, ZB© {Xëbr, 2013, n¥.g§. 25, 26

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g§Ho$Vmja … ì`mnm[aH$ dJ©, goR>, eoImdmQ>r ñdVÝÌVm AmÝXmobZ

IoVS>r Ho$ emh gam©\$ Am{X Zo ^maV _o hr Zhr ~pëH$ {dXoem| _o ^r AnZo ì`mnma H$mo ñWm{nV {H$`m&3

PwÝPwZy Ho$ à_wI ì`mnmar goR> YZí`m_Xmg {~S>bm, am_H¥$îU S>mb{_`m, goR> nram_b, _mI[a`m, goR> N>mOyam_ AbInw[a`m, AmZÝXrbmb nmoXma, Jmo{dÝXam_ goH$g[a`m, grVmam_ goH$g[a`m, goR> ^mJraW H$mZmo{S>`m, ~gÝVbmb _wamaH$m, goR> _moVrbmb PwZPwZy§dmbm, H$merZmW Jm{S>`m, am_oída ZmonmZr, à^wX`mb {hå_V{gh§H$m, goR> h[aam_ JwQ>Jw{Q>`m, ZmJa_b OmXÿH$m, {dÆ>bXmg _moXr, {H$eZbmb Ho${S>`m, _moVrbmb bmR>, goR> O_ZmXmg ASy>{H$`m, am_oídabmb gam©\$, ^JdVr àgmX b{S>`m Am{X à_wI Wo& _hmË_m Jm±Yr, n§. Odmhabmb Zohê$, gw^mfMÝÐ ~mog Ed§ gaXma dëb^^mB© nQ>ob O¡go amï´>r` ZoVmAm| go à^m{dV hmo PwÝPwZy H$s OZVm _| amOZ¡{VH$ OmJ¥{V CËnZ H$a Cgo ñdV§ÌVm AmÝXmobZ go gå~Õ {H$`m OmE&4

goR> O_Zmbmb ~OmO Ho$ à`mgm| d àoaUm go KZí`m_Xmg {~S>bm, grVmam_ goH$g[a`m, ^mJraW H$mZmo{S>`m, à^wX`mb {hå_V{gh§H$m AmÝXmobZm| go OwS>Vo Jò d Am{W©H$ VWm Z¡{VH$ ñVa na _O~yV H$aZo bJo&5 PwÝPwZy§ Ho$ ì`mnm[a`m| na amï´>r` OZ

eoImdmQ>r H$m ì`mnm[aH$ dJ© Ed§ ñdVÝÌVm AmÝXmobZ : PwÝPwZy§ Ho$ {deof g§X^© _|Hw$bdÝVqgh eoImdV

ghm`H$ AmMm`© B{Vhmg Ed§ g§ñH¥${V {d^mJ, amOñWmZ {díd{dÚmb`, O`nwa (amOñWmZ)


ISSN 2348-3857


OmJ¥{V Ho$ ì`mnH$ à^md n‹S>Zo go Xoe Ho$ ñdmYrZVm g§Kf© _| é{M boZo bJo& 1905 B©. _| ~§J-^§J Ho$ {damoY _| {dXoer dñVwAm| H$m ~{hîH$ma ñdXoer AmÝXmobZ àmaå^ {H$`m& _¡ZMoñQ>a M¡§~a Am°\$ H$m°_g© na X~md S>mbm {H$ do {~«{Q>e gaH$ma na ~§Jmb {d^mOZ dmng boZo Ho$ {bò X~md S>mbo&6

1905 go 1917 Ho$ _Ü` H«$mpÝVH$mar J{V{d{Y`m| _| g{H«$` ^mJ boZo bJo& H$bH$Vm H$s "ñdXoe ~m§Yd' d "AZwerbZ g{_{V' go K{Zð> gå~ÝY aho& KZí`m_Xmg {~S>bm H$m H«$mpÝVH$mar {d{nZ Jm§Jwbr, Am|H$ma_b gam©\$ H$m AmewVmof bm{h‹S>r Am¡a à^wX`mb {hå_V{gh§H$m H$m AVwbZmW go gånH©$ Wm& ~gÝVbmb _wamaH$m Zo eaVMÝÐ ~mog H$mo EH$ bmI ½`mah hOma énò H$s W¡br ^|Q> H$s Wr&7 KZí`m_Xmg {~S>bm Zo à^wX`mb {hå_VqghH$m, XodrXÎm OmbmZ Ho$ gmW {_bH$a 1911 _| Mm¡a§Jr _| "_madm‹S>r ñnmo{Qª>J Šb~' (amOñWmZ Šb~) H$s ñWmnZm H$s& BgH$m CÔoí` H«$m§{VH$m[a`m| J{V{d{Y`m| _| mJ boZo Ho$ {bE ì`mnm[aH$ Zd`wdH$m| H$mo h{W`ma MbmZm {gIm`m OmVm Wm&8

1913 _o H$bH$Vm Ho$ ~‹S>m ~mOma _| "_madm‹S>r ghm`H$ g{_{V' VWm "{hÝXr ZmQ²>` n[afX' ñWm{nV g§ñWmAm| H$m _w»` CÚoí` gm§ñH¥${VH$ {dH$mg Wm, bo{H$Z amï²>r` OmJaU A{^`mZ _| OwQ>r ahr& "gm{hË` g§d{ÕZr g{_{V' Ym{_©H$ {ejm Ho$ _mÜ`_ go H«$mpÝV \¡$bmZo H$m à`mg H$aVr Wr&

H$bH$Îmm _| 1914 _| à{gÕ amo‹S>m H$m§S> hþAm& Am.~r.amo‹S>m H$ånZr {dXoem| go Am¾o`mñÌ Am`mV {H$`m Wm& AZwerbZ g{_{V Zo Jm`~ H$admH$a KZí`m_Xmg {~S>bm, ÁdmbmàgmX H$mZmo{S>`m, à^wX`mb {hå_VqghH$m d AmoH$m§a_b gam©\$ Ho$ {JaâVmar Ho$ dma§Q> Omar {H$ò Jò Wo {H$ÝVw do g~yV Ho$ A^md _| BZ na amOÐmoh H$m _m_bm Zht ~Zm, CÝh| bå~o g_` VH$ ZOa~§X aIm J`m& O_Zmbmb ~OmO àW_ ì`mnmar Wo, {OÝhm|Zo amoS>m H$m§S> _| nH$So> Jò Zm¡OdmZ gm{W`m| Ho$ gmhg H$s gamhZm H$s, CÝh| ~YmB© XoH$a CËgmh ~‹T>m`m&9

H$bH$Îmm _| YZí`m_Xmg {~S>bm H$s {_Ì_§S>br na ^maVr` amOZr{V Ho$ Ja_ Xb H$m à^md ~‹T>m ahm Wm& ~mbJ§JmYa {VbH$, bmbm bmOnVam`, {d{nZ Jm§Jwbr go ZOXr{H$`m± ~T>r Am¡a gmW hr H$_©dra Jm±YrOr go {_bZo H$m ew^-g§`moJ erK« {_bm&10 1915 _| _hmË_m Jm±Yr, n§. _XZ_mohZ _mbd`r, gaXma dëb^^mB© nQ>ob, n§. Odmhabmb Zohê$ O¡go amï´>r` ZoVmAm| Ho$ gånH©$ _| Am Jò Wo& CÝh| VWm amï´>rg ñdmYrZVm AmÝXmobZ H$mo Am{W©H$ _XX ^r H$aVo aho&11 gmW hr ì`mnm[aH$ `wdH$m| go g{H«$`

amOZr{V go Ow‹S>Zo H$m Amh²dmZ {H$`m& EZr~rgoÝQ> Ho$ hmo_ê$b AmÝXmobZ _| H$B© ì`mnm[a`m| Zo {JaâVm[a`m± Xr& O{b`m§dmbm ~mJ H$s KQ>Zm _o§ ^r AZoH$ ì`mnmar Jom{b`m| go _mao Jò Wo&12

1921 _o "{VbH$ ñdamO H$mof' _o MÝXm BH$Q²>R>m H$aZm ^maVr` amï´>r` H§$mJ«og H$m àW_ à`mg Wm&13 ZmJnwa Ho$ H§$mJ«og A{YdoeZ _o _hmË_m Jm±Yr Ho$ Amh²dmZ na "{VbH$ ñdamO H$mof' _| goR> AmZÝXrbmb nmoXma Zo 2,10,000 é., YZí`m_Xmg {~S>bm 1,00,000 é. d AÝ` ì`mnm[a`m| Zo 2,00,000 é. {Xò& H$bH$Îmm Ho$ ~‹S>o ~mOma go 10,00,000 é. EH${ÌV {H$ò Jò goR> am_H¥$îU S>mb{_`m Zo Vmo H§$mJ«og H$mo H$B© _Xm| _| H$amo‹S>>mo§ énò {XE Wo&14

^maV _| amï´>r` AmÝXmobZ Ho$ {dMmam| H$mo J{V XoZo _| g_mMma nÌ VWm gm{hpË`H$ ñÌmoVm| H$s Ah_² ^y{_H$m ahr& {Og_| {hÝX ZdOrdZ, h[aOZ, H$_©dra, àVmn, Ë`mJ^y{_, brS>a, ^maV {_Ì, amOñWmZ Ho$gar Am{X g_mMma nÌ à_wI Wo& ~å~B© _| "Jm±Yr {hÝXr nwñVH$ ^ÊS>ma' Am¡a {Xëbr _| "gñVm gm{hË` _ÊS>b' Zm_H$ àH$meZ H$s ñWmnZm H$s& {OÝh| KZí`m_Xmg {~‹S>bm, am_H¥$îU S>mb{_`m, mJraW H$mZmo{S>`m Am{X Zo Am{W©H$ ghm`Vm àXmZ H$s&15 AŠQy>~a, 1924 H$mo _XZ_mohZ _mbdr` Ho$ gmW {_bH$a KZí`m_Xmg {~‹S>bm Zo "{hÝXþñVmZ Q>mBåg' H$mo IarXm Am¡a _mbdr` Or Ho$ g§ajU _| Bgo ñdV§ÌVm g§J«m_ Ho$ {bE Ý`m¡N>mda H$a {X`m&16

_hmË_m Jm±Yr Ho$ Agh`moJ AmÝXmobZ _| gdm©{YH$ gh`moJ ì`mnm[aH$ dJ© _| {X`m& Bg dJ© Zo Am{W©H$ ghm`Vm Ho$ gmW-gmW ì`pŠVJV ê$n go gË`mJ«h _| ^mJ boH$a {JaâVm[a`m± Xr& KZí`m_Xmg {~‹S>bm, à^wX`mb {hå_VqghH$m, ^mJraW H$mZmo{S>`m, grVmam_ goH$g[a`m Zo _hmË_m Jm±Yr Ho$ Amh²dmZ na ImXr àMma-àgma, h[aOZ CÕma Am{X aMZmË_H$ H$m`©H«$_m| H$mo Mbm`m& amYmH¥$îU Zod{Q>`m Ho$ Ka na pñÌ`m| H$s g^m hþB©, {Og_| amï´>r` AmÝXmobZ Ho$ {bE YZ H$s Anrb H$s VWm ImXr nhZZo na Omoa {X`m& {dXoer dñÌm| Ho$ ~{hîH$ma _| BÝXþ_{V Jmo`ZH$m, ^JdmZ Xodr goH$g[a`m, J§Jm Xodr H$mZmo{S>`m Am{X H$s ^y{_H$m ahr&17 am_H¥$îU S>mb{_`m Zo ~å~B© _| {dXoer dñÌm| H$s hmobr ObmB© Am¡a ImXr nhZZo na ~b {X`m&18 Jm±Yr Zo JmoaInwa Ho$ Mm¡ar-Mmoam H$mÊS> Ho$ H$maU Agh`moJ AmÝXmobZ H$mo ñW{JV H$a {X`m& H$bH$Îmm Ho$ ZoVmAm| Zo Bg MoVZm H$mo ~Zmò aIZo Ho$ {bE "ãb¡H$ hm°b' Zm_H$ AmÝXmobZ àmaå^ {H$`m&19 ~oZràgmX S>mb{_`m Zo ~å~B© _| 1927 _| gmB_Z H$_reZ H$m {damoY {H$`m


ISSN 2348-3857

Wm& Bg_| Xoe Ho$ g^r àmÝVm| Ho$ ì`mnm[aH$ dJ© H$m g_W©Z Wm&20

_hmË_m Jm±Yr Ho$ 1930 _| Eo{Vhm{gH$ Z_H$ gË`mJ«h _| ì`mnm[aH$ dJ© Ho$ à_wI: ^y{_H$m ahr& grVmam_ goH$g[a`m, ~gÝVbmb _wamaH$m, {dZ` àgmX {hå_V qghH$m, a_m Xodr _wamaH$m, BÝXþ_{V Jmo`ZH$m H$mo H¡$X H$s gOm Xr JB©& H$mZnwa _| 1930 Ho$ ñdXoer AmÝXmobZ _| Owbyg H$m ZoV¥Ëd bmbm H$_bmnV qgKm{Z`m Zo {H$`m& KZí`m_Xmg {~‹S>bm H$m "{~‹S>bm hmCg' VWm ~¥Obmb ê$§JQ>m H$m "ê$§JQ>m hmCg' amï´>r` ZoVmAm| Ho$ Am{VÏ` Ho$ {bE V¡`ma ahVo Wo& Jm±Yr Ho$ AqhgmË_H$ AmÝXmobZ Ho$ ~mdOyX H$B© ì`mnm[a`m| Zo H«$m§{VH$m[a`m| J{V{d{Y`m| _| ^mJ boVo aho& H«$m§{VH$m[a`m| H$mo Am{W©H$ ghm`Vm Ho$ gmW {N>nZo H$s OJh XoVo Wo& H$mZnwa _| am_MÝÐ _wgX²Xr Ho$ hm± 1930 _| MÝÐeoIa AmOmX Zm¡ _hrZo aho Wo& ~§Jmb Ho$ ì`mnm[a`m| Ho$ Kam| _| H«$mpÝVH$m[a`m| H$m AmZm-OmZm ~Zm ahVm Wm& ì`pŠVJV gË`mJ«h _| em{_b hmoZo Ho$ H$maU lrXodr _wgX²Xr H$mo H$R>moa `mVZmE± Xr JB© Wr&21

1942 Ho$ ^maV N>mo‹S>mo AmÝXmobZ H$m àñVmd ~å~B© Ho$ {~S>bm hmCg _| ñdrH¥$V {H$`m J`m& Bg AmÝXmobZ _| A{YH$m{YH$ ì`mnm[a`mo Zo ^mJ {b`m& Jmo{dÝXam_ goH$g[a`m Zo 1942 _| H$m§J«og Ho$ Eo{Vhm{gH$ ~å~B© A{YdoeZ H$m Am{W©H$ Xm{`Ëd {Z^m`m Am¡a Oob Jò H$m`©H«$Vm©Am| Ho$ Kam| na Am{W©H$ ghm`Vm nhþ§MmB©&22

à^wX`mb {hå_VqghH$m Zo H$bH$Îmm _| "H$amo `m _amo' Zm_H$ ^y{_JV n{ÌH$m H$m àH$meZ {H$`m& Ag_ VWm {~hma Ho$ ~hþV go ZoVm CZHo$ Ka na {N>no hþE Wo& AmÝXmobZ H$mo ^y{_JV ahH$a g§Mm{bV {H$`m&23 {dZm`H$ àgmX {hå_VqghH$m H$s AmÝXmobZ _| ^mJ boZo Ho$ H$maU Abrnwa goÝQ´>b Oob _| aIm J`m&24 {~hma Ho$ ny{U©`m {Obo _| 1942 Ho$ AmÝXmobZ _| "ê$nm¡br _S©>a H$m§S>' _| ZmJa_b OmXÿH$m H$mo _w»` A{^`wŠV _mZH$a _m§Jrbmb VWm {Ma§Orbmb OmXÿH$m Ho$ gmW Zonmb _| {JaâVma {H$`m J`m& BÝh| {damQ>ZJa (Zonmb) VWm ny{U©`m ({~hma) Oob _| aIm J`m& Bg Ho$g Ho$ _wH$X_o H$s n¡adr Ho$ {bE ybm^mB© XogmB© H$mo {Z`wŠV {H$`m Am¡a ~ar H$a {X`m J`m&25 gw^mfMÝÐ ~mog H$s AmOmX {hÝX \$m¡O Ho$ JR>Z Am¡a CgHo$ {dH${gV H$aZo _| ì`mnm[a`m| Zo CZH$s H$m\$s _XX H$s& ZdbJ‹T> Ho$ à{gÕ goR> grVmam_ goH$g[a`m Ed§ ^mJraW H$mZmo{S>`m Zo d¥hXhñV Am{W©H$ _XX H$s&26

PwÝPwZy§ Ho$ àdmgr ì`mnm[a`m| Zo ^maV Ho$ {d{^ÝZ joÌm| _| hr Zhr, A{nVw AnZr OÝ_ ^y{_ _| ^r amï´>r` AmÝXmobZ H$s Ádmbm àÁd{bV H$s& 1920 _| am_oída am_J{T>`m Ho$ ZoV¥Ëd _| ñWmZr`

ZoVm _hmË_m Jm±Yr H$m ^mfU gwZZo Ho$ {bE {^dmZr (h[a`mUm) Jò Wo& amï´>r` AmÝXmobZ _| ^mJ boZo H$m g§H$ën boH$a dmng bm¡Q>o& ^r_amO Vwbñ`mZ (_wH$ÝXJ‹T>) Ho$ Ka _| amï´>r` AmÝXmobZ _| ^mJ boZo dmbo ZoVmAm| H$m O_KQ> ahVm Wm& goR> nram_b _mI[a`m (~J‹S>) amï´>r` ZoVmAm| H$mo eaU XoVo Wo&27

goR> Xodr~Šg gam©\$ Zo 1927 B©. _| _ÊS>mdm _| Am`© g_mO H$m ^dZ ~Zm`m& H$bH$Îmm _| ~Zo hþE Am`© g_mO dZ H$s AZwH¥${V O¡gm hr Wm& 1931 _| Am`mo{OV Obgo _| {H$gmZ ZoVmAm| VWm _{hbmAm| Zo ^mJ {b`m, {Oggo amï´>r` MoVZm Ho$ à{V ZB© bha, Z`m Omoe VWm Zò OrdZ H$m g§Mma hþAm&28

PwÝPwZy§ _| amï´>r` AmÝXmobZ Ho$ à{V OmJê$H$Vm n¡Xm H$aZo Ho$ {bE nmR>embmAm| H$s ñWmnZm H$s, BgHo$ {bE ì`mnm[a`m| Ho$ Q´>ñQ> ñWm{nV {H$ò& `Wm AmZÝXrbmb nmoÔma EÁ`wHo$eZ Q´>ñQ>, H$mZmo{S>`m EÁ`wHo$eZ Q´>ñQ>, {~‹S>bm EÁ`wHo$eZ Q´>ñQ>, _moVrbmb Vwbñ`mZ EÁ`wHo$eZ Mo[aQ>r Q´>ñQ>, nram_b EÁ`wHo$eZ Q´>ñQ> Am{X& goR> {dídåâX`mb _mhoídar Ed§ Om¡harbmb ê$§JQ>m H$s {ejU g§ñWmE± ^r _hËdnyU© ahr& am_oídaXmg {~S>bm Zo 1926 _| Ho$eaXod Zod{Q>`m Am¡a O_Zmbmb ~OmO Ho$ gh`moJ go "_madm‹S>r [abr\$ gmogm`Q>r' (H$bH$Îmm) Ûmam "eoImdmQ>r {ejm _ÊS>b' H$s ñWmnZm H$s, Omo ~mX _| "amOnyVmZm {ejm _ÊS>b' Ho$ Zm_ go à{gÕ hþB©& goR> N>mOyam_ AbInw[a`m Zo ~¥O_mohZ bmo`bH$m Am¡a OwJb{H$emoa {~S>bm Ho$ gh`moJ go {nbmZr _| J«m_rU ~mbH$m| H$s {ejm Ho$ {bE N>mÌmdmg H$m {Z_m©U H$adm`m& eoImdmQ>r _| J«m_rU BbmHo$ H$s {ejm H$m lrJUoe `ht go hþAm&29

{M‹S>mdm AmÝXmobZ _| ß`maobmb Jwám H$s _hËdnyU© ^y{_H$m ahr& Jm±YrdmXr aMZmË_H$ H$m`m] _| A{^^yV hmoZo Ho$ H$maU BÝh| "{M‹S>mdm H$m Jm±Yr' H$hm OmVm Wm& Jwbm~MÝX Zo_mZr H$mo AmÝXmobZ _| ^mJ boZo Ho$ H$maU IoV‹S>r Oob _| aIm J`m& {M‹S>mdm AmÝXmobZ Ho$ VV²níMmV² ß`maobmb Jwám Zo PwÝPwZy§ _| XþJm©XÎm H$m`m± Ho$ gmW h[aOZ nmR>embm _| {ejH$ H$m H$m`© {H$`m&30 H$_bmàgmX ^r_amOH$m Zo ^r X{bV AmÝXmobZ _| _hËdnyU© `moJXmZ {X`m&31

1924 go 1939 VH$ KZí`m_Xmg {~S>bm, grVmam_ goH$g[a`m, ^mJraW H$mZmo{S>`m, goR> Xodr~Šg gam©\$, VmamMÝX S>mb{_`m, XþJm©XÎm H$m`m± Am{X Ho$ PwÝPwZy§ Ho$ {H$gmZ AmÝXmobZ H$mo Am{W©H$ _XX XoH$a CZH$m g_W©Z {H$`m&32 {H$gmZ ZoVm habmb qgh ~J‹S> àdmg Ho$ g_` Om¡har bmb ê$§JQ>m VWm am_{Zdmg ê$§JQ>m go ñdV§ÌVm AmÝXmobZ VWm {ejm joÌ H$s J{V{d{Y`m| _| nam_e© boVo Wo&33 1940 Ho$ níMmV² a§Jbmb Jm{S>`m {H$gmZ AmÝXmobZ _|

ISSN 2348-3857


g{H«$` hþE&34 1939 _| OH$mV AmÝXmobZ H$m _mVmXrZ ^Ko[a`m Ho$ ZoV¥Ëd _| ì`mnm[a`m| Zo {damoY {H$`m Wm&35

O_Zmbmb ~OmO 1936 go 1939 VH$ Xoer [a`mgVm| H$s g_ñ`m Ho$ {ZamH$aU _| OwQ> Jò Wo&36 OZdar, 1939 _| O`nwa amÁ` ([a`mgV) Zo àOm_ÊS>b H$s, Omo CÎmaXm`r emgZ H$s _m§J H$a ahm Wm, J¡a H$mZyZ Kmo{fV H$a {X`m Am¡a O_Zmbmb ~OmO Ho$ O`nwa amÁ` _| àdoe na à{V~ÝY bJm {X`m& H$bH$Îmm H$s {_Ì_ÊS>br Ho$ bJ^J g^r gXñ` O`nwa amÁ` H$s àOm Wr& grVmam_ goH$g[a`m Am¡a ^mJraW H$mZmo{S>`m Ho$ ZoV¥Ëd _| H$bH$Îmm Ho$ AZoH$ ì`mnmar g_W©Z XoZo Ho$ {bE O`nwa Amò&37

eoImdmQ>r Ho$ {H$gmZ AmÝXmobZ Zo àOm_ÊS>b H$mo nyam g_W©Z {X`m& PwÝPwZy, {nbmZr, ~J‹S> Am{X _| gË`mJ«h Ho$ Xm¡amZ h‹S>Vmb|, bmR>rMmO© Am¡a {JaâVm[a`m± hþB©& {H$gmZm| na hmo aho AË`mMmam| H$m {damoY H$aZo Ho$ {bE gË`mJ«h H$m¡§{gb Zo gmao ^maV _| 01 _mM©, 1939 H$mo "O`nwa gË`mJ«h {Xdg' _ZmZo H$m {ZíM` {H$`m, Omo gd©Ì ~‹S>o CËgmh go _Zm`m J`m&38 {H$gmZ ZoVmAm| Zo {H$gmZ g^m H$m àOm_ÊS>b _| {db` H$a OZ epŠV _| d¥{Õ H$s, {Oggo {H$gmZm| H$mo H$m\$s amhV {_br&39 goR> nram_b Ûmam ñWm{nV h[aOZ nmR>embm Ho$ àYmZmÜ`mnH$ ~¥O{H$emoa e_m© (H«$m§pÝVH$mar ào_XÎm nmbrdmb H$m Zm_ n[ad{V©V) H$s àoaUm go nm§M ì`pŠV`m| Zo ~å~B© AmH$a àOm_ÊS>b AmÝXmobZ _| ^mJ {b`m&40 AZwgy`m Xodr ~JS>H$m ~å~B© go AmH$a AnZo n{V Ho$ gmW PwÝPwZy _| {JaâVmar XoH$a Oob _| ahr&41

{ZîH$f©

gmaV… H$hm Om gH$Vm h¡ {H$ ñdVÝÌVm AmÝXmobZ H$m e§IZmX H$ht go ^r hþAm hmo, naÝVw Cg e§IZmX H$m aU eoImdmQ>r H$s Yam hr ahr h¡& {Og_| dV©_mZ PwÝPwZy§ {Obo Ho$ XmZdar ì`mnm[aH$ `moÕmAm| Zo H$X_ go H$X_ {_bmVo hþE gånyU© ^maVdf© Ho$ {bE AmOmXr H$s ^y{_H$m V¡`ma H$s& {H$gr ^r AmÝXmobZ Ho$ {bE YZ Am¡a {ejm H$s gwP-~yP Amdí`H$ hmoVr h¡ Am¡a XmoZm| hr {df` dñVw PwÝPwZy§ Ho$ ì`mnm[a`m| Zo amï´>r` AmÝXmobZ H$mo J{V àXmZ H$aZo Ho$ {bE gm¡JmV Ho$ ê$n _| àXmZ H$s&

gÝX^© gyMr

1. S>ãë`yS>ãë`yS>ãë`y.PwÝPwZy§.amOñWmZ.OrAmodr.BZ/A~mCQ>/{hñQ´>r

2. eoImdV, aKwZmWqgh, PwÝPwZy§ _ÊS>b H$m B{Vhmg, lr emX©b eoImdmQ>r B{Vhmg emoY g§ñWmZ, PwÝPwZy§, 1981, n¥.g§. 1-2

3. e_m©, am_Jmonmb, amOñWmZ _| àOm_ÊS>b AmÝXmobZ ^mJ-3, amOñWmZ ñdU© O`§Vr g_mamoh g{_{V, O`nwa, 2002, n¥.g§. 87

4. dhr, n¥.g§. 87-88

5. Jwám, _§Ow, ñdV§ÌVm g§J«m_ Ed§ O_Zmbmb ~OmO, amOñWmZ {hÝXr J«ÝW AH$mX_r, O`nwa, 2010, n¥.g§. 44

6. OmbmZ, ZÝX{H$emoa, eoImdmQ>r Zd{bH$m, IÊS>-1, lr ZdbJ‹T> {dÚmb` H$_oQ>r, H$bH$Îmm, 1985, n¥.g§. 127

7. emh, à_moX, _§{MH$m A{YdoeZ {deofm§H$, ApIb ^maVr` `wdm _§M, {Xëbr, 1994 , boI : ^maV Ho$ ñdmYrZVm AmÝXmobZ _| _madm‹S>r&

8. bmb, bú_rZmamU, ñdamO Am¡a KZí`m_Xmg, à^mV àH$meZ, {Xëbr, 1987, n¥.g§. 76

9. emh, à_moX, _§{MH$m A{YdoeZ {deofm§H$, ApIb ^maVr` `wdm _§M, {Xëbr, 1994 boI : ^maV Ho$ ñdmYrZVm AmÝXmobZ _| _madm‹S>r&

10. bmb bú_rZmamU, ñdamO Am¡a KZí`m_Xmg, à^mV àH$meZ, {Xëbr, 1987, n¥.g§. 17

11. gmañdV, _mYdmZÝX, {~abm {nbmZr {X½Xe©Z, {à`§H$m àH$meZ, {nbmZr, 2008, n¥.g§. 69

12. e_m©, {J[aOme§H$a, _madm‹S>r (X¥{ï>-à{VX¥{ï>) {dH$mg àH$meZ, ~rH$mZoa, 2012 , n¥.g§. 101

13. {Q>å~g© Q>m°_g E., _madm‹S>r g_mO ì`dgm` go CÚmoJ _|, amYmH¥$îU àH$meZ, ZB© {Xëbr, 1978 n¥.g§. 73

14. e_m©, {Ja{Ome§H$a, _madm‹S>r (X¥{ï>-à{VX¥{ï>) {dH$mg àH$meZ, ~rH$mZoa, 2012 , n¥.g§. 101

15. CnmÜ`m`, h[a^mD$, lo`mWu O_Zmbmb Or, gñVm gm{hË` _ÊS>b, ZB© {Xëbr, 1951, n¥.g§. 178

16. bmb, bú_rZmamÙ, ñdamO Am¡a KZí`m_Xmg, à^mV àH$meZ, {Xëbr, 1987, n¥.g§. 130

17. Q>H$ZoV, S>r.Ho$., _madm‹S>r g_mO, Hw$_ma àH$meZ, O`nwa, 1990, n¥.g§. 193-194

18. {ÛdoXr, h[ae§H$a, lram_H¥$îU S>mb{_`m ñ_¥{V J«ÝW, n_nmof EZŠbod, ZB© {Xëbr, 1988, n¥.g§. 109

19. Q>H$ZoV, S>r.Ho$. _madm‹S>r g_mO, Hw$_ma àH$meZ, O`nwa, 1990, n¥.g§. 197

20. e_m©, gmJa_b, {MS>mdm AVrV go AmO VH$, {MS>mdm emoY g§ñWmZ, {MS>mdm, 1990, n¥.g§. 269

21. Q>H$ZoV, S>r.Ho$., _madm‹S>r g_mO, Hw$_ma àH$meZ, O`nwa, 1990, n¥.g§. 201-203

22. ñdV§ÌVm goZmZr lr gm§dbam_ ^maVr` Ho$ gmW ZdbJ‹T> _| ^|Q>dmVm©, 2015


ISSN 2348-3857

23. Zdo{Q>`m, amYmH¥$îU, lr à^wX`mb, {hå_VqghH$m A{^ZÝXZ J«§W, lr à^Xþ`mb {hå_VqghH$m A{^ZÝXZ-g{_{V, H$bH$Îmm, 1984, n¥.g§. 65

24. Ho${S>`m nwîH$abmb, lr {dZm`H$ àgmX {hå_VqghH$m A{^ZÝXZ J«ÝW lr {dZm`H$ àgmX {h_åVqghH$m A{^ZÝXZ-g{_{V, H$bH$Îmm, 1986, n¥.g§. 23

25. JwQ>Jw{Q>`m, h[aam_, ñdVÝÌVm g§J«m_ (1857-1942) d _madm‹S>r g_mO, h[aam_ am_ZmW, Jm{O`m~mX, 1995, n¥.g§. 175

26. R>mHw$a am_oída, grVmam_ goH$g[a`m, OÝ_ eVmãXr J«§W, Jm§Yr {hÝXþñVmZr gm{hË` g^m, ZB© {Xëbr, 1993, n¥.g§. 37

27. d_m©, _XZbmb, eoImdmQ>r A§Mb-555 df©, eoImdmQ>r A§Mb, O`nwa, 2001, n¥.g§. 19-21

28. {_l, aVZbmb, eoImdmQ>r Am`© g_mO Ho$ Mma ñVå^, qH$½gQ>Z, Kmgram_ d_m©, A_o[aH$m, 1999, n¥.g§. 34-39

29. d_m©, _XZbmb, eoImdmQ>r A§Mb-555 df©, eoImdmQ>r A§Mb, O`nwa, 2001, n¥.g§. 25-28

30. qgh, _mohZ, eoImdmQ>r _| ñdV§ÌVm AmÝXmobZ H$m B{Vhmg, adrÝÐ àH$meZ, PwÝPwZy§, 1990, n¥.g§. 190-192

31. e_m©, gmJa_b, {MS>mdm AVrV go AmO VH$, {MS>mdm emoY g§ñWmZ, {MS>mdm, 1990, n¥.g§. 277

32. dhr, n¥.g§. 15-16

33. d_m© _XZbmb, eoImdmQ>r A§Mb-555 df©, eoImdmQ>r A§Mb, O`nwa, 2001, dhr, n¥.g§. 26

34. qgh, _mohZ, eoImdmQ>r _| ñdV§ÌVm AmÝXmobZ H$m B{Vhmg, adrÝÐ àH$meZ, PwÝPwZy§, 1990, n¥.g§. 332

35. ^maVr` gm§dbam_, AmOmXr Ho$ OZ AmÝXmobZ (ZdbJ‹T> A§Mb), OZdmXr nwñVH$mb`, ZdbJ‹T>, 1987, n¥.g§. 4-5

36. Jwám, _§Ow, ñdV§ÌVm g§J«m_ Ed§ O_Zmbmb ~OmO, amOñWmZ {hÝXr J«ÝW AH$mX_r, O`nwa, 2010, n¥g§. 69

37. qgYr ^§da_b, ñdJu` ^mJraW H$mZmo{S>`m ñ_¥{V-J«§W lr ^mJraW H$mZmo{S>`m ñ_maH$ g{_{V, H$bH$Îmm, 1981, n¥.g§. 38-39

38. n[ahma, {dZrVm, amOñWmZ _| àOm_ÊS>b AmÝXmobZ, amOñWmZ {hÝXr J«ÝW AH$mX_r, O`nwa, 2016, n¥.g§. 45

39. ì`mg, am_àgmX, AmYw{ZH$ amOñWmZ H$m d¥hV B{Vhmg, IÊS>-11, amOñWmZ {hÝXr J«ÝW AH$mX_r, O`nwa, 2016, n¥.g§. 346

40. qgh, _mohZ, eoImdmQ>r _| ñdV§ÌVm AmÝXmobZ H$m B{Vhmg, adrÝÐ àH$meZ, PwÝPwZy§, 1990, n¥.g§. 179

41. dhr, n¥.g§. 275

àñVmdZm

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emoY gmam§e

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g§Ho$Vmja … H$m`m©Ë_H$Vm, ~hþAm`m_r AdYmaUm, gm_m{OH$ Ý`m`

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ghm`H$ AmMm`©, amOZr{V {dkmZg_«mQ> n¥ÏdramO Mm¡hmZ, amOH$s` _hm{dÚmb`, AO_oa (amOñWmZ)



ISSN 2348-3857

W«ogr_¡H$g Zo H$hm h¡ {H$ Ý`m` dhr h¡ Omo e{º$embr ì`{º$ MmhVo h¡§& AWm©V² -""Ý`m` e{º$embr H$m {hV h¡&'' Amdí`H$Vm n‹S>Zo na Ý`m` H$mo AÝ`m` Am¡a qhgm go àmá {H$`m Om gH$Vm h¡& Ý`m` H$m EH$ hr {gÕmÝV h¡ Am¡a dh h¡ g~b H$m {hV, e{º$_mZ H$m ñdmW©& `m{Z ""{OgH$s bmR>r CgH$s ^¡§g'' Ho$ {gÕmÝV _| hr Ý`m` H$s A{^ì`{º$ hmoVr h¡& AÝ`m` O~ ~hþV ^mar _mÌm _| hmo Vmo ~hþV VmH$Vda hmoVm h¡ Am¡a Ý`m` go H$ht A{YH$ à^mdembr hmoVr h¡& Wo«gr _oH$g Zo H$hm, ""_Zwî` AÝ`m` H$s {ZÝXm H$aVo h¢, Bg{bE Zht {H$ do AÝ`m` H$aZo go ^` ImVo h¡§, ~pëH$ Bg{bE Eogm H$aVo h¡ {H$ Eogm H$aZo _| CÝh| Xþ:I CR>mZm n‹S>Vm h¡& AÝ`m` ^r {H$gr ì`{º$ Ho$ {bE bm^H$mar hmoVm h¡& ''

Ý`m` Ho$ Bg {dMma H$m gwH$amV nyU©V: {damoY H$aVm h¡& dh H$hVm h¡ {H$, ""H$moB© ^r {dkmZ e{º$embr Ho$ {hV H$m {ZYm©aU `m AZwgaU H$aZo H$mo Zht H$hVm, A{nVw {Z~©b Ho$ {hV H$s Va\$Xmar H$aVm h¡ {Og na dh emgZ H$aVm h¡& '' gwH$amV Zo W«ogr_oŠg H$mo `h _mZZo Ho$ {bE _O~ya H$a {X`m {H$ ""H$moB© ^r H$bm VWm gaH$ma Eogm Zht H$aVr Omo ñd`§ Ho$ hr bm^ Ho$ {bE hmo, {H$ÝVw dh Eogm H$aVr h¡ Omo ZmJ[aH$m| Ho$ {hV _| hmo, dh CgHo$ bm^ Am¡a {hV H$m AZwgaU H$aVr h¡ Omo H$_Omoa h¡, Zm {H$ e{º$embr Ho$ bm^ H$m& `hr H$maU h¡ {H$ H$moB© ^r ì`{º$ AnZr BÀN>m go Eogm àemgH$ Zht ~ZoJm Omo ZmJ[aH$m| Ho$ Xþ^m©½` H$s ì`dñWm H$ao& ''2 Bg àH$ma gwH$amV Zo Ý`m` H$mo OZgm_mÝ` Am¡a H$_Omoa Ho$ {hVm| go Omo‹S>Zo H$m ~w{Õg§JV VH©$ {X`m&

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CgZo Ý`m` H$mo gån{Îm Ho$ C{MV {dVaU VWm amÁ` Ho$ H$mZyZm| Ho$ AZwgma AmMaU VH$ hr gr{_V {H$`m h¡& gm_m{OH$ gå~ÝYm|

_| {ZînjVm H$mo hr Ý`m` H$s _yb ^mdZm _mZm h¡& AañVw Zo Ý`m` H$mo {dVaUmË_H$ VWm à{VH$mamË_H$ Xmo énm| _| {d^m{OV {H$`m h¡& {dVaUmË_H$ Ý`m` H$m gå~ÝY amÁ` Ho$ ZmJ[aH$m| _| gån{Îm VWm AÝ` dñVwAm| Ho$ C{MV {dVaU go h¡& àËòH$ ì`{º$ H$mo AnZo `moJXmZ Ho$ AZwnmV _| hr gån{Îm Am¡a dñVw godmE± àmá H$aZr Mm{hò& Cgr ^m§{V H$moB© ^r ZmJ[aH$ amÁ` Ho$ H$mZyZm| H$m CëbK§Z H$aVm h¡ Vmo Cgr AZwnmV _| XÊS> {_bZm Mm{hò& Omo nr{‹S>V Am¡a j{VJ«ñV ZmJ[aH$ h¡ Cgo Cgr AZwnmV _| j{VnyU© hmoZr Mm{hò& `hr à{VH$mamË_H$ Ý`m` h¡& 5

àmo. hmQ>© Zo Bg {dMma H$s ì`m»`m Bg àH$ma H$s h¡, g^r ì`{º$ EH$ Xÿgao Ho$ gÝX^© _| g_mZVm `m Ag_mZVm H$s EH$ {ZpíMV gmno{jV pñW{V Ho$ hH$Xma h¡§& `h Hw$N> Eogr ~mV h¡ {OgH$m gm_m{OH$ OrdZ _| CVma M‹T>md Ho$ g_` n[anmbZ H$aZm h¡& Cg pñW{V _| O~ ~moPm| `m bm^m| H$m {dVaU hmo, `h Eogr ^r EH$ MrO h¡ O~ {~J‹S> Omò V~ Cgo nwZ: ñWm{nV H$aZm Amdí`H$ h¡& AV: Ý`m` naånamJV én go EH$ Eogm {dMma h¡ Omo gÝVwbZ `m g_mZwnmV H$m`_ aIVm h¡ `m nwZ: ñWm{nV H$aVm h¡ Am¡a CgHo$ _w»` {gÕmÝV H$mo Bg àH$ma {ZYm©[aV {H$`m OmVm h¡& g_mZ _wÔm| H$m g_mZénVm go CnMma H$a|, CgHo$ ~mX `h ^r Omo‹S>Zm Amdí`H$ h¡, {^ÝZ-{^ÝZ én go {ZnQ>mam H$aZo H$m à`mg {H$`m OmE&

àmo\$ga ~J©dm°Z Zo Bg àH$ma n[a^m{fV {H$`m h¡, ""Ý`m` H$m {gÕmÝV gmaJ{^©V h¡ Am¡a A{YH$m§e CZ g^r {gÕmÝVm| H$mo ^r AnZo _| gå_{bV H$aVm h¡ Omo Z¡{VH$ ì`dñWm H$s AmYma{ebm ~Z MwHo$ h¡§& Ý`m` Zo gX¡d g_mZVm, j{VnyU© Ho$ g_mZwnmV {dMmam| H$mo OmJ«V {H$`m h¡& g_ÑpîQ> g_mZVm H$s Amoa g§Ho$V H$aVr h¡& {Z`_ VWm g§`_, ghr Ed§ gXmMaU H$m _yë` _| g_mZVm go gå~ÝY hmoVm h¡& `{X g^r _Zwî` g_mZ h¡ Vmo g^r _Zwî`m| H$m EH$ hr gma VËd h¡ Am¡a dh gma VËd CÝh| g_mZ _m¡{bH$ A{YH$mam| Am¡a g_mZ ñdVÝÌVm Ho$ {bE A{YH$mar ~ZmVm h¡& ''8 Ý`m` Ho$ Bgr AmYma H$mo ñnï> H$aVo hþE S>m°. Aå~oS>H$a Zo H$hm, Ý`m` gm_mÝ`V: ñdVÝÌVm, g_mZVm Am¡a ^«mV¥Ëd H$m Xÿgam Zm_ h¡&

`hm± g_Ëd H$m {dMma g_mZVm Am¡a ^mB©Mmao Ho$ AmXoem| H$s Amoa g§Ho$V H$aVm h¡& g_mO _| YZ gån{Îm AWdm amÁ` Ûmam A{O©V bm^m| H$m {dVaU ZmJ[aH$m| Ho$ ~rM {Zînj T>§J go hmoZm Mm{hò& {H$gr ^r Xoe _| bm^m| Ho$ gÝX^© _| EH$m{YH$ma Am¡a hm{Z`m| `m {dn{Îm`m| H$m Aå~ma g_mO Ho$ H$_Omoa Am¡a {nN>‹S>o dJm] na bmX

ISSN 2348-3857


XoZm dhm± H$s AÝ`m`nyU© ì`dñWm H$m àVrH$ h¡& AV: Ý`m`g§JV g_mO _| bm^-hm{Z, àJ{V-{dn{Îm H$s ha pñW{V _| g^r ZmJ[aH$m| H$mo g_mZwnmV _| mJrXmar hmoZm Oê$ar h¡ {Oggo àËòH$ H$mo `h _hgyg hmo {H$ dh g^r pñW{V`m| _| g_mZ gh^mJr h¡&

So>{dS> øy_ Ho$ AZwgma Ý`m` H$moB© àmH¥${VH$ gX²JwU Zht h¡& `h "_mZd {Z{_©V' AWdm "Am{Q©>{\${g`b' h¡, Š`m|{H$ CgH$s CËn{Îm n[apñW{V`m| VWm _mZdOm{V H$s Amdí`H$Vm Ho$ H$maU hmoVr h¡& Ý`m` Ho$ {Z`_ ~ZmdQ>r hmo gH$Vo h¡§ na do ñdoÀN>mMmar Zht hmo gH$Vo Bg{bE CZH$m gå~ÝY ghmZw^y{V Ed§ OZ{hV go hmoVm h¡& Ý`m` Z¡{VH$ én go à_m{UV Am¡a _mZd àWm na AmYm[aV hmoVm h¡& {\$a ^r CgH$m {dH$mg ñd-{hV Ho$ H$maU hþAm h¡& Bg àH$ma Ý`m` AnZo Amn _| EH$ àWm AWdm gh_{V Ûmam ñWm{nV hmoVm h¡, {H$gr Zo H$^r `h gmoMm ^r Zht hmoJm {H$ ""Ý`m` O¡gm H$moB© gX²JwU Wm AWdm AnZo H$m`m] H$mo Cggo nwï> H$aZo H$mo CËgwH$ ahm hmo& ''11 Bg àH$ma øy_ Zo `h {ZîH$f© {ZH$mbm, ""Ý`m` H$s ñWmnZm Ho$ nrN>o ñd-{hV _yb gåàoaUm h¡, {H$ÝVw OZ{hV Ho$ à{V CgH$s ghmZw^y{V Z¡{VH$ ñdrH¥${V H$m ñÌmoV h¡& Omo gX²JwU H$s Amoa bo OmVr h¡&''12 `hm± ñd-{hV EH$X_ ñdmWunZ Zht h¡& ñd-{hV {ZpíMV hr ì`{º$ go àmaå^ hmoVm h¡ Am¡a bmoJm| Ho$ Xþ:Im| VWm {dn{Îm`m| Ho$ à{V ghmZw^y{V aIVo hþE OZ {hV _| {dbrZ hmo OmVm h¡& My±{H$ Ý`m` H$s YmaUm Zo AZoH$ énm| H$mo J«hU H$a {b`m h¡, Bg{bE Ý`m` H$s ñWmnZm Ho$ nrN>o _yb gåàoaUm Ho$ én _| _mZm J`m ñd-{hV AmYw{ZH$ `wJ _| EH$ XÿañW {dMma àVrV hmoVm h¡& Ý`m` H$m AmYma ñd-{hV Zht hmo gH$Vm& _mŠg©, E§Joëg, bo{ZZ Am¡a _mAmo O¡go gmå`dmXr {dMmaH$m| Zo Ý`m` H$mo EH$ g_mOdmXr g_mO H$s ñWmnZm Ho$ én _| g_Pm& CZHo$ Ý`m` g§JV g_mO _| g^r àH$ma Ho$ AÝ`m` Am¡a emofU, {deofH$a Am{W©H$ CËnrS>Z g_má hmo Omò, H$mZyZ Ûmam g_ñV emofU AWdm ny±OrdmXr ì`dñWm H$m AÝV hmo Am¡a amÁ` H$s gÎmm na gd©hmamdJ© H$m dM©ñd hmo, amÁ`{dhrZ Am¡a dJ© {dhrZ g_mO H$s hmoZm Mm{hò& g^r AnZr `mo½`Vm Ho$ AZwgma H$m`© H$a| Am¡a AnZr Amdí`H$Vm Ho$ AZwgma àmá H$ao Vmo Ý`m` H$s ñWmnZm hmo gH$Vr h¡&

àmo. bmñH$s Zo H$mb©_mŠg© Ho$ g_mOdmX H$s àe§gm H$s h¡, Š`m|{H$ CgH$m _ybmYma _mZdVmdmX h¡& Am{W©H$ g_mZVm _mŠg©dmX H$m _yb _§Ì h¡& àmo. bmñH$s Zo CgHo$ gmW ñdVÝÌVm H$m A§e ^r Omo‹S>m h¡ Vm{H$ _mZd AnZo ApñVËd H$s J[a_m H$mo ^r _hgyg H$ao& ñdVÝÌVm H$m _hËd `h h¡ {H$ `h bmoJm| H$mo ^r _hgyg H$ao&

ñdVÝÌVm H$m _hËd `h h¡ {H$ `h bmoJm| H$mo Eogm Hw$N> H$aZo H$mo CËgm{hV H$aVr h¡ {Ogo g_mZVm H$admZm MmhVr h¡& àmo. bmñH$s Zo `h _mZm {H$ g_mOdmX Am¡a ~ÝYwËd EH$ hr ~mV h¡ Am¡a CgHo$ AZwgma g_mOdmXr g_mZVm go `wº$ g_mOdmXr g_mO Ý`m` g§JV àVrV hmoVm h¡& 13 g_mOdm{X`m| VWm _mŠg©dm{X`m| H$m `h {dMma h¡ {H$ nyU© Ý`m`g§JV g_mO H$s ñWmnZm nyU© gmå`dmX H$s pñW{V _| {Z{hV h¡, Ohm± Z H$moB© l{_H$ hmoVm h¡, Z H$moB© _m{bH$, Z H$moB© ~mhar X~md, amÁ` H$m ApñVËd ^r g_má hmo OmVm h¡ Am¡a g^r bmoJ ñdào[aV hmoH$a dhr H$aVo h¡§ Omo g~Ho$ {hV _| hmo& `h emofU {dhrZ amÁ` {dhrZ g_mO H$s pñW{V h¡&

àmo. ~oñQ> Ho$ ZO[aò _|, ""_w»` Ñï>`m Hw$N> Eogo g§Ho$V h¡§ Omo `h ñnï> H$hVo h¡§ {H$ Ý`m` Ho$ g_ñV {dMmam|, Ý`m` go gå~pÝYV qMVZ H$s g^r {d{dYVmAm| Am¡a ^mdZm _| Hw$N> g_mZ ~mV h¡&'' CZHo$ AZwgma Eogo {dMmam| H$m EH$ {d{eï> loUr Ho$ {dMmam| Ho$ én _| gd©Ì ApñVËd h¡, "Ý`m`' nX `m CgHo$ g_H$j H$m àËòH$ OJh ApñVËd h¡, Ý`m` Ho$ à{V gmd©^m¡_V: _mZdr` CËH$ÊR>m BVZr A{YH$ h¡ {H$ H$moB© ^r ì`{º$ gmd©O{ZH$ OrdZ _| AnZo H$m`m] H$mo Ý`m` g§JV én _| àñVwV H$aZo H$s Cnojm Zht H$a gH$Vm, Am¡a h_ AmgmZr go {H$gr ^r H$m`© H$mo {H$gr {dÚ_mZ pñW{V _| Ý`m` g§JV `m AÝ`m`nyU© H$pënV H$a gH$Vo h¡§& 14 BZ g§Ho$Vm| H$s ÑpîQ> go àmo. EZm}ëS> ~«o»Q> Zo {ZîH$f© én go H$hm h¡, ""h_mao nmg `h AZw_mZ bJmZo Ho$ {bE AÀN>m H$maU h¡ {H$ gmd©^m¡_ nX Ý`m` A{^ì`{º$ H$s EH$ gmd©^m¡_ _mZd Amdí`H$Vm H$m CÎma XoVm h¡, {dÚ_mZ H$mZyZ Ho$ à{V Z Ho$db _m¡Zd¥{Îm Ûmam A{nVw Cg_| Ý`m` H$s H$_r H$mo XoIVo hþE CgH$s AmbmoMZm H$aHo$ ^r Cg gmd©^m¡_ Amdí`H$Vm H$m Cg Amdí`H$Vm go gå~ÝY h¡, {OgHo$ AÝVJ©V H$_ go H$_ Hw$N> VËd gm_mÝ` h¡§, AmJo Am¡a ^r AZw_mZ bJmZo Ho$ {bE h_mao nmg AÀN>m H$maU h¡ {H$ ò VËd _mZd ñd^md Ho$ {bE AË`{YH$ _hËdnyU© hmoZo Mm{hò, Š`m|{H$ do Bg àH$ma H$s CÎmoOZmnyU© ^mdZm go ~§Yo hþE h¡§& ''15 AÝ` eãXm| _| Ý`m` Ho$ {dMma _mZd OrdZ _| Hw$N> Bg àH$ma JwWo hþE h¡§ {H$ CZH$s AmgmZr go {H$gr g_mO, g_wXm` `m gaH$ma Ûmam Cnojm Zht H$s Om gH$Vm, ^bo hr H$moB© Ý`m` H$m {dMma g§Hw${MV VWm gr{_V Š`m| Z hmo&

`hm± VH$ {H$ H$^r-H$^r emofH$ VWm qhgH$ VËd ^r AnZo H$m`m] H$mo {deof n[apñW{V`m| _| Ý`m`g§JV _mZ boVo h¡§ Am¡a gm_m{OH$ Am¡a amOZr{VH$ B{Vhmg _| Eogo VËd {_bmVo h¡§ {H$ Ý`m` H$s ñWmnZm qhgm Am¡a X_Z Ûmam H$s JB©&


ISSN 2348-3857

AR>mahdt eVmãXr _| nwZOm©JaU Zo Ý`m` Ho$ {dMma H$mo Zò Am`m_ àXmZ {H$ò&

\«$m§g H$s H«$m§{V Zo BZ Zò {dMmam| H$m H$m\$s àMma {H$`m& _mZd ~w{Õ H$m AmXa, _mZd A{YH$mam| Ho$ à{V AmH$f©U, AÝVamË_m Ed§ nyOm H$s ñdVÝÌVm, g_mZ Adga VWm Am{W©H$ H$ë`mU, OZVmpÝÌH$ gaH$ma Am¡a H$mZyZ Ho$ g_j ZmJ[aH$m| H$s g_mZVm Hw$N> Eogo {dMma VWm AmXe© Wo Omo ~hþV bmoH${à` ~Z Jò Am¡a BÝh| Ý`m` g§JVVm Ho$ gmW Omo‹S>m J`m& Ý`m` Ho$ gmW BZ VËdm| H$mo Omo‹S>Zo H$s {Xem _| dmëVoà (1694-1778), _mÝQ>oñÏ`y (1689-1755), Om°Z bm°H$ (1632-1704), égmo (1712-1778) Am{X Zo gamhZr` H$m`© {H$ò& BÝhm|Zo ì`{º$ H$s ~m¡{ÕH$, amOZr{VH$, Ym{_©H$, àog VWm MwZmd H$s ñdVÝÌVm, amOZr{VH$ g_mZVm Am¡a A{YH$mam| na AË`{YH$ ~b {X`m Omo AmO Ho$ n[aàoú` _| Ý`m` Ho$ _hËdnyU© nj ~Z Jò h¡§& BZHo$ {~Zm Ý`m` H$s H$ënZm hr AYyar h¡& BZ {dÛmZm| Ûmam àMm[aV g_mZVm, ñdVÝÌVm, ^«mVËd Am¡a àmH¥${VH$ A{YH$mam| Ho$ AmXe© AmO Ý`m` Ho$ A{Zdm`© A§J ~Z MwHo$ h¡§& égmo Omo ñd`§ l{_H$ Am¡a {H$gmZ dJ© go Wm CgZo ""g_mZ A{YH$mam| Am¡a gm_m{OH$ XmgVm go _w{º$'' H$mo Ý`m` _mZm Vmo dmëVoà Zo _Ü`_ dJ© Ho$ {bE ""g_mZ amOZr{VH$ A{YH$mam| Am¡a {dMmam| VWm A§V:H$aU H$s ñdVÝÌVm H$s _m±J'' H$mo à^mdembr én go àñVwV {H$`m&

19dt eVmãXr Ho$ Xm¡amZ ^r Cn`mo{JVmdmXr {dMmaH$m|- Oao_r ~¡§W_ (1748-1832), Ooåg {_b (1773-1836), Om°Z Am°ñQ>rZ (1790-1859), Oo.Eg.{_b (1806-1873) Zo Ý`m` H$s YmaUm H$mo EH$ Z`m Am`m_ àXmZ {H$`m& CZHo$ AZwgma ì`mdhm[aH$Vm VWm Cn`mo{JVm, gX²JwU VWm Ý`m` H$m _mnXÊS> h¡& Ý`m` H$m `h _yë` Bg_| {Z{hV h¡ {H$ dh {H$VZo bmoJm| H$mo gwI XoVm h¡ AWdm gm_mÝ` {hV Ho$ {bE H$hm± VH$ Cn`moJr h¡& Omo AZwnm`moJr h¡ dh Ý`m` g§JV H$^r Zht hmo gH$Vm& Bg àH$ma Ý`m` H$s YmaUm H$m AmYma A{YH$V_ g§»`m Ho$ {bE A{YH$V_ Cn`mo{JVm H$mo {ZYm©[aV {H$`m J`m& Cn`mo{JVm hr ew^, Z¡{VH$Vm, àJ{V VWm Ý`m` H$m _mnXÊS> hmoZm Mm{hò& OaoZr ~|W_ H$mZyZ Ho$ joÌ _| ~hþV ~‹S>o gwYmaH$ Wo {OZH$s _mÝ`Vm Wr {H$ ""Ý`m` àX{e©V hmo Am¡a gwnmÌ VWm nr{‹S>V H$s Iwehmbr H$mo gwa{jV ~Zm`m OmZm Mm{hE& '' CgHo$ AZwgma Cn`mo{JVm hr Ý`m` H$m _ybmYma h¡& Omo AZwn`moJr h¡, dh Aew^ h¡, Xþ:IX h¡ VWm AÝ`m` h¡, Cgo ~Xbm OmZm hr C{MV h¡&

AmW©a EM. ~|Q>bo (1846-1924) Zo, AmË_nyU©VmdmX Ho$ EH$

{dMmaH$ Ho$ én _| Bg ~mV na A{YH$ ~b {X`m {H$ `{X àËòH$ ì`{º$ AnZo-AnZo H$V©ì`m| H$m ^br-^m±{V nmbZ H$ao Vmo g_mO _| Ý`m` H$s ñWmnZm AmgmZ hmo OmEJr& CÝhm|Zo AnZo _yb {gÕmÝV ""_oam ñWmZ Am¡a _oam H$V©ì`'' H$mo Ý`m` H$m _w»` AmYma _mZm& CÝhm|Zo H$hm {H$ g_mO _| àËòH$ ì`{º$ H$s mo½`Vm VWm j_Vm _| {^ÝZVm nmB© OmVr h¡& AV: g_mO _| CZHo$ H$V©ì` r {^ÝZ-{^ÝZ hmoVo h¡§& àËòH$ ì`{º$ H$mo g_mO _| AnZo {deof ñWmZ Ho$ AZwgma hr AnZo g_ñV H$V©ì`m| H$m ^br-^m±{V nmbZ H$aZm Mm{hò& ~«oS>bo H$s ì`dñWm _| àËòH$ ì`{º$ H$mo AnZm ñWmZ MwZZo H$m nyU© A{YH$ma h¡& Bgr _| CƒV_ Z¡{VH$ gX²JwU Am¡a Ý`m` H$s ^mdZm {Z{hV h¡& Bg àH$ma Ý`m` H$s ^mdZm go AmoV-àmoV ~«oS>bo H$m Z¡{VH$ AmXe© `h _mZVm h¡ {H$ ""{H$gr ì`{º$ H$m OrdZ _w»`V: AnZo Z¡{VH$ H$V©ì`m| g{hV Cg gå_mZnyU©VmAm| H$s ì`dñWm _| AnZo ñWmZ go gånÝZ hmoVm h¡, {Ogo amÁ` H$hm J`m h¡ Am¡a dh A§eV: AnZo H$mZyZ Am¡a g§ñWmAm| Ho$ Ûmam Am¡a Bggo r A{YH$ AnZr MoVZm Ûmam ì`{º$ H$mo Eogm OrdZ àXmZ H$aVm h¡ {Ogo dh OrVm h¡ Am¡a OrZm ^r Mm{hE& ''

^JdX² JrVm _| ^r Ý`m` H$mo Bgr àH$ma XoIm J`m h¡& ì`{º$ H$mo n[aUm_m| H$s qMVm {H$ò {~Zm AnZo-AnZo dU© Ho$ H$V©ì`m| H$m nmbZ H$aZm Mm{hE& JrVm _| ""~«m÷U, j{Ì`, d¡í` Am¡a eyÐ Ho$ H$V©ì` CZHo$ OÝ_OmV JwUm| Ho$ AmYma na hr {ZYm©[aV {H$ò Jò h¡§& AnZo H$V©ì`m| H$m {Zð>mnyd©H$ nmbZ H$aHo$ hr ì`{º$ _moj H$s àm{á H$a gH$Vm h¡& AV: BgHo$ AZwén hr AmMaU H$aZo go hr CgH$m H$ë`mU hmo gH$Vm h¡& ''

~«oS>bo H$m {gÕmÝV Bggo {^ÝZ h¡ Š`m|{H$ dh g_mO _| àËòH$ ì`{º$ H$mo AnZm ñWmZ MwZZo H$m A{YH$ma àXmZ H$aVm h¡& dUm©l_ ì`dñWm _| Eogm Zht h¡§ CZH$m ñWmZ OÝ_ Ho$ AmYma na hr {ZYm©[aV hmoVm h¡& dh OÝ_ AmYm[aV h¡& ~«oS>bo Zo àËòH$ ì`{º$ H$mo EH$ BH$mB© Ho$ én _| ñdVÝÌ _mZm h¡, O~{H$ dUm©l_ ì`dñWm _| Ho$db Mma hr dJ© _mZo Jò h¡§& ~«oS>bo ñVar` gm_m{OH$ à{Vð>m H$mo Zht _mZVm, {H$ÝVw dUm©l_ ì`dñWm _| ñVar` gm_m{OH$ Ag_mZVm {Z{hV h¡, {Ogo Ý`m` Ho$ gmW Omo‹S>m J`m h¡&

Cn`w©º$ Ý`m` H$s YmaUmAm| go `h ~mV ñnï> h¡ {H$ Ý`m` H$m AmYma _mÌ ewôÀN>m Zht h¡, Ý`m` AWdm Z¡{VH$ {Z`_ Ho$ à{V AmXa H$aZm hr n`m©á Zht h¡& Ý`m` H$s ^mdZm H$m`m] _| ì`º$ hmoZr Mm{hò& Ý`m` YmaUmAm| go AmJo ~‹T>H$a H$m`m] _| n[aUV hmo Vmo ì`mdhm[aH$ Ý`m` H$s g§^mdZmE± A{YH$ ~Z OmVr h¡& Ý`m`

ISSN 2348-3857


EH$ g§hf© h¡, EH$ AZw^d h¡, {Og_| à{VÛÝÛr e{º$`m± nañna ~bdVr hmoZo H$m à`mg H$aVr h¡&

O_©Z Xme©{ZH$ ZrËgo Zo Ý`m` H$mo EH$ AbJ T>§J go XoIm Am¡a H$hm h¡ {H$ ""Ý`m`g§JV dh h¡ {Ogo A{V_mZd H$aVm h¡ Am¡a Z¡{VH$ én go MmhVm h¡& ì`{º$ _mÌ AnZm g§ajU Zht MmhVm, A{nVw dh AnZo ApñVËd H$mo A{YH$ e{º$ g{hV H$m`_ aIZm MmhVm h¡& Omo bmoJ ghf© _| AmJo ~‹T>Vo h¡§ AnZm à^wËd ñWm{nV H$aVo h¢, e{º$embr ~ZH$a CâVo h¡§, Xÿgam| na AnZm à^md O_mVo h¡§, do dmñVd _| A{V_mZd hmoVo h¡§& do g§»`m _| Wmo‹S>o hmoVo h¡§ naÝVw dmñVd _| H$_Omoam| Ho$ emgH$ hmoVo h¡§& AV: Ý`m` `m Z¡{VH$Vm dhr h¡ Omo do MmhVo h¡§& Xþ~©bm| H$s Z H$moB© Z¡{VH$Vm hmoVr h¡ Z H$moB© Ý`m`& CÝh| Vmo dhr H$aZm h¡ Omo A{V_mZd MmhVm h¡& ZrËgo H$s Ý`m` àUmbr d¡gr hr h¡ O¡gr W«ogr_oH$g H$s h¡& ""e{º$embr H$m {hV hr Ý`m` h¡& '' ^maV _| _Zwñ_¥{V _| Bg àH$ma H$s Ý`m` àUmbr {_bVr h¡& _Zw Zo ~«m÷Um| H$mo A{V_mZd Ho$ én _| à{V{ð>V {H$`m Am¡a H$hm {H$ Ý`m` dhr h¡ {Ogo ~«m÷U loð> _mZVm h¡& dV©_mZ ^maV _| {hÝXÿdmXr g§JR>Z Bg àH$ma Ho$ Ý`m` H$s dH$mbV H$aVo h¡§& My±{H$ g_W©H$ {hÝXÿ g§»`m _| A{YH$ h¡ CZH$m {hV hr Ý`m` h¡& Bg àH$ma ZrËgo _Zw Am¡a {hÝXÿdmXr g§JR>Zm| _| EH$ _hËdnyU© g_mZVm h h¡ {H$ o Ý`m` H$mo gmd©^m¡_ Z _mZH$a dJ© {deof Ho$ gmW Omo‹S>Vo h¡§& CÝhm|Zo OZ {hV Ho$ ñWmZ na dJ© {hV Ho$ g§ajU H$mo hr Ý`m` H$m _w»` AmYma _mZm h¡& àmo. ~«oS>bo O¡go {dMmaH$m| Zo AnZo Ý`m` H$s YmaUm _| Bgo H$VB© ñWmZ Zht {X`m h¡&

Or-nm°. gmÌ© Ho$ AZwgma, ""_Zwî` ñdVÝÌ hmoZo Ho$ {bE ~mÜ` h¡& '' Š`m|{H$ ñdVÝÌVm _mZd ApñVËd H$s pñW{V _| AÝV{Z©{hV h¡, ñdVÝÌVm Cg g_` VH$ {ZaÝVa ~Zr ahoJr, O~ VH$ {H$ _Zwî` Ho$ ApñVËd H$s g§^mdZmE± g_má Z hmo OmE Am¡a _Zwî` H$s ñdVÝÌVm O~ VH$ dh Agr{_V h¡ AWm©V² {H$gr H$mZyZ, Z¡{VH$ {Z`_, {H$gr AmXe© Ho$ X_Z AWdm Xm{`Ëd H$s ì`dñWm go g_má Zht hmo gH$Vr& ApñVËddm{X`m| Zo Ý`m` H$mo àmH¥${VH$ gX²JwU Zht _mZm Am¡a H$hm h¡ {H$ ì`{º$ _ybV: ñdVÝÌ h¡& ì`{º$ ñd`§ AnZo AmXem] H$mo ~ZmVm h¡, `h gmoMH$a {H$ dh ^{dî` _| H¡$gr ì`dñWm ~ZmZm MmhVm h¡& ApñVËdm{X`m| Ho$ AZwgma -""_mZd H$m OrdZ MwZmd H$s EH$ à{H«$`m H$s EH$Vm H$m EH$ gVV² g§Kf© h¡&'' {H$ÝVw `h VÏ` ì`{º$ H$mo CÎmaXm{`Ëd go d§{MV Zht H$aVm& `hr ApñVËddmXr Ý`m` YmaUm H$m _ybmYma h¡& ì`{º$ AnZo Ûmam ñdVÝÌ én go MwZo Jò AmXem] Ho$ {bE CÎmaXm`r h¡, Mmho do AmXe© Ý`m` go gå~pÝYV hmo AWdm Z hmo,

Z¡{VH$Vm, OZH$ë`mU, Am{W©H$ H$ë`mU, OZVÝÌ go gå~pÝYV hmo AWdm Z hmo& ì`{º$ H$mo Ý`m` g§JV AmXe© AWdm AÝ`m`nyU© ì`dñWmE±, CÝh| CÝht Ho$ AZwgma H$m`© H$aZo Ho$ {bE ào[aV H$aVr h¡& Bg àH$ma Or.nm°. gmÌ© Zo H$hm h¡, ""_¡§ ñd`§ AnZo {bE CÎmaXm`r hÿ± Am¡a àËòH$ AÝ` Ho$ {bE ^r& '' AnZo MwZmd Ho$ AZwén _¡§ AmX_r H$s EH$ {ZpíMV YmaUm CËnÝZ H$a ahm hÿ±....&

{d{b`_ Ooåg Am¡a Om°Z S>rdo O¡go {dMmaH$m| Zo Ý`m` H$mo _mÌ EH$ àË`` Z _mZH$a EH$ ì`dhm[aH$ {dMma H$s g§km Xr h¡& CZHo$ AZwgma Ý`m` H$m àË`` AWdm AÝ` H$moB© àË``, Cgr g_` Cn`moJr hmoJm O~ dh _Zwî` Ho$ OrdZ _| H$moB© "Cn`moJr n[aUm_' CËnÝZ H$aoJm& Ý`m` H$moB© X¡{dH$ H$mZyZ Zht h¡, Z hr H$moB© amOm H$m X¡{dH$ A{YH$ma, dh Vmo g_mO go gå~pÝYV EH$ ì`dhma h¡ Omo _mZd gå~ÝYm| H$s EH$ ì`dñWm H$s Amoa g§Ho$V H$aVm h¡& Ý`m` Ho$ à{V g_yMo A_o[aH$Z ÑpîQ>H$moU H$m AmYma OZVmpÝÌH$ _yë`m| H$s _mÝ`Vm VWm nhMmZ h¡& dhm± Ho$ Ý`m` g§JV g_mO Ho$ CXma VËd OZVÝÌ, Am{W©H$ ñdVÝÌVm, gmd©^m¡_ {ejm, g_mZ gm_m{OH$ à{Vð>m, `mo½`Vm H$m AmXa, j_Vm H$m gXþn`moJ, _mZdm{YH$ma Ho$ à{V AmñWm, ñdVÝÌ ì`mnma, H$mZyZ H$m emgZ, g§{dYmZ H$s à^wgÎmm Am¡a Cg_| {Z{hV ì`{º$ H$s J[a_m h¡& {OÝh| ì`dñWm{nH$m, H$m`©nm{bH$m Am¡a Ý`m`nm{bH$m O¡gr g§ñWmE± à^mdr ~ZmZo Ho$ à`mg _| bJr hþB© h¡&

Ý`m` amOrZ{VH$ A{YH$mam|, gm_m{OH$ Xm{`Ëdm|, Z¡{VH$ _yë`m|, Am{W©H$ `moOZmAm|, àemg{ZH$ Am¡a {d{YH$ à{H«$`mAm| go gå~pÝYV {H«$`mÝd`Z H$s gVV à{H«$`m h¡& Ý`m` ZH$mamË_H$ ÑpîQ> go AÝ`m`, qhgm, emofU, X_Z, ôX^md, Nw>AmNy>V, Om{VdmX, a§JôX, Ag_mZVm, Mmoar, V¥îUm, `wÕ, aº$-a§{OV H«$m§{V, ~§YwAm _OXÿar, AmV§H$dmX, ê$T>rdm{XVm, AkmZ, X¡{dH$Vm, ñdmW© {g{Õ, ^wI_ar, X[aÐVm Am{X Eogo {dMmam| Am¡a ì`dhmam| H$m {damoYr h¡& Bg àH$ma Ý`m` Ho$ gH$mamË_H$ Am¡a ZH$mamË_H$ XmoZm| hr én h¡& dh H$mZyZ go à^mdr ~ZVm h¡ Vmo Y_© Am¡a Z¡{VH$Vm go A{^d¥Õ hmoVm h¡& Ý`m` H$_Omoa VWm {ZY©Z H$mo g§^mbVm h¡ Vmo g~b Am¡a A_ra H$mo gwYmaVm h¡ Am¡a AnZr à{H«$`m Am¡a ì`dñWm _| Hw$N> Omo‹S>Vm h¡ Vmo Hw$N> Vmo‹S>Vm ^r h¡& g§jon _| Ý`m` ì`{º$ H$m g§ajH$, g_mO H$m YmaH$, amÁ` H$m h{W`ma Am¡a _mZdVm H$m CÕmaH$ h¡& Ý`m` Ho$ {~Zm _Zwî` Mb Zht gH$Vm, g_mO {Q>H$ Zht gH$Vm, amÁ` pñWa Zht ah gH$Vm Am¡a amï´> H$s EH$Vm Am¡a AIÊS>Vm H$m`_ Zht ah gH$Vr& AV: Ý`m` H$s A{Zdm`©Vm ñdV: {gÕ h¡&


ISSN 2348-3857

{ZîH$f©

dñVwV: Ý`m` H$s g§aMZm ~hþV O{Q>b h¡, CgH$m H$m`m©Ë_H$ nj Vmo Am¡a ^r O{Q>b Am¡a ~hþAm`m_r h¡& dñVwV: ì`pŠV`m| Ho$ ~rM {OVH$s g_mZVmE§ h¡ CVZr O{Q>bVmE§ h¡& g^r H$mo Ý`m` `m Z¡{VH$Vm AWdm {d{Y Ho$ EH$ hr _mnXÊS> _| ~m§YZm ~hþV _wpíH$b H$m`© h¡& h_ g^r {H$gr Z {H$gr g_mO Ho$ gXñ` h¡, Bg{bE Hw$N> àíZ X\$ZmH$a CÝht àíZm| `m _wX²Xm| H$mo CR>mZm lo`H$a _mZVo h¡, {OZH$m grYm gå~ÝY `m à^md g_mO ì`dñWm go hmoVm h¡ Am¡a dV©_mZ g_mO Ý`m` g§JV ~Z gH$Vm h¡, bo hr h Ý`m` g§JV g_mO ^{dî` _| H$moB© ^r ê$n YmaU H$a bo& h_ AmO g_ñV ^{dî` H$s ì`dñWm H$mo {ZpíMV Zht H$a gH$Vo& Ý`m` dV©_mZ n[apñW{V H$m n[aMm`H$ h¡& dV©_mZ _| Ý`m` H$s pñW{V Š`m h¡ `h {dMma-{d_e© Am¡a Cg na H$m`© H$aZo H$m Adga h¡& dV©_mZ n[apñW{V`m| H$mo CÎm_ ~ZmZo Ho$ {bE gh_{V Am¡a gh`moJ hmoZm Mm{hò& Ý`m` H$_Omoa Am¡a {ZY©Z H$mo g§^mbVm h¡ Am¡a A_ra H$mo gwYmaVm h¡ AnZr à{H«$`m Am¡a ì`dñWm _| Hw$N> Omo‹S>Vm h¡, Vmo Hw$N> Vmo‹S>Vm ^r h¡& AV: Ý`m` ì`pŠV H$m g§ajH$, g_mO H$m YmaH$, amÁ` H$m h{W`ma Am¡a _mZdVm H$m CÛmaH$ h¡&

g§X^© gyMr

1. S>ãë`y., B©ñQ>Z©, J«oQ> nmo{b{Q>H$b qWH$a, n¥.g§. 130

2. ßboQ>mo, X [anpãbH$ ~wH$ I Am¡a II

3. ßboQ>mo, X [anpãbH$ ~wH$ I Am¡a II

4. {Wëbr, \«|$H$, E {hñQ´>r Am°\$ {\$bm°g\$s, 1956, n¥.g§. 115

5. {Wëbr, \«|$H$, E {hñQ´>r Am°\$ {\$bm°g\$s, 1956, n¥.g§. 116

6. Aå~oS>H$a, S>m°.~r.Ama., amBqQ>½g EÊS> ñnrMoO IÊS>-3, 1983, n¥.g§. 25

7. øy_, So>{dS>, E Q´>rQ>mBO Am°\$ ø_Z ZoMa, n¥.g§. 498

8. øy_, So>{dS>, E Q´>rQ>mBO Am°\$ ø_Z ZoMa, n¥.g§. 499-500

9. bmñH$s, hoamëS>, E J«m_a Am°\$ nm°{b{Q>Šg, 1925 n¥.g§. 270

10. ~«»Q>, EZm}ëS, nm°{b{Q>H$b Ï`moar, 1970, n¥.g§. 389

11. ~«»Q>, EZm}ëS>, nm°{b{Q>H$b Ï`moar, 1970, n¥.g§. 390

12. {Wëbr, \«|$H$, E {hñQ´>r Am°\$ {\$bm°ñ\$s, n¥.g§. 407-408

13. ~«oS>bo, E\$.EM., Eo{WH$b ñQ>S>rO, n¥.g§. 174

14. ^JdX² JrVm, AÜ`m` 18, íbmoH$ 41, 45, Ed§ 47

15. \«¡$ÀQ>_¡Z, ~r., EpŠOñQ>opÊg`{bÁ_, 1947, n¥.g§. 21

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^«ï>mMma H$s g_ñ`m AmO {dídì`mnr h¡& Xþ{Z`m H$m H$moB© ^r Xoe Bggo ANy>Vm Zht h¡& ^«ï>mMma Ho$ {ZdmaU Ed§ gm_m{OH$ - Am{W©H$ {dH$mg Ho$ bú` H$s àm{á ZmJ[aH$ {eH$m`Vm| Ho$ Ëd[aV {ZdmaU na {Z^©a H$aVr h¡& Bg{bE Xþ{Z`m Ho$ {d{^ÝZ Xoem| _| emgZ _| ~‹T>Vo ^«ï>mMma Ed§ CgHo$ {dê$Õ ZmJ[aH$ {eH$m`Vm| Ho$ {ZdmaU Ho$ {bE ñH¡$ÊSo>Zo{d`Z Xoem| _| Amoå~wS²>g_¡Z àUmbr, \«$m§g Ed§ AÝ` `yamonr` Xoem| _| àemg{ZH$ Ý`m`mb` VWm g_mOdmXr ì`dñWm dmbo Xoem| _| _w»Vma àUmbr (àmoŠ`yaoQ>a {gñQ>_) O¡gr g§ñWmJV wpŠV`m± g¥{OV H$s JB© h¡& {díd H$m nhbm Amoå~wS²>g_¡Z (OMBUDSMAN) 1809 _| ñdrS>Z (ñH¡$ÊSo>Zo{d`Z Xoe) _| ñWm{nV hþAm Wm& VVníMmV {\$Zb¡ÊS> (1919) So>Z_mH©$ (1955) VWm Zmd} (1962) _| BgH$s ñWmnZm hþB©& Amoå~wS²>g_¡Z ñdr{S>e ^mfm H$m eãX h¡ {OgH$m empãXH$ AW© OZ {eH$m`Vm| H$mo gwZZo dmbm h¡& ñH¡$ÊSo>Zo{d`Z Xoem| Ho$ A{V[aŠV `h g§ñWm

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amOì`dñWm go boH$a AÚVZ àemgH$s` Ed§ H$ë`mUH$mar amÁ`m| Ho$ àdV©Z VH$, emgH$s` H$m`m] H$mo g§nm{XV H$aZo _| àemg{ZH$ g§JR>Zm| VWm bmoH$ godH$m| H$s _hVr ^y{_H$m ahr h¡& naÝVw ~‹T>Vr àemg{ZH$ J{V{d{Y`m| Ed§ g_mO _| {JaVo Z¡{VH$ _yë`m| Ho$ H$maU emgZ Ho$ gdm}ƒ nXm| na AmgrZ nXmgrZm| Ho$ H$m`© _| AHw$ebVm Ed§ «ï>mMma H$mo ~‹T>m`m {_bm h¡& Bgr H$maU Xþ{Z`m Ho$ {d{^ÝZ Xoem| _| àemgZ _| ^«ï>mMma na amoH$ bJmZo Ed§ ZmJ[aH$ {eH$m`Vm| Ho$ à^mdr {ZXmZ hoVw {d{^ÝZ g§ñWmE§ J{R>V H$s h¡& ^maV _| bmoH$nmb Eogr hr EH$ g§ñWm h¡ {OgH$m H$m`© {~Zm {H$gr X~md Ho$ gdm}ƒ g§ñWmAm| _| nXmgrZm| na {ZJamZr aIZm h¡& bmoH$nmb H$mo Xoe _| Hw$àemgZ Ed§ ^«ï>mMma go EH$ gmW {ZnQ>Zo H$s EH$ am_~mU Xdm _mZm J`m h¡& naÝVw {Og àH$ma bmoH$nmb Ho$ M`Z H$mo boH$a gdmb CR>mò Jò VWm amÁ`m| _| bmoH$m`wŠV H$s {Z`wpŠV Ed§ à{VdoXZ na gaH$ma H$m Omo ê$I ahm Cggo `h Zhr bJVm {H$ `h g§ñWm à^mdr ^y{_H$m AXm H$a nmòJr& Amdí`H$Vm Bg g§ñWm H$mo g§d¡Ym{ZH$ XOm© XoH$a Bgo IwX H$mo H$m`©dmhr H$aZo H$m A{YH$ma XoZo H$s h¡& àñVwV emoY nM} _| bmoH$nmb H$s g§aMZm Ed§ CgH$s H$m`© àUmbr H$s g_rjm H$aZm AË`mdí`H$ h¡& àñVwV emoY H$m AmYma - ^maV _| ZmJ[aH$ {eH$m`V {ZdmaU V§Ì Ho$ {bE ñWm{nV g§ñWm Ho$ ê$n _| bmoH$nmb H$s Amdí`H$Vm, {dH$mg Ed§ ñdê$n H$s OmZH$mar H$aZm VWm bmoH$nmb H$s g§aMZm Ed§ epŠV`m± H$m {díbofUmË_H$ AÜ``Z H$aVo hþE Bg g§ñWm H$mo à^mdr ~ZmZo Ho$ {bE gwPmd XoZm h¡&

g§Ho$Vmja … ZmJ[aH$ {eH$m`V V§Ì, Amoå~wS²>g_¡Z, _w»Vma àUmbr, OZbmoH$nmb, bmoH$nmb, bmoH$m`wº$

Ý`yOrb¡ÊS>, {~«Q>oZ, H$ZmS>m VWm A_o[aH$m _| ^r H$m`©aV h¡&

^maV {díd H$m g~go ~‹S>m bmoH$Vm§{ÌH$ Xoe h¡& {H$gr ^r bmoH$Vm§{ÌH$ Xoe _| gaH$ma Ho$ {bE Oê$ar hmoVm h¡ {H$ emgZ _| nmaX{e©Vm, IwbmnZ Ed§ Odm~Xohr hmo& `{X bmoH$godH$ OZVm H$s AnojmAm| Ho$ AZwê$n H$m_ Zht H$a aho VWm OZVm H$mo CZ àemg{ZH$ A{YH$m[a`m| go {H$gr àH$ma H$s H$moB© {eH$m`V h¡ V~ OZ {eH$m`Vm| Ho$ {ZdmaU V§Ì Ho$ ê$n _| EH$ g§ñWm hmoZr Mm{hE Bg ~mV H$s _m§J ^maV _| 60 Ho$ XeH$ go H$s Om ahr h¡& Amoå~wS²>g²_¡Z Zm_H$ `hr g§ñWm ^maV _| Ho$ÝÐ _| bmoH$nmb VWm amÁ`m| _| bmoH$m`wŠV H$hbmVr h¡& naÝVw ^maV _| Amoå~wS²>g_¡Z Ho$ gmW hr Ý`yOrb¡ÊS> H$s VO© na Ý`m`mb`m| H$mo BgHo$ H$m`©joÌ go ~mha aIm J`m h¡ O~{H$ ñdrS>Z _| Ý`m`mb` Amoå~wS²>g_¡Z Ho$ H$m`©joÌ Ho$ AÝVJ©V AmVo h¡&

^maV _| Amoå~wS>g²_¡Z O¡gr g§ñWm AnZmZo H$m gd©àW_ gwPmd amOñWmZ àemg{ZH$ gwYma g{_{V (h[aeMÝÐ _mWwa g{_{V)

^maV _| bmoH$nmb H$s AdYmaUm : EH$ {díbofUmË_H$ {ddoMZM¡Zmam_ (_w§X{b`m)

ghm`H$ AmMm`©, amOZr{V {dkmZ, amOH$s` ~m±J‹S> _hm{dÚmb`, S>rS>dmZm (amOñWmZ)

nwîH$a qgh ~J{‹S>`m

ghm`H$ AmMm`©, ^yJmob, goR> Ama.Eb.Eg amOH$s` _hm{dÚmb`, H$mbmSo>am, O`nwa (amOñWmZ)



ISSN 2348-3857

Zo 1963 _| {X`m Wm& naÝVw Bg g§ñWm H$m Zm_ bmoH$nmb Ed§ bmoH$m`wŠV XoZo H$m lo` VmËH$mbrZ g§gX gXñ` Ed§ amOñWmZ Ho$ à»`mV {d{YdoVm bú_r_ëb qgKdr H$mo OmVm h¡& VËníMmV 1966 _| _moama Or XogmB© H$s AÜ`jVm _| àW_ àemg{ZH$ gwYma Am`moJ H$s ñWmnZm hþB©& _moama Or XogmB© Ho$ BpÝXam Jm§Yr H$s ZoV¥Ëd dmbr H$m§J«og gaH$ma _| _§Ìr ~Z OmZo na Ho$. hZw_§V¡æ`mBg Am`moJ Ho$ ~mX _| AÜ`j ~Zo Wo& Am`moJ H$m JR>Z 1966 _| {H$`m J`m VWm Am`moJ Zo AnZr [anmoQ>© 1969 Xr Wr& Am`moJ Zo AnZo A§V[a_ à{VdoXZ 1968 _| OZ{eH$m`Vm| H$mo gwZZo Ho$ {bE Ho$ÝÐ ñVa na bmoH$nmb VWm amÁ`m| _| bmoH$m`wŠV ñWm{nV H$aZo H$s {g\$m[ae H$s JB©& Am`moJ Ho$ AZwgma, amï´>n{V maV Ho$ _w»` Ý`m`mYre, bmoH$g^m AÜ`j VWm amÁ`g^m Ho$ g^mn{V H$s gbmh Ho$ AmYma na bmoH$nmb H$s {Z`wpŠV H$aoJm& bmoH$nmb EH$ ñdV§Ì Ed§ {Zînj g§ñWm Ho$ ê$n _| hmoJm& àemg{ZH$ gwYma Am`moJ Zo gwPmd {X`m {H$ bmoH$nmb _| {Z`wpŠV Ohm± VH$ hmo gHo$ J¡a amOZr{VH$ hmo, BgH$m XOm© Xoe _| Cƒ Ý`m{`H$ àm{YH$m[a`m| Ho$ g_j hmo Ed§ AnZo H$V©ì`m| H$s ny{V© hoVw Amdí`H$ OmZH$mar àmá H$aZo Ho$ {bE BgH$mo nyU© epŠV`m± àmá hmoZr Mm{hE& ^maV gaH$ma Zo Am`moJ H$s {g\$m[aem| H$mo ñdrH$ma {H$`m& A~ VH$, Bg {df` _| {dYo`H$ bmZo Ho$ {bE 10 ~ma Am{YH$m[aH$ à`mg {H$E Om MwHo$ h¡ -

• _B© 1968 _| BpÝXam Jm§Yr H$s gaH$ma Ûmam Ho$ÝÐ _| bmoH$nmb H$s ñWmnZm hoVw bmoH$g^m _| àW_ ~ma {dYo`H$ bm`m J`m&

• An¡«b, 1971 _|, nwZ: BpÝXam Jm§Yr Ho$ ZoV¥Ëd _| H$m§J«og gaH$ma Ûmam&

• OwbmB©, 1977 _| _moama Or XogmB© Ho$ ZoV²Ëd _| OZVm nmQ>u H$s gaH$ma Zo&

• AJñV, 1985 _| amOrd Jm§Yr Ho$ ZoV¥Ëd _| H$m§J«og gaH$ma Zo&

• {Xgå~a, 1989 _| dr.nr. qgh Ho$ ZoV¥Ëd _| amï´>r` _moMm© gaH$ma Zo&

• {gVå~a, 1996 _| EM.S>r. XodJm¡‹S>m Ho$ ZoV¥Ëd _| g§`wŠV _moMm© gaH$ma Ûmam&

• AJñV, 1998 _| AQ>b {~hmar dmOno`r Ho$ ZoV¥Ëd _| ^mOnm H$s gmPm gaH$ma Zo VWm nwZ: AQ>b Or Ho$ ZoV¥Ëd _| EZS>rE H$s gaH$ma Ûmam&

• AJñV, 2011 _| _Z_mohZ qgh Ho$ ZoV¥Ëd _| g§`wŠV àJ{Verb JR>~§YZ (`ynrE) H$s gaH$ma Zo Eogm {dYo`H$ gXZ _| noe {H$`m&

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ISSN 2348-3857


BZ Mmam| H$s {g\$m[ae Ho$ AmYma na H$m°bo{O`_ _| nm§Mdm§ gXñ` ({d{YdoÎmm) {Z`wŠV H$aoJm&

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• Ho$ÝÐ gaH$ma Ho$ g^r _§Ìr, VWm nyd© _§Ìr&

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ISSN 2348-3857

~¡R>H$ a§OZm XogmB© H$s AÜ`jVm _| \$adar, 2019 _| hmo MwH$s Wr VWm AmR> gXñ`r` gM© H$_oQ>r Ho$ Ûmam gwPmE JE Zm_m| na M`Z g{_{V Ho$ 4 bmoJm| Zo {Og_| g{_{V H$s AÜ`jVm H$a aho àYmZ_§Ìr ZaoÝÐ _moXr, gdm}ƒ Ý`m`mb` Ho$ _w»` Ý`m`mYre a§OZ JmoJmoB©, bmoH$g^m AÜ`j gw{_Ìm _hmOZ VWm {d{YdoVm Ho$ Vm¡a na ^maV Ho$ nyd© Ý`m`mdmXr _wHw$b amohVJr Zo ^mJ {b`m& ({dnj H$m ZoVm nX [aŠV hmoZo Ho$ H$maU nm§Mdm gXñ` gboŠeZ g{_{V _o§ CnpñWV Zht Wm `Ú{n bmoH$g^m _| à{Vnj H$m§J«og ZoVm _{ëbH$mOw©Z I‹S>Jo H$mo {deof Am_§{ÌV gXñ` Ho$ ê$n _| ~wbm`m J`m Wm naÝVw dh CnpñWV Zht hþE& )

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g§X^© J«ÝW gyMr

1. bú_rH$m§V, E_., ^maV H$s amOì`dñWm, _¡J«mo hrb EÁ`wHo$eZ (BpÊS>`m) àm.{b., M¡ÝZB© 2017 n¥.g§. 59.5

2. O¡Z, nwIamO, ^maVr` amOì`dñWm, gm{hË` ^dZ àH$meZ, AmJam, 2017. n¥.g§. 274

3. H$Q>m[a`m, gwaoÝÐ, VwbmZmË_H$ àemg{ZH$ ì`dñWmE§, Ama.~r.Eg.E. npãbeg©, O`nwa, 2007, n¥.g§. 377

4. Xþ~o, a_oe Ed§ e_m©, h[aeMÝÐ, ^maV _| bmoH$ àemgZ, H$m°boO ~wH$ {S>nmo, O`nwa, 2014, n¥.g§. 311

5. qgh, ~mboída, bmoH$ àemgZ, amYm npãbHo$eÝg, ZB© {Xëbr, 2006, n¥.g§. 256

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6. e_m©, h[aeMÝÐ, bmoH$ àemgZ, H$m°boO ~wH$ hmD$g O`nwa, 2015, n¥.g§. 258

7. d¡í`, hare Hw$_ma, bmoH$ àemgZ, Am`m© npãbHo$eÝg. ZB© {Xëbr, 2010, n¥.g§. 23

8. dmYdm, em{bZr, ^maVr` bmoH$ àemgZ, AOw©Z npãbqeJ hmD$g, {Xëbr, 2007, n¥.g§. 166

9. dra, Jm¡V_, bmoH$ àemgZ Ho$ _w»` Am`m_, {díd^maVr` npãbHo$e§g, ZB© {Xëbr, 2009, n¥.g§. 407

10. e_m©, `moJoÝÐ Hw$_ma, àemg{ZH$ g§JR>Z Ho$ _yb VËd, H${ZîH$ npãbHo$e§g, ZB© {Xëbr, 2006, n¥.g§. 136

11. {dßbd Ed§ Zaoe, bmoH$V§Ì Ho$ à_wI ñVå^, amhþb npãb. hmD$g, _oaR>, 2013, n¥.g§. 169

12. amOñWmZ n{ÌH$m, 17 Ed§ 19 _mM©, 2019. _w»` n¥ð> Ed§ gånmXH$s`

13. OZgÎmm, 19 _mM©, 2019 "AmpIa gM hþAm bmoH$nmb H$m gnZm'

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ISSN 2348-3857


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2. ^maV Ho$ CÎma-nydu amÁ` H$m g_w{MV Am{W©H$ d g§aMZmË_H$ {dH$mg H$aZm&

3. ^maV H$s D$Om© Amdí`H$VmAm| H$s ny{V© H$aZm&

4. nydu E{e`m Ho$ gmW EH$sH$aU H$aZm&

^maV H$s nyd© H$s Amoa XoImo Zr{V H$s àJ{V

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ISSN 2348-3857

""^maV VWm Am{g`mZ amîQ´>m| Ho$ _Ü` gwX¥‹T> Am{W©H$ gå~ÝYm| H$s ñWmnZm Ho$ {bE godm d dñVw joÌ _| _wŠV ì`mnma g_Pm¡Vo {H$ò Jò h¢ \$bñdê$n ^maV d Am{g`mZ amîQ´>m| Ho$ _Ü` ì`mnma _| ~‹T>moVar hþB© h¡& Am{g`mZ Ho$ gmW OwS>Zo Ho$ ^maV Ho$ CÕoí`m| _| go EH$ {Zdoe AmH${f©V H$aZo Ho$ {bE h¡ VWm Xoa go hr ghr ^maV qgJmnwa Am¡a B§S>moZo{e`m go {Zdoe H$mo AmH${f©V H$aZo _| g\$b ahm h¡& df© 2010 _| qgJmnwa go {Zdoe 2.1 {~{b`Z A_o[aH$s S>m°ba Ho$ ~mX Xÿgao Z§~a na Wm& ^maV Ho$db àmáH$Vm© Zht h¡ ~pëH$ `h BZ Xoem| _| ha {H$gr Ho$ AmíM`© H$aZo Ho$ gmW {Zdoe ^r H$aVm h¡& 2010 _| Am{g`mZ E\$.S>r.AmB© Ho$ àdmh go 200% H$s d¥{Õ hþB© h¡ Omo {dñVma H$s H$m\$s Jw§OmBe {XImVm h¡ ^maV Zo nhbo hr AnZo Am{g`mZ gmPoXmam| Ho$ gmW {Ûnjr` E\$.Q>r.E. na hñVmja {H$E Am¡a ^maV B§S>moZo{e`m Ama.Q>r.E. ~mVMrV H$s à{H«$`m _| h¡ dñVw _| ì`mnma ^maV Am{g`mZ, g_Pm¡Vm 100 Am{g`mZ Xoem| Am¡a ^maV Ho$ {bE H$mamo~ma dmbo _mb H$s àJ{Verb Q>¡[a\$ _| H$_r Am¡a CÝ_ybZ àXmZ H$aVm h¡ `h ^maV Am{g`mZ ì`mnma gå~ÝYm| H$s {Xem _| ~‹S>m H$X_ h¡& ''4

"nyd© H$s Amoa XoImo Zr{V' EH$ gH$mamË_H$ H$X_

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ISSN 2348-3857


""nyd© H$s Amoa H$m`© H$amo H$s Zr{V'' H$s Amdí`H$Vm

erV `wÕ Ho$ A§V _| ^maV Zo {díd Ho$ AÝ` amîQ´>m| Ho$ gmW gwX‹T> gå~ÝY ~ZmZo H$s Amdí`H$Vm na Omoa {X`m `Ú{n dV©_mZ n[aàoú` _| maV {Za§Va EH$ CâVm hþAm amï´> h¡& maV Am{g`mZ H$m ì`mnma 2013-14 _| 76 {~{b`Z S>m°ba Wm Omo {H$ {nN>bo XeH$ go 20% A{YH$ h¡& {Za§Va ~‹T>mZo H$s {Xem _| àJ{Vembr H$X_ CR>mò Om aho h¡ dV©_mZ n[aàoú` _| nyd© H$s Amoa g{H«$`Vm H$s Zr{V H$mo h_ {ZåZ {~ÝXþAm| Ho$ VhV ñnï> H$a gH$Vo h¡-

1. MrZ Ho$ {Za§Va ~‹T>Vo à^md Zo ^maV H$mo X{jUr nydu VWm nydu E{e`m _| _hÎdnyU© ^y{_H$m {Z^mZo Ho$ {bE ào[aV {H$`m h¡ ^maV g_wÐr gwajm Ho$ _wÕo ({Og_o Zm¡dmhZ VWm dm{UÁ` XmoZm| gpå_{bV h¡) H$mo e§m{VnyU© {ZnQ>mao Ho$ nj _| h¡&

2. ^maV Ho$ CÎma-nydu amÁ`m| H$m g_w{MV g§aMZmË_H$ VWm Am{W©H$ {dH$mg H$m\$s hX VH$ CgHo$ Am{g`mZ amï´>m| Ho$ gmW AÀN>o gå~ÝYm| na {Z^©a H$aVm h¡ Š`mo{H$ ò amÁ` eof ^maV H$s VwbZm _| BZ amîQ´>m| Ho$ gmW A{YH$ {ZH$Q> h¡&

3. MVwnjr` dmVm© gmPoXma g_yh (¹$mS> 4 g§JR>Z) H$m nwZO©Ý_ {Og_| {H$ ^maV, A_o[aH$m, OmnmZ, AmñQ´>o{b`m amï´> em{_b h¡ Bg joÌ MrZ H$s ~‹T>Vr ^y{_H$m H$mo amoH$Zm MmhVo h¢ VWm do ^r Bg joÌ _| ^maV H$mo MrZ Ho$ à{V g§VwbZH$mar ^y{_H$m Ho$ ê$n _| XoIVo h¢&

4. dV©_mZ _| MrZ d ^maV XmoZm| hr CâVr hþB© {díd epŠV`m± h¡ VWm 21dt gXr My§{H$ E{e`m H$s gXr h¡ AV: XmoZm| hr amîQ´>m| Ûmam g{H«$`Vm Ho$ gmW Bg joÌ _| {dÚ_mZ amîQ´>m| Ho$ gmW gå~ÝY ñWm{nV {H$`m Om ahm h¡ {Oggo {H$ do Bg joÌ _| ZoV¥ËdH$mar ^y{_H$m {Z^m gHo$&

5. ""Ohm± {dnwb Vob d àmH¥${VH$ J¡g ^§S>mam| H$s CnbãYVm H$mo boH$a MrZ d Am{g`mZ Ho$ Xoem| Ho$ ~rM gwajm X¥{ï>H$moUm| d Am{W©H$ {hVm| _| nmañn[aH$ Q>H$amd h¡ dhr MrZ Ho$ Bg joÌ _| ~‹T>Vo à^md H$mo epŠV g§VwbZ d em§{V H$s ñWmnZm Ho$ {bE amoH$Zm A{Zdm`© h¡& Xÿgar Amoa Am{g`mZ Ho$ Xoe Bg ~mV H$mo boH$a ^r H$m\$s {MpÝVV h¡ {H$ do MrZ Ho$ ~‹T>Vo à^md d ^{dî` _| BgHo$ gm_[aH$ hñVjon H$mo H¡$go amoH$ gH$Vo h¢& ^maV H$s gXñ`Vm Am{g`mZ joÌm| _| pñWaVm _| EH$ _hËdnyU© VËd hmo gH$Vm h¡&''7

6. MrZ {Za§Va AnZr "pñQ´>§J Am°\$ nm°{bgr H$s Zr{V;' VWm gmH©$ d Am{g`mZ amîQ´>m| _| AnZo d¥hÎma Am{W©H$ {Zdoe

VWm AnZo S´>r_ àmoOoŠQ> "dZ ~oëQ> dZ amoS>' Ho$ VhV BZ amîQ´>m| na AnZm à^md ~‹T>m ahm h¡ Eogr pñW{V _| ^maV H$mo ^r AnZr {dXoe Zr{V _| ZdrZ pñW{V`m| Ho$ AZwgma n[adV©Z H$aZo H$s Amdí`H$Vm h¡&

X{jU-nydu E{e`m _| ^maV-MrZ à{VñnÕm© Ho$ joÌ

dV©_mZ _| g§nyU© E{e`m _| ^maV d MrZ à{VñnÕu Ho$ ê$n _| ZOa Am aho h¢ Mmho dh _Ü` E{e`m hmo AWdm X{jU E{e`m `m X{jU nydu E{e`m& MrZ Ûmam àm`mo{OV Zr{V`m± `Wm dZ MmBZm nm°{bgr, \$mB©d q\$Ja nm°{bgr, dZ ~oëQ> dZ amo‹S>, pñQ´>§J Am°\$ nëg© H$s Zr{V, MrZ, nm{H$ñVmZ Am{W©H$ J{b`mam, E{e`m _| ^maVr` {hVm| H$mo à^m{dV H$aZo dmbr Zr{V`m± h¡ AV: ñdm^m{dH$ h¡ {H$ ^maV Ûmam BZH$m {damoY {H$`m OmE& {deofH$a MrZ-nm{H$ñVmZ Am{W©H$ J{b`mam d MrZ H$mo ^maV H$mo Mmam| Amoa go KoaZo H$s Zr{V "pñQ´>§J Am°\$ nëg©' Omo {H$ ^maVr` Apñ_Vm na àíZ {MÝh bJmVr h¡, AV: ^maV Ûmam MrZ H$mo H$mCÝQ>a H$aZo Ho$ {bE X{jUr nydu d X{jU E{e`mB© amîQ´>m| Ho$ gmW {_bH$a ~hþnjr` d {Ûnjr` g_Pm¡Vo {H$ò OmZo H$s Amdí`H$Vm h¡&

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ISSN 2348-3857

{Z_m©Vm `h gw{ZpíMV H$a aho h¢ {H$ AÝ` joÌr` epŠV`m± ^r {Ûnjr` d ~hþnjr` ê$n go AnZo H$mo g{H«$` H$ao Vm{H$ `h joÌ MrZ Ho$ {nN>dm‹S>o _| Z ~Xb OmE Bg Vah Am{g`mZ _| ^maV H$m amOZr{VH$ Am¡a aUZr{V _hËd {ZUm©`H$ h¡&

""X{jU MrZ gmJa ^r ^maV Am¡a MrZ Ho$ _Ü` {ddmX H$m EH$ joÌ ~Zm hþAm h¡& ^maV H$m 55 à{VeV ì`mnma Bgr g_wÐr amñVo go hmoVm h¡& _hËdnyU© Xoem| Ho$ {bE ^r `h ì`mnma H$m _w»` _mJ© h¡& Bg joÌ _| dM©ñd Ho$ g§Kf© Ho$ nrN>o Xmo _hËdnyU© H$maU h¡ 1. Am{W©H$, 2. g_à^wVm H$s bS>mB© h¡& ha Xoe A§V©amï´>r` g_wÐr H$mZyZ H$mo VmH$ na aIH$a AnZr _Z_mZr H$aZm MmhVm h¡& Bg _w{h_ _| MrZ AnZr epŠV Am¡a g¡{ZH$ VmH$V Ho$ H$maU g~go AmJo h¡&''8

E{e`m _| ^maV VWm MrZ à{VñnÕm© H$s ^y{_H$m _| hr Zht h¡ gh`moJ H$s ^y{_H$m _| ^r h¡ Omo {ZåZ h¡&

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Xÿgam joÌ joÌr` gwajm d ñWm{`Ëd h¡ O~ VH$ Xmo à_wI CâVr _hmepŠV`m± EH$ Xÿgam| H$s à{VñnÕu pñW{V _| ahoJr V~ VH$ Bg joÌ _| XrK©H$mbrZ empÝV na àíZ {MÝh bJm ahoJm&

Vrgam AmV§H$dmX _mXH$ nXmWm} H$s VñH$ar, g§J{R>V AnamY Eogo AÝ` joÌ h¡ {Og_| XmoZm| amï´> gh`moJ H$a gH$Vo h¢&

Am{W©H$ joÌ _| XmoZm| amï´> nhbo go hr gmW {_bH$a H$m_ H$a aho h¢& `h ~mV AbJ h¡ ^maV H$m MrZ Ho$ gmW ~hþV A{YH$ ì`mnma KQ>m h¡ {Og_| gwYma H$s Amdí`H$Vm h¡&

Bg àH$ma ñnï> h¡ {H$ ^maV d MrZ XmoZm| hr amîQ´>m| Ho$ _Ü` X{jU nydu E{e`m _| à{VñnÕm© d gh`moJ Ho$ joÌ {dÚ_mZ h¡&

nyd© H$s Amoa H$m`© H$amo "Zr{V H$s g\$bVm Ho$ {bE Amdí`H$ VËd

1. ^maV Ûmam Am{g`mZ amï´>m| _| Mbmò Om aho AmYma^wV àmoOoŠQ>m| _| Vrd«Vm bmZo H$s Amdí`H$Vm h¡ `Wm ^maV å`m§_ma WmB©b¡ÊS> {Ìnjr` hmBdo qbH$ VWm ^y gr_m na AmYma_yV g§aMZm H$m Vrd«J{V go {dH$mg H$aZm hmoJm&

2. My§{H$ ^maVr` S>m`ñnmoam ^maVr` AW©ì`dñWm d AÝ` amîQ´>m| Ho$ gmW AÀN>o amOZr{VH$ gå~ÝYm| H$s ñWmnZm _|

_hÎdnyU© y{_H$m {Z^mVo h¢ AV: maV gaH$ma Ûmam AnZr Zr{V H$mo g\$b ~ZmZo Ho$ {bE S>m`moñnmoam na {deof Ü`mZ XoZo H$s Amdí`H$Vm h¡&

3. B§S>moZo{e`m, {\$brntg O¡go amï´> ^maV Ho$ {bE AnZo gå~ÝYm| H$mo gwX¥‹T> H$aZo Ho$ {bE {deof joÌ h¡ Š`mo§{H$ BZ amîQ´>m| Ho$ gmW ^maV H$m gmPm gm§ñH¥${VH$ B{Vhmg ahm h¡&

4. ^maV Ho$ {d{^ÝZ amÁ` Am{g`mZ amï´> Ho$ gmW gmPm Eo{Vhm{gH$ gm§ñH¥${VH$ gå~ÝY ñWm{nV H$aVo h¢ CXmhaUV: gmaZmW _o ~hþV go ~¡{ÕÁ_ n`©Q>H$ WmB©b¡ÊS> _| AmVo h¢&

^maV H$s aUZr{VH$ H$m_`m~r

^maV H$s ""nyd© H$s Amoa g{H«$`Vm H$s Zr{V'' ^maV H$s nyd© H$s Amoa XoImo Zr{V Ho$ n[aUm_ Ho$ ê$n _| ^maV H$s gm_[aH$ OrV h¡ dV©_mZ _| ^maV Zo {hÝX àem§V joÌ _| EH$ Eogr gm_[aH$ aUZr{V H$m {Z_m©U {H$`m h¡ Omo MrZ H$s "pñQ´>§J Am°\$ nëg©' H$s Zr{V H$mo à{Vg§Vw{bV H$aZo _| g_W© h¡ Xÿgar ~mV ^maV H$mo ^r E{e`m-àem§V joÌ _o EH$ ZdrZ epŠV Ho$ ê$n _| nhMmZ {_br h¡ \$bñdê$n d¡pídH$ epŠV`m {deofH$a A_o[aH$m d MrZ ^r ^maV H$s Bg joÌ _| ^y{_H$m H$mo ñdrH$maZo Ho$ {bE {dde hþE h¢& dV©_mZ _| E{e`m àem§V joÌ VWm {_{S>b BñQ> d¡pídH$ VH$ZrH$s d ^y amOZr{V Ho$ Xmo d¡pídH$ joÌ ~ZVo {XImB© Xo aho h¡&

AV: d¡pídH$ A{ZpíMVVmAm| d MwZm¡{V`m| go {ZnQ>Zo Ho$ {bE Xþ{Z`m BZ joÌm| H$s Amoa XoIZo H$mo {dde hþB© h¡& AmO A§Vamï´>r` ñVa na ^maV H$mo X{jU E{e`m H$m ZoV¥Ëd àmá h¡ VWm H$m\$s hX VH$ ^maV A§Vamï´>r` _§Mm| H$m à`moJ AnZo gmWr {dH$mgerb Xoemo§ H$s g_ñ`mAm| Am¡a _wÔm| H$mo CR>mZo Ho$ {bE H$aVm h¡& hmb hr _| K{Q>V KQ>ZmE± `Wm nmH$ H$s Am§VH$dmXr J{V{d{Y`m± Ho$ {dê$Õ H$s JB© "Eà ñQ´>mBH$' H$mo ~hþV go amîQ´>m| Ûmam g_W©Z {H$`m OmZm hmo AWdm Bñbm{_H$ Xoem| Ho$ g§JR>Z _| nmH$ Ho$ {damoY Ho$ ~mdOyX ^maVr` {dXoe _§Ìr H$mo Amo.AmB©.gr. (Organisation of Islamic Countrieo) H$s ~¡R>H$ _| _w»` A{V{W Ho$ ê$n _| em{_b H$aZm hmo&

{nN>bo Hw$N> dfm} go ^maV H$m A§Vamï´>r` ñVa na H$X ~‹T>m h¡ ^maV H$mo {díd Ho$ _w»` g§JR>Zmo| H$s gXñ`Vm àmá hþB© h¡ `Wm MrZr gXñ`Vm dmbo Eg.gr.Amo. g§JR>Z H$s gXñ`Vm, dmgoZma ì`dñWm "Am°ñQ´>o{b`m g_wh VWm E_.Q>r.gr.Ama _| maV H$mo àmá gXñ`Vm d¡pídH$ ñVa na ^maV Ho$ ~‹T>Vo H$X H$mo ñnï> H$aVm h¡&

ISSN 2348-3857


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Cn`w©ŠV {díbofU go ñnï> hmoVm h¡ {H$ ^maV {Za§Va A§Vaamï´>r` ñVa na AnZo à^md _| {dñVma H$a ahm h¡ `Wm no[ag g_Pm¡§Vo Ho$ Xm¡amZ ""A§Vamï´>r` gm¡a JR>~§YZ'' H$m {Z_m©U {Ogo no[ag g_oV AZoH$ Xoem| H$m gmW {_bm VWm{n A^r ^r ~hþV go _wÔo Eogo h¢ {OZ_| ^maV H$mo H$m_`m~r hm{gb H$aZm ~m{H$ h¡ `Wm EZ.Eg.Or. g_yh VWm gwajm n[afX H$s ñWm`r gXñ`Vm Omo {H$ MrZ Ûmam amo‹S>o AQ>H$mò OmZo Ho$ H$maU ~m{YV h¡ My±{H$ dV©_mZ ^maV H$s A§Vaamï´>r` ñVa na ~‹T>Vr bmoH${à`Vm VWm ~‹T>Vm Am{W©H$ gm_[aH$ à^md go Bg A{YH$ {XZmo§ VH$ amoH$ nmZm g§^d Zht& {ZpíMVV: ^{dî` _| ^maV E{e`m Ho$ ZoV¥ËdH$Vm© amîQ´>m| Ho$ ê$n _| CnpñWV hmoJm&

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1. n§V, nwînoe Ed§ O¡Z, lrnmb, A§Vamï´>r` gå~ÝY {gÕm§V Ed§ ì`dhma, _rZmjr àH$meZ, _oaR>, 2005, n¥.g§. 532

2. ~ZOu, B§ÐmOr, dëS©> \$moH$g, maV Am¡a Am{g`mZ : EH$ {gŠHo$ Ho$ Xmo nhby, OZdar, 2016, n¥.g§. 84

3. {~ñdmb, VnZ, A§V©amï´>r` gå~ÝY, _oH${_bZ npãbeg©, {Xëbr 2010, n¥.g§. 105

4. Hw$_ma, à_moX, dëS©> \$moH$g, ^maV Am{g`mZ ì`mnma gå~ÝY, ^maV H$mo {díd epŠV ~ZmZo H$m EH$ _§M, OwbmB©, 2014, n¥.g§. 15

5. {~ñdmb, VnZ, A§V©amï´>r` gå~ÝY, _oH${_bZ npãbeg©, {Xëbr 2010, n¥.g§. 108

6. dr.Eg.goemXar, X {hÝXÿ 13 Zdå~a 2015

7. O¡Z, dr.E_. A§V©amï´>r` gå~ÝY, amOñWmZ {hÝXr J§«W AH$mX_r, O`nwa, 2013, n¥.g§. 475

8. Hw$_ma, gVre, dëS©> \$moH$g, gmCW MmBZm gr _| d¥hV Iob Am¡a ^maV, _B©, 2012, n¥.g§. 62

9. H$m¡b, _Z_mo{hZr, dëS©> \$moH$g, bwH$ BñQ> nm°{bgr gå~ÝYm| H$m Z`m `wJ, OZdar, 2012, n¥.g§. 61

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ISSN 2348-3857


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ISSN 2348-3857

AWm©V² gwJÝK`wŠV n¥Ïdr, ag`wŠV Ob, ñne©`wŠV dm`w, à‚md{bV VoO, eãX g{hV AmH$me Ed§ _hVËd ò g^r _oao àmV: H$mb H$mo _§Jb_` H$ao&

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ISSN 2348-3857


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emoYmWu, amOZr{V {dkmZ {d^mJ, amOñWmZ {díd{dÚmb`, O`nwa (amOñWmZ)


ISSN 2348-3857


ñdV§ÌVm Ho$ g_` ^maV _| amï´>r` ñVa na Xmo amOZr{VH$ Xb Wo (1) ^maVr` amï´>r` H$m§J«og (2) gmå`dmXr Xb& ñdV§ÌVm àm{á Ho$ g_` H$m§J«og EH$ Xb Z hmoH$a ñdV§ÌVm àm{á Ho$ amï´>r` Am§XmobZ H$m EH$ _§M Wm& ñdV§ÌVm Ho$ ~mX `h EH$ Xb _| n[ad{V©V hmo J`m& ñdV§ÌVm Ho$ níMmV² H$m§J«og H$s gm_m{OH$ g§JR>Z Ho$ ê$n _| _hmË_m Jm§Yr ^{y_H$m {Z^mZm MmhVo Wo& {H$ÝVw ñdV§ÌVm Ho$ ~mX ^maVr` amï´>r` H$m§J«og EH$ amOZr{VH$ CnH$aU Ho$ ê$n _| gm_Zo AmB©&

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ñdV§ÌVm Ho$ níMmV AZoH$ amOZr{VH$ Xbm| H$m JR>Z hþAm O¡go, Ð{d‹S>, _wZoÌ H$PJ_ (DMK), 1949 _| Am`m, O`àH$me ZmamÙ Ûmam 1949 _| ^maVr` gmå`dmXr Xb H$s ñWmnZm H$s JB©, S>m°. í`m_màgmX _wIOu Ûmam 1951 _| OZg§K H$s ñWmnZm H$s JB© BgHo$ ~mX AmMm`© H¥$nbmZr Zo {H$gmZ _OXÿa nmQ>u H$m JR>Z {H$`m `h {H$gmZ _OXÿa nmQ>u Am¡a ^maVr` gmå`dmXr Xb Zo {_bH$a 1952 _| àOm gmoe{bñQ> nmQ>u (àgmonm) H$m JR>Z {H$`m& MH«$dVu amOJmonmbMmar Ho$ à`mgm| Ho$ \$bñdê$n 1959 _| ñdV§Ì nmQ>u H$s ñWmnZm hþB©&

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1971 _| B§{Xam Jm§Yr H$mo nam{OV H$aZo Ho$ {bE gmoe{bñQ> nmQ>u, ñdV§Ì nmQ>u, g§JR>Z H$m§J«og Am¡a ñdV§Ì nmQ>u Zo {_bH$a JR>~§YZ ~Zm`m& naÝVw Bg JR>~§YZ H$mo {\$a ^r g\$bVm Zht {_br& 1974 _| ^maVr` bmoH$Xb J{R>V hþAm, {Og_| ^maVr` H«$mpÝV Xb Ho$ gmW-gmW {H$gmZ _OXÿa nmQ>u (Mm§Xam_), g§`wŠV gmoe{bñQ> nmQ>u, amOZmamÙ ~rOy ZmamÙ H$s CËH$b H$m§J«og, nrby _moXr JwQ> H$s ñdV§Ì nmQ>u, n§Om~ IoVr~mS>r O_tXmar

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80 Ed§ 90 H$s gXr _| AZoH$ amÁ` ñVar` Xbm| H$m JR>Z hþAm& ò {ZåZ h¡ :-

CÎma àXoe - g_mOdmXr nmQ>u (_wbm`_ qgh `mXd)

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{gpŠH$_ - {gpŠH$_ g§J«m_ n[afX²


ISSN 2348-3857

V{_bZmSw> - VobJwXoe_ (Zm`Sw> JwQ>)

_oÚmb` - Amb nrnwëg {hV brS>g© H$mÝ\«|$g

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A>g_ Amb B§{S>`m _wZmBQ>oS> So>_moH«o${Q>H$ \«§$Q> Vmbm d Mm~r 2004

V{_bZmSw> Xoer`m _wanmoŠHy$ Ð{d‹S> H$PJ_ ZJm‹S>m 2005

_hmamï´> _hmamï´> Zd{Z_m©U goZm aoëdo B§OZ 2006

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Am§YàXoe dmB.© Eg. Ama. H$m§J«og nmQ>u n§Im 2009

{Ìnwam B§{S>Oo{Z`g \«§$Q> Am°\$ {Ìnwam Iwanr 2009

nwSw>Moar Amb B§{S>`m EZ. Ama. H$m§J«og OJ 2011

{Xëbr, n§Om~ Am_ AmX_r nmQ>u PmSy> 2012

_{Unwa nrnwëg So>_moH«o${Q>H$ Abm`§g VmO 2012

_oÚmb` ZoeZb nrnwëg nmQ>u nrnwëg So>_moH«o${Q>H$ \«§$Q> {H$Vm~ _mo_~Îmr 2013-2017

{gpŠH$_ {gpŠH$_ H«$m§{VH$mar _moMm© Q>o{~b b¡§n 2013

{~hma amï´>r` bmoH$ g_Vm nmQ>u n§Im 2013

JmoAm JmoAm \$madS©> nmQ>u Zm[a`b 2016

ñÌmoV - “List of political parties and election symbol main noti�ication dated 15.03.2019.” Election Commission of India.Ho$ à`mgm| Ho$ n[aUm_ñdê$n hr 2 OyZ, 2014 H$mo VobJm§Zm, Am§YàXoe amÁ` go AbJ hmoH$a EH$ Z`m amÁ` ~Zm& 2014 Ho$ {dYmZg^m MwZmd _| VobJm§Zm, Am§Y«àXoe amÁ` go AbJ hmoH$a EH$ Z`m amÁ` ~Zm& 2014 Ho$ {dYmZg^m MwZmd _| VobJm§Zm amï´> g{_{V Zo 119 _| go 75 grQ>o OrVr& 2018 _| 119 _| go 88 grQ>| BgHo$ nmg h¢&

ZmJmb¡§S> nrnwëg \«§$Q>

2002 _| AŠQy>~a _| H$mo{h_m _| 9 dr OZab H$Ýd|eZ _| ZmJmb¡ÊS> nrnwëg H$mCqgb go BgH$m Zm_ ~XbH$a ZmJmb¡§S> nrnwëg \«§$Q> {H$`m J`m& `h nmQ>u amÁ` Ho$ ZmJmAm| Ho$ A{YH$ma Am¡a {hVm| H$mo H$m`_ aIZo H$s {Xem _| à`mgaV h¡& Bg nmQ>u Ho$ dV©_mZ

VobJm§Zm amï´> g{_{V

2001 _| VobJm§Zm amï´> g{_{V H$m CX²^d hþAm& BgH$s ñWmnZm Ho$. MÝÐeoIa amd Zo H$s Omo {H$ nhbo VobJwXoe_ nmQ>u Ho$ gXñ` Wo& Zm`Sy> go VobJm§Zm joÌ _| {ddmX hmoZo Ho$ ~mX CÝhm|Zo VobJy Xoe_ nmQ>u N>moS>H$a {gXr`V, h¡Xam~mX go Vob§JmZm amï´> g{_{V H$m JR>Z {H$`m& VobJm§Zm amï´> g{_{V joÌdmX Am¡a ê${‹T>dmX H$s amOZr{VH$ {dMmaYmamAm| na AmYm[aV dhr h¡& Bg nmQ>u H$m CX²^d Ho$ nrN>o _w»` H$maU VobJmZm amï´> g{_{V H$m JR>Z {H$`m& VobJmZm g{_{V joÌdmX Am¡a ê${T>dmX H$s amOZr{VH$ {dMmamYmAm| na AmYm[aV dhr h¡& Bg nmQ>u Ho$ CX²^d Ho$ nrN>o _w»` H$maU VobJm§Zm amï´> Ho$ {Z_m©U H$m CX²oí` Wm& Bg nmQ>u

ISSN 2348-3857


AÜ`j Q>r. Ama. Oo{b`§J h¡& ZmJmb¡ÊS> nrnwëg \«§$Q> B§S>mo-ZmJm amOZr{VH$ _wÔm| Ho$ em§{VnyU© g_mYmZ Ho$ {bE _XX H$aZo na ~b XoVr h¡& §{d{^ÝZ gm_m{OH$ Am¡a OmVr` {d^mOZ Ho$ gmW ZmJmAm| H$mo {d^m{OV H$aZo dmbr VmH$Vm| Ho$ pIbm\$ EH$OwQ> h¡& ZmJmb¡ÊS> nrnwëg \«§$Q> H$m MwZmd {MÝh _wJm© h¡& dV©_mZ amÁ` {dYmZg^m _| 60 _| go 26 grQ> BZH$s h¡&

Xoer`m _wanmoŠH$ Ð{dS> H$PJ_

{gVå~a 2005 _| V{_bZmSw> _| S>r.E_.S>r.Ho$. Xoer`m _wanmoŠH$ Ð{dS> H$PJ_ H$s ñWmnZm hþB©& BgH$s ñWmnZm V{_bZmSw> {\$ë_m| Ho$ OmZo nhMmZo A{^ZoVm {dO`H$m§V Ûmam H$s JB©& Bg nmQ>u H$m H$m`m©b` M¡ÝZB© _| h¡& dV©_mZ _| Bg nmQ>u H$s amÁ` {dYmZg^m _| H$moB© grQ> Zht h¡&

_hmamï´> Zd{Z_m©U goZm

9 _mM© 2006 H$mo ^maVr` amOZr{V _| _hmamï> Zd{Z_m©U goZm Zm_ go amOZr{VH$ Xb H$m JR>Z hþAm& Bg nmQ>u H$m CX² d {edgoZm go AbJ hmoH$a hþAm& BgH$s ñWmnZm _wå~B© _| amO R>mH$ao Ûmam H$s JB©& amO R>mH$ao nhbo {ed goZm _o Wo& naÝVw CÕd R>mH$ao go _V oX Ho$ ~mX CÝhmoZo ZB© nmQ>u Ho$ JR>Z H$s KmofUm H$s& Bg nmQ>u H$m Ü o dmŠ` ""{_Q²>Q>r Ho$ gnyV'' h¡& _hmamï> Zd{Z_m©U goZm AnZo _amR>r ào_ Ho$ {bE OmZr OmVr h¡& 2008 _| Vmo CÝhmoZo _hmamï> _| ahZo dmbo CÎma ^maVr`m| Ho$ à{V qhgH$ H$m ©dmhr VH$ H$s& CÝh| _amR>r ~mobZo na X~md S>mbm& _hmamï> Zd{Z_m©U goZm d {edgoZm H$m {ddmX ^r qhgH$ ê$n _| ~Xb J`m& _hmamï> Zd{Z_m©U goZm joÌr`Vm go ~war Vah {Kar hþB© h¡ Am¡a joÌdmX Ho$ AmYma na _hmamï> go ~mha AmE bmoJmo H$mo ZwH$gmZ nhþ§MmVr h¡& _hmamï> Zd{Z_m©U goZm ^maVr` amOZr{V _| EH$ CJ«dmXr Xb Ho$ ê$n _| Câm h¡& _Zgo Ho$ qhgH$ H$m ©dm{h`m| Ho$ H$maU `h OZVm Ho$ ~rM AnZr n¡R> ~ZmZo _| ZmH$m_ ahm h¡& dV©_mZ _| amÁ` {dYmZg^m _| 288 _| go Ho$db 1 grQ> BgHo$ nmg h¡&

Amb BpÊS>`m `yZmBQ>oS> So>_moH«o${Q>H$ \«§$Q>

2005 _| 2 AŠQy>~a H$mo Amgm_ _| Amb BpÊS>`m `yZmBQ>oS> So>_moH«o${Q>H$ \«§$Q> `m gd© ^maVr` g§`wŠV OZVm§{ÌH$ _moM} H$s ñWmnZm hþB©& Bg nmQ>u Ho$ AÜ`j _m¡bmZm ~Xê$ÔrZ AO_b Ab H$gm_r h¡, BgH$m H$m`m©b` JmodmhQ>r _| pñWV h¡& 2009 _| Bg nmQ>u H$mo ^maV Ho$ AÝ` amÁ`m| _| ^r ñWm{nV {H$`m J`m& 2005 _| Bg nmQ>u H$mo Ag_ `yZmBQ>oS> amÁ`m| _| ^r ñWm{nV {H$`m J`m Omo {H$ 2009 _| ~XbH$a ""Amb BpÊS>`m `yZmBQ>oS> So>_moH«o${Q>H$ \«§$Q>'' {H$`m J`m& Bg nmQ>u H$m CX` Ho$ nrN>o gmMa H$_oQ>r H$s

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PmaI§S> {dH$mg _moMm©

24 {gVå~a, 2006 H$mo PmaI§S> {dH$mg _moMm© nmQ>u H$m CX` hþAm& Cgo PmaI§S> {dH$mg _moMm© (àOmVm§{ÌH$) Zm_ go OmZm J`m& BgH$s ñWmnZm PmaI§S> Ho$ nyd© _w»`_§Ìr ~m~ybmb _am§S>r Ûmam {H$`m J`m& nmQ>u _| AnZr _hÎmm H$_ hmoZo Ho$ H$maU XoIH$a CÝhmoZo 2006 _| ^mOnm N>mo‹S> Xr Wr& BgH$m _w»` H$m`m©b` hOmar~mJ _| h¡& Bg nmQ>u H$m à^md PmaI§S> joÌ _| hr h¡& dV©_mZ _| bmoH$g^m _| Bg nmQ>u Ho$ nmg H$moB© gXñ` Zht h¡& dhr amÁ` {dYmZg^m _| 81 _| go 2 grQ>| Bg nmQ>u Ho$ nmg h¡&

dmB© Eg.Ama. H$m§J«og nmQ>u

2009 _| Am§Y«àXoe _| {ed Hw$_ma Ûmam EH$ Xb H$s Ztd aIr JB©& amOeoIa aoS²>S>r Ho$ nwÌ Ûmam dmB© Eg. Ama. H$m§J«og nmQ>u `m _wdmOZ e{_©H$m, aKw H$m§J«og nmQ>u Zm_ {X`m J`m& OJZ, B§{S>`Z ZoeZb H$m§J«og Ho$ amï´>r` AÜ`j ^r aho& 2009 _| ho{bH$m°ßQ>a XþK©Q>Zm _| dmB© Eg.Ama. H$s AàË`m{eV _¥Ë`w Ho$ ~mX Am§Y«àXoe _| _mV_ gm N>m J`m Wm, bmoJ AmË_hË`m H$mo AmVwa Wo& V~ dmB© Eg. OJZ EH$ a¡br H$aZm MmhVo Wo {OgH$m H$m§J«og Zo g_W©Z Zht {X`m& BgHo$ Cnam§V OJZ Zo d CZH$s _mVm Zo ^r 2010 _| H$m§J«og go gXñ`Vm Ë`mJ Xr& dV©_mZ _o§ dmB© Eg.Ama. H$m§J«og nmQ>u Ho$ nmg amÁ` {dYmZg^m _| 175 _| go 67 grQ>o OrVr& 2014 Ho$ bmoH$g^m MwZmd _| nmQ>u Ho$ nmg 25 _| go 8 grQ>o h¡&

B§{S>Oo{Z`g nrnwëg \«§$Q> Am°\$ {Ìnwam

B§{S>Oo{Z`g nrnwëg \«§$Q> Am°\$ {Ìnwam, {Ìnwam H$m EH$ amOZr{VH$ Xb h¡& `h CÎma-nyd© àOmVm§{ÌH$ JR>~§YZ, CÎma-nyd© joÌr` amOZr{VH$ _moMm©, Omo {H$ CÎma nyd© Ho$ amOZr{V Xbm| H$m EH$ g_yh h¡, BgHo$ gXñ` h¡& ò amï´>r` àOmVm§{ÌH$ JR>~§YZ H$mo ghm`Vm H$aVo h¢& `h nmQ>u 1997 go 2001 VH$ ^r {dÚ_mZ Wr, {OgH$mo {H$ 2009 _| nwZ: JR>Z H$aHo$ B§{S>Oo{Z`g nrnwëg \«§$Q> _o§ em{_b {H$`m J`m& 2018 Ho$ {Ìnwam, {dYmZg^m MwZmd _| ~r.Oo.nr. Ho$ gmW Bg nmQ>u Zo JR>~§YZ {H$`m h¡& nmQ>u Ho$ nmg dV©_mZ _| 8 grQ>| h¢&

Amb BpÊS>`m EZ. Ama. H$m§J«og

7 \$adar 2011 H$mo Amb BpÊS>`m EZ. Ama. H$m§J«og H$m JR>Z hþAm& `h nwSw>Moar H$m EH$ amOZr{VH$ Xb h¡& BgH$m JR>Z joÌr`


ISSN 2348-3857

Ð{d‹S> amOZr{VH$ Xbm| H$s VO© na hþAm h¡& Bg nmQ>u H$s ñWmnZm dV©_mZ _w»`_§Ìr EZ.a§Jñdm_r Ûmam H$s JB© h¡& dV©_mZ _| bmoH$g^m _| BZHo$ nmg nwSw>Moar H$s EH$_mÌ bmoH$g^m grQ> h¡& {dYmZg^m _| 30 _| go 7 grQ> h¡§&

Am_ AmX_r nmQ>u

2012 _| Jm§YrdmXr ZoVm AÝZm hOmao Ûmam H$m§J«og gaH$ma Ho$ {dê$Û {Xëbr _| ^«ï>mMma {damoYr Am§XmobZ Mbm`m& Bg Am§XmobZ H$mo ""B§{S>`m AJ|ñQ> H$aoßeZ'' Zm_ {X`m& Bg Am§XmobZ go Ow‹S>o ~hþV go gh`mo{J`m| Zo {_bH$a EH$ amOZr{VH$ Xb H$m JR>Z {H$`m& {Ogo Am_ AmX_r nmQ>u H$m Zm_ {X`m& BZH$m Üò` dmŠ` ""_¡§ h°y§ Am_ AmX_r'' aIm& AaqdX Ho$Oardmb, àem§V ^yfU, `moJoÝÐ `mXd, Hw$_ma {dídmg Am{X Zm_r bmoJm| Zo {_bH$a Bg nmQ>u H$s ñWmnZm H$s& Bg nmQ>u H$s ñWmnZm Ho$ g_` Eogm bJ ahm Wm {Ogo OZVm H$s ^mOnm d H$m§J«og H$m {dH$ën {_b J`m& Bg nmQ>u Ho$ Xoe Ho$ `wdmAm| H$m ânya gh`moJ {_bm& AZoH$ Zm_r {Jam_r hpñV`m± Bg Xb go OwS>r& AZoH$ bmoJ AnZo ì`dgm` N>moS>H$a Bg Xb _| em{_b hþE& Bg nmQ>u H$m MwZmd {MÝh Pm‹Sz> h¡& Bg nmQ>u H$m _w»` CX²Xoí` ^«ï>mMma {ZdmaUmW© H$m`© H$aZm h¡& OZbmoH$nmb H$mZyZ H$mo bmJy H$aZm h¡& 2013 _| _w»`_§Ìr ~ZZo Ho$ ~mX AaqdX Ho$Oardmb Zo 49 {XZ H$s gaH$ma MbmZo Ho$ ~mX Ë`mJnÌ Xo {X`m, {\$a nwZ: 2015 _| {Xëbr _| 70 _| go 66 grQ>| OrVr& bmoH$g^m _| ^r nmQ>u Ho$ nmg n§Om~ àm§V go 4 grQ>| h¢& naÝVw 2015 Ho$ {dYmZg^m MwZmd _| AàË`m{eV OrV {_bZo Ho$ ~mX go hr nmQ>u _| {damoY Ho$ ñVa CâZo bJo Am¡a Amn-2 nmQ>u Ho$ JR>Z Ho$ ^r H$`mg bJmE Om aho h¢&

nrnwëg So>_moH«o${Q>H$ nmQ>u

_{Unwa _| 3 _mM© 2012 _| nrnwëg So>_moH«o${Q>H$ nmQ>u ApñVËd _| AmB© BgHo$ ZoVm ~oh[a¨J EZb h¡&

ZoeZb nrnwëg nmQ>u

OZdar 2013 _| _oKmb` amÁ` _| ZoeZb nrnwëg nmQ>u H$m JR>Z hþAm& hmbm§{H$ `h ^maV _| amï´>r` ñVa H$m amOZr{VH$ Xb h¡& `h EH$ OmVr` Ho$pÝÐV Xb h¡& nmQ>u H$m MwZmd {MÝh {H$Vm~ h¡& §dV©_mZ bmoH$g^m _| 1 grQ> Bg nmQ>u Ho$ nmg h¡& _oÚmb` {dYmZg^m _| 60 _| go 20 BgHo$ nmg h¡&

{gpŠH$_ H«$m§{VH$mar _moMm©

2013 Ho$ hr \$adar _mh _| {gpŠH$_ amÁ` _| {gpŠH$_ H«$m§{VH$mar _moMm© H$m JR>Z hþAm& ào_ qgh V_m§J Bg nmQ>u Ho$ AÜ`j h¡&

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amï´>r` bmoH$ g_Vm nmQ>u

_mM© 2013 _| hr {~hma amÁ` _| amï´>r` bmoH$ g_Vm nmQ>u H$m JR>Z hþAm& CnoÝÐ Hw$edmhm Zo Bg nmQ>u H$s ñWmnZm H$s& amï´>r` bmoH$ g_Vm nmQ>u Zo gÎmm _| AmZo Ho$ {bE {~hma Ho$ {dH$mg Am¡a {~hma Ho$ bmoJm| Ho$ H$ë`mU H$s ~mV aIr& dV©_mZ bmoH$g^m MwZmd _| Bg nmQ>u Zo 3 grQ>| OrVr& dhr {dYmZg^m _| 2 grQ>| BZHo$ nmg h¡&

JmoAm \$madS©> nmQ>u

25 OZdar 2016 H$mo JmoAm _| JmoAm \$madS©> nmQ>u H$m JR>Z hþAm& BgHo$ ZoVm {dO` gaXogmB© h¡& Bg nmQ>u H$m Üò` dmŠ` ""JmoE_, JmoE_H$a, JmoE_H$anZ h¡& nmQ>u Zo 2017 Ho$ {dYmZg^m MwZmd _| 4 gXñ` I‹S>o {H$E {OZ_| go 3 {dOoVm aho& MwZmdm| _| _w»` ê$n go Bg nmQ>u Zo ~r.Oo.nr. H$mo hr {ZemZm ~Zm`m& dmo {H$gr Ho$ gmW ^r JR>~§YZ H$aZo H$mo V¡`ma Wo, ~r.Oo.nr. H$mo N>moS>H$a&

nrnwëg So>_moH«o${Q>H$ \«§$Q>

2017 _| nrnwëg So>_moH«o${Q>H$ \«§$Q> H$m JR>Z _oÚmb` _| hþAm& nr.EZ. g¡`_ d Eg. _m\$b§J BgHo$ ZoVm aho& `h CÎma-nyd© àOmVm§{ÌH$ JR>~§YZ H$m ^mJ h¡& Bg nmQ>u H$m CÔoí` amÁ` H$m d Bg_| ahZo dmbr OZOm{V`m| H$m {dH$mg H$aZm h¡& 2018 Ho$ _oKmb` Ho$ {dYmZg^m MwZmd _| nr.S>r.nr./28, 413 dmoQ>m| bJ^J 8.2 à{VeV go OrVr& BgHo$ 4 E_.Eb.E. MwZo JE& Bg nmQ>u H$m MwZmd {MÝh _mo_~Vr h¡&

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ISSN 2348-3857


à{V{Z{YË`m_H$ bmoH$V§Ì H$s H$ënZm H$s JB© h¡& Bg_| Aën_V Ho$ {hVm| H$s ajm H$aVo hþE {ZU©` ~hþ_V go {bò OmVo h¡& Xbr` ì`dñWm gm_m{OH$ ê$nmÝVaU H$m {dH$ën h¡ Omo {H$ àOmVm§{ÌH$ gmYZ H$m Cn`moJ H$aVo h¢& ^maVr` emgZ ì`dñWm _| H$m§Jog H$m à_wI à^wËd Wm, na§Vw g_` Ho$ gmW Am¡a ^r Xb ApñVËd _o AmE& H$m§J«og gaH$ma Ûmam amÁ` Ho$ {hVm| H$m Ü`mmZ Z aIZm CZH$mo Xa{H$Zma H$aZm, amÁ` ñVar` Xbmo| Ho$ CX` H$m _y»` H$maU ahm, JR>~§YZ H$s amOZr{VH$ _| BZ Xbmo| H$m {deo§f _hËd ahm, Xbm| _| Amngr Am§V[aH$ _VôX Ho$ H$maU ^r BZ Xbm| H$m CX` hþAm& ò Xb ^maVr` amOZr{V _| _y»` ê$n go AnZm à^md {XIm aho h¢& ò Xb _w»`V`mm amï´>r` OZVm§{ÌH$ JR>~§YZ Ho$ gmW h¡& BZ Xbm| _o §`wdmAm| H$s AÀN>r n¡R> h¡ gmW hr 2001 _| CX` Ho$ nrN>o ZmJ[aHo$m§ H$m H$m§Jo«g Am¡a ^mOnm go ÌñV hmoZm ^r ahm h¡& BZ Xbm| Ho$ {dH${gV hmoZo go Am_OZ H$mo amOZr{V Xbm| _| {dH$ën ^r {_bm h¡&

g§X^© J§«W gyMr

1. ~opÝS>Šg, Ama., {~pëS§>J EÊS> {gQ>rOZ{en : ñQ>{S>O Am°\$ Ada Mo§qOJ gmoeb Am°S©>a, {~br doŠQ>Z© àm. {b., ZB© {Xëbr, 1969

2. Y_©dra, amOZr{VH$ g_mO emñÌ, amOñWmZ {hÝXr J«ÝW AH$mX_r O`nwa, 2008

3. MÝX, E\$., \o$S>ao{bÁ_ EÊS> {X BpÊS>`Z nm°{b{Q>H$b nmQ>uO, BZ Eb.E_. qgKdr (ES>r.) BpÊS>`Z nm°{b{Q>H$b nmQ>uO àmoJmåg à_{_OoO EÊS> nm{b©`m_oÝQ>Q>r ñQ>S>rO, µ ZB© {Xëbr, 1972

4. {_Km©, Ama. EZ. Ed§ O¡Z, Ama.~r., [aì`y Am°\$ Xr d{H©§$J Am°\$ nm°{b©`m_oÝQ>ar nmQ>©g ñno{e`br {dX [aboeZ Qy> BboŠeZ EÊS> [a\$m_© Am°âe§g BñQ>rQ²>`yQ> Am°\$ H$m°ñQ>rQ²>`yeZb Ed§ nm{b©`m_oÝQ>ar ñQ>S>rO, ZB© {Xëbr, 2011

5. _¡H$S>m°ZmëS>, Zrb E., nmQ>u àmoñnopŠQ>d H$ånao{Q>d nm°{b{Q>Šg, Am°Šg\$moS©> `yZrd{g©Q>rO no«g, bÝXZ, 1963

6. _¡ar, Wm_g, nm°{b{Q>H$b nmQ>uO BZ BpÊS>`m, {b~ab Q>mB©åg dm.-9, Z§.-1, 2001

7. d_m©, S>r. Ho$., ^maV _| JR>~§YZ H$s amOZr{V : g_ñ`m`| Ed§ gå^mdZmò, nr.EM.S>r. emoY J«ÝW, ~wÝXobIÊ‹S> {díd{dÚmb`, Pm§gr, 2005

8. H$moR>mar, aOZr, nmQ>u {gñQ>_ EÊS> BboŠeZ ñQ>S>rO, EbmBS> npãbeg©, ZB© {Xëbr, 1967

9. _ohVm, E.Ho$. EÊS> IÝZm, S>r.S>r., nm°{b{Q>H$b nmQ>uO E§S> nmQ>u {gñQ>_, goO n~{bHo$e§g, ZB© {Xëbr, 2003

10. H$moR>mZr, aOZr, bmoH$V§Ì _| amOZr{VH$ Ho$ _m`Zo, H$Wm-H«$_, OwbmB©-{gVå~a 1970

11. _§JbmZr, ê$nm, ^maVr` emgZ Ed§ amOZr{V, amOñWmZ qhXr J«§W AH$mX_r 2009

àñVmdZm

CËnmXH$Vm, Cg CËnm{XV _mÌm H$mo H$hVo h¢, Omo {H$gr EH$ BH$mB© `m à{V hoŠQ>oà go àmá hmoVr h¡ AWm©V² CËnmXH$Vm à{V hoŠQ>oà CnO H$s ÚmoVH$ h¡& CËnmXH$Vm _| _mZdr` à`mgm| H$m _hËdnyU© `moJXmZ ahVm h¡& `h {_{Q>Q²>`m| H$s Cd©aVm, Cn`wŠV _mÌm _| nmZr, ImX, Cd©aH$ Ho$ gmW \$gbm| H$m \o$a~Xb H$a ~moZm, n‹S>V ^y{_ ì`dñWm Ed§ {d{^ÝZ H¥${f àUm{b`mo§ Ho$ Cn`moJ na {Z^©a h¡&

~yÝXr {Obo _| H¥${f d¡{dÜ` XoIZo H$mo {_bVm h¡& `hm§ na Iar\$, a~r d Om`X VrZm| àH$ma H$s \$gb| ~moB© OmVr h¡, bo{H$Z CËnmXH$Vm _| H$m\$s A§Va h¡& BgHo$ nrN>o AZoH$ H$maU h¡ X¥{ï>JmoMa hmoVo h¢ {OZ_| AZwHy$b n[apñW{V`m| H$m Z hmoZm, g§gmYZm| H$m n`m©á _mÌm _| CnbãY Z hmoZm, {H$gmZmo§ Ûmam g_` na {_Q²>Q>r H$s Om§M Z H$admZm Am{X à_wI h¡&

AÜ``Z joÌ�amOñWmZ amÁ` Ho$ X{jUr-nydu ^mJ _| ~yÝXr {Obo H$m {dñVma 75 §19"30 go 76 §19"30 nydu XoemÝVa VWm 24 §59"11 go 25 §53"11 CVar A§jme Ho$ _Ü` h¡&

emoY gmam§e

H¥${f ^maV H$m àmMrZ ì`dgm` h¡& _mZd gä`Vm Ho$ CX`H$mb _| {díd Ho$ Hw$N> ^mJm| _| H¥${f {dH${gV hþB© Wr, ^maV CZ_| go EH$ h¡& H¥${f ^maVr` AW©ì`dñWm, g_mO Ed§ g§ñH¥${V H$m AmYma h¡& "h[aV H««$m§{V' Ho$ \$bñdê$n d¡km{ZH$ d VH$ZrH$s emoY H$m`©H«$_m| Ho$ _mÜ`_ go AmYw{ZH$ H¥${f VH$ZrH$m| Ho$ g¥OZ H$m H$m`© Vmo hþAm bo{H$Z Xoe H$m {H$gmZ BgHo$ {bE nyar Vah V¡`ma Zht hmo nm`m& {~Zm {_Q²>Q>r H$s Om±M H$amò Cd©aH$mo§ H$m BñVo_mb H$aZo go {_Q²>Q>r H$s JwUdVm J§^ra ê$n go à^m{dV hþB© d \$gb CËnmXH$Vm _| ^mar H$_r hþB© h¡& CËnmXH$Vm Cg CËnm{XV _mÌm H$mo H$hVo h¢, Omo {H$gr EH$ BH$mB© `m à{V hoŠQ>oà go àmá hmoVr h¡ AWm©V² CËnmXH$Vm à{V hoŠQ>oà CnO H$s ÚmoVH$ h¡& CËnmXH$Vm _| _mZdr` à`mgmo§ H$m _hËdnyU© `moJXmZ ahVm h¡& `h {_{Q²>Q>`m| H$s Cd©aVm, Cn`wŠV _mÌm _| nmZr, ImX, Cd©aH$ Ho$ gmW \$gbm| H$m \o$a~Xb H$a ~moZm, n‹S>V ^y{_ ì`dñWm Ed§ {d{^ÝZ H¥${f àUm{b`m| Ho$ Cn`moJ na {Z^©a h¡& ~yÝXr {Obo _| H¥${f d¡{dÜ` XoIZo H$mo {_bVm h¡& hm° na Iar\$, a~r, d Om`X VrZm| àH$ma H$s \$gbo§ ~moB© OmVr h¡, bo{H$Z CËnmXH$Vm _| H$m\$s A§Va h¡& BgHo$ nrN>o AZoH$ H$maU X¥{ï>JmoMa hmoVo h¢ {OZ_| AZwHw$b n[apñW{V`m| H$m Z hmoZm, g§gmYZm| H$m n`m©á _mÌm _| CnbãY Z hmoZm, {H$gmZmo§ Ûmam g_` na {_Q²>Q>r H$s Om°M Z H$admZm Am{X à_wI h¡& Bg emoY nÌ _| ~yÝXr {Obo _| H¥${f CËnmXH$Vm Ho$ n[ad{V©V ñdê$n H$mo àñVwV {H$`m J`m h¡&

g§Ho$Vmja … H¥${f d¡{dÜ`, CËnmXH$Vm, _¥Xm Cd©aVm, \$gb

A{Z`{_V g_bå~ MVw^©wO AmH$ma Ho$ ~y§Xr {Obo H$s gr_mAmo§

H$mo 6 {Obo Am~Õ H$aVo h§¡& BgHo$ CVa _| Q>m|H$ d gdmB©_mYmonwa,

npíM_ _| ^rbdmS>m, CVa-npíM_ _| AO_oa, X{jU-npíM_ _|

{MÎmm¡‹S>J‹T> Am¡a X{jU _| H$moQ>m {Obm AdpñWV h¡§§& Må~b ZXr

~y§Xr d H$moQ>m {Obo H$s gr_mAm| H$m {ZYm©aU H$aVr h¡&

CÔoí`

(i) H¥${f CËnmXH$Vm H$m Vhgrbdma AÜ``Z H$aZm&

(ii) H¥${f VH$ZrH$m| go \$gb CËnmXH$Vm na hmoZo dmbo à^mdm| H$m

AmH$bZ H$aZm&

(iii) ImÚmÝZ, XbhZ, {VbhZ Ed§ ì`mnm[aH$ \$gbm| H$s

CËnmXH$Vm H$m Vhgrbdma VwbZmË_H$ AÜ``Z H$aZm&

{d{YV§Ì�àñVwV emoY H$m`© H$s CÕoí` ny{V© hoVw àmW{_H$ d

{ÛVr`H$ XmoZm| àH$ma Ho$ Am§H$‹S>m| H$mo AmYma ~Zm`m J`m h¡&

H¥${f CËnmXH$Vm _| n[adV©Z : ~yÝXr {Obo H$m EH$ AÜ``ZMÝÐ àH$me ZmJa

emoYmWu^yJmob {d^mJ, amOH$s` _hm{dÚmb`, ~yÝXr (amOñWmZ)


ISSN 2348-3857


(i) àmW{_H$ Am§H$‹S>o :- H¥$fH$m| VWm H¥${f d¡km{ZH$m| go ZdrZ VH$ZrH$m| d H¥${f CËnmXH$Vm gå~pÝYV Am§H$‹S>o àmá {H$ò h¡&

(ii) {ÛVr`H$ Am§H$‹S>o :- `h Am§H$‹S>o {d{^ÝZ {d^mJm| d H$m`m©b`m| go àmá {H$ò&

BZ àmW{_H$ d {ÛVr`H$ Am§H$‹S>m| H$m Vm{bH$mAm|, _mZ{MÌm| d gm§p»`H$s` {d{Y`m| Ûmam {díbofU {H$`m J`m h¡& Bg emoY nÌ _| H¥${f CËnmXH$Vm hoVw {ZåZ {d{Y AnZmB© JB© h¡-

\$gb CËnmXH$Vm=

`hm±-

Y- Vhgrb _| {H$gr EH$ \$gb H$m Hw$b CËnmXZ

Yn-{Obo _| Cgr \$gb H$m Hw$b CËnmXZ

T-Vhgrb H$m Hw$b \$gb joÌ\$b

Tn-{Obo _| Cgr \$gb H$m Hw$b joµÌ\$b

H¥${f CËnmXH$Vm H$m n[ad{V©V ñdê$n :-{Obo _| {d{^ÝZ \$gbm| H$s CËnmXH$Vm _| H$m\$s n[adV©Z Am`m h¡& BgHo$ nrN>o àmH¥${VH$ d _mZdr` H$maH$m| H$m `moJXmZ ahm h¡& à_wI \$gb§mo§ H$s CËnmXH$Vm d à^m{dV H$aZo dmbo H$maH$m| H$m {ddaU gwñnï> h¡&

Mmdb H$s CËnmXH$Vm :-~y§Xr {Obo _| YmZ H$s IoVr à_wIVm go H$s OmVr h¡& `hm§ Ho$ Mmdb _| ñdmX, gwJÝY d nm¡{ï>H$Vm H$m JwU nm`m OmVm h¡, {OgHo$ H$maU ~y§Xr H$m Mmdb {díd à{g{Û {bE hþE h¡&

gmaUr 1 … {Obm-~yÝXr : Mmdb H$s CËnmXH$Vm

H«$ g§.

Vhgrb CËnmXH$Vm (_¡. Q>Z à{V hoŠQ>oà)

n[adV©Z(+/-)

1980-81 2014-15

1. ~y§Xr 0.09 0.84 +0.75

2. Vmbo‹S>m - 1.26 +1.17

3. Ho$. nmQ>Z 1.10 0.81 -0.29

4. BÝÐJ‹T> - 0.66 -0.44

5. Z¡Z§dm 0.14 0.77 +0.63

6. {hÊS>mµobr 0.21 1.69 +1.48

ZmoQ>:- 1980-81 _| Vmbo‹S>m d BÝÐJ‹T> Vhgrb| ApñVËd _| Zht Wr&

ñÌmoV: H$m`m©b` {Obm H$boŠQ>a (^y.A.), ~y§Xr

~y§Xr {Obo _| dV©_mZ _| Mmdb H$s CËnmXH$Vm {hÊS>mobr Vhgrb _| 1.69 _¡ Q>Z à{V hoŠQ>¡à gdm©{YH$ d BÝÐJ‹T> Vhgrb _| 0.66 _¡§ Q>Z à{V hoŠQ>oà Ý`yZV_ ahr& dV©_mZ _| CËnmXH$Vm _| Ho$.nmQ>Z d BÝÐJ‹T> Vhgrbm| _o§ H«$_e: 0.29 _¡. Q>Z à{V hoŠQ>oà d 0.44 _¡. Q>Z à{V hoŠQ>oà H$s {JamdQ> XO© H$s JB©& 1980-81 _| Mmdb H$s CËnmXH$Vm Ho$. nmQ>Z Vhgrb _o§ 1.10 _¡. Q>Z à{V hoŠQ>oà Cƒ ahr h¡ VWm 2014-15 _| {hÊS>mobr Vhgrb _| CËnmXH$Vm _| 1.48 _¡. Q>Z à{V hoŠQ>oà H$s d¥{Û hmoZo go gdmo©ƒ ñWmZ Bg Vhgrb H$m h¡& Mmdb H$s CËnmXH$Vm _| {JamdQ> Ho$ à_wI H$maU n`m©á {gMm§B© gy{dYmAm| H$m A^md, _mZgyZr Obdm`w, {ZåZ ^y- ObñVa d Z_r H$s H$_r aho&

{Obm-~yÝXr : Mmdb H$s CËnmXH$Vm

1980-81

2014-15

_mZ{MÌ-1

JÝZo H$s CËnmXH$Vm :-~y§Xr {Obo _| JÝZm à_wI ì`mnm[aH$ \$gb Ho$ ê$n _| CËnm{XV hmoVm h¡& `hm§ na {nN>bo 35 dfm] _| JÝZo Ho$ CËnmXZ ñdê$n _| H$m\$s CVma-M‹T>md hþAm h¡&


ISSN 2348-3857

gmaUr 2 … {Obm-~y§Xr : JÝZo H$s CËnmXH$Vm

H«$.g§.


n[adV©Z (+/-)

1980-81 2014-15

1. ~y§Xr 1.22 0.41 -0.81

2. Vmbo‹S>m - 1.37 +0.15

3. Ho$. nmQ>Z 1.36 1.17 -0.19

4. BÝÐJ‹T> - 0.17 -1.19

5. Z¡Z§dm 1.28 3.53 +2.25

6. {hÊS>mµobr 0.72 0.29 -0.43

ZmoQ> :- 1980-81 _| Vmbo‹S>m d BÝÐJ‹T> Vhgrb| ApñVËd _| Zht Wr&


gmaUr H$m AdbmoH$Z H$aZo na kmV hmoVm h¡ {H$ Vmbo‹S>m d Z¡Z§dm Vhgrbm| _| CËnmXH$Vm _| H«$_e: 0.15 _¡. Q>Z à{V hoŠQ>oà d 2.25 _¡§. Q>Z à{V hoŠQ>oà H$s d¥{Û hþB©& BZHo$ A{V[aŠV ~y§Xr, Ho$. nmQ>Z, BÝÐJ‹T> d {hÊS>mobr Vhgrbm| _| H«$_e: 0.81 _¡. Q>Z à{V hoŠQ>oà, 0.19 _¡§ Q>Z à{V hoŠQ>oà, 1.19 _¡§ Q>Z à{V hoŠQ>oà d 0.43 _¡§ Q>Z à{V hoŠQ>oà H$s H$_r AmB© h¡& JÝZo H$s CËnmXH$Vm _| H$_r H$m H$maU ~‹T>Vm n[adhZ IM©, A{YH$ CËnmXZ bmJV, n`m©á _mÌm _| ^ÊS>maU gw{dYm Z hmoZm VWm {XZm|-{XZ KQ>Vr {_Q²>Q>r H$s Cd©am epŠV ahm&

{Obm-~yÝXr: JÝZo H$s CËnmXH$Vm

AmaoI -1

Johÿ± H$s CËnmXH$Vm :- {Obo _| Johÿ± _w»` ImÚmÝZ Ho$ ê$n _| Cn`moJ {H$`m OmVm h¡& Johÿ± go _¡Xm ~ZmH$a {d{^ÝZ àH$ma Ho$ ñdm{Xï> ì`§OZ O¡go- H$Mm¡‹S>r, Jwbm~ Om_wZ Am{X ~Zmò OmVo h¡&

gmaUr 3 … {Obm-~y§Xr : Johÿ± H$s CËnmXH$Vm

H«$. g§.


n[adV©Z (+/-)

1980-81 2014-15

1. ~y§Xr 1.31 1.13 -0.18

2. Vmbo‹S>m - 1.24 -0.07

3. Ho$. nmQ>Z 1.02 1.10 +0.08

4. BÝÐJ‹T> - 0.86 -0.16

5. Z¡Z§dm 0.64 0.39 -0.25

6. {hÊS>mµobr 0.51 0.89 +0.38



Cn`w©ŠV gmaUr Ho$ AmH$bZ go _mby_ hmoVm h¡ {H$ {Obo _| 1980-81 H$s VwbZm _| Ho$. nmQ>Z d BÝÐJ‹T> Vhgrbm| _| Johÿ° H$s CËnmXH$Vm _| d¥{Û hþB©& Ho$. nmQ>Z d {hÊS>mobr Vhgrb _| CËnmXH$Vm H«$_e : 1.02 _¡. Q>Z à{V hoŠQ>oà d 0.51 _¡. Q>Z à{V hoŠQ>oà go ~‹T>H$a 1.10 _¡. Q>Z à{V hoŠQ>oà d 0.89 _¡. Q>Z à{V hoŠQ>oà hmo JB©& BgH$m H$maU `hm§ na Må~b ZXr d ~m§Ym| go {ZH$mbr JB© Zham| Ûmam qgMmB© gw{dYmAm| H$m CnbãY hmoZm ahm& BZHo$ Abmdm 2014-15 _| ~y§Xr, Vmbo‹S>m, BÝÐJ‹T> d Z¡Z§dm Vhgrbm| _| H«$_e: 0.18 _¡. Q>Z à{V hoŠQ>oà, 0.07 _¡. Q>Z à{V hoŠQ>oà 0.16 _¡. Q>Z à{V hoŠQ>oà d 0.25 _¡. Q>Z à{V hoŠQ>oà H$s H$_r hþB© h¡, {OgH$m H$maU {_Q²>Q>r H$s Cd©aVm _| H$_r hmoZm h¡& BZ Vhgrbm| _| ~a‹S> d nd©Vr` joÌ VWm n`m©á qgMmB© gw{dYmAm| H$m {dH$mg Zht hmoZo Ho$ H$maU Johÿ° H$s CËnmXH$Vm H$_ ahr&

{Obm-~y§Xr : Johÿ± H$s CËnmXH$Vm

AmaoI -2

ISSN 2348-3857


MZo H$s CËnmXH$Vm:-MZo H$m Cn`moJ {deofV : XbhZr \$gbm| Ho$ ê$n _| {H$`m OmVm h¡& `h {d{eï> àH$ma Ho$ Om`Ho$Xma ì`§OZm| H$mo ~ZmZo _| _hËdnyU© ^y{_H$m AXm H$aVm h¡&

gmaUr 4 : {Obm-~y§Xr : MZo H$s CËnmXH$Vm

H«$. g§.


n[adV©Z (+/-)

1980-81 2014-15

1. ~y§Xr 0.48 1.02 +0.54

2. Vmbo‹S>m - 1.58 +1.10

3. Ho$. nmQ>Z 1.17 0.51 -0.66

4. BÝÐJ‹T> - 2.14 +0.97

5. Z¡Z§dm 0.21 0.53 +0.32

6. {hÊS>mµobr 0.22 1.47 +1.25



Vhgrbdma MZo H$s CËnmXH$Vm H$m AÜ``Z H$aZo na kmV hmoVm h¡ {H$ CËnmXH$Vm _| Ho$. nmQ>Z Vhgrb H$mo N>mo‹S>H$a AÝ` Vhgrbm| _o§ d¥{Û hþB© h¡& Ho$. nmQ>Z Vhgrb _| 1980-81 _| MZo H$s CËnmXH$Vm 1.17 _¡. Q>Z à{V hoŠQ>oà Wr, Omo 2014-15 _| KQ>H$a 0.51 _¡. Q>Z à{V hoŠQ>oà ah JB©& BgH$m _w»` H$maU _m¡g_r` XemAm| H$m àH$mon {Og_| nmbm n‹S>Zm, Amobo {JaZm Am{X ahm& {Obo _| CËnmXH$Vm _| gdm©{YH$ d¥{Û {hÊS>mobr Vhgrb _| 1.25 _¡. Q>Z à{V hoŠQ>oà ahr& BgH$m H$maU joÌ H$s {_Q²>Q>r H$m Bg \$gb Ho$ {bE AZwHy$b hmoZm h¡&

{Obm-~yÝXr : MZo H$s CËnmXH$Vm

1980-81

2014-15

_mZ{MÌ-2

amB© Ed§ gagmo§ H$s CËnmXH$Vm :-amB© E§d gagm| {VbhZr \$gbm| Ho$ ê$n _| ~moB© OmVr h¡& amÁ` _o§ gdm©{YH$ gagm| H$m CËnmXZ {H$`m OmVm h¡& gagmo§ ~hþCn`moJr \$gb h¡&

gmaUr 5 : {Obm-~y§Xr : amB© E§d gagm| H$s CËnmXH$Vm

H«$. g§.


n[adV©Z (+/-)

1980-81 2014-15

1. ~y§Xr 1.62 1.04 -0.58

2. Vmbo‹S>m - 2.24 +0.62

3. Ho$. nmQ>Z 1.49 1.00 -0.49

4. BÝÐJ‹T> - 1.54 +0.05

5. Z¡Z§dm 0.66 0.56 -0.10

6. {hÊS>mµobr 0.22 2.50 +2.28



~y§Xr {Obo _| gdm©{YH$ CËnmXH$Vm {hÊS>mobr Vhgrb _| 2.50 _¡. Q>Z à{V hoŠQ>oà VWm Ý`yZV_ Z¡Z§dm Vhgrb _| 0.56 _¡§ Q>Z à{V hoŠQ>oà h¡& 1980-81 Ho$ _wH$m~bo 2014-15 _| ~y§Xr, Ho$. nmQ>Z d Z¡Zdm Vhgrbm| _| CËnmXH$Vm _| {JamdQ> AmB© h¡& `hm§ na CËnmXH$Vm H«$_e: 1.62 _¡. Q>Z à{V hoŠQ>oà, 1.49 _¡§ Q>Z à{V hoŠQ>oà d 0.66 _¡§. Q>Z à{V hoŠQ>oà go KQ>H$a H«$_e: 1.04 _¡§. Q>Z à{V hoŠQ>oà, 1.00 _¡. Q>Z à{V hoŠQ>oà d 0.56 _¡§ Q>Z à{V


ISSN 2348-3857

hoŠQ>oà ah JB©& Bg H$_r H$m à_wI H$maU \$gb H$m Zï> hmoZm, H$sQ>-àH$mon d g_` na nmZr CnbãY Z hmoZm ahm&

{ZîH$f©

{Obo _| Vhgrbdma CËnmXH$Vm Ho$ VÏ`mË_H$ AÜ``Z go X¥{ï>JmoMa hmoVm h¡ {H$ `hm§ Vhgrbdma \$gbm| H$s CËnmXH$Vm _o§ d¥{Û d H$_r nmB© OmVr h¡& Bg AÝXa H$m _w»` H$maU g_` na _¥Xm H$m narjU Z H$admZm, Vhgrb ñVa na _¥Xm narjU à`moJembmAm| H$m A^md, MQ²>Q>mZr joÌ VWm amgm`{ZH$ Cd©aH$m| H$m A{YH$m{YH$ _mÌm _| BñVo_mb H$aZm ahm& AV: CËnmXH$Vm ~‹T>mZo hoVw IoVm| _| O¡{dH$ ImX H$m ânya _mÌm _| à`moJ H$aZm Mm{hE Vm{H$ {_Q²>Q>r H$s Cd©am epŠV ^r ~Zr aho d CËnmXZ ^r AÀN>m h¡&

g§X^© J«§W gyMr1. amOñWmZ gwOg n{ÌH$m, _m{gH$m n{ÌH$m, gyMZm Ed§ OZgånH©$

{ZXoemb`, O`nwa

2. {Obm gm§p»`H$s` ê$naoIm, Am{W©H$ Ed§ gm§p»`H$s {ZXoemb`, O`nwa, 1982, n¥.g§. 39-54

3. e_m©, ~r. Eb. E§d ^maÛmO, nbH$, H¥${f ^yJmob, {h_m§ew npãbHo$eÝg, O`nwa, 2003, n¥.g§. 222

4. hþg¡Z, _m{OX, H¥${f ^yJmob, amdV npãbHo$eÝg, O`nwa, 2016

5. e_m© Am¡a e_m©, amOñWmZ H$m yJmob, n§Merb àH$meZ, O`nwa, 2002

6. {Obm gm§p»`H$s` ê$naoIm, Am{W©H$ Ed§ gm§p»`H$s {d^mJ, ~yÝXr, 2016, n¥.g§. 18-24

7. amOñWmZ n{ÌH$m, ~yÝXr g§ñH$aU

àñVmdZm

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ISSN 2348-3857

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ISSN 2348-3857


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ISSN 2348-3857

BgHo$ Abmdm maV A§J«oOr mfm à{ejU Am¡a gyMZm àm¡Úmo{JH$s O¡go joÌm| _| j_Vm {Z_m©U Ho$ gmW å`m§_ma H$s ghm`Vm H$a ahm h¡& BgHo$ Abmdm, ^maVr` VH$ZrH$s Am¡a Am{W©H$ gh`moJ H$m`©H«$_ Ho$ VhV, _mZd g§gmYZ j_Vm H$mo _O~yV H$aZo Ho$ bú` {ZYm©[aV {H$E JE h¡§&

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gÝX^© J«ÝW gyMr

1. "å`m§_ma g§K Ho$ gaH$ma' na _yb VÏ`, {dXoe _§Ìmb`, Zm`nrXm, gmd©O{ZH$ gå~ÝY Am¡a gyMZm {d^mJ, {gVå~a 1996 Ho$ _§Ìmb`

2. ~¡§H$gQ>a, Ho$., maVr` Amd«OZ H$s [anmoQ>© (a§JyZ, 1941) {dXoe _m_bm| Ho$ [aH$mS©>, ^maV gaH$ma {dXoe _§Ìmb`, ZB© {Xëbr, 1999

3. AW©emñÌ {d^mJ, CÎma-nyd© ^maV _| gr_m joÌm| H$s Ho$ {Z{hVmW© g_ñ`mAm| na n[a`moOZm [anmoQ>©, Voahdm§ {dÎm Am`moJ Ag_, 2009

4. dm{UÁ` Am¡a CÚmoJ _§Ìmb`, H$m`m©b` kmnZ, Am¡Úmo{JH$ Zr{V Ed§ g§dÕ©Z {d^mJ, ^maV gaH$ma, 1 Aàob 2007

5. Am{W©H$ gd}jU 2012-13, {dÎm_§Ìmb`, ^maV gaH$ma, ZB© {Xëbr, 2013

6. {dXoe _§Ìmb`, dm{f©H$ [anmoQ>©, ^maV gaH$ma, ZB© {Xëbr, 2005-06, 2006-07, 2007-08, 2008-09, 2009-10, 2010-11, 2011-12, 2012-13, 2013-14, 2014-15, 2015-16, 2016-17

7. d¡pídH$ _m_bm| H$s ^maVr` S>m`ñnmoam B§{S>`Z H$mC§{gb, 2001, ZB© {Xëbr na Cƒ ñVar` g{_{V H$s [anmoQ>©

8. ^maVr` S>m`ñnmoam 2001 na, Cƒ ñVar` g{_{V H$s [anmoQ>©, B©ñQ> X{jU nyd© E{e`m AÜ`m` 25 {gVå~a 2014 H$mo AX²`VZ do~gmBQ> B§{S>`ZS>m`gnmoam.EZAmB©gr.BZ

9. ^maV Ho$ àYmZ_§Ìr _Z_mohZ qgh Am¡a OZab WmZ ído, SPDC Ho$ AÜ`j Ûmam Omar {H$E JE g§`wŠV dŠVì`, 10 _mM© 2010

10. dm{f©H$ [anmoQ>© : 1987-1988, {dXoe _§Ìmb`, ^maV gaH$ma, ZB© {Xëbr, 1988

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11. dm{f©H$ [anmoQ>© : AÝVam©ï´>r` dm{UÁ` Am¡a Am¡Úmo{JH$ gh`moJ, 2007-2008

12. ^maVr` S>m`ñnmoam H$s Cƒ ñVar` g{_{V H$s [anmoQ>© (ZB© {Xëbr: d¡pídH$ _m_bm| H$s ^maVr` n[afX, 2001)

13. ''X{jU nyd© E{e`m'' ^maVr` S>m`ñnmoam H$s Cƒ ñVar` g{_{V H$s [anmoQ>©, 2001

14. geñÌ ~b {deof A{YH$ma A{Y{Z`_ Ho$ XñVmdoO, 1958

15. goZ, XbOrV, MrZ Am¡a CgHo$ n‹S>mogr, Xrn Am¡a Xrn àH$meZ, ZB© {Xëbr, 1984

16. AßnmXmoamB©, E Am¡a amOZ, E_Eg, ^maV H$s {dXoe Zr{V Am¡a gå~ÝY : X{jU E{e`m àH$meZ, ZB© {Xëbr, 1985

17. Eo[ag _mBH$b, \«$sS>_ \«$m_ \$sà Am¡a AÝ` boIZ, Am§J gmZ gy H$s, n¡p½dZ J«wn, Ý`y`mH©$, 1991

18. dmOno`r, A_o[aH$m, ^maV Am¡a BgHo$ n‹S>mog, b|ga B§Q>aZoeZb àH$meZ, ZB© {Xëbr, 1986

19. ~awAm, g§Ord, nmoñQ>\«§${Q>à ãbyg : nydmoÎma ^maV Ho$ bE EH$ ZB© Zr{V H$s ê$naoIm H$s Amoa& dmqeJQ>Z S>r.gr. B©ñQ> doñQ> g|Q>a dmqeJQ>Z, 2007

20. ~awAmh, AemoH$ Hw$_ma, Am¡a X{hAm, ê$_ob& ^maV Ho$ AJbo Xmo XeH$m| _| n‹S>mog MwZm¡{V`m§, n|Q>mJZ àog, ZB© {Xëbr, 2012

21. ^mQ>r`m, amOrd, maV-å`m§_ma gå~ÝY ê$Q>boO npãbHo$eZ, ZB© {Xëbr, 2016

22. ^Q²>Q>mMm`©, amIr, nydm}Îma ^maV Am¡a BgHo$ n‹S>mogr : ZoJmo{eEqQ>J {gŠ`mo[aQ>r E§S> So>dbn_|Q>, ê$Q>boO npãbHo$eZ, ZB© {Xëbr, 2015

23. ^Q²>Q>mMm`©, ñdnZm (MH«$dVu), ^maV-å`m§_ma gå~ÝY, 1886-1948, ~mJMr E§S> H§$nZr H$mobH$mVm 2007

24. ~«oS>Z Om°Z, ~_m©/å`m§_ma-Qy>dmC©g X 21dt g|Mwar: S>m`Zm{_H$ H$Z{Q>Ý`y{Q> E§S> M|O, AmonZ gmogmBQ>r B§ñQ>rQ²>`yQ>, ~¡§H$m°H$, 1997

25. ~«yg, OmO©, X ~_m© dm°ag 1824-1886, hmQ>© So>{dg, _¡H$ {Jã~Z {b{_Q>oS>, b§XZ, 1973

26. H$mS>r, Om°O E\$. AmYw{ZH$ ~_m© H$m B{Vhmg, Ý`y`mH©$, 1958

27. H$mS>r, Om°Z E\$., AmYw{ZH$ ~_m© H$m B{Vhmg, H$m°aZob `w{Zd{g©Q>r àog, Ý`y`mH©$ 1958

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ISSN 2348-3857


_X²XoZOa _{hbm H$s epŠV gånÝZVm Ho$ Hw$N> à`mg ^maV _| ñdV§ÌVm Am§XmobZ go nyd© Ed§ CgHo$ Xm¡amZ àmaå^ hþE& _{hbm H$mo geŠV H$aZo Ho$ à`mgm| _| AZoH$ {MV§H$m| H$m Zm_ {b`m Om gH$Vm h¡ {H$ÝVw BZ_| S>m°. ^r_amd Aå~oS>H$a H$m Zm_ {deof ê$n go CëboIZr` h¡& CÝhm|Zo Z Ho$db qMVZ Ho$ ñVa na daZ² YamVb na ^r _{hbmAm| H$mo CZHo$ A{YH$mam| Ho$ à{V OmJê$H$ H$aZo hoVw AZoH$ à`mg {H$ò& `Ú{n S>m°. Aå~oS>H$a H$m Am§H$bZ H$B© ~ma Ho$db X{bV gwYmaH$ Ed§ qMVH$ Ho$ ê$n _| {H$`m OmVm h¡, VWm{n VÏ`mË_H$ AmYma na `h ÐîQ>ì` h¡ {H$ do g_mO gwYmaH$ Ho$ gmW hr ^maVr` _{hbm Am¡a AÝ` emo{fV dJm] H$mo ^maV _| C{MV ñWmZ àXmZ H$a gm_m{OH$ Ed§ b¡§{JH$ g_Vm H$mo ñWm{nV H$aZo Ho$ njYa Wo& CÝhm|Zo X{bV geŠVrH$aU Ho$ gmW hr _{hbm geŠVrH$aU _| ^r _hÎdnyU© `moJXmZ {X`m& ^maV _| _{hbmAm| H$s dV©_mZ àpñW{V _| Omo gwYma X¥{ï>JV hmoVm h¡ Cg_| Aå~oS>H$a H$s ^y{_H$m A{dñ_aUr` h¡& `hm± `h CëboIZr` h¡ do Ho$db X{bV _{hbmAm| Ho$ geŠVrH$aU hoVw hr H$m`© Zht H$a aho Wo daZ² gånyU© maV H$s g^r dJm] H$s _{hbmAm| H$m geŠVrH$aU CZH$m CX²Xoí` Wm& ñd`§ emofU H$m {eH$ma hmoZo Ho$ H$maU do _{hbmAm| H$s Cg emo{fV pñW{V H$mo AÀN>r Vah g_PVo Wo {Ogo H$moB© Am¡a Zht OmZ gH$Vm Wm& _{hbm geŠVrH$aU gå~ÝYr CZHo$ {dMmam| na X¥{ï>nmV H$aZo go nyd© geŠVrH$aU Ed§ _{hbm geŠVrH$aU H$mo g_PZm Amdí`H$ h¡&

"geŠVrH$aU' EH$ ~hþàM{bV eãX h¡& geŠVrH$aU go VmËn`© A{YH$ma gånÝZVm, {ZU©` j_Vm _| d¥{Õ, Am{W©H$ ñdmdbå~Z Am¡a AmË_{Z^©aVm go h¡& BgHo$ AÝVJ©V qbJ, Om{V, àOm{V, Y_©, dJ© BË`m{X Ho$ ôX^md H$mo g_má H$a g^r H$mo gå_mZnyd©H$ OrdZ OrZo Ed§ AmË_{dH$mg H$m gånyU© Adga d g_mZ A{YH$ma àmá hmoVm h¡& {nëbB© Ho$ AZwgma, ""geŠVrH$aU H$s AdYmaUm {dH$mg Ho$ joÌ _| ~hþYm àM{bV dmŠ` h¡& geŠVrH$aU EH$ g{H«$` Am¡a ~hþAm`m_r à{H«$`m h¡, Omo OrdZ Ho$ àËòH$ joÌ _| AnZr à{V^m Am¡a epŠV`m| H$s nhMmZ H$aZo _| ghm`Vm H$aVr h¡& ''_ybV: geŠVrH$aU go epŠV H$m g§ajU Ed§ g§dY©Z {H$`m OmVm h¡, Bg_| {H$gr ^r ì`pŠV H$mo AnZr j_VmAm| _| d¥{Õ Ed§ H$m`© H$aZo Ho$ {bE ñdV§ÌVm àXmZ H$s OmVr h¡& {Oggo àËòH$ ì`pŠV AnZr j_VmAm| _o§ d¥{Õ H$aHo$ J[a_m_` Ed§ gå_mZr` OrdZ`mnZ H$a gHo$&

`h ÐîQ>ì` h¡ {H$ geŠVrH$aU nX _w»`V: epŠVhrZ ì`pŠV H$mo do g_ñV epŠV`m± àXmZ H$aZo H$s ~mV H$aVm h¡ {Oggo CgH$m OrdZ _mZdr` J[a_m go n[anyU© hmo, CgHo$ OrdZ Ed§ ì`dhma

na CgH$m ñd`§ H$m {Z`§ÌU aho, VWm g^r joÌm| _| CgH$s g_mZ ^mJrXmar hmo& Bgr g§X^© _| _{hbm H$s epŠVhrZ àpñW{V H$mo B§{JV {H$`m OmH$a _{hbm H$mo geŠV H$a CgH$s ImoB© J[a_m Ed§ gå_mZ H$mo nwZ: àmá H$aZo _| ghm`Vm H$s Om gH$Vr h¡& "_{hbm geŠVrH$aU' eãX H$m à`moJ gm_mÝ`V`m Cg {dMmaYmam Am¡a AmÝXmobZ Ho$ {bò {H$`m OmVm h¡, {OgH$m CÔoí` g{X`m| go Mbo Am aho nwéf àYmZ g_mO _| _{hbmAm| H$mo CZH$s ~o{‹S>`m| go _wpŠV {XbmZm h¡& _{hbm geŠVrH$aU Ho$ _mÜ`_ go _{hbmAm| H$mo AeŠVVm go geŠVVm, na{Z^©aVm go AmË_{Z^©aVm, A{YH$ma {dhrZVm go A{YH$ma gånÝZVm, Am{W©H$ namdbå~Z go Am{W©H$ ñdmdbå~Z Ed§ ñdgå~ÝYr {ZU©` j_Vm _| d¥{Õ H$aZm h¡& gwZrb _hmda Ho$ _VmZwgma, ""_{hbm geŠVrH$aU H$m àíZ ~hþ Am`m_r h¡, {Ogo {H$gr {deof eãX/nX go n[a^m{fV/ì`m»`m{nV Zht {H$`m Om gH$Vm& H$B© ~ma Am{W©H$ ñdmdbå~Z H$mo àmá H$aZm hr geŠVrH$aU H$m n`m©` _mZ {b`m OmVm h¡, Vmo H$B© ~ma A{YH$ma gånÝZVm H$mo& Am{W©H$ ñdmdbå~Z Amdí`H$ h¡ {H$ÝVw Bg Am{W©H$ geŠVrH$aU Ho$ \$bñdê$n àmá gånpÎm H$mo `{X H$moB© _{hbm ñdoÀN>m go ì`` Zht H$a gH$Vr h¡ Vmo dh geŠV Zht h¡& Am{W©H$ ñdmdbå~Z Ho$ gmW `h Amdí`H$ h¡ {H$ CgHo$ Ûmam àmá H$s J`r g_ñV gånpÎm H$mo dh ñd`§ AnZr BÀN>m go ì`` H$ao& Bgr Vah Ho$db A{YH$ma gånÝZVm H$mo geŠVrH$aU Zht _mZm Om gH$Vm, A{YH$ma gånÝZVm _{hbm H$m geŠVrH$aU V^r H$a gH$Vr h¡ O~{H$ _{hbmE§ CZ A{YH$mam| H$m dmñV{dH$ ê$n go à`moJ H$ao AÝ`Wm A{YH$ma gånÝZVm Ed§ A{YH$ma {dhrZVm _| H$moB© AÝVa Zht hmoJm& '' dñVwV: _{hbm geŠVrH$aU H$m VmËn`© CgHo$ Ûmam g_ñV A{YH$mamo§ H$m dmñV{dH$ ê$n _| à`moJ {H$ò OmZo go h¡& _{hbmAm| H$m AnZr Am` Ed§ gån{Îm H$mo ñdoÀN>m go ì`` H$aZm Am¡a ñd`§ d n[adma go gå~pÝYV _m_bm| _| {ZU©` H$m A{YH$ma àmá H$aZm _{hbm geŠVrH$aU h¡&

Or. n¡{bZrWyamB© Ho$ AZwgma _{hbm geŠVrH$aU dh à{H«$`m h¡ {OgHo$ Ûmam g_mO Ho$ {dH$mg H$s à{H«$`m _| amOZr{VH$ g§ñWmAm| Ho$ Ûmam _{hbmAm| H$mo nwéfmo§ Ho$ ~am~a _mÝ`Vm Xr OmVr h¡§& ''_{hbm geŠVrH$aU ~hþAm`m_r AdYmaUm h¡, `h _{hbmAm| H$mo àËòH$ joÌ _| gj_ H$aZo H$s EH$ à{H«$`m h¡& BgHo$ AÝVJ©V _{hbmAm| H$s gm_m{OH$, Am{W©H$, amOZr{VH$ Ed§ e¡{jH$ BË`m{X àËòH$ joÌ _| A{YH$mam| Ho$ dmñV{dH$ à`moJ Ho$ gmW g_ñV joÌm| _| ^mJrXmar gw{ZpíMV hmoZr Mm{hE& ^maVr` _{hbm H$s àpñW{V Ho$ g§X^© _| Cn`©wŠV AdYmaUm na X¥{ï>nmV


ISSN 2348-3857

go `h kmV hmoVm h¡ {H$ ^maV _| _{hbmAm| H$s pñW{V Hw$N> {deof AÀN>r Zht ahr& g{X`m| go {nV¥gÎmmË_H$ _mZ{gH$Vm Zo ^maVr` g_mO Ho$ Bg ^mJ H$mo AË`ÝV {ZåZ pñW{V _| aIm, {Oggo _{hbm Z Ho$db AnZo A{YH$mam| go d§{MV ahr daZ² CgZo Bg d§MZm H$mo AnZr {Z`Vr _mZ hmbmV go g_Pm¡Vm H$a {b`m& VWm{n ^maVr` g_mO _| Hw$N> g_mO gwYmaH$m| Zo _{hbmAm| H$mo AnZr dmñV{dH$ pñW{V Ed§ epŠV go n[a{MV H$amZo H$m à`mg {H$`m {Oggo g{X`m| Ho$ CËnr‹S>Z H$mo g_má {H$`m OmH$a CÝh| epŠV gånÝZ {H$`m Om gHo$& ^maV _| _{hbmAm| H$mo g{X`m| H$s Jwbm_r go _wŠV H$amZo _| S>m°. Aå~oS>H$a Ho$ `moJXmZ H$m CëboI {deof ê$n go {H$`m Om gH$Vm h¡& ^maV _| AmO _{hbmAm| H$s Omo A{YH$ma gånÝZ pñW{V X¥{ï>JV hmoVr h¡ `{X Cgo Aå~oS>H$a H$s XoZ H$hm Omò Vmo Bg_| H$moB© A{Ví`mopŠV Zht hmoJr&

S>m°. ^r_amd Aå~oS>H$a Ûmam {hÝXÿ gm_m{OH$ ì`dñWm H$m JhZV_ AÜ``Z {H$`m J`m& do {hÝXÿ gm_m{OH$ ì`dñWm _| _{hbmAm| H$s Xem Ed§ gm_m{OH$ Ag_mZVm go n[a{MV hmo MwHo$ Wo& {hÝXÿ gm_m{OH$ ì`dñWm àmMrZ g_` _| d{U©V EH$ ì`dñWm go {ZYm©[aV hmoVr Wr Omo {H$ _Zwñ_¥{V na AmYm[aV Wr, {Og_| _{hbmAm| H$s pñW{V AË`ÝV X`Zr` Wr& S>m°. r_amd Aå~oS>H$a Zo _{hbmAm| H$s {ZåZ Xem H$m Xmofr "_Zwñ_¥{V' H$mo _mZm& CZHo$ Ûmam "_Zwñ_¥{V' H$m XhZ _{hbm _wpŠV H$s Xem _| EH$ C‚mdb H$X_ _mZm Om gH$Vm h¡& naånamJV {hÝXÿ gm_m{OH$ ì`dñWm Ho$ AÝVJ©V _{hbmAm| H$mo {ZåZ pñW{V _| ~Zmò aIZo Ho$ {bE AZoH$ Hw$[a{V`m± àM{bV Wr, S>m°. Aå~oS>H$a BZ g_ñV Hw$ar{V`m| Ho$ pIbm\$ Wo& CÝhm|Zo _{hbmAm| H$mo g_mZVm Ed§ ñdV§ÌVm {XbmZo VWm _Zw àUrV AÝ`m` na AmYm[aV ì`dñWm H$mo g_yb Zï> H$aZo hoVw à~b OZ MoVZm H$mo OmJ«V {H$`m& S>m°. Aå~oS>H$a Zo _{hbmAm| Ho$ d¡Ym{ZH$ Ed§ g§d¡Ym{ZH$ A{YH$mam| H$m njnmofU H$a CZH$mo CnbãY H$amZo hoVw {d{^ÝZ AmÝXmobZm| H$m g§MmbZ {H$`m& _{hbm A{YH$mam| Ho$ à{V CZH$m X¥{ï>H$moU Z Ho$db g¡ÕmpÝVH$ daZ² ì`dhm[aH$ n[aàoú` _| ^r _hËdnyU© Wm&

S>m°. Aå~oS>H$a Ûmam ^maVr` g§{dYmZ H$m {Z_m©U H$aZo dmbr àmê$n g{_{V Ho$ AÜ`j Ho$ ê$n _| _{hbmAm| H$mo {d{Y gå_V A{YH$mam| H$mo g§{dYmZ _| C{MV ñWmZ àXmZ {H$`m J`m& S>m°. Aå~oS>H$a ^maV Ho$ g§{dYmZ {Z_m©Vm hr Zht daZ² emo{fV nr{‹S>V _{hbmAm| Ho$ _grhm ^r Wo& CZHo$ Ûmam _{hbmAm| Ho$ A§YH$ma_` OrdZ H$mo kmZ àH$me go OmOdë`_mZ H$a {X`m J`m& CZHo$ Ûmam _{hbm geŠVrH$aU hoVw {H$ò Jò H$m`© `wJm|-`wJm| VH$ àoaUm XoVo ahoJ|& S>m°. ^r_amd Aå~oS>H$a ^maV Ho$ B{Vhmg _|

Eogo à_wI gm_m{OH$ {dMmaH$ aho h¡§ {OÝhm|Zo ^maVr` _{hbmAm| H$s Ymam H$mo EH$ Z`m _mo‹S> {X`m& ^maVr` gm_m{OH$ g§aMZm _| _{hbmAm| H$s pñW{V g{X`m| go Mbr Am ahr {df_ gm_m{OH$ ì`dñWm {Og_o§ emofU, CËnr‹S>Z, AkmZ, An_mZ Ed§ gm_m{OH$ {df_Vm Ho$ A{V[aŠV Am¡a Hw$N> Zht Wm, go {Kar hþB© Wr& S>m°. Aå~oS>H$a Ho$ g_J« AÜ``Z Ed§ à`ËZ Ûmam _{hbmAm| H$s g_ñV X_ZH$mar {d{eï>VmAm| Ho$ {dê$Õ {dÐmoh {H$`m J`m& CZHo$ Ûmam AnZo OrdZ Ho$ àW_ AmÝXmobZ _hm‹S> gË`mJ«h _{hbm geŠVrH$aU H$s àmapå^H$ ewê$dmV Wr& Cgr g_` "nyZm-nmadVr gË`mJ«h' VWm "H$mbmam_ _pÝXa àdoe' Ho$db X{bV g_mO Ho$ {bE hr Zht daZ² _{hbmAm| hoVw à_wI AmÝXmobZ Wo& {Oggo S>m°. ^r_amd Aå~oS>H$a Ûmam ^maVr` g_mO _| _{hbmAm| H$mo ñdm{^_mZ go OrdZ {Zdm©h H$aZo H$m Amh²dmZ {H$`m& S>m°. Aå~oS>H$a Ûmam _{hbm geŠVrH$aU Ho$ ê$n _| _Zwñ_¥{V H$m XhZ EH$ àVrH$mË_H$ {damoY Wm& _Zwñ_¥{V Ho$ AÝVJ©V _{hbmAm| H$mo g_ñV gm_m{OH$ A{YH$mam| go d§{MV H$a {X`m J`m Wm& Bg{bE _Zwñ_¥{V H$m XhZ ^maVr` _{hbm geŠVrH$aU Ho$ B{Vhmg Ho$ {df` _| EH$ A{dñ_aUr` KQ>Zm h¡& S>m°. ^r_amd Aå~oS>H$a Zo _{hbmAm| H$s EH$ g^m H$mo gå~mo{YV H$aVo hþE H$hm Wm - ""_¡§ {H$gr g_mO H$s àJ{V H$m AZw_mZ Bg ~mV go bJmVm hÿ± {H$ Cg g_mO H$s _{hbmAm| H$s {H$VZr àJ{V hþB© h¡& dñVwV: do gm_m{OH$ H«$m§{V Ed§ n[adV©Z hoVw _{hbm geŠVrH$aU H$s Ah_ ^y{_H$m _mZVo Wo&

S>m°. ^r_amd Aå~oS>H$a Zo ^maVr` g_mO _| _{hbmAm| H$mo gm_m{OH$ g_mZVm, gm_m{OH$ Ý`m`, ñdVÝÌVm, emofU _wpŠV hoVw A{YH$mam| Ho$ à{V Z Ho$db OmJ«V {H$`m J`m daZ² ^maVr` g§{dYmZ _| Bg hoVw AZoH$ _hËdnyU© àmdYmZm| Ho$ {Z_m©U _| Ah²_ ^y{_H$m {Z^mB©& CZHo$ Ûmam ^maVr` {dYmZ _| _{hbmAm| H$mo gd©Ì nwéfm| Ho$ g_mZ gm_m{OH$ g_mZVm H$m A{YH$ma àXmZ {H$`m J`m h¡& _{hbm _wpŠV hoVw AZwÀN>oX 15 Ho$ AÝVJ©V qbJôX H$s g_m{á Ed§ AZwÀN>oX 19 Ho$ AÝVJ©V ñdVÝÌVm Ho$ A{YH$mam| H$mo {ZYm©[aV {H$`m J`m& S>m°. ^r_amd Aå~oS>H$a Ûmam gm_m{OH$ Ag_mZVmAm| H$mo Xÿa H$aZo hoVw {hÝXÿ H$moS> {~b H$m àmê$n V¡`ma {H$`m J`m& Bg {~b Ho$ AÝVJ©V {hÝXÿ _{hbmAm| Ho$ {bE g_mO _| {ddmh-{dÀN>oX, ~mb {ddmh à{V~§Y, AÝV©OmVr` {ddmh, {dYdm nwZ{d©dmh Am{X A{YH$mam| H$m àmdYmZ {H$`m J`m& {hÝXÿ H$moS> {~b H$m {dñV¥V {ddoMZ AmJo em{_b {H$`m J`m h¡& S>m°. ^r_amd Aå~oS>H$a Ûmam Bg àH$ma ^maVr` _{hbmAm| H$mo AkmZVm Ho$ Kmoa A§YH$ma go C~maZo H$m à`mg {H$`m J`m& CÝhm|Zo

ISSN 2348-3857


g_mO _| _{hbmAm| H$mo CZH$s j_Vm Ed§ `mo½`Vm go n[a{MV H$amHo$ _mZd Ho$ g_mZ OrdZ OrZo H$s amh {XImB©&

S>m°. ^r_amd Aå~oS>H$a Ho$ Am{W©H$ {dH$mg H$m Ame` _{hbmAm| H$mo Am{W©H$ XmgVm go _wpŠV Wm& CÝhm|Zo emo{fV Ed§ CËnr{‹S>V _{hbmAm| H$mo Am{W©H$ geŠVrH$aU H$m amñVm {XIm`m& CZHo$ Ûmam Am{W©H$ X¥{ï> go _{hbmAm| H$mo AmË_{Z^©a, AmË_gå_mZ Ed§ ñdmdbå~Z go OrdZ {Zdm©h hoVw ào[aV {H$`m J`m& CZH$m _mZZm Wm {H$ _{hbmAm| H$s j_VmAm| H$mo nyU© {dH${gV {H$E {~Zm {H$gr ^r Am{W©H$ ì`dñWm H$m {dH$mg g§^d Zht h¡& Xoe Ho$ ~ƒo Hw$eb ZmJ[aH$ V^r ~Z gH|$Jo O~ CZH$s _mVmE± AmË_{Z^©a hmoJr& l_ _§Ìmb` _| AnZo H$m`©H$mb Ho$ Xm¡amZ CÝhm|Zo _{hbmAm| H$s Am{W©H$ pñW{V H$mo gwYmaZo hoVw CÝhm|Zo Z Ho$db _{hbmAm| H$mo OmJ«V {H$`m daZ² Bgo ì`dhm[aH$ ê$n àXmZ H$aZo _| ^r Ah²_ ^y{_H$m H$m {Zd©hZ {H$`m& CÝhm|Zo ImZ l{_H$ H$ë`mU AÜ`mXoe Ûmam _{hbm l{_H$m| hoVw H$mof H$m àmdYmZ {H$`m& n[aUm_ñdê$n _{hbm l{_H$m| H$mo nwéf l{_H$m| Ho$ g_mZ doVZ nmZo H$m A{YH$ma àmá hþAm& CZHo$ Ûmam àñV{mdV {hÝXÿ H$moS> {~b Ho$ AÝVJ©V ^maVr` _{hbmAm| H$mo naånamJV OH$‹S>Zm| go {ZH$mbZo hoVw AZoH$ àmdYmZ {H$ò Jò, BZ_| go EH$ _hËdnyU© àmdYmZ gån{Îm Ho$ A{YH$ma go gå~pÝYV Wm& BgHo$ AÝVJ©V _{hbm H$mo n¡V¥H$ gån{Îm _| g_mZ A{YH$ma H$s dH$mbV H$s JB© Wr& Bgr Ho$ gmW hr ñÌr {ddmh g§ñH$manyU© hmoZo H$s AdñWm _| H$moB© ^r ñÌr-YZ ñÌr H$s gån{Îm g_Pm OmEJm& Am{W©H$ gwX¥‹T>rH$aU hoVw _{hbmAm| H$mo g_mZ n[al{_H$, H$m`© H$aZo H$s {ZpíMV g_`md{Y, n`m©á Amhma, àgy{V gå~ÝYr AdH$me, ñdmñÏ` gw{dYmE± Am{X ì`dñWmAm| H$mo ñWm{nV H$aZo _| CZH$m _hËdnyU© `moJXmZ Wm& CZH$m _mZZm Wm Am{W©H$ {dH$mg hoVw _{hbmAm| H$mo `moJXmZ H¥${f CÚmoJ, ì`mnma, l{_H$, _Ëñ`, newnmbZ Am{X g^r joÌm| _| _hËdnyU© h¡& CZHo$ Ûmam Am{W©H$ {dH$mg H$m bú` _{hbmAm| Ho$ Am{W©H$ geŠVrH$aU go Wm&

S>m°. Aå~oS>H$a {df_ n[apñW{V`m| H$mo PobVo hþò EH$ _hmZ {ejm{dX² Ho$ ê$n _| {d»`mV hþò& {ejm _Zwî` Ho$ OrdZ Ho$ _hËdnyU© bú`m| H$s ny{V© H$m EH$ Cn`moJr gmYZ h¡& _mZd OrdZ Ho$ àJ{V H$m Ûma ImobZo dmbr _{hbm {ejm na h_mao Y_m©Mm`m] Zo _mÌ à{V~§Y hr Zht bJm`m daZ² _{hbm {ejm H$mo nmn {gÕ H$a {X`m, Vm{H$ Y_©^rê$ _{hbmE± {ejm J«hU Z H$a gHo$& do {ejm H$mo _{hbm geŠVrH$aU hoVw EH$ AË`ÝV _hËdnyU© Ma Ho$ ê$n _| XoIVo Wo, CÝhm|Zo _{hbmAm| H$mo gå~mo{YV H$aVo hþE EH$ ~ma H$hm Wm - ""{e{jV ~{Zò, g§J{R>V hmoBò Am¡a gå_mZ nmZo

Ho$ {bE `{X Oê$aV n‹S>o Vmo g§Kf© H$s{OE& '' {ejm H$mo do nwéf go A{YH$ _{hbmAm| Ho$ {bE Amdí`H$ _mZVo Wo Š`m|{H$ {e{jV _{hbmE§ hr amï´> Ho$ ^{dî` H$m {Z_m©U H$aZo hoVw _hËdnyU© ^y{_H$m H$m {Zd©hZ H$a gH$Vr h¡& {e{jV _{hbm AnZo ~ƒm| H$m gwMmê$ ê$n go nmbZ nmofU H$a gw`mo½`, B©_mZXma Ed§ {Zð>mdmZ ZmJ[aH$ ~Zm gH$Vr h¡& ~å~B© _| hr EH$ AÝ` g^m go gå~mo{YV H$aVo hþE CÝhm|Zo H$hm Wm - ""{ejm eoaZr H$m XÿY h¡& {ejm Ho$ {~Zm OrdZ ì`W© h¡& Hw$N> gmoMZo, g_PZo d {MÝVZ H$aZo H$s VmH$V {ejm go hr g§^d h¡& '' Bg hoVw ~moaJm±d _| Am`mo{OV Añn¥í` n[afX² _| CÝhm|Zo {deof àñVmd nm[aV H$adm`m& S>m°. Aå~oS>H$a H$m _mZZm Wm à{V^mgånÝZ _{hbmAm| H$mo Cƒ {ejm hoVw gaH$mar H$mof ì`dñWm hmo VWm CZHo$ {bE àmXo{eH$ {díd{dÚmb` H$s ñWmnZm H$s Omò& {e{jV _{hbm AnZo A{YH$mam| Ho$ à{V gMoV hmoH$a n[adV©Z _| CËàoaH$ H$m H$m`© H$aVr h¡& dñVwV: n[adma {Z_m©U, g_mO {Z_m©U Ed§ amï´> {Z_m©U hoVw _{hbm {ejm nwéf {ejm go ^r A{YH$ Amdí`H$ h¡&

_{hbm geŠVrH$aU hoVw H$s OmZo dmbr Cn`w©ŠV ì`dñWm amOZr{VH$ joÌ _| geŠVrH$aU Ho$ {~Zm AYyar h¡& S>m°. Aå~oS>H$a H$hVo Wo {H$ ""g_mO Ho$ CËWmZ Ho$ {bE gm_m{OH$ H«$m§{V, amO¡Z{VH$ H«$m§{V Ho$ {~Zm AYyar h¡, {Og g_mO Ho$ nmg amOZr{V H$s Hw§$Or h¡ dh ha Vmbm ImobH$a àJ{V H$aVm h¡& ''CZH$m amOZr{VH$ OrdZ df© 1918 _| Am°b BpÊS>`m {S>àoñS> Šbmg H$mÝ\«|$g _| ^mJ boZo Ho$ gmW Amaå^ hþAm& do _{hbmAm| H$s amOZr{VH$ joÌ _| d§{MV pñW{V H$mo AÀN>r Vah g_PVo Wo, do ^maV H$s g_ñV _{hbmAm| H$mo naånamAm| H$s ~o{‹S>`m| H$mo VmoS>H$a amOZr{V _| AmZo H$m AmJ«h H$aVo Wo& Bg joÌ _| JhZ qMVZ-_ZZ H$aZo Ho$ ~mX do Bg {ZîH$f© na nhþ§Mo amOZr{VH$ joÌ _| _{hbmAm| H$mo ^r nwéf Ho$ g_mZ hr A{YH$ma àmá hmoZm Mm{hE& amOZr{V Ho$ g_ñV joÌm| _| g_mZ ^mJrXmar amï´> Ho$ {Z_m©U _| _hËdyU© ^y{_H$m {Z^mVr h¡, Am¡a g_mO Ho$ AmYo ^mJ H$mo Bg ^mJrXmar go d§{MV H$a {X`m Omò `h H$VB© C{MV Zht h¡& Bg hoVw CÝhm|Zo "~å~B© _{hbm g§K' H$m g_W©Z {H$`m& CZHo$ AWH$ à`mgm| go ^maVr` _{hbm gå_obZ _| g^r Xbm| H$s _{hbmAm| Ho$ EH$ geŠV amï´>r` g§K H$s ñWmnZm hþB©& Bg g§JR>Z _| _{hbmAm| Zo amï´>r` _wX²Xm| na MMm© H$aVo hþE amOZr{VH$ A{YH$mam| H$s _m§J H$s Am¡a O~ S>m°. Aå~oS>H$a H$mo ^maV Ho$ g§{dYmZ {Z_m©U H$m Adga àmá hþAm Vmo AnZr {dMmaYmam Ho$ AZwê$n hr CÝhm|Zo _{hbmAm| H$mo do g_ñV amOZr{VH$ A{YH$ma


ISSN 2348-3857

g_mZ ê$n go CnbãY H$amò {OZgo ^maVr` _{hbmmAm| H$mo amOZr{VH$ joÌ _| g_mZ ^y{_H$m àmá hmo gH$Vr Wr&

^maVr` g_mO _| _{hbmAm| H$s pñW{V AË`ÝV {ZåZ H$mo{Q> H$s Wr Am¡a Bg_| Ym{_©H$ ar{V [admOm| H$m _hËdnyU© `moJ Wm& S>m°. Aå~oS>H$a Bg {df` go nyU©V`m n[a{MV Wo AV: O~ ñdVÝÌVm Ho$ ~mX CÝh| ^maV Ho$ {d{Y _§Ìmb` H$m ^ma àmá hþAm Vmo do Bg Adga H$mo AnZo hmW go Zht OmZo XoZm MmhVo Wo& CÝhm|Zo ^maVr` gm_m{OH$ ì`dñWm H$s ~hþV-gr Hw$ar{V`m| H$mo {_Q>mZo H$m EH$ geŠV AñÌ V¡`ma {H$`m, dh Wm - "{hÝXÿ H$moS> {~b'& CZHo$ Ûmam ^maVr` _{hbmAm| H$mo _mZdr` A{YH$ma {XbmZo hoVw {hÝXÿ H$moS> {~b H$mo g§gX _| àñVwV {H$`m J`m& {hÝXÿ H$moS> {~b H$m CÔoí` {hÝXÿ Ym{_©H$ H$mZyZ _| gwYma H$aHo$ Cgo EH$ {ZpíMV _mZdr` ñdê$n àXmZ H$aZm Wm& {hÝXÿ H$moS> {~b Ho$ _mÜ`_ go do _Zwñ_¥{V H$s AÝ`m`naH$ ì`dñWmAm| H$mo g_má H$aVo hþE _{hbmAm| H$s gm_m{OH$, Am{W©H$, H$mZyZr pñW{V _| gwYma bmZm MmhVo Wo& S>m°. Aå~oS>H$a Zo AnZo ^mfU _| H$hm Wm - ""_¡§ Vmo gXZ H$mo `hr H$h ahm hÿ± {H$ `{X Vw_ nÕ{V, {hÝXÿ g§ñH¥${V Am¡a {hÝXÿ g_mO H$mo H$m`_ aIZm MmhVo hmo Vmo Ohm± _waå_V (gwYma) H$s Oê$aV h¡ Cgo H$aZo go Z {PPH$mo& {hÝXÿ H$moS> {~b {hÝXÿ-{gñQ>_ Ho$ CZ ^mJm| H$s _waå_V H$aVm h¡ Omo Qy>Q>o-\y$Q>o hþE h¡& ''

{hÝXÿ H$moS> {~b Ho$ AÝVJ©V ñÌr H$mo {ddmh-{dÀN>oX, Aënm`w _| {ddmh na à{V~§Y, OrdZgmWr MwZmd, AÝVOm©Vr` {ddmh H$m A{YH$ma, gån{Îm _| ~oQ>o Ho$ ~am~a ~oQ>r H$mo A{YH$ma VWm JmoX boZo Ed§ g§ajVm Ho$ A{YH$ma H$m àmdYmZ Wm& gmohZ bmb emñÌr {dÚmdmMñn{V H$s nwñVH$ S>m°. Aå~oS>H$a Am¡a {hÝXÿ H$moS> {~b Ho$ AZwgma - Bg H$moS> _| ~m~m gmh~ Zo {ZåZ {dYmZm| H$mo bmZo H$m àñVmd {H$`m&

1. {hÝXÿ {ddmh A{Y{Z`_

2. {deof {ddmh A{Y{Z`_

3. JmoX boZm `m XÎmH$ J«hU Ed§ Aënm`w g§ajVm A{Y{Z`_

4. {hÝXÿ CÎmam{YH$ma A{Y{Z`_

5. {Z~©b VWm gmYZhrZ n[adma Ho$ gXñ`m| H$m âU-nmofU A{Y{Z`_

6. Aàmád` g§ajU gå~ÝYr A{Y{Z`_

7. CÎmam{YH$mar A{Y{Z`_ Am¡a

8. {hÝXÿ {dYdm nwZ{d©dmh A{YH$ma A{Y{Z`_

{hÝXÿ H$moS> {~b Ho$ _mÜ`_ go ^maVr` _{hbmAm| H$s pñW{V _| Am_yb Myb n[adV©Z Am gH$Vm Wm naÝVw g_mO Ho$ emofH$ Ed§ H$Q²>Q>an§Wr _{hbmAm| Ho$ BZ A{YH$mam| Ho$ nj _| Zht Wo Am¡a {hÝXÿ H$moS> {~b H$m à~b {damoY {H$`m J`m& `Ú{n àYmZ_§Ìr Odmhabmb Zohê$ {hÝXÿ {~b H$mo nmg H$admZo Ho$ nj _| Wo {H$ÝVw H$m§J«og nmQ>u Ho$ AÝXa ^r {hÝXÿ H$moS> {~b H$mo boH$a _VôX Wo& O~ ~m~ gmho~ Zo Bgo g§gX _| àñVwV {H$`m Vmo ê${‹T>dmXr gXñ`m| Zo BgH$m nwaOmoa {damoY {H$`m& AÝVV: {hÝXÿ H$moS> {~b H$m _g{dXm gXñ`m| Ho$ {damoY Ho$ H$maU g§gX _| nm[aV Zht hmo gH$m& S>m°. ^r_amd Aå~oS>H$a Ûmam BgHo$ {damoY ñdê$n {d{Y_§Ìr Ho$ nX go Ë`mJnÌ Xo {X`m J`m&

VËH$mbrZ ê${‹T>dmXr gXñ`m| Ho$ {damoY Zo S>m°. Aå~oS>H$a Ûmam àñVwV {hÝXÿ H$moS> {~b H$mo nmg Zht hmoZo {X`m VWm{n ~mX _| n§. Odmhabmb Zohê$ Ho$ à`mgmo§ go h {dYo`H$ Mma IÊS>m| _| {d^ŠV H$aHo$ nm[aV H$adm`m J`m, ò IÊS> {ZåZ àH$ma h¡§-

{hÝXÿ {ddmh A{Y{Z`_, 1955

{hÝXÿAm| Ho$ {ddmh go g§~§{YV {d{Y H$mo g§emo{YV Am¡a g§{hVm~Õ H$aZo Ho$ {bE `h A{Y{Z`_ ~Zm`m J`m Omo {H$ 18 _B© 1955 go bmJy h¡& dh {hÝXÿ ì`{º$ Bg A{Y{Z`_ Ho$ VhV hr {ddmh H$a gH$Vm h¡, {OgH$s Am`w ñÌr hmoZo na 18 df© hmo VWm nwéf hmoZo na 21 df© hmo& BgHo$ AÝVJ©V {ddmh H$s eVm], {ddmh Ho$ {bE H$_©H$m§S>, n§OrH$aU, XmånË` A{YH$ma, {Û{ddmh Ho$ {bE XÊS>, Ý`m{`H$ n¥WŠH$aU, {ddmh {dÀN>oXZ BË`m{X H$mo Cn~pÝYV {H$`m J`m h¡& Bg_| Hw$b 30 YmamE§ h¡§, {OZ_| go Hw$N> YmamE§ _{hbm A{YH$mam| H$s X¥{ï> go AË`ÝV _hÎdnyU© h¡§-

A{Y{Z`_ H$s Ymam 13 {ddmh {dÀN>oXZ go gå~pÝYV h¡, BgH$s CnYmam 1 Ho$ AZwgma H$moB© ^r {ddmh, dh Bg A{Y{Z`_ Ho$ àmaå^ Ho$ Mmho nyd© AZwð>m{nV hþAm hmo Mmho níMmV² n{V AWdm nËZr Ûmam CnñWm{nV AOu na {ddmh-{dÀN>oX H$s {S>H«$s Ûmam Bg AmYma na {dK{Q>V {H$`m Om gHo$Jm -Xÿgao njH$ma Zo {ddmh Ho$ AZwð>mnZ Ho$ níMmV² AnZo n{V `m AnZr nËZr go {^ÝZ {H$gr ì`{º$ go ñdoÀN>`m _¡WwZ {H$`m h¡; `m Xÿgao njH$ma Zo {ddmh Ho$ AZwð>mnZ Ho$ níMmV² AOuXma Ho$ gmW H«y$aVm H$m ì`dhma {H$`m h¡; `m Xÿgao njH$ma Zo AOu noe {H$E OmZo Ho$ Aì`d{hV (preceding) nyd© H$_ go H$_ Xmo df© H$s {ZaÝVa H$mbmd{Y â AOuXma H$mo A{^Ë`ŠV aIm h¡ `m Xÿgao njH$ma Zo Y_© n[adV©Z H$a {b`m h¡ `m Xÿgam njH$ma AgmÜ` ê$n go {dH¥$V{MÎm ahm h¡, AgmÜ` Hw$ð> amoJ, a{VO amoJ (veneral

ISSN 2348-3857


disease) go nr{‹S>V ahm h¡& 13(1-H$) Ho$ AZwgma Ý`m{`H$ n¥WŠH$aU H$s {S>H«$s Ho$ H$maU Ho$ níMmV² EH$ df© `m Cggo D$na H$s H$mbmd{Y â CZ njH$ma Ho$ ~rM ghdmg H$m H$moB© nwZamaå^ Zht hþAm h¡& 13(2) Ho$ AZwgma nËZr {ddmh-{dÀN>oX H$s {S>H«$s Ûmam AnZo {ddmh Ho$ {dKQ>Z Ho$ {bE Bg AmYma na ^r AOu CnñWm{nV H$a gHo$Jr- {H$ Bg A{Y{Z`_ Ho$ àmaå^ Ho$ nyd© AZwð>m{nV {ddmh H$s Xem _|, n{V Zo Eogo àmaå^ Ho$ nyd© {\$a {ddmh H$a {b`m Wm `m {H$ AOuXma Ho$ {ddmh Ho$ AZwð>mnZ Ho$ g_` n{V H$s H$moB© Eogr Xÿgar nËZr Or{dV Wr, {OgHo$ gmW CgH$m {ddmh Eogo àmaå^ Ho$ nyd© hþAm Wm; `m {H$ n{V {ddmh Ho$ AZwð>mnZ Ho$ níMmV² ~bmËg§J, JwXm_¡WwZ `m newJ_Z H$m Xmofr ahm h¡& Bg Ymam Ho$ VhV ^maVr` ñÌr "{hÝXÿ XÎmH$ VWm âU-nmofU A{Y{Z`_ 1956' H$s Ymam 18 Ho$ VhV ^r âU-nmofU H$s A{YH$m[aUr h¡& A{Y{Z`_ H$s Ymam 17 Ho$ AÝVJ©V {Û{ddmh Ho$ {bE XÊS> H$m àmdYmZ h¡- `{X Bg A{Y{Z`_ Ho$ àmaå^ Ho$ níMmV² Xmo {hÝXÿAm| Ho$ ~rM AZwð>m{nV {H$gr {ddmh H$s VmarI na Eogo {ddmh Ho$ {H$gr njH$ma H$m n{V `m nËZr Or{dV Wm `m Wr Vmo Eogm {ddmh eyÝ` hmoJm Am¡a ^maVr` XÊS> g§{hVm 1860 H$s Ymam 494 VWm 495 Ho$ Cn~ÝY Cg na VÖþgma bmJy hm|Jo& Ymam 25(1) Ho$ AÝVJ©V H$moB© ^r Ý`m`mb` {S>H«$s nm[aV H$aZo Ho$ g_` `m CgHo$ níMmV² {H$gr ^r g_`, `WmpñW{V, n{V `m nËZr Ûmam Bg à`moOZ go {H$E JE AmdoXZ na, `h AmXoe Xo gHo$Jm {H$ àË`Wu CgHo$ âU-nmofU Am¡a g§^mb Ho$ {bE Eogr Hw$b am{e `m Eogr _m{gH$ AWdm H$m{bH$ am{e àXmZ H$ao& `hm± na VbmH$ H$mo gabV_ ~ZmZo H$m h_| JbV AW© Zht boZm Mm{hò& BgH$m `h AW© H$Xm{n Zht h¡ {H$ gaH$ma Ed§ g§gX VbmH$ H$mo ~‹T>mdm XoZm MmhVr h¡& Ohm± n{V-nËZr H$m gmW ahZm Agå^d gm àVrV hmo Vmo Eogr pñW{V _| XmoZm| H$mo ~m§Yo aIZm _yI©Vm h¡ Bggo bm^ hmoZo dmbm Zht h¡, ~pëH$ hm{Z hr h¡, Bggo Ka H$s empÝV ^§J hmoVr h¡& Eogr pñW{V _| Ohm± na n{V-nËZr Ho$ gå~ÝYm| Ho$ _Ywa ahZo H$s Jw§OmBe boe-_mÌ ^r Zht h¡, dhm± Ý`m`mb` {ddmh {dÀN>oX H$s {S>H«$s nm[aV H$a XoVm h¡ Am¡a Eogm H$aZm C{MV ^r h¡& Ymam 13 (H$) Ho$ VhV AJa Ý`m`mb` H$mo EH$ à{VeV ^r Eogr Jw§OmBe bJVr h¡ {H$ n{V-nËZr Ho$ ~rM gå~ÝY nwZ©ñWm{nV hmo gH$Vo h¡§ Vmo {ddmh {dÀN>oX H$s {S>H«$s nm[aV H$aZo H$s àmW©Zm hmoZo na ^r Ý`m`mb` Mmho Vmo Ý`m{`H$ n¥WŠH$aU H$s {S>H«$s nm[aV H$a gH$Vm h¡ {OgH$m \$m`Xm `h hmoVm h¡ {H$ XmoZm| njH$mam| H$mo EH$ df© H$m g_` {_b OmVm h¡, {Og_| do `h {ZU©` bo gHo§$ {H$ CÝh| d¡dm{hH$ gå~ÝYm| H$s

nwZ©ñWmnZm H$aZr h¡ AWdm VbmH$ hr boZm h¡& Bg A{Y{Z`_ H$s g~go amoMH$ Ymam 15 h¡, {Og_| VbmH$ hmoZo Ho$ ~mX ^r VËH$mb n{V-nËZr EH$-Xÿgao go nwZ©{ddmh H$a gH$Vo h¡§&

{deof {ddmh A{Y{Z`_, 1954

`{X nwéf 21 df© H$m Am¡a ñÌr 18 df© H$s hmo, Vmo ^maV H$m

H$moB© ^r ZmJ[aH$, dh Mmho {H$gr ^r Y_© H$m hmo, {H$gr ^r T>§J

go {Ogo XmoZm| nj ñdrH$ma H$a| (O¡go O`_mbm nhZmH$a, {H$gr

nyOm-ñWb _| `m AÝ` VarHo$ go) {ddmh H$a gH$Vm h¡ Am¡a nyd©

_| Xÿgao H$mZyZ Ho$ VhV {ddmh {H$E ì`{º$ ^r Bg H$mZyZ Ho$ VhV

AnZm {ddmh n§OrH¥$V H$am gH$Vo h¡§& Bg_| eV] `hr h¡§ {H$ {ddmh

n§OrH$aU Cg {Obo Ho$ {ddmh {Z~§YH$ (n§OrH$ma) Ho$ g_j hmoJm

{OgHo$ AÝXa XmoZm| _| EH$ nj {Zdmg H$aVm hmo, XmoZm| _| {H$gr

H$m n{V/nËZr Or{dV Z hmo VWm Cg g_` VrZ Jdmh _m¡OyX

hm|, VWm XmoZm| nj {H$gr ^r ^mfm _| (Omo Xÿgam nj g_PVm

hmo) `h H$h|- "_¡§ Vwåh| AnZr/AnZm d¡Y nËZr/n{V Ho$ ê$n _|

ñdrH$ma H$aVm/H$aVr hÿ±& '

{hÝXÿ CÎmam{YH$ma A{Y{Z`_, 1956

`h H$hZm JbV Zht hmoJm {H$ 1956 Ho$ A{Y{Z`_ Ûmam

_{hbmAm| Ho$ gån{Îm gå~ÝYr A{YH$mam| _| Am_ybMyb n[adV©Z

bm`m J`m h¡& AmO EH$ b‹S>H$s AnZo {nVm H$s gån{Îm _| go

CVZr hr gån{Îm nmZo H$s A{YH$mar h¡ {OVZm {H$ nwÌ, AWm©V²

Ohm± VH$ {nVm H$s gån{Îm H$m gdmb h¡ b‹S>H$m Ed§ bS>H$s XmoZm|

hr g_mZ ê$n go CÎmam{YH$ma _| gån{Îm nmZo Ho$ A{YH$mar h¡§&

A{Y{Z`_ H$s Ymam 10 Ho$ AÝVJ©V {Zd©gr`V H$s gån{Îm H$m

{dVaU Bg Ymam Ho$ AÝVJ©V {Xò {Z`_m| Ho$ VhV hmoJm, {Og_|

ñÌr H$mo nwéf Ho$ g_mZ hr ñWmZ {X`m J`m h¡& {Z`_ 1 Ho$

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VhV {Zd©gr`V Ho$ CÎmaOrdr nwÌm| Am¡a nw{Ì`m| VWm _mVm, ha

EH$ H$mo EH$-EH$ A§e {_boJm& {Z`_ 3 Ho$ AÝVJ©V {Zd©gr`V

Ho$ ha EH$ nyd©_¥V nwÌ H$s `m ha EH$ nyd©_¥V nwÌr H$s emIm Ho$

g~ dm[agm| H$mo {_bmH$a EH$ A§e {_boJm& A{Y{Z`_ Ho$ AÝV

_| EH$ AZwgyMr Xr JB© h¡, {Og_| dJ© 1 Ed§ dJ© 2 Ho$ dm[agm|

H$m {ddaU h¡, BZ_| pñÌ`m| H$mo g_mZ ê$n go ñWmZ àmá h¡& Bg

àH$ma _{hbm H$mo Mmho dh nwÌr hmo `m nËZr CÎmam{YH$ma Ho$ ê$n

g_mZ A{YH$ma àmá h¡&


ISSN 2348-3857

{hÝXÿ XÎmH$ {Zdm©h A{Y{Z`_ 1956

{hÝXÿ H$mZyZ _| {H$gr _{hbm H$mo JmoX boZo H$m A{YH$ma Zht Wm& {hÝXÿ H$moS> {~b Ho$ AÝVJ©V Bg {dYo`H$ Ho$ _mÜ`_ go {H$gr _{hbm H$mo b‹S>H$m `m b‹S>H$s JmoX boZo H$m A{YH$ma h¡&

S>m°. r_amd Aå~oS>H$a Zo {hÝXÿ H$moS> {~b Ho$ Ûmam maVr` _{hbmAm| H$mo A{YH$mam| g{hV gå_mZnyd©H$ OrdZ OrZm {gIm`m& CZHo$ {dMma gX¡d n[adV©ZdmXr Wo Am¡a CÝhm|Zo n[adV©Z H$s Amoa H$X_ ~‹T>mH$a {hÝXÿ H$moS> {~b H$mo ñWm{nV {H$`m& S>m°. ^r_amd Aå~oS>H$a Ho$ AZwgma _Zwñ_¥{V go g_mO _| gm_m{OH$ Ag_mZVm H$m {gÕmÝV à{Vnm{XV hþAm Omo {nV¥gÎmmË_H$ T>m±Mo H$m g§MmbZ H$aVm Wm& AV: {hÝXÿ g_mO H$s _{hbmAm| H$mo geŠV Ed§ A{YH$ma {XbmZo hoVw {hÝXÿ H$moS> {~b H$maJa gm{~V hþAm&

{ZîH$f©

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gÝX^© J«ÝW gyMr

1. {nëbB©, Oo. Ho$., dy_oZ EÊS> Eånmda_|Q>, kmZ npãbqeJ hmD$g, ZB© {Xëbr, 1995, n¥.g§.1

2. _hmda, gwZrb, ^maV _| _{hbm geŠVrH$aU: {ddY Am`m_

Am¡a MwZm¡{V`m±, Am{dîH$ma npãbeg© Ed§ {S>ñQ´>rã`yQ>g©, O`nwa,

2013, n¥.g§. 7

3. n¡{bZrWyamB©, Or., BpÊS>`Z OZab Am°\$ npãbH$ ES>{_{ZñQ>óeZ,

dmo. XI VII, Z§. 1, OZdar-_mM©, 2001, n¥.g§. 39

4. gw_Z, _§Oy, X{bV _{hbmE±, gå`H²$ àH$meZ², 2013, n¥.g§.

142

5. Aå~oS>H$a, ^r_amd, ìhmQ> H$m§J«og EÊS> Jm±Yr h¡d BZ Qw> X

AZQ>Mo{~ëg, R>mH$a EÊS> H$ånZr {b., ~å~B©, 1945, n¥.g§.

109

6. _oKdmb, Hw$gw_, ^maVr` Zmar Ho$ CÕmaH$ ~m~m gmho~ S>m°. ~r.

Ama. Aå~oS>H$a, gå`H²$ àH$meZ, ZB© {Xëbr, 2010, n¥.g§. 12

7. {_l, Am|H$ma ZmW Ed§ {ÌnmR>r, _{U, "gd©OZ Ho$ àoaUm g«moV :

S>m°. ^r_amd Aå~oS>H$a', amYm npãbHo$eÝg, ZB© {Xëbr, 2011,

n¥.g§. 176

8. Aå~oS>H$a, ~m~m gmh~ amB©qQ>J E|S> ñnrMoO§, ~å~B© 1995, IÊS>

14, n¥.g§. 283

9. emñÌr, gmohZbmb {dYmdmMñn{V, S>m°. Aå~oS>H$a Am¡a {hÝXÿ H$moS>

{~b, gå`H²$ àH$meZ, ZB© {Xëbr, 2018, n¥.g§. 50

10. A{YH$ OmZH$mar Ho$ {bE XoI|, {hÝXÿ {ddmh A{Y{Z`_, 1955,

(1955 H$m A{Y{Z`_ g§»`m§H$ 25)

11. _ohVm, MoVZ qgh, _{hbm Ed§ H$mZyZ, Amerf npãbqeJ hmCg,

ZB© {Xëbr, 1996, n¥.g§. 22

12. e_m©, gw^mf, ^maVr` _{hbmAm| H$s Xem, AmYma àH$meZ,

n§MHy$bm (h[a`mUm), 2006, n¥.g§. 126

13. _ohVm, MoVZ qgh, dhr, n¥.g§. 20

14. A{YH$ OmZH$mar Ho$ {bE XoI|, {hÝXÿ CÎmam{YH$ma A{Y{Z`_

1956, (gZ² 1956 H$m A{Y{Z`_ g§»`m 30)

àñVmdZm

d¡{XH$ `wJrZ ^maV _| n§Mm`V à{H«$`m _| J«m_dm{g`m| H$s Ah_^y{_H$m ahr h¡& Cg g_` g_mO Ho$ g_yhm| Zo n§Mm`Vm| Ho$ {ZU©`m| H$mo ñdrH$ma hr Zht daZ² J«m_ n§Mm`V H$s à{H«$`m H$mo {ZYm©[aV ^r {H$`m& Bgo nyao J«m_rU g_yhm| Ho$ H$ë`mU Am¡a {dH$mg Ho$ {bE Or{dV J§Jm _mZm& g_`mÝVa _| J«m_ n§Mm`Vm| H$mo n¥ð>^y{_ _| YHo$b {X`m J`m& Bg Or{dV J§Jm go J«m_ g_wXm` d§{MV hmoZo bJm& nyao Jm§d Ho$ bmoJ {_b ~¡R>H$a _§WZ H$aHo$ AnZo {bE gw{dYmAm| Am¡a H$ë`mU Ho$ {bE {ZU©` H$aHo$ H$m`m} H$mo {ZYm©[aV H$aZo Am¡a ñd`§ H$m _yë`m§H$Z H$aVo Wo dh naånam IË_ hmo JB©&1

n§Mm`Vr amO g§ñWmAm| H$mo _O~yV H$aZo Ho$ {bE gm{XH$ Abr, AemoH$ _ohVm, {JaYmar bmb Am¡a bú_r_b {gK§dr g{_{V`m± ~Zr Am¡a nyd© wdm àYmZ_§Ìr amOrd Jm§Yr Zo r BZ g{_{V`m| H$s d¡Mm[aH$ n¥ð>^y{_ _| Zd n§Mm`V Ho$ J«m_ ñVa na amO gÎmm H$mo hñVmÝVaU H$aZo H$m _mZg ~Zm`m& BgHo$ {bE g§gX _| àñVwV 64 dm± g§d¡Ym{ZH$ g§emoYZ àñVm{dV {H$`m J`m&

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73d| g§d¡Ym{ZH$ g§emoYZ Ho$ níMmV² J«m_g^m … pñW{V Ed§ ^y{_H$mS>m°. H$Ýh¡`m bmb _rUm

gh AmMm`©, amOZr{V {dkmZ, amOH$s` _hm{dÚmb`, ~mam± (amOñWmZ)



ISSN 2348-3857

J«m_g^m H$s _hÎmm ~‹T>o Am¡a J«m_rUm| _| MoVZm OmJ¥V hmo Bgr CÔoí` go n§Mm`Vr amO ì`dñWm H$s ñdU© O`ÝVr Ho$ Cnbú` _| 2 AŠQy>~a, 2009 go 2 AŠQy>~a 2010 H$s Ad{Y H$m EH$ df© nyao Xoe _| ""J«m_ g^m'' Ho$ ê$n _| _Zm`m J`m&3

J«m_g^m H$s Xmo ~¡R>H|$ à{Vdf© àm`: _B© go OwbmB© Am¡a AŠQy>~a go {Xgå~a _mh Ho$ ~rM Am`mo{OV H$s OmVr h¡&4 nhbr ~¡R>H$ _| n§Mm`V Ho$ bmoJm| H$mo ~VmZm hmoVm h¡ {H$ H$m¡Z H$m¡Zgr `moOZm Am¡a H$m`©H«$_ AnZo hmW _| bo ahr h¡ VWm Xÿgar ~¡R>H$ _| n§Mm`V Ûmam {H$ò Jò H$m`m] H$s g_rjm H$s OmVr h¡&

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73d| g§{dYmZ g§emoYZ Ûmam g§{dYmZ _| EH$ Z`m ^mJ 9 g§{dYmZ _| Omo‹S>m J`m h¡ {OgH$m erf©H$ ""n§Mm`V'' h¡& BgHo$ Ûmam AZwÀN>oX 243H$ Ho$ AZwgma J«m_g^m EH$ Eogm {Z_m©U hmoJm {Og_| J«m_ ñVa na n§Mm`V joÌ _| _VXmVmAm| Ho$ ê$n _| n§OrH¥$V g^r ì`{º$ em{_b hmoJ|& J«m_g^m amÁ` {dYmZ _ÊS>b Ûmam e{º$`m| H$m à`moJ VWm H$m`m] gånZ H$aoJr&8 Eogm àVrV hmoVm h¡ {H$ amÁ` Ho$ AnZo A{Y{Z`_ _| J«m_g^m H$m àmdYmZ _mÌ Bg{bE {H$`m h¡ Š`m|{H$ 73d| g§{dYmZ g§emoYZ Ûmam Bgo amÁ`m| Ho$ {bE Oê$ar H$a {X`m Wm& O~ J«m_g^m Ho$ nmg H$moB© A{YH$ma d e{º$`m± hr Zht h¡ Vmo H¡$go Bg_| Am_ bmoJm| H$s ^mJrXmar hmo, Š`m|{H$ dh gmoMVo h¢ {H$ O~ J«m_g^m _| H$moB© _wX²Xm CR>mZo go bm^ hr Zht Vmo J«m_g^m _| OmZo H$s Š`m Oê$aV h¡& µJar~ n[adma H$hVo XoIo JE h¢ {H$ h_ J«m_g^m H$s ~¡R>H$ Ho$ MŠH$a _| AnZr EH$ {XZ H$s _µOXÿar Zht ImoZm MmhVo& Bgr àH$ma Am_ OZVm _| Bg g§ñWm Ho$ _hÎd H$s OmJê$H$Vm H$m A^md h¡&

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J«m_g^m H$m joÌ ~hþV gr J«m_ n§Mm`Vm| _| ~hþV ~‹S>m hmoVm h¡& H$B© J«m_ n§Mm`Vm| _| N>moQ>o-N>moQ>o Jm§d, T>mUr em{_b h¡ Omo {H$ 5-6 {H$._r. Ho$ Xÿar na ^r pñWV h¡ BVZr Xÿar V` H$a bmoJ J«m_g^m H$s ~¡R>H$m| _| Zht Om nmVo {deofH$a pñÌ`m| d {Xhm‹S>r _µOXÿa dJ© Ho$ bmoJm| Ho$ gm_Zo `h ~‹S>r g_ñ`m h¡& ~‹S>r n§Mm`Vm| d Jm§dm| _| Á`mXm Xÿar Zo ^r {ZU©` à{H«$`m _| Am_ bmoJm| H$s ^mJrXmar gw{ZpíMV H$aZo _| ~mYm I‹S>r H$s h¡&

AmO n§Mm`Vr amO ì`dñWm H$m nyar Vah go amOZr{VH$aU hmo J`m h¡& n§M, gan§M, n§Mm`V g{_{V gXñ`, {Obm n[afX gXñ` g^r amOZr{VH$ nm{Q©>`m| go Ow‹S>o hþE h¢& n§Mm`V MwZmdm| _| YZ, ~b, ~mhþ~b H$m à`moJ hmoVm h¡ Omo J«m_rU n[adoe Ho$ amOZr{VH$aU go Jm§d _| JwQ>~mOr d ñWmZr` amOZr{V Zo Ka H$a {b`m h¡& Bg dOh go Am_ J«m_rU J«m_ g^m _| Zht OmVo h¡& J«m_g^m _| ^r ñWmZr` amOZr{V d JwQ>~mOr H$m à^md {XIVm h¡ {Oggo Bg_| CnpñW{V Yrao-Yrao H$_ hmoVr Om ahr h¡ Bggo pñW{V Am¡a {~J‹S> JB© h¡&

`{X _{hbm gan§M h¡ `m Eg.Q>r. `m Eg.gr. H$m gXñ` gan§M h¡ Vmo CgH$s AÜ`jVm _| J«m_g^m H$s ~¡R>H$m| _| {hñgm boZm ~hþV go bmoJ AnZr emZ Ho$ pIbm\$ g_PVo h¢& Bg Vah H$s {dH¥${V`m| Zo ^r J«m_g^m H$s ~¡R>H$m| _| H$_ CnpñW{V H$mo ~‹T>mdm {X`m OmVm h¡&

J«m_g^m H$s ~¡R>H$m| _| àm`: H$moa_ (JUny{V©) nyam Zht hmo nmVm h¡& Hw$N> J«m_g^m H$s ~¡R>H|$ _mÌ añ_r ah JB© h¡ J«m_ n§Mm`V go Ow‹S>o bmoJ a{OñQ´>a Ka-Ka Kw_m H$a bmoJm| Ho$ hñVmja bo boVo h¢ Am¡a g^m _| JE {~Zm hr CgH$s CnpñW{V ~Z OmVr h¡& n§Mm`V|

ISSN 2348-3857


H$mJOr Vm¡a na H$m_ H$aZo bJr h¡& Bg Vah H$s KQ>ZmAm| Zo n§Mm`Vr amO ì`dñWm go bmoJm| H$m {dídmg Vmo‹S>m h¡& Bg{bE J«m_g^m {H$gr ^r àH$ma H$s à^mdembr ^y{_H$m Zht {Z^m nmVr h¡&

J«m_g^m H$s Amd`í`H$Vm

Zò n§Mm`Vr amO A{Y{Z`_ _| J«m_g^m H$mo g§d¡Ym{ZH$ _mÝ`Vm Xr JB© h¡ Am¡a Bg{bE àËòH$ J«m_ n§Mm`V Ho$ {bE `h g§d¡Ym{ZH$ Vm¡a na A{Zdm`© hmoJm {H$ EH$ gmb _| H$_ go H$_ Xmo ~¡R>H|$ A{Zdm`© ê$n go ~wbmB© Omò& àW_ {dÎmr` df© H$s A§{V_ {V_mhr _| ~wbmB© OmòJr& H$moa_ Hw$b _VXmVmAm| H$m 10 à{VeV {ZpíMV {H$`m J`m h¡& amÁ` _| àËòH$ J«m_ n§Mm`V Ho$ {bE EH$ J«m_ g^m hmoJr& J«m_ g^m Ho$ ~¡R>H$ _| J«m_ n§Mm`V H$m boIm-OmoIm {b`m OmòJm VWm EH$ Vah go J«m_ g^m H$m J«m_ n§Mm`V na n`©dojUr` H$m`© hmoJm&9

`h g^m _mÌ gbmh XoZo dmbr hr Zht A{nVw ~mÜ`H$mar Ed§ {Z`Ì§H$ hmo JB© h¡& A~ `h g^m, d§XZm Ho$ ñWmZ na XÊS>m{YH$mar d AmXoe XoZo dmbr g§ñWm hmo JB© h¡& `h Zd n§Mm`V amO Ho$ A{Y{Z`_ H$m H«$mpÝVH$mar à`moJ H$hm Om gH$Vm h¡& gan§M d Cngan§M H$mo df© _| Xmo ~ma J«m_ g^m H$s ~¡R>H$ A{Zdm`© ê$n go ~wbmZr n‹S>Vr h¡& Eogm Zht H$aZo na gan§M H$m nX ñdV: hr [aŠV _mZ {b`m OmVm h¡& ZE A{Y{Z`_ H$s Ymam Mma Ho$ AZwgma J«m_ g^m Ho$ Hw$b _VXmVmAm| Ho$ EH$ XhmB© _VXmVm _m¡OyX hmoZo Mm{hE& n§Mm`V H$m g{Md J«m_ godH$ J«m_ g^m H$m g{Md hmoVm h¡&

J«m_ g^m H$s ~¡R>H$ _| n§Mm`V Ho$ Am`-ì`` H$m boIm d AmJm_r df© Ho$ {bE àñVm{dV {dH$mg `moOZmE§ Am°{S>Q>, EoVamO Ed§ BgHo$ µJar~r H$s aoIm go ZrMo OrdZ-`mnZ H$aZo dmbo n[admam| H$m M`Z VWm Jm§d H$s AÝ` gmd©O{ZH$ g_ñ`mAm| na {dMma {d_e© hmoVm h¡&

J«m_g^m J«m_ _| gdm©{YH$ {dídmg nmÌ ì`{º$`m| H$s EH$ gVH©$Vm g{_{V H$m JR>Z H$aVr h¡, hr g{_{V J«m_ g^m H$s Amoa go J«m_ n§Mm`V Ho$ H$m`m] na {Z`Ì§U aIVr h¡& Bg Vah `h àOmV§Ì H$s O‹S> _yb {dYm`r g^m h¡& `h {d{eð> bmoJm| H$m emgZ ñWm{nV Zht H$aZo XoJr, g^r g_wXm` {d{^ÝZ Om{V`m|, Y_m], {dídmg Ho$ ì`{º$`m| Ho$ H$ë`mU Ho$ {bE H$m_ H$aoJr&

J«m_g^m H$m _hÎd

J«m_ g^m àË`j OZV§Ì H$m A§J h¡ Am¡a `h Jm§d Ho$ bmoJm| H$s Am_g^m h¡ Bgo J«m_ n§Mm`V H$s ì`dñWm{nH$m ^r H$hm

Om gH$Vm h¡ EH$ g{H«$` J«m_g^m, J«m_ ñVa àË`j bmoH$V§Ì H$m _mÜ`_ h¡& 10 J«m_ g^m n§Mm`V amO H$s AmYma{ebm h¡& n§Mm`V amO H$m {ÌñVar` T>m±Mm Bgr na I‹S>m hmoVm h¡& _µO~yV J«m_g^m H$m n§Mm`V Ho$ H$m`© g§MmbZ na µJham Aga n‹S>Vm h¡& `{X J«m_g^m g{H«$` Am¡a gOrd hmo Vmo J«m_ n§Mm`V| AË`ÝV Hw$ebVm Ho$ gmW H$m`© H$a gH$Vr h¡& 73d| g§{dYmZ g§emoYZ Ûmam J«m_g^m H$mo g§d¡Ym{ZH$ XOm© {X`m J`m h¡& `h àmdYmZ {H$`m h¡ J`m h¡ {H$ ha n§Mm`V _| Jm§d AWdm Jm§dm| Ho$ g_yh Ho$ {bE EH$ J«m_g^m hmoJr& {OZ bmoJm| H$m Zm_ Jm§dm| go gå~pÝYV {dYmZg^m joÌ H$s {Zdm©MH$ Zm_mdbr _| n§OrH¥$V h¡ do g^m d`ñH$ J«m_g^m Ho$ gXñ` hmoJ|&11 J«m_ n§Mm`V| ^r J«m_g^m Ho$ à{V CÎmaXm`r hmoJr&

{ZîH$f©

J«m_ g^m Ho$ H$m`©, A{YH$ma d CÎmaXm{`Ëdm| H$s J«m_rUm| H$mo nyar OmZH$mar d {ejm Xr OmZr Mm{hE& BgHo$ {bE OZ OmJ¥{Îm H$m`©H«$_ MbmZm Mm{hE, J«m_rU joÌ _| J«m_g^m gå~ÝYr OZg^m, g§Jmoð>r, àX©eZr, ZwŠH$‹S> ZmQ>H$, AmH$medmUr H$m`©H«$_, XÿaXe©Z H$m`©H«$_ BË`m{X Am`mo{OV {H$`m OmZm CëboIZr` nhb {gÕ hmo gH$Vm h¡& n§Mm`Vr amO g§ñWmAm| Ho$ gXñ`m| `Wm gan§M, n§M, n§Mm`V g{_{V gXñ`, {Obm n[afX gXñ`m| Ho$ à{ejU H$m`©H«$_m| d n§Mm`Vr amO nXm{YH$m[a`m| Ho$ à{ejU H$m`©H«$_m| go {deofH$a J«m_g^m Ho$ _hÎd d BgH$s g{H«$`Vm na {deof ê$n go à{efU XoZm Mm{hE& J«m_ n§Mm`V Ho$ gXñ`m| H$mo {deofH$a J«m_g^m H$m _hÎd ~VmZm Mm{hE Vm{H$ J«m_ g^m {Z`{_V ê$n go J«m_rU {dH$mg _| AnZm `moJXmZ H$a gH|$& J«m_g^m H$s `{X {Z`{_V ê$n go Amdí`H$ d {ZpíMV ~¡R>H$ Zht hmoJr Vmo BgH$m AW© hr g_má hmo OmEJm& `{X H$moB© gan§M `m AÝ` gXñ` {H$gr ^r H$maU go J«m_ g^m H$s ~¡R>H$ Zht H$admVm h¡ Vmo g§~§{YV gaH$mar A{YH$mar d J«m_ n§Mm`Vm| na g»V H$mZyZr H$m`©dmhr H$aZr Mm{hE Vm{H$ H$mZyZr ^` go bmoJ BgH$s {Z`{_V ~¡R>H$ H$amE§& Bg Vah J«m_g^m H$s ^y{_H$m VWm Xm{`Ëd Am¡a J«m_ n§Mm`V Ho$ H$m`m] Ho$ gmW CgHo$ gå~ÝY H$m ^r ñnï> CëboI hmoZm Mm{hE {Oggo ha ñVa na ñnï>Vm {ZpíMV hmo& J«m_ n§Mm`Vm| H$m ñdê$n d joÌ ^r ~‹S>m Zht hmoZm Mm{hE& 7-8 Jm§d `m T>m{U`m| H$s EH$ J«m_ g^m hmoZr Mm{hE& Jm±dm| H$s Xÿ[a`m| Ho$ H$maU {Xhm‹S>r _µOXÿa, ~wOwJ© VWm _{hbm d X{bV dJ© Ho$ à{V{Z{Y`m| Ho$ ZoV¥Ëd _| ^r J«m_g^m H$s ~¡R>H$m| H$mo àmoËgm{hV H$aZm Mm{hE Vm{H$ Bg dJ© Ho$ ZoV¥Ëd H$mo dmñVd


ISSN 2348-3857

_| J«m_rU g_mO ñdrH$ma H$a gHo$& Bg Vah Ho$ à`mgm| go ^r J«m_g^m _| CnpñW{V d BgH$s à{H«$`m _| g{H«$`Vm ~‹T>oJr& J«m_g^m H$s g{H«$`Vm d g\$bVm nyar Vah go J«m_ n§Mm`V na {Z^©a H$aVr h¡& Bg{bE n§Mm`V amO nXm{YH$m[a`m| Ûmam J«m_ n§Mm`V H$mo d¡Ym{ZH$ Vm¡a J«m_g^m H$s {d{^ÝZ à{H«$`mAm| _| em{_b H$aZo H$m à`mg H$aVo ahZm Mm{hE& J«m_rU {dH$mg H$s Mmby `moOZmAm| d AmJm_r `moOZmAm| gå~ÝYr {d{^ÝZ àH$ma Ho$ {ZU©` J«m_g^m Ûmam Amdí`H$ Vm¡a na {H$E OmZo Mm{hE {OgH$m J«m_ g{Md {bpIV ê$n _| [aH$mS©> aIo& J«m_g^m H$mo ì`mnH$ X¥{ï>H$moU go XoIZo H$s Oê$aV h¡& J«m_rU OrdZ H$s g_ñ`mAm| H$mo ^r J«m_g^m Ho$ {dMma joÌ _| bm`m OmZm Mm{hE {Oggo g_ñ`mAm| Ho$ g_mYmZ _| Jm§d Ho$ bmoJ gh`moJ H$a gH|$& Zem~§Xr, XhoOàWm, g\$mB©, ñdmñÏ`, H$ë`mU gå~ÝYr {df`m| na ^r J«m_g^m _| {dMma {d_e© {H$`m Om gH$Vm h¡&

g§X^© gyMr 1. WmZdr, S>m°. Xm¡bVam_, J«m_g^m {dH$mg H$s Or{dV J§Jm,

Hw$ê$joÌ, 46(4), 2001

2. Xodnwam, àVmn_b, J«m_rU {dH$mg H$m AmYma AmË_{Z^©a n§Mm`Vo, amYmH¥$îU, ZB© {Xëbr, g§ñH$aU, 2006 n¥.g§. 31

3. gm§^[a`m, aËZHw$_ma, J«m_g^m df©, Hw$ê$joÌ _m{gH$ n{ÌH$m, AJñV, 2010, n¥.g§. 53

4. {X amOñWmZ n§Mm`V EÊS> Ý`mb` n§Mm`V (OZ©b) ê$ëg (JdZ©_|Q> Am°\$ amOñWmZ Ymam 65-69-1961) n¥.g§. 23-24

5. Jwám, ~r.nr., àm°ãb_ Am°\$ So>_moH«o${Q>H$ {XgoÝQ´>obmBOoeZ BZ amOñWmZ (ŠdmQ>©a OZ©b Am°\$ bmoH$b goë\$ JdZ©_|Q>) dm°ë`y_2, (AŠQy>~a 1961 n¥.g§. 31)

6. amOñWmZ n§Mm`Vr amO A{Y{Z`_ 1994 Ymam 3(1)

7. amOñWmZ n§Mm`Vr amO A{Y{Z`_ 1994 Ymam (4)

8. ^maV H$m g§{dYmZ, AZwÀN>oX 243 (~r)&

9. dmOno`r, AemoH$ Ed§ d_m©, E_.Eb. : n§Mm`Vr amO BZ BpÊS>`m, E. Ý`y Q´>ñQ>, dmb_y_ gm{hË` àH$meZ, {Xëbr

10. nmQ>Zr, MÝXm, J«m_rU ñWmZr` àemgZ, [agM© npãbHo$eZ, {Xëbr n¥.g§. 181

11. amOñWmZ n§Mm`Vr amO A{Y{Z`_, 1954 Ymam 3(1)

àñVmdZm

""`Ì Zm`©ñVw nyO`§Vo a_ÝV¡ VÌ XodVm'' AWm©V² Ohm± Zmar H$s nyOm, gå_mZ {H$`m OmVm h¡, dht XodVm {Zdmg H$aVo h¡&

{H$gr ^r g_mO H$m {dH$mg V^r gå^d h¡, O~ {H$gr ^r g_mO H$s _{hbmAm| H$m {dH$mg {H$`m Omò& _{hbm {dH$mg Ho$ {~Zm amï´>, g_mO, n[adma d ì`pŠV Ho$ {dH$mg H$s H$ënZm Zht H$s Om gH$Vr& Š`m|{H$ nwéf d ñÌr XmoZm| hr {gŠHo$ Ho$ Xmo nhby h¡& EH$ Xÿgao Ho$ nyaH$ d gh`moJr h¡& AJa {H$gr Xoe H$mo ghr _m`Zo _| {dH${gV H$aZm h¡ Vmo CgHo$ EH$ ^mJ (_{hbmAm|) H$mo nwéfm| Ho$ ~am~a H§$Yo go H§$Ym {_bmH$a MbZo H$s AmOmXr Xr OmZr Mm{hò& ñdVÝÌVm Ho$ níMmV² Zmar H$s pñW{V _| H$m\$s gwYmamË_H$ n[adV©Z hþò h¢& AmO ^maV {dH${gV Xoem| H$s H$Vma _| OmZo H$s Amoa H$X_ ~‹T>m ahm h¡& nyao {díd _| ^maV H$m Zm_gä`Vm d g§ñH¥${V H$s X¥{ï> go {deof h¡& ^maVr` g§{dYmZ _| ^r ñÌr d nwéf XmoZm| H$mo g_mZ XOm© {X`m J`m h¡& g§{dYmZ

emoY gmam§e

^maVr` g§{dYmZ _| ñÌr d nwéf XmoZm| H$mo g_mZ XOm© {X`m J`m h¡& g§{dYmZ _| _{hbmAm| H$mo CZHo$ {dH$mg Ho$ {bò {d{dY A{YH$ma, O¡go - Am{W©H$, gm_m{OH$, H$mZyZr A{YH$ma àXmZ {H$ò Jò h¢& Vm{H$ Xoe H$mo _{hbm geŠVrH$aU Ho$ Ûmam g§{dYmZ Ho$ AmXem] H$mo dmñV{dH$ ê$n go ñWm{nV {H$`m Om gHo$& ^maVr` g§{dYmZ _| _{hbmAm| Ho$ {bò g§{dYmZ Ho$ ^mJ 3 d 4 Ho$ AÝVJ©V {deof àmdYmZ {H$ò Jò h¡§& AZw. 14 _| ñÌr d nwéf _| {H$gr ^r àH$ma H$m qbJ ôX Zht H$aVm& AZw. 15 _| _{hbmAm| H$mo nwéfm| Ho$ ~am~a A{YH$ma {Xò Jò h¡§& AZw. 15(3) _| _{hbmAm| Ho$ {bò {deof Cn~§Y h¡& AZw. 42 _| _{hbmAm| Ho$ {bò {deof àgy{V AdH$me H$s ~mV H$hr h¡& AZw. 243(X)(3) _| àËòH$ n§Mm`V _| {Zdm©MZ _| _{hbmAm| H$mo 1/3 ñWmZ Ama{jV {H$ò Jò h¡§& gm§{dYm{ZH$ àmdYmZm| Ho$ gmW-gmW ^maV gaH$ma Ho$ Ûmam ^r _{hbmAm| H$s Xem gwYmaZo hoVw 1985 _| _{hbm d ~mb {dH$mg {d^mJ H$s ñWmnZm H$s JB© VWm 1992 _| amï´>r` _{hbm Am`moJ H$s ñWmnZm Ho$ Ûmam ^r _{hbmAm| H$mo g§a{jV aIZo H$m à`mg {H$`m J`m& ^maV gaH$ma Ho$ Ûmam AmboI Eogo H$mZyZ ~Zmò Jò, Omo _{hbm CËWmZ _| ghm`H$ ~Zo, {OZ_| XhoO à{Veof A{Y{Z`_ 1961, {hÝXÿ CÎmam{YH$ma A{Y. 1956, Kaoby qhgm amoH$Wm_ H$mZyZ, H$Ý`m ^«yU hË`m amoH$Zo hoVw H$mZyZ {deof h¡& ^maV gaH$ma H$s gwH$Ý`m g_¥{Õ `moOZm ñd`§ {gÕ `moOZm, ~oQ>r ~MmAmo, ~oQ>r n‹T>mAmo `moOZm Ho$ Ûmam ^r _{hbm H$m CËWmZ {H$`m Om ahm h¡&

g§Ho$Vmja … C‚dbm `moOZm, g~bm, ñÌr, A{e{ï> à{V~§Y A{Y{Z`_, {gZo_oQ>moJ«m\$s, ñd`§{gÕ

_| _{hbmAm| H$mo CZHo$ {dH$mg Ho$ {bò {d{dY A{YH$ma O¡go - Am{W©H$, gm_m{OH$, H$mZyZr A{YH$ma àXmZ {H$ò Jò h¡& Vm{H$ Xoe H$mo _{hbm geŠVrH$aU Ho$ Ûmam g§{dYmZ Ho$ AmXem] H$mo dmñV{dH$ ê$n _| ñWm{nV {H$`m Om gHo$& g§{dYmZ _| _{hbmAm| H$mo ^r nwéfm| Ho$ ~am~a A{YH$ma d XOm© {X`m J`m h¡§ _{hbmAm| Ho$ A{YH$mam| H$mo gw{ZpíMV H$aZo hoVw h_mao g§{dYmZ _| AbJ go H$mZyZr ~ZmE JE h¡& g_`-g_` na BZ_| g§emoYZ ^r {H$`m J`m h¡& bo{H$Z _yb g_ñ`m `h h¡ {H$ A{YH$Va _{hbmE± AnZo Bg A{YH$mam| go AZOmZ h¡ Am¡a CÝh| nVm hr Zht hmoVm {H$ CZHo$ gmW hmo ahr KQ>Zm`| qhgm h¡& Bggo ~Mmd Ho$ {bò H$moB© H$mZyZ ^r h¡ VWm do gm§{dYm{ZH$ àmdYmZm| Ho$ Ûmam ñd`§ Ho$ {hVm| H$s ajm ^r H$a gH$Vr h¡&

^maVr` g§{dYmZ _| _{hbmAm| Ho$ {bò gm§{dYm{ZH$ Cn~§Y

(1) AZwÀN>oX 14 - Bg AZw. _| H$hm J`m h¡ {H$ ""^maV amÁ` joÌ Ho$ {H$gr ì`pŠV H$mo {d{Y Ho$ g_j g_Vm go AWdm {d{Y`m|

_{hbm A{YH$mam| go gå~pÝYV g§d¡Ym{ZH$ Ed§ {d{YH$ àmdYmZMÝÐH$bm e_m©

ghm`H$ AmMm`©, amOZr{V {dkmZamOH$s` H$bm _hm{dÚmb`, grH$a (amOñWmZ)



ISSN 2348-3857

Ho$ g_mZ g§ajU go d§{MV Zht {H$`m OmEJm&'' AWm©V² ñÌr d nwéf _| {H$gr ^r àH$ma H$m qbJ ôX Zht {H$`m OmòJm&

(2) AZwÀN>oX 15 - ""amÁ` Ho$db Y_©, _yb, d§e, Om{V, qbJ, OÝ_ ñWmZ Ho$ AmYma na ZmJ[aH$m| Ho$ ~rM {dôX Zht H$aoJm'' g§{dYmZ Ho$ AZwgma nwéf d _{hbm H$mo g_mZ A{YH$ma àXmZ {H$ò Jò h¢& AZw. 15(3) _| _{hbmAm| Ho$ {bò {deof Cn~§Y h¡&

(3) AZwÀN>oX 19 - Bg AZw. _| _{hbmAm| H$mo ñdV§ÌVm H$m A{YH$ma àXmZ {H$`m OmVm h¡& Vm{H$ dh ñdV§Ì ê$n go ^maV _| AmdmJ_Z, {Zdmg H$moB© ^r ì`mnma, ì`dgm` H$a gH$Vr h¡&

(4) AZwÀN>oX 23-24 _| _{hbmAm| Ho$ {dê$Õ hmoZo dmbo emofU H$mo Zmar H$s J[a_m Ho$ {bò C{MV Zht _mZVo hþò _{hbmAm| H$s IarX-{~H«$s, d¡í`md¥{V Ho$ {bò O~aXñVr H$aZm, ^rI _§JdmZm Am{X H$mo XÊS>Zr` _mZm J`m h¡& Bg H$m`© Ho$ {bò 1956 _| ""gono«íZ Am°\$ B_moag Q´>m{\$H$ BZ {dôZ E§S> Jëg© EŠQ>'' Ho$ Ûmam ^r _{hbm emofU H$mo g_má {H$`m OmZo H$m à`mg {H$`m J`m h¡&

(5) Am{W©H$ Ý`m` àXmZ H$aZo hoVw AZw. 39(H$) _| ñÌr H$mo Or{dH$monmO©Z hoVw g_ñV gmYZ d gw{dYm`| àXmZ {H$ò Om`|Jo VWm 39(X) _| g_mZ H$m`© Ho$ {bò ñÌr d nwéf H$mo g_mZ doVZ H$m A{YH$ma {X`m J`m h¡&

(6) AZw. 41 _| ~oH$mar, ~w‹T>mnm, ~r_mar Am¡a AÝ` A^mdm| H$s XemAm| _| ghm`Vm nmZo H$m A{YH$ma {X`m J`m&

(7) AZwÀN>oX 42 Ho$ AZwgma _{hbmAm| H$mo {deof àgy{V AdH$me àXmZ H$aZo H$s ~mV H$hr JB© h¡&

(8) AZw. 46 _| n§Mm`Vr amO g§ñWmAm| _| 73d| Ed§ 74d| g§{dYmZ g§emoYZ Ho$ Ûmam _{hbmAm| Ho$ {bò AmajU H$s ì`dñWm H$s JB© h¡&

(9) AZw. 46 d 47 _| Bg ~mV H$m CëboI {H$`m J`m h¡ {H$ amÁ` Xþ~©b dJm} Ho$ {ejm VWm AW© gå~ÝYr {hVm| H$s ajm H$aoJm VWm AZw. 47 _| nmofmhma, OrdZ ñVa d bmoH$ ñdmñÏ` _| gwYma Ho$ {bò amÁ` H$mo Zm{_V {H$`m J`m h¡&

(10) AZw. 51(H$)(5) _| H$hm J`m h¡ {H$ h_ h_mar g§ñH¥${V H$s Jm¡ademb naånam Ho$ _hËd H$mo g_Po VWm Eogr àWmAm| H$m Ë`mJ H$ao Omo {H$ pñÌ`m| Ho$ gå_mZ Ho$ pIbm\$ h¡&

(11) AZw. 243(X)(3) _| àËòH$ n§Mm`V _| àË`j {Zdm©MZ go âo Jò ñWmZm| H$s Hw$b g§»`m 1/3 ñWmZ pñÌ`m| Ho$ {bE Ama{jV ah|Jo&

(12) AZw. 325 Ho$ AZwgma {Zdm©MH$ Zm_mdbr _| _{hbm Ed§ nwéf XmoZm| H$mo hr g_mZ ê$n go gpå_{bV hmoZo H$m A{YH$ma àXmZ {H$`m J`m h¡&

_{hbmAm| Ho$ {bò ~Zmò {Z`_ d A{Y{Z`_

^maVr` g§{dYmZ Ed§ {d{^ÝZ X§S> g§{hVmAm| _| r H$B© Eogo {Z`_, {d{Z`_ d A{Y{Z`_ Am{X ~Zmò JE h¡& {OgH$s ghm`Vm go _{hbmAm| Ho$ {hVm| H$s ajm H$s Om gH$Vo VWm CÝh| do A{YH$ma àmá hmo gHo$, Omo gm_m{OH$ ôX^md go CZH$s ajm H$a gHo$&

1. ^maVr` XÊS> g§{hVm 1860 Ho$ àmdYmZ Ho$ Ûmam _{hbmAm| na hmoZo dmbo AË`mMma d {ZX©`Vm Ho$ {dê$Õ ì`dñWm H$s JB© h¡& BgHo$ AZwgma ñÌr Vñdram| H$m Aíbrb àXe©Z AWdm CZH$m H«$`-{dH«$` H$aVm h¡ Vmo Eogo ì`pŠV H$mo 2 df© H$s gOm `m 2 hOma ê$nò H$m Ow_m©Zm AWdm XmoZm| hr gOmAm| H$m àmdYmZ hmo&

2. XhoO à{VfoY A{Y{Z`_ 1961 - Bg A{Y{Z`_ Ho$ Ûmam XhoO H$mo g_mO Ho$ {bò Hw$àWm ~VmVo hþE Bg na {ZfoY bJmZo Ho$ {bò nm[aV {H$`m& Vm{H$ XhoO na A§Hw$e bJmH$a Bg Hw$àWm H$m AÝV {H$`m h¡&

3. {hÝXÿ CÎmam{YH$ma A{Y{Z`_ 1956 - Bg A{Y{Z`_ Ho$ Ûmam EH$ b‹S>H$s H$mo AnZo _mVm-{nVm H$s gån{V _| b‹S>Ho$ H$s ^m±{V A{YH$ma àmá h¡ AWm©V² dh n¡V¥H$ gån{V na AnZo A{YH$ma H$m Xmdm H$a gH$Vr h¡&

4. Kaoby qhgm amoH$Wm_ H$mZyZ - Bg A{Y{Z`_ Ho$ Ûmam H$moB© ^r _{hbm AJa AnZo n{V `m n{V Ho$ n[adma dmbm| go àVm{‹S>V hmo ahr h¡ Vmo dh Kaoby qhgm Ho$ VhV {eH$m`V XO© H$am gH$Vr h¡&

5. d{H©§$J ßbog _| CËnr‹S>Z Ho$ pIbm\$ H$mZyZr - Bg A{Y{Z`_Ho$ VhV d{H©§$J ßbog na hþò `m¡Z CËnr‹S>Z Ho$ pIbm\$ {eH$m`V XO© H$amZo H$m nyam hH$ h¡& Ho$ÝÐ gaH$ma Zo ^r _{hbmAm| Ho$ {bE ZE {Z`_ bmJy {H$ò h¡& {OgHo$ VhV d{H©§$J ßbog na `m¡Z emofU H$s {eH$m`V XO© hmoZo na _{hbmAm| H$mo Om±M b§{~V ahZo VH$ 90 {XZ H$s noS> brd Xr OmòJr&

6. H$Ý`m ^y«U hË`m Ho$ pIbm\$ A{YH$ma - Bg A{YH$ma Ho$ Ûmam J^© _| nb ahr b‹S>H$s H$mo gwajm àXmZ H$s JB© h¡& Bg_| EH$ _{hbm H$mo OrZo H$m A{YH$ma XoZo Ho$ {bò qbJ H$s Om§M Am¡a CgH$s hË`m Ho$ pIbm\$ H$mZyZr ~Zm`m J`m h¡& `h A{Y{Z`_PCPNDT EŠQ> Ho$ Zm_ go OmZm OmVm h¡&

7. XÊS> à{H«$`m 1973 : Bg à{H«$`m _| {H$gr ^r _{hbm H$s Vbmer `m AÝ` g§~{YV Om§M Ho$ {bE _{hbm `m _{hbm nw{bg Ho$ _mÜ`_ go H$aZm A{Zdm`© hmoJm&

8. {hÝXÿ {ddmh A{Y{Z`_ 1956 : Bg A{Y{Z`_ _| n{V-nËZr Ho$ d¡dm{hH$ OrdZ O¡go emXr, ì`mh VbmH$ Ed§ gOm Am{X Ho$ ~mao _| {dñVma go {ddoMZ {H$`m J`m h¡&

ISSN 2348-3857


9. _wpñb_ {ddmh-{dÀN>oX A{Y{Z`_, 1939 : Bg A{Y{Z`_go nyd© _wpñb_ _{hbmAm| H$s pñW{V A{V X`Zr` Wr bo{H$Z Bg A{Y{Z`_ Ho$ ~ZZo Ho$ ~mX nËZr H$mo ^r VbmH$ XoZo Ho$ Hw$N> A{YH$ma àXmZ H$amò Jò&

10. {hÝXÿ Ad`ñH$Vm Ed§ g§ajU A{Y{Z`_, 1956 : n{V-nËZr Ho$ ~rM {ddmh {dÀN>oX H$s pñW{V _| AWdm AÝ` n[apñW{V Ho$ H$maU AJa n{V-nËZr AbJ ahVo h¢ Omo ZwH$gmZ CÝh| hr ^wJVZm n‹S>Vm h¡, Bggo ^r Á`mXm X`Zr` pñW{V CZ ~ƒm| H$s hmo OmVr h¡ {OZHo$ _mVm-{nVm AbJ ahVo hm|, Š`m|{H$ XmoZm| Ho$ ~rM PJ‹S>m Bg ~mV H$m ahVm h¡ {H$ Ad`ñH$ ~ƒo {H$gHo$ nmg ah|&

11. ~mb {ddmh AdamoY A{Y{Z`_, 1929 : 21 dt eXr _| ^r ^maV Ho$ Hw$N> J«m_rU Ed§ Hw$N> ehar BbmH$m| _| N>moQ>o-N>moQ>o ~ƒm| H$mo _§S>n _| {~R>mH$a CZH$s em{X`m± aMmB© Om ahr h¡, Bg A{Y{Z`_ _| emXr H$s Am`w H$m {ZYm©aU Ed§ {Z`_ H$m Cëb§KZ H$aZo na gOm, Ow_m©Zm Am{X H$m àmdYmZ {H$`m J`m h¡&

12. gVr {ZdmaH$ A{Y{Z`_, 1987 d amOñWmZ gVr {ZdmaH$ A{Y{Z`_, 1987 : Bg A{Y{Z`_ Ûmam gVr àWm Ed§ CgH$m| _{h_m_pÊS>V H$aZo go amoH$Zo Ho$ {bE g»V H$X_ CR>mò Jò&

13. AZ¡{VH$ ì`mnma {ZdmaU A{Y{Z`_, 1956, g§emo{YV 1978 d 1986 : Bg A{Y{Z`_ Ho$ AZwgma _{hbmAm| Ho$ à{V `m¡Z-emofU H$aZo H$mo g§ko` AnamY _mZm J`m h¡&

14. "gàoeZ Am°\$ Bå_moab Q>¡{\$H$ BZ dy_oZ E§S> Jb© EŠQ>"" 1950 g§emo{YV 1978 d X Bå_moab Q>o{\$H$ àrdoÝeZ EŠQ> 1986 : AZ¡{VH$ ì`mnma {ZdmaU A{Y{Z`_, 1956 go {_bVm OwbVm h¡&

15. Mb{MÌ A{Y{Z`_, 1952 : {\$ë_m| H$m g_mO _| Jham Aga n‹S>Vm h¡ Bg{bE goÝga ~moS©©>© H$s {Oå_oXmar H$mo Aíbrb ê$n _| {XIm`m J`m hmo VWm _{hbmAm| H$s _`m©Xm ^§J Z hmo&

16. ñÌr A{eï> à{V~§Y A{Y{Z`_, 1986 : Bg A{Y{Z`_ Ho$ _mÜ`_ go ñÌr Ho$ eara Ho$ Aíbrb {MÌU na nyU©V`m à{V~§Y bJm {X`m J`m h¡& Bg_| H$hm J`m h¡ {H$ {H$gr ^r _{hbm H$mo Bg àH$ma {M{ÌV Zht {H$`m Om gH$Vm h¡ {Oggo CgH$s gmd©O{ZH$ Z¡{VH$Vm H$mo AmKmV nhþ§Mo `m CgH$m _mZ KQ>o& Bggo g§~§{YV N>o‹S>ImZr {ZamoYH$ H$mZyZ, 1978, {gZo_oQ>moJ«m\$s A{Y{Z`_, 1952 B§{gSo>ÝQ> [aàoOoÝQ>gZ Am°\$ dy_oZ àmohr{~eZ EŠQ>, 1986 Am{X h¡&

17. {deof {ddmh A{Y{Z`_, 1954 : Bg _{hbmAm| H$mo d¡dm{hH$ ñdV§ÌVm Ho$ gmW-gmW Ym{_©H$ ñdV§ÌVm ^r àXmZ {H$`m J`m h¡&

Bg A{Y{Z`_ Ho$ _mÜ`_ go H$moB© ^r _{hbm AnZm Y_© n[adV©Z {H$ò ~J¡a {H$gr AÝ` Y_© H$mo _mZZo dmbo ì`pŠV go {ddmh H$a gH$Vr h¡&

18. H$maImZm A{Y{Z`_, 1948, g§emoYZ -1976 : Bg A{Y{Z`_ _| H$hm J`m h¡ {H$ `{X {H$gr H$maImZo `m CÚmoJ-Y§Yo _| _{hbmAm| H$s g§»`m 30 go A{YH$ hmoJr Vmo à~§YZ H$mo dhm± EH$ {eew-J¥h H$s ì`dñWm H$aZr hmoJr& Vm{H$ H$m_ Ho$ K§Q>m| Ho$ Xm¡amZ _{hbmE§ AnZo ~ƒm| H$mo {eew J¥h _| N>mo‹S> gH|$&

_{hbm geŠVrH$aU Ho$ {bò ^maV gaH$ma Ho$ à`mg

_{hbmAm| H$s Xem gwYmaZo hoVw ^maV gaH$ma Ûmam gZ² 1985 _| _{hbm d ~mb {dH$mg {d^mJ H$s ñWmnZm H$s JB© VWm 1992 _| amï´>r` _{hbm Am`moJ H$s ñWmnZm H$s JB©& ^maV gaH$ma Ûmam 2001 H$mo _{hbm geŠVrH$aU df© r Kmo{fV {H$`m J`m& _{hbmAm| Ho$ {dH$mg Ho$ {bò gaH$ma Zo Hw$N> `moOZmAm| ~oQ>r ~MmAmo, ~oQ>r n‹T>mAmo, C‚dbm `moOZm, gwH$Ý`m g_¥{Õ `moOZm, ñd`§{gÕ `moOZm Am{X ~ZmB© Vm{H$ _{hbm`| Xoe Ho$ _w»` {dH$mg H$s Ymam go Ow‹S> gHo$&

_{hbm geŠVrH$aU hoVw `moOZmE§

1. ~oQ>r ~MmAmo ~oQ>r n‹T>mAmo H$m`©H«$_

(H$) ~m{bH$mAm| Ho$ ApñVËd g§ajU Am¡a {ejm H$mo ~T>mµdm XoZo Ho$ CÔoí` go 22 OZdar 2015 Ho$ nmZrnV" h[a`mUm _| Bg H$m`©H«$_ H$s ewéAmV H$s JB© Wr

(I) Bg H$m`©H«$_ H$m CÔoí` b‹S>{H$`m| {H$ {JaVo qbJmZwnmV Ho$ _wÔo Ho$ à{V bmoJm| H$mo OmJê$H$ H$aZm h¡&

(J) Bg H$m`©H«$_ H$m g_J« bú` qbJ Ho$ AmYma na b‹S>H$m Am¡a b‹S>H$s _| hmoZo dmbo ôX^md H$mo amoH$Zo Ho$ gmW gmW àËòH$ ~m{bH$m H$s gwajm {ejm Am¡a g_mO _| ñdrH¥${V gw{ZpíMV H$aZm h¡

2. {H$emo[a`m| Ho$ geŠVrH$aU Ho$ {bE amOrd Jm§Yr `moOZm (g~bm)

(H$) Ho$ÝÐ gaH$ma X²dmam àm`mo{OV Bg H$m`©H«$_ H$s ewê$AmV 1 Aà¡b 2011 H$mo H$s JB© Wr&

(I) Bg H$m`©H«$_ H$mo "_{hbm Ed§ ~mb {dH$mg _§Ìmb`" H$s XoI-aoI _| Mbm`m Om ahm h¡&

(J) Bg H$m`©H«$_ Ho$ VhV ^maV Ho$ 200 {Obm| go M`{ZV 11-18 Am`w dJ© H$s {H$emo[a`m| H$s XoI^mb "g_o{H$V ~mb


ISSN 2348-3857

{dH$mg n[a`moOZm" Ho$ A§VJ©V H$s Om ahr h¡& Bg H$m`©H«$_ Ho$ VhV bm^m{W©`m| H$mo 11-15 Am¡a 15-18 gmb Ho$ Xmo g_yhm| _| {d^m{OV {H$`m J`m h¡

(K) Bg `moOZm Ho$ VhV àmá hmoZo dmbo bm^m| H$mo Xmo g_yhm| _| {d^m{OV {H$`m J`m h¡ : (i) nmofU (11-15 df© VH$ H$s b‹S>{H$`m| H$mo nH$m hþAm ImZm {X`m OmVm h¡) (ii) J¡a nmofU (15-18 df© VH$ H$s b‹S>{H$`m| H$mo AmàZ H$s Jmo{b`m± g{hV AÝ` XdmB`m± {_bVr h¡§)

3. B§{Xam Jm§Yr _mV¥Ëd gh`moJ `moOZm

(H$) `h _mV¥Ëd bm^ H$m`©H«$_ 28 AŠQy>~a 2010 H$mo ewê$ {H$`m J`m Wm&

(I) Bg H$m`©H«$_ H$m _w»` CÔoí` 19 gmb `m Cggo A{YH$ C_« H$s J^©dVr Am¡a ñVZnmZ H$amZo dmbr _mVmAm| H$mo nhbo Xmo ~ƒm| Ho$ OÝ_ VH$ {dÎmr` ghm`Vm àXmZ H$aZm h¡&

(J) Bg H$m`©H«$_ Ho$ VhV gaH$ma X²dmam ZdOmV {eew Am¡a ñVZnmZ H$amZo dmbr _mVmAm| H$s ~ohVa XoI^mb Ho$ {bE Xmo {H$ñVm| _| 6000 ê$nò H$s {dÎmr` ghm`Vm àXmZ H$s OmVr h¡&

(K) `h H$m`©H«$_ "_{hbm Ed§ ~mb {dH$mg _§Ìmb`" X²dmam Mbm`m Om ahm h¡¡&

4. H$ñVya~m Jm±Yr ~m{bH$m {dX²`mb` `moOZm

(H$) Bg `moOZm H$m ew^maå^ 2004 _| {H$`m J`m Wm&

(I) h moOZm df© 2004 go CZ g^r {nN>‹S>o joÌm| _| {H«$`mpÝdV H$s Om ahr h¡ Ohm± J«m_rU _{hbm gmjaVm H$s Xa amï´>r` ñVa go H$_ hmo&

(J) Bg `moOZm _| H|$Ð d amÁ` gaH$ma| H«$_e: 75: Am¡a 25: IM© H$m `moJXmZ H$a|Jo&

(K) Bg `moOZm H$m _w»` bú` 75: AZwgy{MV Om{V/OZOm{V/AË`ÝV {nN>‹S>m dJ© VWm Aëng§»`H$ g_wXm` H$s ~m{bH$mAm| VWm 25: Jar~r aoIm go ZrMo dmbo n[adma H$s ~{ƒ`m| H$m XmpIbm H$amZm h¡&

(L>) `moOZm _| _w»` ê$n go Eogr ~m{bH$mAm| na Ü`mZ XoZm Omo {dX²`mb` go ~mha h¡§ VWm {OZH$s C_« 10 df© go D$na h¡&

5. àYmZ_ÝÌr C‚mdbm `moOZm

(H$) Bg moOZm H$s ewê$dmV àYmZ_§Ìr _moXr X²dmam 1 _B© 2016 H$mo H$s JB© Wr&

(I) Bg `moOZm Ho$ A§VJ©V Jar~ _{hbmAm| H$mo _wâV EbnrOr J¡g H$ZoŠeZ {_b|Jo&

(J) `moOZm H$m _w»` CÔoí` _{hbm gepŠVH$aU H$mo ~‹T>mdm XoZm Am¡a CZH$s gohV H$s gwajm H$aZm h¡&

(K) Bg `moOZm Ho$ _mÜ`_ go gaH$ma J«m_rU joÌm| _| ImZm ~ZmZo _| BñVo_mb hmoZo dmbo Ordí_ BªYZ H$s OJh EbnrOr Ho$ Cn`moJ H$mo ~‹T>mdm XoH$a n`m©daU H$mo ñdÀN> aIZo _| _{hbmAm| H$s ^y{_H$m H$mo ~‹T>mZm MmhVr h¡&

6. ñdmYma Ka `moOZm

(H$) Bg `moOZm H$mo 2001-02 _| ewê$ {H$`m J`m Wm&

(I) Bg `moOZm H$mo '_{hbm Ed§ ~mb {dH$mg _§Ìmb`' Ho$ _mÜ`_ go Mbm`m Om ahm h¡&

(J) Bg `moOZm H$m CÔoí` doí`md¥pÎm go _wŠV _{hbmAm|, [ahm H¡$Xr {dYdmAm|, VñH$ar go nr{‹S>V _{hbmAm|, àmH¥${VH$ AmnXmAm|, _mZ{gH$ ê$n go {dH$bm§J Am¡a ~oghmam _{hbmAm| Ho$ nwZdm©g H$s ì`dñWm H$aZm h¡&

(K) Bg `moOZm Ho$ A§VJ©V {dYdm _{hbmAm| Ho$ ^moOZ Am¡a Aml` VbmH$ ewXm _{hbmAm| H$mo H$mZyZr nam_e© {M{H$Ëgm gw{dYmAm| Am¡a _{hbmAm| H$mo ì`mdgm{`H$ à{ejU O¡gr gw{dYmE± àXmZ H$s OmVr h¡§

(L>) Bg `moOZm Ho$ _mÜ`_ go _{hbmAm| H$mo AnZm OrdZ {\$a go ewê$ H$aZo Ho$ {bE emar[aH$ Am¡a _mZ{gH$ _O~yVr àXmZ H$s OmVr h¡ Vm{H$ do AnZo n¡am| na I‹S>r hmo gH|$&

{ZîH$f©

`Ú{n ^maVr` g§{dYmZ _| _{hbmAm| H$mo nwéfm| Ho$ ~am~a XOm© àmá h¡& bo{H$Z dmñV{dH$Vm _| AmO ^r {ddmh, VbmH$, H$m_, gån{V Ho$ A{YH$ma, JwOmam ^Îmm Am{X Eogo joÌ h¡, Ohm± _{hbmAm| H$s pñW{V X`Zr` h¡& ^maVr` g§{dYmZ amÁ` d Ho$ÝÐ gaH$ma, n§Mm`Vr amO ì`dñWm Am{X Ho$ _mÜ`_ go _{hbmAm| na hmoZo dmbo AnamY d AË`mMma Ho$ {ZXmZ Ho$ {bò {ZaÝVa à`mg {H$`m Om ahm h¡& bo{H$Z _{hbmAm| Ho$ à{V qhgm {dídì`mnr KQ>Zm ~Zr hþB© h¡& H$moB© ^r g_mO amÁ` Bggo _wŠV Zht h¡& _{hbm qhgm H$mo h_ V~ hr g_má H$a gH$Vo h¡& O~ amÁ` Am¡a g_mO Bgo g_má H$aZm AnZm {d{YH$ d Z¡{VH$ CÎmaXm{`Ëd g_Po, Vm{H$ _{hbm gepŠVH$aU Ho$ Ûmam _{hbm {dH$mg H$mo ~‹T>mdm {X`m Om ahm h¡&

ISSN 2348-3857


g§X^© gyMr1. e_m©, a_m d {_lm, E_.Ho$. ^maVr` g_mO _o Zmar, AOw©Z

npãbqeJ hmCg, {Xëbr, 2010

2. XogmB©, Zram Am¡a J¡Ì`r, H¥$îUamO, dr_oZ EÊS> gmogm`Q>r BZ B§{S>`m, AO§V npãbHo$e§g {Xëbr, 1987, n¥.g§. 46

3. nmÊSo>`, S>m°. O`ZmamÙ, ^maV H$m g§{dYmZ, goÝQ´>b bm° EOoÝgr {Xëbr, 41dm± g§ñH$aU, 2008

4. `mXd, S>m°. draoÝÐ qgh, ZB© ghñÌmãXr H$m _{hbm geŠVrH$aU … AdYmaUm {MÝVZ d gamoH$ma ^mJ 1 d 2, Amo_oJm npãbHo$eZ AmJam, 2007

5. {N>ëba, S>m°. _§OwbVm, ^maVr` Zmar emofU Ho$ ~XbVo Am`m_, AOw©Z npãbqeJ hmCg, {Xëbr, 2010

6. e_m©, a_m d {_lm, E_.Ho$., _{hbm {dH$mg, AOw©Z npãbqeJ hmCg, {Xëbr, 2010

7. `mXd amOmam_, ^maVr` X§S> g§{hVm, 1860, n§M_ g§ñH$aU, 2005, goÝQ´>b bm° npãbHo$eÝg, Bbmhm~mX

8. g§`wŠV amï´> g§K [anmoQ>© dZSo> dr_Zo : Q>óS>g© EÊS> ñQ>o{Q>Šg (S>rarbbr) (1995)

9. AmhÿOm, am_, H«$mB_ AJoZñQ> dw_oZ, O`nwa amdV npãbHo$eÝg, 1987

10. amoOJma Am¡a {Z_m©U, _mM©, 2005

11. _{hbmAm| go g§~§{YV {d{^ÝZ g_mMma nÌm| Ho$ AmboI

àñVmdZm

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g§Ho$Vmja … H«$m§{VH$mar AmV§H$dmX, A{^Zd ^maV, {_Ì_obm, ^dmZr _§{Xa, H$m_mJmQ>m_mê$

H$s ^mdZm ~bdVr hmoVr Om aht Wr& Bg Vah H$s H«$m§pÝVH$mar J{V{d{Y`m| H$m g_W©Z "`wJm§Va' O¡go g_mMma nÌm| Zo {H$`m& An¡«b, 1906 _| ~margmb gå_obZ _| nw{bg bmR>rMmO© Ho$ ~mX `wJm§Va _| {bIm Wm {H$ ""A§J«oOr hþHy$_V Ho$ X_Z H$mo amoH$Zo Ho$ {bE ^maV H$s 30 H$amo‹S> OZVm AnZo 60 H$amo‹S> hmW CR>mE& VmH$V H$m _wH$m~bm VmH$V go {H$`m OmE&1 ghr _mJ©Xe©Z Ho$ A^md _| Bgr àH$ma Ho$ ñÌmoVm| go àoaUm àmá H$a `h `wdm epŠV d¡`pŠVH$ draVm H$s H$m`©dmhr `m H«$mpÝVH$mar AmV§H$dmX H$s Amoa go CÝ_wI hþB©& H«$m§{VH$mar AmV§H$dmX amOZ¡{VH$ J{V{d{Y`m| H$m EH$ Eogm ê$n Wm {Ogo amï´>r` `wdm dJ© H$s AË`{YH$ ào[aV nrT>r Zo AnZm`m Wm& `wdm H«$m§{VH$m[a`m| Zo Amàb¡Ê‹S> ({Z{h{bñQ>m|) d nmnw{bñQ>mo Ho$ g§Kf© Ho$ VarH$m| H$mo AnZm {b`m& `Ú{n ò _mZVo Wo {H$ gm_«mÁ`dmX H$mo CIm‹S> \|$H$Zo Ho$ {bE A§VV: OZVm Ûmam geñÌ {dÐmoh Amdí`H$ Wm {H$ÝVw h EH$ XrK©H$mbrZ Am¡a H${R>Z H$m`© Wm& goZm H$mo ^r {dÐmoh Ho$ {bE V¡`ma H$aZm AmgmZ Zht Wm& Bg{bE Vwa§V H$m`©dmhr Ho$ {bò CZHo$ gm_Zo EH$ hr amñVm Wm {H$ Eogo {~«{Q>e A{YH$m[a`m| {dfoeH$a Omo AË`mMmar, H«y$a Am¡a OZVm _| ~XZm_ hmo H$s hË`m H$s OmE&2 BZH$m _mZZm Wm {H$

^maVr` ñdV§ÌVm g§J«m_ _| H«$mpÝVH$mar AmV§H$dmX (1907 go 1920)S>m°. gwZrVm _rZm

gh AmMm`©, B{VhmgehrX H¡$ßQ>Z [anwX_Z qgh amOH$s` _hm{dÚmb`, gdmB© _mYmonwa (amOñWmZ)


ISSN 2348-3857


Bg Vah H$s hË`m go A§Jo«O A{YH$m[a`m| _| XheV \¡$b OmòJr, ^maVr` OZVm H$mo g§Úf© H$s àoaUm {_boJr Am¡a CZHo$ {Xb go A§J«oOr hþHy$_V H$m S>a IË_ hmo OmEJm& Bg Vah H$s àËòH$ hË`m Am¡a nH$‹S>o OmZo na H«$m§{VH$m[a`m| H$mo \$m§gr XoZo go g§Kf© Am¡a Omo nH$‹S>oJm& `wdmAm| go Anrb H$s JB© Am¡a XoIVo hr XoIVo V_m_`wdH$ Bg g§Kf© _| earH$ hmo JE& ñdV§ÌVm Ho$ {bE ~{bXmZ `wdm nr‹Tµ>r H$m AmXe© ~Z J`m&

^maV _| H«$m§{VH$mar AmV§H$dmX H$m àW_ MaU (1907 -08 go 1918)

`Ú{n 1907-08 Ho$ Amg -nmg hr H«§$m{VH$mar AmV§H$dmX H$s àd¥{Îm ghr _m`Zo _| epŠV ~Z H$a Câr VWm{n Bggo nyd© ^r BgHo$ Hw$N> CXmhaU {_bVo h¢ O¡go:- 1987 _| nyZm _| MmnoH$a ~§YwAm|-Xm_moXa Am¡a ~mbH¥$îU MmnoH$a Zo Xmo {~«{Q>e A\$gam| H$s hË`m H$s Wr& 1904 _| dr.S>r. gmdaH$a VWm CZHo$ ^mB© JUoe Zo A{^Zd ^maV VWm {_Ì_obm O¡go Jwá g§JR>Zm| H$s ñWmnZm H$s& 1907 _| ~§Jmb Ho$ boâQ>rZ|Q> JdZ©a H$s hË`m H$m Ag\$b à`mg {H$`m J`m& ò g_ñV KQ>ZmE§ N>moQ>o ñVa na ewê$ hþB©, bo{H$Z Bg àd¥{Îm H$s dmñV{dH$ ewê$AmV An¡«b 1908 _| _mZr OmVr h¡& O~ IwXram_ ~mog Am¡a à\y$ëb MmH$s Zo EH$ ~½Kr na `h g_P H$a ~_ \|$H$m H$s Cg_| _wµOâ\$anwa H$m ~XZm_ {Obm Ý`m`mYre qH$½g\$moS©> `mÌm H$a ahm h¡, naÝVw Cg_| Xmo A§J«oO _{hbmE§ `mÌm H$a aht Wr, Omo _mar JB©& à\w$ëb MmH$s Zo ñd`§ H$mo Jmobr _maH$a AmË_hË`m H$a br Am¡a IwXram_ ~mog na _wH$X_m Mbm Am¡a CÝh| \$m§gr Xo Xr JB©& à\w$ëb MmH$s Am¡a IwXram_ ~mog ~{bXmZr Xoe^ŠV ~Z JE CZ na bmoH$JrV {bIo JE Am¡a Xoe H$s OZVm BÝh| JwZJwZmZo bJr CZHo$ {MÌ Ka-Ka _| bJmE JE Am¡a `wdH$m| Zo AnZr Ymo{V`m| Am¡a nmoemH$ Ho$ {H$Zmam| na IwXram_ ~mog H$m Zm_ N>ndm`m&3

A§J«oO gaH$ma Ho$ X_Z Ho$ \$bñdê$n Jwá g§ñWmE§ ~ZZo bJr, ~hþV gr hË`mE§ hþB© VWm h{W`ma IarXZo Ho$ {bE H$B© ""ñdXoer'' S>H¡${V`m± S>mbr JB©& BZH$m ZoV¥Ëd ""AZwerbZ'' Am¡a "`wJmÝVa' O¡gr g§ñWmAm| Ûmam {H$`m J`m& ^dmZr _§{Xa VWm dV©_mZ aUZr{V O¡gr nwñVH$m| Am¡a ''`wJm§Va''Am¡a "g§Ü`m' O¡gr g_mMma n{ÌH$mAm| Ho$ O[aE CÝhm|Zo geñÌ {dÐmoh H$aZo H$m àMma {H$`m&4

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BZ H«$m§{VH$m[a`m| Ho$ {bE gmao Xoe _| ghmZw^y{V Wr, CZHo$ Ë`mJ Am¡a gmhg Zo maV Ho$ wdH$m| H$mo Xoe ào_ H$s mdZm go CËgm{hV {H$`m& Ama.gr. _Oy_Xma Zo {bIm h¡ {H$ ''`Ú{n ~matÐ H$mo H$moB© ñnï> g\$bVm Zht {_b gH$s, na ~§Jmb _| H«$m§{VH$mar Am§XmobZ H$s EH$ gwX¥‹T> Ztd S>mbZo Am¡a CgH$mo EH$ {ZpíMV ê$n VWm {Xem àXmZ H$aZo H$m lo` CÝht H$mo h¡&5

~§Jmb Ho$ ~mha AÝ` àm§Vm| O¡go _hmamï´>, n§Om~ VWm CÎmaàXoe _| ^r H«$m§{VH$mar J{V{d{Y`m§ Omoa nH$‹S>t Wr& `hm± VH$ {H$ {~«Q>oZ Am¡a \«$m§g go dr.S>r. gmdaH$a, í`m_Or H¥$îU d_m© Am¡a _¡S>_ ^rH$mOr H$m_m Zo ^maV _| Jwá ê$n go eñÌ {ÔdmZo Ho$ à`mg {H$ò& BÝhm|Zo nr.EZ. dmnQ> H$mo ê$gr H«$m§{VH$m[a`m| go ~_~ZmZo H$m à{ejU nmZo Ho$ {bE no[ag ôOm& {_Om© Aã~mg Am¡a ho_MÝÐ Xmg H$s ghm`Vm go dmnQ> Zo EH$ ê$gr nwñVH$ ""~__¡ZwAb'' àmá H$s Am¡a BgH$m A§J«oOr _| AZwdmX {H$`m& BgH$s gmBŠbmoñQ>mBb à{V`m± ^maVr` `wdH$m| H$mo à{ejU XoZo Ho$ {bò ^maV ôOr J`r& 23 {Xgå~a 1912 H$mo O~ ^maV _| JdZ©a OZab bmS©> hm{S>ªJ {Xëbr Ho$ Mm§XZr Mm¡H$ go amOH$s` Owbyg Ho$ gmW {ZH$b aho Wo Vmo CZHo$ D$na ~_ \|$H$m J`m {Oggo do O»_r hmo JE Am¡a CZH$m A§JajH$ _mam J`m& Bg fS²>`§Ì Ho$ ZoVm amg{~hmar ~mog Wo Omo ^mJ JE& {H$ÝVw AdY {~hmar, A_raM§X, ~mb_wHw§$X Am¡a ~g§V Hw$_ma H$mo \$m§gr H$s gOm Xr JB© Am¡a ~bamO Am¡a had§e ghm` H$mo AmOrdZ H$mamdmg H$m X§S> {X`m J`m& `h Ho$g {Xëbr fS²>`§Ì H$m§S> Ho$ Zm_ go OmZm OmVm h¡&

n§Om~ àm§V ^r BZ H«§$m{VH$mar J{V{d{Y`m| go ANy>Vm Zht Wm& Cn{ZdoeZ {~b Ho$ O[aE n§Om~ gaH$ma Zo O_rZ-gå~ÝYm| H$m AmYma ~XbZo H$s R>mZr& AOrV qgh, gy\$s A§~m àgmX Am¡a bmbm bmOnV am` Ho$ ZoV¥Ëd _| Bg {~b Ho$ {damoY _| EH$ CJ«dmXr Am§XmobZ H$m OÝ_ hþAm& Bg CJ«dmXr Xb Zo A§J«oOr


ISSN 2348-3857

amÁ` H$m geñÌ {dÐmoh Ûmam V»Vm nbQ>Zo H$s `moOZm ~ZmB©& g^mAm| Am¡a H«$m§{VH$mar gm{hË` Ho$ Ûmam OZVm _| H«$m§{VH$mar {dMmaYmam \¡$bmZo H$m à`ËZ {H$`m& gaH$ma Zo ^r X_ZH$mar Zr{V AnZmB© Bggo {dde hmoH$a AOrV qgh Am¡a gy\$s A§~m àgmX Xoe N>moS>H$a Aµ\$Jm{ZñVmZ Mbo JE Am¡a dhm± go `yamon nhw§Mo Am¡a H«$m§{VH$m[a`m| H$s _XX Ho$ Cnm` H$aZo bJo& A~ BZ H«$m§{VH$m[a`m| Zo {dXoe _| AnZo {R>H$mZo ~ZmE& {dXoem| _| Am§XmobZ Ho$ àMma-àgma H$m lo` í`m_Or H¥$îU d_m© H$mo OmVm h¡ Omo ^maVr` H«$m§{VH$mar Am§XmobZ Ho$ AJ«Ur ZoVmAm| _| go Wo& ^mB© na_mZ§X, _¡S>_ H$m_m, {dZm`H$ Xm_moXa gmdaH$a BZHo$ à_wI gh`moJr aho& AmJo MbH$a Or.Eg. InmS}>, bmbm bmOnVam`, bmbm haX`mb, am_^wO XÎm Am¡a {~{nZ M§X nmb {~«Q>oZ Am JE Vmo b§XZ H«$m§{VH$m[a`m| H$m EH$ g{H«$` Ho$ÝÐ ~Z J`m& A~ BZ H«$m§{VH$m[a`m| Zo bmS©> H$O©Z, bmS©> {H$MZa VWm ga H$O©µZ {dbr H$s hË`m H$s `moOZm ~ZmB© BZ_| H$O©µZ {dbr g~go nhbo {ZemZm ~Zo& A_¥Vga go AmE B§Or{Z`[a¨J Ho$ EH$ {dÚmWu _XZ bmb T>tJam Zo 01 OwbmB© 1909 H$mo b§XZ _| Jmobr _maH$a H$O©Z {dbr H$s hË`m H$a Xr& H$B© A§J«oO amOZr{Vkm| Zo CZH$s àe§gm6

H$s Am¡a Am`b¡ÊS> Ho$ AI~mam| Zo CÝh| lÕmO§br A{n©V H$s& Bg g§X^© _| S>ãb`y.Eg.ãb§Q> Zo AnZr S>màr _| {bIm {H$ ""`h Vmo ~g ñdmWu emgH$m| H$mo Bg ~mV H$m {dídmg {XbmZo Ho$ {bE Mm¡§H$m XoZo dmbr H$m`©dmhr Wr {H$ ñdmW© _| ^r {Zb©‚mVm H$s EH$ gr_m hmoVr h¡&''7

H$O©Z {dbr H$s hË`m Ho$ níMmV² {~«{Q>e gaH$ma gVH©$ hmo JB© Am¡a Hw$N> Eogo H$X_ CR>mE H$s ^maVr` `wdmAm| H$m {~«Q>oZ _| àdoe H${R>Z hmo J`m& bo{H$Z ^maV _| A§J«oO gaH$ma Ho$ AË`mMmam| Ho$ níMmV² ^r qhgm H$s KQ>ZmE§ hmoVr aht& ^maV Am¡a ^maV Ho$ ~mha Omo EH$ Ho$ ~mX EH$ amOZr{VH$ hË`m H$s KQ>ZmE§ hþB© CZgo A{YH$m[a`m| H$mo `h à_mU {_b J`m {H$ ^maV VWm ^maV go ~mha H$s H«$m§{VH$mar g{_{V`m| _| K{Zð> gå~ÝY h¡& AmJo MbH$a O~ Zm{gH$ _| 21 {Xgå~a 1909 H$mo AZÝV H$mÝhao Zo O¡H$gZ H$s hË`m H$a Xr&8 Vmo CZH$m S>a Am¡a nŠH$m hmo J`m Š`m|{H$ Bg hË`m _| b§XZ Ho$ H«$m§{VH$m[a`m| Ûmam ôOr JB© ~«mCqZJ {nñVm¡b H$m Cn`moJ {H$`m J`m Wm& ^maV gaH$ma Ho$ AmXoe na Xm_moXa gmdaH$a H$mo {JaâVma H$aHo$ ^maV ôO {X`m J`m Am¡a Zm{gH$ fS>`§Ì H$mÊS> _| CÝh| gOm hmo J`r&9 gmdaH$a na _wH$X_m MbZo Ho$ ~mX b§XZ JwQ> Zo `h _hgyg {H$`m {H$ {~«{Q>e {damoYr J{V{d{Y`m± Omar aIZo Ho$ {bE A~ b§XZ H$moB© gwa{jV OJh Zht h¡, AV: do dhm± go no[ag `m AÝ` `yamonr` Xoem| _| Mbo

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ISSN 2348-3857


BZgo S>mobVr h¡ Z¡`m h_mar

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g§X^© gyMr1. MÝÐ, {d{nZ, ^maV H$m ñdVÝÌVm g§Kf©, {Xëbr, 1994, n¥.g§.

102

2. J«moda, ènmb, AmYw{ZH$ ^maV H$m B{Vhmg, Eg Mm§X EÊS> H$ånZr, ZB© {Xëbr, 1995, n¥.g§. 433

3. ~mog, gw^mf MÝÐ , BpÊS>`Z ñQ´>Jb, n¥.g§. 147-48

4. _Oy_Xma, Ama.gr., ñQ´>Jb \$m°a \«$sS>_, ~m°å~o, 1969, n¥.g§. 169

5. Cn`w©ŠV, n¥.g§. 200

6. ewŠb, Ama.Eb, aodë`yeZar _yd_oÝQ> BZ X n§Om~, Q>rqMJ nm°{b{Q>Šg Vol II Z§. 324, 1976

7. S>ãë`y.Eg.ãb§Q>, _m` S>màrO nmQ>©-&&&, n¥.g§. 228

8. ~b emñÌr, haXmg, AmåS©> ñQ´>Jb \$m°a \«$sS>_, 1958, n¥.g§. 221

9. Xod AmMm`©, ^JdmZ, ~{bXmZ, àW_ g§ñH$aU, n¥.g§. 178

10. N>mg, E_.EZ., BpÊS>`Z ZoeZb H$m§J«og d{g©O X {~«{Q>e, {Xëbr, 1978, n¥.g§. 242-243

11. Mm§{M`m, Or., X JXa nmQ>uO, nrnëg n¡W, 1966, n¥.g§. 52

12. hm{S>J, bmS©>, _` BpÊS>`Z B`g©, n¥.g§. 102

13. ñQ>ob¡arE\$.gr.ñ_moJa, Oo. EZ-AH$m§CQ> Am°\$ JXa H$m§g{naoÝgr, 1957, n¥.g§. 103

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àdŠVm, ^yJmob {d^mJamOH$s` Cƒ _mÜ`{_H$ {dÚmb`, Vmbm~, Abda (amOñWmZ)


ISSN 2348-3857


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_{hbmAm| H$mo g_mO _| CgH$m C{MV ñWmZ {XbdmZo Ho$ {bE amOmam__mohZ am`, ñdm_r X`mZÝX gañdVr, _hmË_m Jm§Yr O¡go _hmZ gwYmaH$m| Zo AZoH$ à`mg {H$E, bo{H$Z AmO ^r _{hbmAm| Ho$ OrdZ Ho$ ha joÌ _| CgHo$ gmW ôX^md H$s KQ>ZmE§ gd©Ì XoIZo H$mo {_bVr h¡§& ñdm_r X`mZÝX gañdVr Ho$ Ûmam {ejm H$s A{Zdm`©Vm na~b {X`m J`m VWm H$hm J`m {H$ _{hbmAm| Ho$ {bE A{Zdm`© {ejm H$s ì`dñWm H$s OmZr Mm{hE&3 AmO ^r g_mO _| {H$gr Z {H$gr ê$n _| _{hbm H$m e¡j{UH$ ñVa na emofU {H$`m Om ahm h¡& _{hbmAm| Ho$ gmW ôX^md Am¡a N>o‹S>N>m‹S> H$s KQ>ZmE§ Kam|, g‹S>H$m|, ~JrMm| Am¡a H$m`m©b`m| _| AŠga XoIZo H$mo {_bVr h¡& ~bmËH$ma, XhoO CËnr‹S>Z Am¡a hË`m Am{X Ho$ _m_bo g_`-g_` na àH$m{eV hmoVo ahVo h¡§& ~mb {ddmh H$s ÌmgXr AZoH$ ~m{bH$mE§ ^moJ ahr h¡§& dmñV{dH$Vm `h h¡ {H$ EH$ {e{jV _{hbm hr AnZo n[adma H$s A{e{jV _{hbmAm| H$mo n‹T>mH$a AnZo A{O©V kmZ d {dH${gV j_Vm H$m bm^ gånyU©

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g^r bmoH$H$ë`mUH$mar gaH$mam| Ho$ Ûmam dV©_mZ g_` _| `h _hgyg {H$`m Om ahm h¡ {H$ _{hbm {ejm H$s {Xem _| R>mog à`mgm| Ho$ A^md _| gÝVw{bV {dH$mg gå^d Zht h¡& Bg{bE _{hbm {ejm H$s {Xem _| bJmVma à`mg {H$`m Om aho h¡§& _{hbm {ejm H$mo _ÔoZOa aIVo hþE AmO ^maV _| AZoH$ {ejU g§ñWmZ g§Mm{bV {H$E Om aho h¡§& _{hbmAm| H$mo {e{jV ~ZmZo H$m dmñV{dH$ AW© Cgo àJ{Verb Am¡a gä` ~ZmZm h¡, Vm{H$ Cg_| VH©$ epŠV H$m {dH$mg hmo gHo$& `{X _{hbm {e{jV hmoJr Vmo dh AnZo n[adma H$s ì`dñWm Á`mXm AÀN>r Vah go Mbm gHo$Jr& EH$ A{e{jV _{hbm Z Vmo ñd`§ H$m {dH$mg H$a gH$Vr h¡ Am¡a Z hr n[adma Ho$ {dH$mg _| gh`moJ Xo gH$Vr h¡& J«m_rU Am¡a {nN>‹S>o joÌm| _| e¡j{UH$ ñVa na ~m{bH$m {ejm H$s gX¡d go hr Cnojm H$s OmVr ahr h¡ VWm Cgo Ho$db Kaoby H$m_H$mOm| H$mo grIZo VWm gÝVmZ H$mo OÝ_ XoZo Ho$ gÝX^© _| hr XoIm OmVm ahm h¡& _{hbm geŠVrH$aU H$s gwX¥‹T>Vm Ho$ {bE Amdí`H$ h¡ {H$ {dH$mgerb Xoem|_| ‹T>m§MmJV V§Ì H$mo {dH${gV {H$`m OmE&5 Bg{bE `h Amdí`H$ h¡ {H$ _{hbm g~go nhbo nyU© {e{jV hmo V^r dh emofU d AË`mMmam| Ho$ MH«$ì`yh go {ZH$b H$a gå_mZOZH$ Am¡a ì`dpñWV OrdZ Or gH$Vr h¡ Am¡a ì`VrV H$a gH$Vr h¡&

amï´> {Z_m©U _| _{hbmAm| H$s _hËdnyU© ^y{_H$m

_mZd gä`Vm H$m {dH$mg {ejm Ho$ Ûmam hr g§^d hþAm h¡& Bg{bE g_mO Ho$ àËòH$ ñÌr d nwéf Ho$ {bE {e{jV hmoZm A{Zdm`© h¡& ñÌr d nwéf XmoZm| hr g_mO ê$nr Jm‹S>r Ho$ Xmo n{hE h¡§ Am¡a `{X nwéf {e{jV h¡ VWm Zmar A{e{jV h¡ Vmo `h Jm‹S>r gwMmé ê$n go


ISSN 2348-3857

AmJo Zht Mb gH$Vr& ñÌr {ejm Ho$ A^md _| gm_m{OH$ OrdZ _| ApñWaVm d A{ZpíMVVm H$s pñW{V ÑpîQ>JmoMa hmoVr h¡& Bg{bE gw{e{jV g_mO Ho$ {Z_m©U Ho$ {bE g_mO Ho$ àËòH$ dJ© H$s _{hbmAm| H$m {e{jV hmoZm A{Zdm`© h¡& AmO Ho$ àJ{Verb g_` _| ^r `h XoIZo _| Am`m h¡ {H$ g_mO Ho$ Hw$N> dJm] Ûmam A^r ^r _{hbm {ejm H$mo ZOaA§XmO {H$`m OmVm h¡& {H$gr H$mo ^r {ejm go d§{MV aIZm EH$ AnamY Ho$ g_mZ h¡& {díd à{gÕ \«$m§grgr emgH$ Zonmo{b`Z ~moZmnmQ>© O¡go `moÕm H$m ^r _mZZm Wm {H$ `{X _m§ A{e{jV h¡ Vmo amï´> H$s CÝZ{V g§^d Zht h¡& `{X n[adma ZmJ[aH$Vm H$s àW_ nmR>embm h¡, Vmo _m§ Cg nmR>embm H$s àW_ AÜ`m{nH$m h¡& `{X dh àW_ {e{jH$m hr A{e{jV h¡ Vmo n[adma EH$ AÀN>r nmR>embm {gÕ Zht hmo gH$Vm h¡& Xoe Ho$ ^mdr ZmJ[aH$ `mo½` d gw{e{jV hm| Bg{bE CZH$m nmbZ nmofU EH$ gw{e{jV _m§ Ho$ ZoV¥Ëd _| hr hmoZm Mm{hE& {H$gr ^r g_mO Am¡a amï´> Ho$ {Z_m©U H$s H$ënZm _{hbmAm| Ho$ `moJXmZ Ho$ {~Zm Zht H$s Om gH$Vr h¡&

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ì`pŠV Ho$ gånyU© ì`pŠVËd Ho$ {dH$mg Ho$ {bE {ejm EH$ AMyH$ h{W`ma h¡& {ejm Ho$ {~Zm _Zwî` {~ëHw$b OmZda Ho$ g_mZ h¡& {ejm _Zwî` H$mo ~w{Õ Am¡a MoVZm Ho$ YZ go n[anyU© H$aVr h¡ Am¡a OrdZ H$s ì`mdhm[aH$VmAm| go AdJV H$amVr h¡& {~Zm kmZ _Zwî` H$^r ^r grYr amh na Zht Mb gH$Vm h¡& kmZ hr _Zwî` H$mo A{YH$ma H$s amh H$s Amoa bo OmVm h¡& {ejm Ho$ _hËd Ho$ ~mao _| bJ^J g^r bmoJ n[a{MV h¡§ Am¡a Bgr H$maU H$B© bmoJ AnZo OrdZ H$mo kmZ H$s àm{á Ho$ {bE bJm XoVo h¡§ Am¡a `hr dOh h¡ {H$ g^r Y_m] _| kmZ àmá H$aZo na H$m\$s Omoa {X`m J`m h¡& AmO Ho$ {dH${gV Xm¡a _| Omo r Xoe H$m {Z_m©U d {dH$mg MmhVm h¡, dh AnZr {dH$mg `mÌm _| nwéfm| Ho$ gmW-gmW _{hbmAm| H$s ^mJrXmar ^r MmhVm h¡, Š`m|{H$ {H$gr ^r Xoe Ho$ {dH$mg d CÝZ{V _| nwéfm| Ho$ gmW-gmW _{hbmAm| H$s ^y{_H$m ^r ~hþV _hËdnyU© h¡ Am¡a Omo _{hbmE§ Bg ^y{_H$m _| {hñgm bo ahr h¡§ CZH$m _hËd Am¡a A{YH$ ~‹T> OmVm h¡& _{hbmE§ ^r nwéfm| H$s Vah {d{^ÝZ {d^mJ Am¡a godmAm| _| {hñgm bo H$a Xoe H$s godm H$a ahr h¡§ Am¡a AnZr loð>Vm H$mo {gÕ H$a ahr h¡§& _{hbmAm| Ho$ {bE {ejm Ho$ Ûma IwbZo go hr `h g§^d hmo gH$m h¡& ehar Am¡a J«m_rU joÌm| _|`h XoIZo H$mo {_bVm h¡ {H$ _mVm-{nVm b‹S>{H$`m| H$s Anojm AnZo b‹S>Ho$ H$mo ~ohVa {dÚmb` _| ôOVo h¡§& `hm± VH$ {H$ `{X b‹S>{H$`m| H$m ~ohVa ñHy$b _| Zm_ Am OmVm h¡ Vmo ^r CZH$mo _mVm-{nVm H$s dOh go ñHy$b N>mo‹S>Zm n‹S> OmVm h¡&

`{X _{hbmE§ nwéfm| H$s VwbZm _| AË`{YH$ {e{jV hmo OmVr h¡§ Vmo nwéfm| Ho$ Ah§H$ma H$mo MmoQ> bJVr h¡& Jar~r Ho$ H$maU ^r Á`mXmVa joÌm| _| Hw$N> _mVm-{nVm AnZo ~ƒm| H$mo {ejm Ho$ {bE AZw_{V Zht XoVo Wo& _hmË_m Á`mo{V~m \w$bo d CZHo$ gmWr Am¡a CZH$s nËZr gm{dÌr ~mB© \w$bo Ho$ Ûmam _{hbmAm| H$s {ejm Ho$ {bE H$B© Eo{Vhm{gH$ à`mg {H$E JE& nwéf H$m gånyU© OrdZ

ISSN 2348-3857


ñÌr na AmYm[aV ahVm h¡& nwéf H$s OÝ_XmÌr _{hbm hr hmoVr h¡& CgHo$ D$±M-ZrM, gwI-Xþ:I, nVZ Am¡a CËWmZ H$m gånyU© ^ma ñÌr na hr hmoVm h¡& ~ƒm O~ OÝ_ boVm h¡ CgHo$ ~mX {H$emoamdñWm _| AmZo VH$ dh A{YH$m§e _mVm Ho$ g§gJ© _| hr nbVm Am¡a ~‹T>Vm h¡&

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ISSN 2348-3857

CÝh| AÀN>o ~wao H$m kmZ Xo gH$Vr h¡, gm_m{OH$ VWm Am{W©H$ H$m`© H$aHo$ Xoe H$s àJ{V _| AnZm `moJXmZ Xo gH$Vr h¡& _{hbm gmjaVm H$s H$_r Xoe H$mo H$_Omoa ~ZmVr h¡& Bg{bE `h ~hþV Oéar h¡ {H$ _{hbmAm| H$mo CZH$s {ejm H$m hH$ {X`m OmE Am¡a CÝh| {H$gr ^r Vah go nwéfm| go H$_ Z g_Pm OmE& AmO Ho$ g_` _| ^maV _{hbm gmjaVm Ho$ _m_bo _| bJmVma àJ{V H$a ahm h¡& ^maVr` B{Vhmg _| ^r ~hmXþa _{hbmAm| H$m dU©Z {H$`m J`m h¡& g^r _{hbmE§ g_mO Ho$ {bE àoaUm H$m g«moV ahr h¡§& g_mO Am¡a Xoe Ho$ {dH$mg _| _{hbmAm| H$m {d{eï> `moJXmZ h_oem ahm h¡&

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1. e_m©, S>r. Ama., _{hbm geŠVrH$aU : dV©_mZ g_` H$s _hÎmr Amdí`H$Vm, {df` na Am`mo{OV EH$ {Xdgr` go{_Zma H$mo

gå~mo{YV H$aVo hþE, grVmam_ H$Ý`m _hm{dÚmb`, Abda, 13 AŠQy>~a 2015

2. JJ©, _§OwbVm d Hw$_ma nwZrV, _{hbm Apñ_Vm H$s MwZm¡{V`m± - EH$ {díbofU, `moOZm, _mM© 2008. n¥.g§. 67

3. e_m©, ~r.E_., ^maVr` amOZr{VH$ {dMmaH$, amdV npãboHo$eZ, O`nwa, 2005, n¥.g§. 194

4. ewZ_wJm, E_., dy_Z Bånmda_oÝQ> : am°b Am°\$ EOwHo$eZ, AmB©OoE_EgEg : dm°ë`y_- 2, g§ñH$aU- 12, n¥.g§. 84

5. _oS>b, Ho$amo{bZ, dw_Z EOwoHo$eZ EÊS> Bånmda_oÝQ>, [anm°Q>© Am°\$ X BÊQ>aZoeZb go{_Zma, `yAmB©B©, hå_~J©, 27 OZdar - 2 \$adar 1993, n¥.g§. 20

6. eoIa, {h_m§ew, n§Mm`Vr amO g§ñWmAm| _| _{hbmAm| H$s ~‹T>Vr ^mJrXmar, Hw$ê$joÌ, OZdar, 2014, n¥.g§. 18

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ISSN 2348-3857

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ISSN 2348-3857


~oMH$a gËVm na H$m{~O hmoZm Am¡a _hbm| H$m gwI ^moJZm CÝh| H$VB© ñdrH$ma Zht Wm& Bgr{bE CÝhm|Zo g§doXZm Am¡a gËVm Ho$ ~rM Ho$ ÛÝÛ H$mo AnZo JrVm| _| OJh XoH$a _mZd _yë`m| Ho$ à{V AnZr X¥‹T>Vm Am¡a AmñWm ì`ŠV H$s h¡-

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Vmo _¡§ ^r gËVm Jh boVm&

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Vmo _¡§ ^r _hbm| _| ah boVm''10

Bgr Vah AnZo H$mì` _| Zonmbr Or Zo à{VamoYmË_H$ g§ñH¥${V H$mo OÝ_ XoH$a X¥‹T>Vm Am¡a gmhg Ho$ gmW MwZm¡{V`m| go b‹S>Zo H$s gbmh XoVo h¡§& Mmho dh AmÝV[aH$ H$maUm| go hmo `m ~mh²` H$maUm| go& do ha hmbV _| à{VamoY H$mo Om`µO R>hamVo h¡§& Aqhgm R>rH$ h¡ bo{H$Z EH$ gr_m VH$& do em§{V Ho$ {bE H$~yVa C‹S>mZo H$s ~mV H$mo Im[aO H$aVo hþE 1956 _| hr gmdYmZr ~aVZo H$s gbmh XoVo hþE H$hVo h¡§-

Amo amhr {Xëbr OmZm Vmo H$hZm AnZr gaH$ma go

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dŠVì` {bImo {H$ {damoY H$amo `h ^r H$mJµO dh ^r H$mJµO

H$~ Zmd amï´> H$s nma bJr `m| H$mJO H$s nVdma go&11

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Mmbrg H$amo‹S>m| H$mo {h_mb` Zo nwH$mam&''14


ISSN 2348-3857

CZHo$ Bg JrV H$mo gwZH$a amï´>n{V Om{H$a hþg¡Z Zo H${d H$mo ~YmB© Xr Wr Am¡a H$hm Wm {H$ Bg H${dVm H$mo qhXr Am¡a CXÿ© _| N>mnH$a gmao ^maV _| ~§Q>dm XoZm Mm{hE& Hw$N> Eogm hr CZH$m EH$ Am¡a O~aXñV JrV h¡ "BZ MrZr bwQ>oam| H$mo {h_mb` go {ZH$mbmo&' gr_m g_ñ`m na Bggo AÀN>m JrV AÝ` H$moB© em`X hr hmo& AmOmXr Vmo h_Zo Aqhgm Ho$ ~b~yVo br Wr na H$ht Bgo h_mar H$_Omoar Z _mZ {b`m OmE, Zonmbr Or Bg ~mV go dm{H$\$ Wo& Bgr{bE do Bg _m_bo _| Wmo‹S>o H$R>moa Wo& ere PwH$mZm Am¡a \$[a`mX H$aZm CÝh| Jdmam Z Wm& Bgr{bE ""h¡ VmO {h_mb` Ho$ {ga na'' JrV _| do {bIVo h¡§-

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ISSN 2348-3857


Omo ^r gH$mamË_H$ ^mdZmE§ AmVr Wr dh CZH$s aMZmAm| _| gm\$ {XImB© XoVr h¡&

gÝX^© gyMr

1. Zonmbr, Jmonmb qgh, g§H${bV H${dVmE±, g§nmXH$: S>m°. Z§X{H$emoa ZÝXZ, ZoeZb ~wH$ Q´>ñQ>, ZB© {Xëbr, g§ñH$aU 2013, n¥.g§. 46

2. dhr, n¥.g§. 47

3. dhr, n¥.g§. 22

4. Zonmbr, Jmonmb qgh, am{JZr H$mì` g§J«h, amï´>r` àH$meZ _§S>b, _Nw>Am Q>mobr, nQ>Zm-4, g§ñH$aU, 1935, n¥.g§. 52

5. AmOH$b, _m{gH$ n{ÌH$m, A§H$ - Zdå~a 2011, n¥.g§. 23

6. Zonmbr, Jmonmb qgh, ZdrZ H$mì` g§J«h, nwñVH$ §S>ma, nQ>Zm-4, g§ñH$aU, 1944, n¥.g§. 1

7. AmOH$b, A§H$ - Zdå~a 2011, n¥.g§. 23

8. Zonmbr, Jmonmb qgh, g§H${bV H${dVmE±, S>m°. Z§X{H$emoa ZÝXZ, ZoeZb ~wH$ Q´>ñQ>, ZB© {Xëbr, g§ñH$aU 2013, n¥.g§. 132

9. AmOH$b, A§H$ - Zdå~a 2011, n¥.g§. 23


11. Zonmbr, Jmonmb qgh : {h_mb` Zo nwH$mam, {h_mb` àH$meZ, _bm‹S>, ~å~B© 64, g§ñH$aU 1963, n¥.g§. 74

12. AmOH$b, A§H$ - Zdå~a 2011, n¥.g§. 23

13. dhr, n¥.g§. 12

14. Zonmbr, Jmonmb qgh, {h_mb` Zo nwH$mam, {h_mb` àH$meZ, _bm‹S>, ~å~B© 64, g§ñH$aU 1963, n¥.g§. 22

15. AmOH$b, A§H$ - Zdå~a 2011, n¥.g§. 13


17. Zonmbr, Jmonmb qgh, {h_mb` Zo nwH$mam, {h_mb` àH$meZ, _bm‹S>, ~å~B© 64, g§ñH$aU 1963, n¥.g§. 91

18. AmOH$b, A§H$ - Zdå~a 2011, n¥.g§. 24


20. AmOH$b, A§H$ - Zdå~a 2011, n¥.g§. 24

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g§`wŠV amîQ´> g§K Zm Ho$db amOZr{VH$ d Am{W©H$ g§JR>Z h¡ ~pëH$ BgZ| gm_m{OH$ joÌ _| ^r _hËdnyU© ^y{_H$m {Z^mB© h¡& Jar~r na {dO` nmZm hmo `m ~mb amoOJma g^r joÌm| _| ^mJrXmar ~T>Vr Om ahr h¡& Am¡a g~go A{YH$ à`mgaV h¡ _{hbmAm| H$s gm_m{OH$, Am{W©H$ d amOZr{VH$ ^y{_H$m _| g~b H$s Am¡a n[adV©Z H$s& g`w§º$ amï´> g§K H$m ^r `h nwaOmoa à`mg h¡ {H$ _{hbmAm|, {H$emo[a`m| ImgH$a `wdm _{hbm H$s pñW{V _| gwYma hmo V^r {H$gr Xoe H$s pñW{V _| H$m`mH$ën hmo gH$Vm h¡& _{hbmAm| Ho$ Am{W©H$ geŠVrH$aU hoVw {Zdoe UN H$m à_wI CÔoí` h¡& BgHo$ gmW UN H$m _mZZm h¡ H$s g_mO _| _{hbmAm| Am¡a ~m{bH$mAm| Ho$ gmW hmoZo dmbr qhgm H$mo amoH$Zm VWm ha joÌ _o CZH$s nyU© ^JrXmar d CZHo$ ñdmñW d g§nÝVm _o ^r d¥{Õ H$aZm g~H$s g_mZ {Oå_oXmar h¡& àñVwV emoY H$m CÔoí` _{hbmAm| H$mo {díd ñVa na geº$ ~ZmZm, _{hbmAm| H$s pñW{V H$m UN O¡gr d¥hX g§ñWm Ho$ _mÜ`_ go AÜ`Z VWm UN Ûmam {H$ò Jò gOJ à`mgm| Ho$ n[aUm_ H$m _yë`m§H$Z H$aZm& àñVwV emoY nÌ _| dU©ZmV_H$ d Am§H$‹S>m| H$m à`moJ VWm {d{^ÝZ Am`moJm| H$m {díd ñVar` ^maVr` à`mgm| _| VwbZmË_H$ AÜ`Z H$m à`mg {H$`m J`m h¡&

g§Ho$Vmja … `yEZ dr_Z, BH$mogmoH$ g§ñWm, d¡pídH$ b¡§{JH$ AÝVamb gyMH$m§H$

gå_obZm| H$m Am`moOZ {H$`m, {Og_| _{hbmAm| na MVwW© gå_obZ (~rqOJ, 1995) ^r em{_b h¡& Am`moJ Bg gå_obZ Ho$ n[aUm_ñdê$n J{R>V ßboQ>\$m_© \$ma EoŠeZ Ho$ H$m`m©Ýd`Z H$s {ZJamZr H$aVm h¡&

2. _{hbm ôX^md-CÝ_ybZ g{_{V�Am{W©H$ Ed§ gm_m{OH$ {df` {d^mJ Ho$ "_{hbmAm| H$s àJ{V Ho$ {Z{_V I§S>' H$m g_W©Z H$aVr h¡& `h g{_{V _{hbmAm| Ho$ à{V g^r àH$ma Ho$ ôX^md na g§`wŠV amï´> H$Ýd|eZ Ho$ nmbZ na {ZJamZr aIVr h¡& 23 {deofkm| H$s g{_{V H$s {g\$m[aem| Zo _{hbmAm| Ho$ Am{W©H$ Ed§ gm_m{OH$ A{YH$mam|, CZHo$ amOZr{VH$ Ed§ ZmJ[aH$ A{YH$mam| Am¡a BZ A{YH$mam| Ho$ ^moJ H$mo gw{ZpíMV H$aZo dmbo gmYZm| Ho$ {df` _| ~ohVa g_P-~yP _| `moJXmZ {X`m h¡&

3. _{hbmAm| Ho$ {Z{_Îm g§`wŠV amï´> {dH$mg {Z{Y� EH$ ñd¡pÀN>H$ {Z{Y h¡ Omo _{hbmAm| Ho$ _mZdm{YH$mam|, CZHo$ Am{W©H$ VWm amOZ¡{VH$ g~brH$aU Am¡a b¡§{JH$ g_mZVm H$mo àmoËgm{hV H$aZo dmbo Zò T>§J Ho$ H$m`©H«$_m| H$mo g_W©Z Ed§ VH$ZrH$s ghm`Vm XoVr h¡& `y{Z\o$_ VrZ _w»` joÌm| _| H$m`© H$aVm h¡ :

g§`wŠV amï´> g§K Am¡a _{hbmE± …dV©_mZ n[aX¥í`S>m°. a§OZm JJ©

gh AmMm`©, amOZr{V {dkmZamOH$s` H$bm _hm{dÚmb`, Xm¡gm (amOñWmZ)


ISSN 2348-3857


• CÚ{_`m| VWm CËnmXH$m| Ho$ ê$n _| _{hbmAm| H$s Am{W©H$ j_Vm H$mo _O~yV ~ZmZm;

• emgZ, ZoV¥Ëd Am¡a {ZU©` à{H«$`m _| _{hbmAm| H$s ^mJrXmar ~T>mZm;

• {dH$mg H$mo A{YH$ g_mZVmnyU© ~ZmZo Ho$ {bE _{hbmAm| Ho$ _mZdm{YH$mam| H$mo ~T>mdm XoZm&

`wZr\o$_ gm¡ go A{YH$ Xoem| _| _{hbmAm| H$mo AnZo Am¡a AnZo n[adma H$s qOXJr H$s JwUdVm H$mo CÝZV ~ZmZo Ho$ {bE ghm`Vm Xo ahm h¡& h _{hbmAm| H$mo bm^ nhþ§MmZo dmbo ZdmM[aV H$m`©H«$_m| H$m g_W©Z H$aVm h¡ VWm _{hbmAm| H$s nhbm| H$mo àË`j VH$ZrH$s Ed§ Am{W©H$ g_W©Z XoVm h¡& `h _{hbmAm| H$mo ~ohVa AmMma-ì`dhmam| Am¡a AnZo {d{dY H$m`©H«$_m| H$s g\$bVm-Ag\$bVm go grIo Jò nmR>m| Ho$ gå~ÝY _| gyMZm àXmZ H$aVm h¡&

4. pñÌ`m| H$s àJ{V Ho$ {Z{_Îm AÝVam©ï´>r` emoY Ed§ à{ejU g§ñWmZ�pñÌ`m| H$s àJ{V Ed§ 21dt gXr Ho$ gyMZm g_mO _| CZH$s nhþ§M Ho$ g_W©Z _| moJXmZ Ho$ {bE Z`r gyMZm Am¡a g§Mma àm¡Úmo{J{H$`m| H$m Cn`moJ H$a emoY Ed§ à{ejU H$m H$m`© H$aVm h¡&

`h g_mXoe 1999 _| Cg g_` {dñVm[aV {H$`m J`m O~ _hmg^m Zo BÝñQ´>m H$s Z`r H$m`©nÕ{V Ho$ ê$n _| b¡§{JH$ OmJê$H$Vm gyMZm VWm ZoQ>d{H©§$J àUmbr (O|S>a AdoàZog BÝ\$m°_}eZ E|S> ZoQ>d{H©§$J {gñQ>_- OrEAmB©EZEg- J|g) H$s ñWmnZm H$s nw{ï> H$s&

_{hbmAm| go gå~pÝYV {díd gå_obZ

àW_ {díd _{hbm gå_obZ

(1) àW_ {díd _{hbm gå_obZ�àW_ AÝVam©ï´>r` _{hbm gå_obZ g§`wŠV amï´> g§K H$m _{hbm H$ë`mU Ho$ {bE àW_ à`mg Wm& Bg à`mg Ho$ gmW hr _{hbm g_mO _| AnZo CËWmZ Ho$ {bE OmJê$H$Vm n¡Xm hmo JB©& _¡pŠgH$mo {gQ>r _| df© 1975 _| 19 OyZ go 2 OwbmB© Ho$ ~rM hþE àW_ AÝVam©ï´>r` _{hbm gå_obZ _| AZoH$ Xoem| Ho$ gaH$mar à{V{Z{Y`m| Zo mJ {b`m& Bg gå_obZ H$s _hËdnyU© CnbpãY `h ahr {H$ g§`wŠV amï´> g§K H$s _hmg^m Ûmam df© 1976 H$mo AÝVam©ï´>r` _{hbm df© Am¡a 1975-84 XeH$ H$mo _{hbm XeH$ Kmo{fV {H$`m J`m Ed§ _{hbmAm| Ho$ H$ë`mU Ho$ {bE àW_ n§Mdfu` `moOZm ~ZmB© JB©& Bg gå_obZ _| ñÌr {ejm, _{hbmAm| Ho$ {bE amoOJma Ho$ Adga ~T>mZo, qbJ ôX^md {_Q>mZo, Zr{V {ZYm©aU _| _{hbmAm| H$mo em{_b H$aZo, g_mZ amOZr{VH$, gm_m{OH$ Ed§ ZmJ[aH$ A{YH$ma XoZo, Am{X Ho$ {bE KmofZmE§ H$s JB©&

(2) {ÛVr` {díd _{hbm gå_obZ�àW_ AÝVam©ï´>r` _{hbm gå_obZ _| ~ZmB© JB© àW_ n§Mdfu` moOZm Ho$ _yë`m§H$Z Ho$ {bE Am¡a AJbo nm§M dfm] Ho$ {bE moOZm ~ZmZo Ho$ {bE H$monoZhoJZ _| df© 1980 _| 14 OwbmB© go 31 OwbmB© VH$ {ÛVr` {díd _{hbm gå_obZ Am`mo{OV hþAm& Bg gå_obZ _| amï´>r` ñVa na {ZåZ bú` aIo JE :

• AJbo nm§M dfm] Ho$ {bE JwUmË_H$ Ed§ g§»`mË_H$ bú` {ZYm©[aV H$aZm;

• _{hbmAm| Ho$ {bE Eogo H$m`m©b`-H$j `m Am`moJ ~ZmZm {OZH$m _{hbmAm| go gå~ÝY hmo;

• amOZr{V d {ZU©` à{H«$`m _| _{hbmAm| H$mo H$mZyZZ ^mJrXma ~ZmZm;

• g_mMma _mÜ`_ Ûmam g_ñ`mAm| Ed§ _wX²Xm| H$mo noe H$aZo Ho$ VarH$m| na AÜ``Z H$aZm Ed§ CZ_o§ gwYma H$aZm;

• gaH$mar Ed§ J¡a-gaH$mar g§JR>Zm| Ho$ ~rM gh`moJ ñWm{nV H$aZm;

• nyU© gm_m{OH$ Ed§ Am{W©H$ {dH$mg Ho$ {bE g^r H$mo emar[aH$ Ed§ _mZ{gH$ ñdmñÏ` gå~ÝYr godmE§ CnbãY H$amZm Ed§ à{ejU VWm {ejU Ho$ ñVa na g^r H$mo ~T>moVar H$m XOm© XoZm, Am{X&

(3) V¥Vr` {díd _{hbm gå_obZ�Z¡amo~r _| df© 1985 _| 15 go 26 OwbmB© Ho$ ~rM hþE V¥Vr` {díd _{hbm gå_obZ _| g§`wŠV amï´> g§K Ho$ 124 Xoem| Ûmam àñVwV H$s JB© [anmoQ>m] go kmV hþAm {H$ _{hbm XeH$ go {ZpíMV {H$E JE bú`m| H$mo àmá H$aZo _| Am§{eH$ g\$bVm hr àmá hþB© Am¡a `h VÏ` àË`j ê$n go gm_Zo Am`m {H$ AZoH$ Xoem| _| _{hbmAm| H$m XOm© nwéfm| H$s Anojm {ZåZ h¡, Omo EH$ {dídñVar` O{Q>b gm_m{OH$ g_ñ`m h¡& Z¡amo~r _| _{hbmAm| H$mo AmJo ~T>mZo Ho$ {bE à{V{Z{Y _ÊS>bmo§ Zo -Z¡amo~r àJ{Verb aUZr{V`m|' H$m à{VnmXZ {H$`m& Bg XñVmdoO H$mo g§`wŠV amï´> g§K Ho$ 124 gXñ` Xoem| H$s [anmoQ>© Ho$ AmYma na ~Zm`m J`m& Bg XñVmdoO _| df© 2000 VH$ _{hbmAm| H$s àJ{V Ho$ joÌ _| H$m_ {H$E OmZo H$s J{V{d{Y`m| d aUZr{V`m| H$m T>m§Mm V¡`ma {H$`m J`m&

(4) MVwW© {díd _{hbm gå_obZ�noBqMJ _| 4 go 15 {gVå~a, 1995 VH$ MbZo dmbo MVwW© {díd _{hbm gå_obZ _o§ g§`wŠV amï´> g§K Ho$ 185 gXñ` Xoem| Ho$ à{V{Z{Y`m| Zo ^mJ {b`m, {OZH$mo nam_e© XoZo H$m A{YH$ma Wm&


ISSN 2348-3857

Bg gå_obZ H$s V¡`mar H$s {Oå_oXmar "g§`wŠV amï´> g§K' Ûmam J{R>V _{hbmAm| H$s pñW{V Am`moJ' H$mo Xr JB© Am¡a BgH$m àñVmd g{Mdmb` (ßboQ>\$m_© \$m°a EŠeZ) Zo V¡`ma {H$`m {OgH$mo ApÝV_ ñdrH¥${V Ho$ {bE BH$mogmoH$ Am¡a g§`wŠV amï´> g§K H$s _hmg^m Ho$ gå_wI aIm J`m&

noBqMJ {díd _{hbm gå_obZ 1995 Ho$ _w»` CX²Xoí` h¡ :

• g_mO _| Eogr pñW{V n¡Xm H$aZm {Oggo _{hbmAm| H$mo AmJo ~T>Zo _| àmoËgmhZ {_bo;

• à{V{Z{Y _ÊS>bm| H$s àJ{Verb aUZr{V`m| H$s CnbpãY`m| H$m nwZamdbmoH$Z H$aZm;

• _{hbmAm| H$mo g_W© ~ZmZo Ho$ {bE `moOZmE§ ~ZmZm&

• 21dt gXr H$s d¡km{ZH$, VH$ZrH$s, Am{W©H$ Ed§ amOZr{VH$ {dH$mg gå~ÝYr MwZm¡{V`m| Am¡a Oê$aVm| H$m gm_Zm H$aZo Ho$ {bE gmYZ CnbãY H$amZm;

• Eogr H$m`© `moOZm H$s ê$naoIm ~ZmZm {Oggo "Z¡amo~r-àJ{Verb aUZr{V`m|' H$mo bmJy {H$`m Om gHo$&

(5) Mm¡Wo {díd _{hbm gå_obZ (~rqOJ 1995) _| 189 gaH$mam| Ho$ à{V{Z{Y`m| Zo ~rqOJ KmofUm Am¡a H$m`©_§M H$m AZw_moXZ {H$`m {OgH$m CX²Xoí` gmd©O{ZH$ Ed§ {ZOr OrdZ Ho$ g^r joÌm| _| _{hbmAm| Ho$ `moJXmZ _| AmZo dmbr ~mYmE± g_má H$aZm h¡&

gå_obZ _| {ZåZ joÌm| Ho$ {bE {\$H«$ H$s JB© :-

• å{hbmAm| na {ZaÝVa ~‹T>Vm ~moP;

• {ejm Ho$ Ag_mZ VWm An`m©á Adga;

• ñdmñÏ` H$s pñW{V _| Ag_mZVm Am¡a Ag_mZ VWm An`m©á ñdmñÏ` gw{dYmE§;

• å{hbmAm| Ho$ à{V AË`mMma;

• g§Kf© H$m _{hbmAm| na à^md;

• Am{W©H$ T>m§Mm| Am¡a Zr{V`m| H$s n[a^mfm VWm CËnmXZ à{H«$`m _| _{hbmAm| H$m Ag_mZ `moJXmZ;

• A{YH$mam| Am¡a {ZU©` à{H«$`m _o§ Ag_mZVm&

• _{hbm CËWmZ H$mo ~T>mdm XoZo H$m An`m©á V§Ì;

• AÝVam©ï´>r` Am¡a amï´>r` ñVa na _mÝ` _{hbm _mZdm{YH$mam| Ho$ à{V OmJê$H$Vm Am¡a {Zð>m H$m A^md;

• g_mO _| _{hbmAm| Ho$ `moJXmZ H$mo àMm[aV H$aZo _| OZg§Mma _mÜ`_m| H$s An`m©á ^y{_H$m;

• àmH¥${VH$ g§gmYZm| Ho$ à~ÝYZ Am¡a n`m©daU Ho$ g§ajU _| _{hbmAm| Ho$ `moJXmZ Ho$ à{V An`m©á _mÝ`Vm Ed§ An`m©á g_W©Z&

~m{bH$m df© 2000 _| _hmg^m Ho$ {deof A{YdoeZ _| H$B© Xoem| Zo H$B© Z`r nhb| H$aZo H$m g§H$ën {b`m, O¡go- ha àH$ma H$s Kaoby qhgm Ho$ pIbm\$ H$mZyZr ì`dñWm _O~yV ~ZmZm, Am¡a H$_ Am`w _| {ddmh VWm _{hbm IVZm H$aZo O¡go OKÝ` H$m`m] na amoH$ bJmZo Ho$ {bE gj_ H$mZyZr ì`dñWm H$amZm& b‹S>H$m| Am¡a b‹S>{H$`m|, XmoZm| Ho$ {bE _wâV A{Zdm`© {ejm XoZo Am¡a ñdmñÏ` H$s XoI^mb Am¡a {ZdmaH$ H$m`©H«$_m| H$mo àMm[aV H$aHo$ _{hbmAm| H$m ñdmñÏ` gwYmaZo Ho$ CX²Xoí` go bú` {ZYm©[aV {H$ò Jò h¡&

`y EZ {d_Z

g§`wŠV amï´> g§K H$s _hmg^m Zo {díd _| _{hbmAm| H$s g_mZVm d gwX¥T>Vm Ho$ _wX²Xo Ho$ Am¡a A{YH$ _O~yV H$aZo Ho$ {bE 3 OwbmB© 2010 H$mo EH$ EOoÝgr Ho$ ê$n _| ñdrH¥${V Xr& Bg {ZH$m` Ho$ `yEZ {d_Z Ho$ Zm_ go OmZm OmEoJm& g§`wŠV amï´> g§K Ho$ ê$n _| `yEZ {d_Z H$mo OZdar 2011 go {H«$`merb {H$`m J`m& `y EZ {d_Z H$mo g§`wŠV amï´> g§ñWm Ho$ ê$n _| ñWm{nV H$aZo H$m ~OQ> 50 H$amo‹S> S>m°ba aIm J`m h¡& g§ñWm H$m _w»`mb` Ý`y`mH©$_| aIm J`m h¡& Bgo Bg àH$ma go {dH${gV {H$E OmZo H$m bú` aIm J`m h¡ {H$ `h d¡pídH$, joÌr` Ed§ ñWmZr` ñVa na gånyU© _{hbm OJV H$s AmdmO dZ gHo$& g§`wŠV amï´> g§K _§| _{hbm {dH$mg Ho$ joÌ _| H$m`©aV dV©_mZ _| g§`wŠV amï´> Ho$ Mma g§JR>Z "`y EZ S>dbn_oÝQ> \$ÊS> \$m°a {d_Z, "{S>drOZ \$m°a ES>dm§g_oÝQ> Am°\$ {d_Z, "X Am°{\$g Am\$ X ñnoeb ES>dmBOa Am°Z OoÝS>a Bí`yO' Am¡a "X `y EZ BÝQ>aZoeZb [agM© EÊS> Q´>oqZJ BÝñQ>rQ²>`yQ> \$m°a X ES>dmÝg_oÝQ> Am°\$ {d_Z' H$m ZB© EoOoÝgr _| {db` H$a {X`m J`m h¡&

EH$ g§`wŠV amï´> g§ñWm Ho$ ê$n _| `y EZ {d_Z Ho$ {ZåZ{bpIV CX²Xoí` h¡ :

• {díd go _{hbmAm| Ed§ b‹S>{H$`m| Ho$ à{V hmoZo dmbo ôX^md H$mo {_Q>mZm&

• _{hbmAm| H$m geŠVrH$aU H$aZm&

• _{hbm Ed§ nwéf H$mo A{^^mdH$ Ho$ ê$n _| g_mZ XOm© {XbdmZm& _{hbmAm| H$mo {dH$mg, _mZdm{YH$ma, _mZdr` H$m`m], gwajm Ed§ empÝV Ho$ joÌ _| g_mZ ê$n go _XX H$aZm&

ISSN 2348-3857


`y EZ {d_Z H$mo g§`wŠV amï´> g§K Ûmam {ZåZ{bpIV joÌm| _| _w»` ^y{_H$m Xr JB© h¡ :

• AÝV©gaH$mar g§ñWmAm| O¡go {H$ "H$_reZ AmZ X ñQ>oQ²>g {d_Z' H$mo CZHo$ Ûmam Zr{V {Z_m©U, AÝVam©ï´>r` _mZH$m| Am¡a {Z`_m| Ho$ gå~ÝY _| g^r àH$ma H$m gh`moJ àXmZ H$aZm&

• gXñ` amÁ`mo§ H$mo AÝVam©ï´>r` _mZH$m| Ho$ {H«$`mÝd`Z _| _XX H$aZm; gXñ` amÁ`m| H$mo VH$ZrH$s Ed§ ha gå^d {dÎmr` ghm`Vm H$aZm&

• g§`wŠV amï´> g§ñWm Ho$ ê$n _o§ g§`wŠV amï´> g§K Ho$ qbJ g_mZVm Ho$ {gÕmÝVm| Ho$ à{V dMZ~ÕVm H$mo nyU© H$aZm VWm g§JR>Z H$s gånyU© ì`dñWm Ed§ à{H«$`mAm| na {ZJamZr aIZm&

• df© 2011 _| `yEZ {d_Z _| ^maV H$mo gXñ` ~Zm`m J`m h¡& `y EZ {d_Z Ûmam à{V df© 8 _mM© H$mo AÝVam©ï´>r` _{hbm {Xdg Ho$ ê$n _o§ _Zm`m OmVm h¡& 8 _mM© 2011 H$mo `h {Xdg AÝVam©ï´>r` _{hbm {Xdg H$s 100dt df©Jm§R> Ho$ ê$n _| _Zm`m J`m& Bgo àW_ dma Am°pñQ´>`m, So>Z_mH©$, O_©Zr d pñdQ²>Oab¡ÊS> Ûmam 19 _mM©, 1911 H$mo _Zm`m J`m Wm&

{ZîH$f©

dV©_mZ _| _{hbmAm| Ho$ {bE Mhþ§ Amoa go à`mg {H$E Om aho h¢ dh Mmho amï´>r` g§ñWm hmo `m AÝVam©ï´>r`& `yEZ {d_Z Zo ^r ~hþV go à`mgm| Ûmam Mmho dh {díd _{hbm gå_obZ hmo `m `y EZ {d_Z

O¡go g§ñWm BZHo$ _mÜ`_ go à`mg Omar h¡& bo{H$Z A^r AZoH$ joÌ h¢ Ohm± A^r Am¡a Ü`mZ Ho$pÝÐV H$aZo H$s Amdí`H$Vm h¡ O¡go {díd go _{hbmAm| Ed§ b‹S>{H$`m| Ho$ à{V hmoZo dmbo ôX^md H$mo {_Q>mZm, _{hbmAm| H$m geŠVrH$aU H$aZm' _{hbm Ed§ nwéf H$mo A{^^mdH$ Ho$ ê$n _| g_mZ XOm© {XbdmZm, _{hbmAm| H$mo {dH$mg, _mZdm{YH$ma, _mZdr` H$m`m], gwajm Ed§ empÝV Ho$ joÌ _| g_mZ ê$n go _XX H$aZm& BZHo$ {~Zm AmYr Xþ{Z`m H$s AmOmXr, g_mZVm d ñdVÝÌVm Xmdm AYyam h¡&

gÝX^© J«ÝW gyMr

1. \${‹S>`m, S>m°. ~r.Eb. Ed§ \${‹S>`m, S>m°. Hw$bXrn, AÝVaamï´>r` gå~ÝY, gm{hË` ^dZ npãbHo$eÝg, AmJam, 2018

2. Mm¡a{g`m, amYoí`m_, g§`wŠV amï´> g§K, AQ>bm§{Q>H$ npãbHo$eÝg àmBdoQ> {b{_Q>oS>, ZB© {Xëbr

3. ZÝXbmb, _hoÝÐ Hw$_ma, AÝVamï´>r` amOZr{V Ho$ g¡ÕmpÝVH$ nj, {edbmb AJ«dmb EÊS> H$ånZr nwñVH$ àH$meZ, AmJam

4. ^grZ, AZre, AÝVamï´>r` g§JR>Z, à^mV àH$meZ, 2017

5. ~aobdr, ào_, g§`wº$ amï´> X{bV _{hbmAm| H$m CËnr‹S>Z, \$m°adS©> àog gmám{hH$s, 2018

6. S>m°. M§ÐeoIa, __Vm, _mZdm{YH$ma Am¡a _{hbmE±, _Ü`àXoe {hÝXr J«§W AH$mX_r, ^monmb

7. qgh, E.E_.Ho$., Ed§ Hw$_ma, AmewVmof, g§`wº$ amï´>, H$ënZm npãbHo$eÝg E§S> {S>ñQ´>rã`yQ>g©, {Xëbr, 2003

8. ^m{Q>`m, A§Oy, _{hbmAm| H$m CËWmZ d J¡a gaH$mar g§KQ>Z g§ñWm, amdV npãbHo$eÝg, O`nwa, 2016

àñVmdZm

AmYw{ZH$ g_` _| EH$ amÁ` H$s g\$bVm Am¡a Ag\$bVm H$m _w»` AmYma CgH$s bmoH$ godmAm| Ho$ gXñ`m| Ho$ M[aÌ, `mo½`Vm Am¡a OZ g_ñ`mAm| H$s CZH$s g_P na {Z^©a H$aVm h¡ {OZH$m {H$ g_mYmZ H$aZo Ho$ {bE Cgo {ZaÝVa à`ËZerb hmoZm n‹S>Vm h¡ gmW hr àemgZ Ho$ g§MmbZ _| bmoH$ godmAm| Ho$ gXñ`m| H$m _hËd Bg{bE ^r ~‹T> OmVm h¡ Š`m|{H$ Ohm± OZ à{V{Z{Y AnZo _| OZVm Ho$ {dídmg VH$ hr AnZo nX na ~Zo ahVo h¡§ dhm§ bmoH$ godmAm| Ho$ gXñ` CZH$s VwbZm _| A{YH$ ñWm{`Ëd, Am¡a emgZ _| {ZaÝVaVm Am¡a J{VerbVm H$mo ~Zmò aIVo h¡&

g§K H$m AmYma ñVå^ : bmoH$ godmE§

ApIb maVr` bmoH$ godmAm| Ho$ ñWmnZ Am¡a {Z`_Z Ho$ gå~ÝY _| gm§{dYm{ZH$ X¥{ï> go {Og Vah Ho$ÝÐ H$mo CÎmaXm`r ~Zm`m

emoY gmam§e

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g§Ho$Vmja … ApIb ^maVr` godm, g§KmË_H$ ì`dñWm, Ho$ÝÐdmX, amÁ` ñdm`ÎmVm, Ho$ÝÐ-amÁ` g§~§Y

J`m h¡ Cggo `h ñnï> h¡ {H$ g§{dYmZ {Z_m©VmAm| Ûmam CÝh| amÁ` ñdm`ÎmVm Ho$ g§Kr` {gÕm§V Ho$ {déÕ Ho$ÝÐdmX Ho$ EH$ gwX¥‹T> AmYma ñVå^ Ho$ ê$n _| ñWm{nV {H$`m J`m h¡& ApIb ^maVr` godmAm| H$s `h Ho$ÝÐrH¥$V ì`dñWm h_mao g§KmË_H$ T>m±Mo H$mo AÝ` g§KmË_H$ T>m±Mm| H$s VwbZm _| A{YH$ EH$Vm~Õ Am¡a gwX¥‹T> ~ZmòJr& ApIb ^maVr` godmE± AnZo ñd^md go hr amï´>r` EH$sH$aU Am¡a gm_§Oñ`Vm Ho$ {bE Cn`moJr ahr h¡§& bmoH$ godmE± Xoe Ho$ àemgZ Ho$ _w»` joÌm| _| EH$ê$nVm Am¡a gm_mÝ` _mnXÊS>m| H$s ñWmnZm g§^d ~ZmVr h¡§& do hr amÁ` _| Eogo A{YH$m[a`m| H$s EH$ Cƒ loUr {Z{_©V H$aVr h¡§ Omo AnZr ApIb ^maVr` godmAm| H$s gXñ`Vm H$s dOh go Ho$ÝÐr` joÌm{YH$ma _| AmZo Ho$ H$maU amÁ` gaH$mam| H$mo nam_e© XoZo _| A{YH$ ñdV§ÌVm H$m AZw^d H$aVo h¡§ AV: do amï´>r` {hV Am¡a amï´>r` X¥{ï>H$moU Ho$ AZwgma H$m`© H$aZo _| A{YH$ g_W© hmoVo h¡§&1

bmoH$ godmAm| Ho$ H$m`©H$aU H$m g§K na à^md VWm g§K H$s H$m`©àUmbr H$m bmoH$ godmAm| na à^mdS>m°. à{V_m H$m¡{eH$

ghm`H$ AmMm`©, bmb ~hmXþa emñÌr nr.Or. H$m°boO, O`nwa (amOñWmZ)


ISSN 2348-3857


g§nyU© Xoe Ho$ àemgZ _| g_Vm Am¡a EH$sH¥$V X¥{ï>H$moU H$s ñWmnZm H$s X¥{ï> go {ZpíMV ê$n go bmoH$ godmAm| H$m ~hþV _hËd h¡& Xoe _| g§KmË_H$ ì`dñWm Ho$ gmW g§gXr` bmoH$V§Ì Ho$ H$m`©aV hmoZo Ho$ H$maU EH$ hr g_` _| Ho$ÝÐ Am¡a amÁ`m| _| {^ÝZ-{^ÝZ amOZr{VH$ Xbm| H$s gaH$mam| H$m {Z_m©U g§^d hr Zht dmñV{dH$Vm h¡& AV: Eogr pñW{V _| bmoH$ godmAm| H$m Xj hmoZm hr Zht daZ² VQ>ñW hmoZm ^r Amdí`H$ h¡& Eogm hmoZo na hr CZHo$ Ûmam {Zanoj ^md go, Omo ^r amOZr{VH$ Xb gÎmmê$‹T> hmoZo _| g\$bVm àmá H$a|, CZH$s Zr{V`m| Am¡a H$m`©H«$_m| H$mo H$m`©ê$n _| n[a{UV {H$`m Om gH$Vm h¡&

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bmoH$ godmE§ : g§KmË_H$ ì`dñWm H$s ajm H$dM

ApIb ^maVr` bmoH$ godm Zo ^maVr` g§K ì`dñWm Ho$ ñdê$n H$mo à^m{dV {H$`m h¡, Š`m|{H$ Zm¡H$aemhr H$m g§JR>Z EH$mË_H$ AmYma na {H$`m J`m h¡& Ho$ÝÐr` gaH$ma Am¡a àmXo{eH$ gaH$mam| Ho$ àemg{ZH$ A{YH$mH$ar ApIb ^maVr` ñVa na {Z`{wŠV {H$E OmVo h¡§ Am¡a CÝh| Amdí`H$VmZwgma {Obm àemgZ, amÁ` g{Mdmb` `m Ho$ÝÐr` g{Mdmb` Ho$ àemg{ZH$ Xm{`Ëd gm¡§no Om gH$Vo h¡& ApIb ^maVr` godmAm| H$s ghm`Vm go hr Ho$ÝÐr` gaH$ma àmXo{eH$ àemgZ na r n`m©á {Z`ÝÌU aIVr h¡& ApIb ^maVr` godmE± g§K ì`dñWm Ho$ {gÕ§mV H$m Cëb§KZ H$aVr h¡ VWm amÁ`m| H$s ñdV§ÌVm na AmKmV H$aVr ho& Bgr H$maU 1924 _o§ br Am`moJ Ho$ {g\$m[ae Ho$ AmYma na A{YH$m§e godmAm| H$mo ^§J H$a {X`m J`m Wm& ApIb ^maVr` godmAm| H$m`© Vmo amÁ`m| _| H$aVr h¡§ naÝVw CZH$s ^Vu Am¡a CZH$m à{ejU Ho$ÝÐr` gaH$ma Ûmam {H$`m OmVm h¡ Am¡a dhr BZ godmAm| H$m amÁ`dma {dVaU H$aVr h¡ Am¡a CZH$mo AnZo {Z`§ÌU _| aIVr h¡& {OgHo$ H$maU amÁ`m| H$s gaH$ma| Am¡a _§Ìr CZH$mo AnZo {Z`§ÌU _| Zhr aI nmVo&

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ApIb ^maVr` godm`| ^maV Ho$ g_W©Z Ed§ EH$Vm H$s àm{á Ho$ CnH$aU h¡§& do emgZ Ho$ Hw$N> _hËdnyU© joÌm| _| Xoeâ _| EH$ hr à{V_mZ ñWm{nV H$aZo _| ghm`H$ hmoVr h¡§& BZ godmAm| Ho$ Ûmam Hw$N> Eogo X¥‹T> {dMmam| dmbo àm{YH$mar amÁ`m| _o§ Am OmVo h¡§ Omo Ho$ÝÐ Ho$ joÌm{YH$ma _| AmZo dmbr godm Ho$ gXñ` hmoZo Ho$ H$maU {ZûH$ hmoH$a amï´> Ho$ {hV H$mo X¥{ï>JV aIVo hþE ñdV§ÌVmnyd©H$ H$m`© H$aVo h¡§& AV: ñnï> h¡ {H$ Ohm± VH$ A{YH$ ^maVr` godmAm| _| H$m`©aV gXñ`m| na {Z`§ÌU H$m àíZ h¡ Ho$ÝÐ nyU©V: AeŠV h¡, O~{H$ godm do amÁ`m| _| H$aVo h¡§& Bg pñW{V Ho$ H$maU do A{YH$ ñdV§ÌVm Ho$ gmW amÁ` gaH$mam| H$mo nam_e© Xo gH$Vo h¡ bo{H$Z BgH$m Xÿgam nj ^r h¡ Omo amÁ` gaH$mam| Ho$ {bE H$m\$s naoemZr n¡Xm H$a XoVm h¡& Ho$ÝÐr` {Z`§ÌU _o§ hmoZo Ho$ H$maU do MmhZo na amÁ` gaH$mam| Ho$ AmXoem| H$m Cëb§KZ hr Zht daZ² CZHo$ {dê$Õ H$m`© ^r H$a gH$Vo h¡§ Am¡a Bg Vah amÁ` emgZ g§MmbZ _| J{VamoY CËnÝZ H$a gH$Vo h¡§& Bg Vah Eogo A{YH$mar {OÝh| Ho$ÝÐ H$m g§ajU àmá hmo, amÁ` gaH$mam| Ho$ {bE naoemZr n¡Xm H$a gH$Vo h¡§& g§KmË_H$ AmYma na amÁ` gaH$mam| Ho$ g\$b g§MmbZ Ho$ {bE `h ~hþV Cn`wŠV pñW{V Zht h¡§&

bmoH$ godmAm| na g§Kr` {Z`§ÌU

ApIb ^maVr` godmAm| Ho$ ê$n _| Ho$ÝÐ gaH$ma H$s H$Q>ma h_oem CZH$s nrR> na VZr ahVr h¡ Omo CÝh| amÁ` ñdm`ÎmVm Ho$ {dMma H$mo N>mo‹S>H$a Ho$ÝÐ Ho$ ê$I Ho$ AZwgma H$m`© H$aZo Ho$ {bE {ZaÝVa


ISSN 2348-3857

~mÜ` H$aVr ahVr h¡& AV: g§KmË_H$ emgZ H$s g\$bVm Ho$ {bE Amdí`H$Vm h¡ ApIb ^maVr` godmAm| Ho$ gXñ`m| na Ho$ÝÐ H$m {Z`§ÌU H$_ {H$`m OmZo H$s Am¡a amÁ`m| H$m {Z`§ÌU ~‹T>mò OmZo VWm Cgo {ZUm©`H$ ~Zmò OmZo H$s& Bg CÔoí` H$s àm{á Ho$ {bE Bg ~mV H$s ì`dñWm H$s OmZr Mm{hE {H$ EH$ amÁ` {deof _| H$m`©aV ApIb ^maVr` bmoH$ godm Ho$ gXñ`m| Ho$ H$m`© Ho$ _yë`m§H$Z Ho$ g§~§Y _| Cg amÁ` H$s gaH$ma H$s amÁ` H$mo hr ApÝV_ _mZm Omò Am¡a Cgr Ho$ AmYma na CZH$s ^{dî` H$s nXmoÝZ{V `m AdZ{V Ho$ g§~§Y _o§ Ho$ÝÐ Ûmam {ZU©` {H$`m Omò& Eogr ì`dñWm {H$ò OmZo na Ho$ÝÐr` bmoH$ godm Ho$ A{YH$mar amÁ` gaH$ma Ho$ AmXoem|§ H$mo A{YH$ gå_mZ H$s X¥{ï> go hr Zht XoI|Jo daZ² CZH$m nmbZ H$aZm ^r AnZm na_ H$V©ì` _mZ|Jo, Š`m|{H$ A§VV: CgH$s am` hr CZHo$ ^{dî` H$m A§{V_ {ZU©` H$aZo dmbr hmoJr, gmW hr Bg ì`dñWm H$m EH$ AÝ` AÀN>m à^md `h hmoJm {H$ CZHo$ Am¡a amÁ` godm Ho$ gXñ`m| Ho$ ~rM H$m`m©Ë_H$ g§~§Y A{YH$ g§Vw{bV Am¡a à^mdyU© hmo gHo$Jm Am¡a do XmoZm| loð>Vm Am¡a hrZVm H$s ^mdZm go _wŠV hmoH$a EH$ gwg§J{R>V Xb H$s Vah go amÁ` Ho$ {dH$mg H$m`m] H$s ny{V© _| AnZm `moJXmZ Xo gHo§$Jo& `{X ApIb ^maVr` godmAm| Ho$ g§JR>Z, g§MmbZ Am¡a {Z`_Z Ho$ g§~§Y _| BZ gwwPmdm| H$mo H$m`m©pÝdV {H$`m Omò Vmo Eogr hmbV _| ^maVr` g§KmË_H$ ì`dñWm _| Bg X¥{ï> go CËnÝZ CZ VZmd ñWbm| H$m CÝ_ybZ {H$`m Om gH$Vm h¡ Omo Ho$ÝÐ-amÁ` g§~§Ym| Ho$ ñdê$n H$mo {dH¥$V Am¡a H$_Omoa ~Zm aho h¡§& g§KmË_H$ ì`dñWm H$s à^mdnyU©Vm Am¡a gwX¥‹T>Vm Ho$ {bE `h Amdí`H$ h¡ {H$ g§Vw{bV ê$n go CZHo$ XmoZm| njm|, Ho$ÝÐdmX Am¡a amÁ` ñdm`Îmm H$mo gwX¥‹T> ~Zm`m Omò Am¡a CZ_| Bg Vah g_Ýd` ñWm{nV {H$`m Omò {Oggo {H$ do nañna {damoYr ê$n _| H$m`© H$aZo Ho$ ~Om` EH$ Xÿgao Ho$ nyaH$ Ho$ ê$n _| H$m`© H$a gH|$ Am¡a g§K _| Cg g_agVm Am¡a EH$ê$nVm H$mo CËnÝZ H$a gH|$ Omo ñdm^m{dH$ ê$n go {d{dYVm _| EH$Vm H$m gƒm àVrH$ Am¡a {~å~ àñVwV H$aZo dmbr hmo&

AV: ApIb ^maVr` godmAm| H$mo Ho$db Ho$ÝÐdmX Ho$ gmYZ Ho$ ê$n _| amÁ` ñdm`ÎmVm H$mo gr{_V H$aZo Ho$ CÔoí` go hr à`wŠV Zht {H$`m OmZm Mm{hE daZ² CZH$m Bg Vah go à`moJ {H$`m OmZm Mm{hE {OZgo {H$ amÁ` ñdm`Îmm nwï> hmo gHo$ Am¡a Cgr nwï>Vm H$m ñdm^m{dH$ n[aUm_ Ho$ÝÐ H$s nwï>Vm Ho$ ê$n _| àH$Q> hmo gHo$& ApIb ^maVr` godmAm| Ho$ {Z`§ÌU Ho$ àíZ na {ddmX godmAm| Ho$ OÝ_ go hr ahm h¡ Am¡a {deofH$a N>R>o XeH$ Ho$ _Ü` go Vmo `h Am¡a ^r ~‹T> J`m h¡& Am_Vm¡a na amÁ` gaH$mam| Ûmam ApIb ^maVr` godmAm| H$s AmbmoMZm H$m AmYma godmAm| H$s

CZHo$ à{V H$_Omoa à{V~ÕVm ahr h¡ Am¡a Bg A{^bjU H$mo BZ goodmAm| na amÁ`m| Ho$ {Z`§ÌU H$s H$_r H$mo hr _mZm OmVm ahm h¡& ApIb ^maVr` godmAm| na {Z`§ÌU Am¡a Eogm H$aZo Ho$ VarHo$ Ed§ `mpÝÌH$Ëd na BZ godmAm| Ho$ ~ZZo Ho$ g_` MMm© H$s JB© Wr Am¡a Cg g_` _V¡Š` `h Wm {H$ amÁ`m| H$mo A{YH$V_ ñdm`Îmm Xo Xr OmE& 1946 Ho$ àmÝVr` àYmZ_§{Ì`m| Ho$ gå_obZ H$m PwH$md àmÝVm| H$s Amoa Wm, Š`m|{H$ ApIb ^maVr` godmAm| Ho$ ~mao _| BgHo$ A{YH$Va Cn~ÝYm| H$mo àmÝVm| H$s ^mdZmAm| H$mo Ü`mZ _| aIH$a ~Zm`m J`m Wm&

bmoH$ godmAm| na amÁ` {Z`§ÌU

ApIb ^maVr` godmAm| Ho$ gXñ`m| H$mo ~‹S>o XÊS> Ho$db Ho$ÝÐr` gaH$ma Xo gH$Vr h¡, Am¡a Bg joÌ _| amÁ` gaH$mam| H$s H$moB© epŠV Zht h¡§& CXmhaU Ho$ {bE, BZ godmAm| _| go {H$gr H$mo ^r Ho$ÝÐ Ho$ AmXoe Ho$ {~Zm ~Im©ñV Zht {H$`m Om gH$Vm, Zm¡H$ar go Zht hQ>m`m Om gH$Vm `m O~aZ godm{Zd¥Îm Zht {H$`m Om gH$Vm& gå~pÝYV amÁ` Ho$ gmW AZm¡nMm[aH$ nam_e© Vmo {H$`m OmVm h¡, naÝVw Ho$db Ho$ÝÐ hr Bg dJ© H$mo gOm Xo gH$Vm h¡& ApIb ^maVr` godmAm| Ho$ gXñ` O~ VH$ amÁ` gaH$ma _| {Z`wŠV ahVo h¡§, V~ VH$ do Cgr gaH$ma Ho$ {Z`§ÌU Ho$ AYrZ ahVo h¡§ Am¡a Ho$db O~ H$^r H$moB© ~‹S>r gOm XoZr hmoVr h¡, V^r Ho$ÝÐ H$m XIb OmJ CR>Vm h¡ Š`m| {H$ gOm XoZo _| Ho$db dhr g_W© h¡& ~‹S>r gOm XoZo H$m na_m{YH$ma Ho$db Ho$ÝÐr` gaH$ma H$m h¡& BgHo$ Abmdm, amÁ` gaH$ma H$s {Zbå~Z `m N>moQ>r gOm XoZo H$s H$m`©dmhr Ho$ pIbm\$ CZ gXñ`m| H$mo Ho$ÝÐ H$mo Anrb H$aZo H$m A{YH$ma àmá h¡& `h godmAm| H$s ñdV§ÌVm Am¡a _Zmo~b H$mo ZwH$gmZ nhþ±MmZo dmbr amOZr{VH$ {ZH$Q>Vm Ho$ {dê$Õ EH$ ajmonm` h¡& Anrb H$s ì`dñWm _o§ `h _mZm OmVm h¡ {H$ Ho$ÝÐ Ho$ XÿañW àm{YH$mar hmoZo Ho$ ZmVo {g{db godm _m_bm| _| {ZU©`Z _| Á`mXm dñVw{Zð> Am¡a {Zînj hmoZo H$s gå^mdZm h¡§&4

amÁ` gaH$ma Ho$ nmg ApIb ^maVr` godmAm| na à^md ~ZmE aIZo Ho$ AZoH$ VarHo$ h¡§ Am¡a BZ_| amOZr{VH$ H$maUm| go ñWmZr` g_ñ`mE± I‹S>r H$aZm ^r em{_b h¡& {Z`wpŠV`m± Am¡a V~mXbo amÁ` gaH$ma Ho$ AYrZ h¡§ Am¡a amÁ` gaH$ma H$m `h A{YH$ma nyU© h¡& A~ `h gm_mÝ` ~mV hmo JB© h¡ H$_ go H$_ Hw$N> ñWmZm| _| Vmo {H$ amÁ` gaH$ma A{YH$m[a`m| H$s {Z`wpŠV`m| _| {deofH$a _hËd Ho$ nXm| na ~hþV A{YH$ _mÌm VH$ M`{Z`Vm Ho$ Ûmam A{YH$m[a`m| na ~hþV Á`mXm à^md S>mbVr h¡& amÁ` gaH$ma d[að>V_ A{YH$mar Ho$ ~Om` {H$gr AÝ` H$mo nXmoÝZ{V Xo gH$Vr

ISSN 2348-3857


h¡& amÁ` gaH$ma {H$gr A{YH$mar H$s {ZÝXm Ho$ Ûmam, doVZ d¥{Õ H$mo amoH$Zo Ho$ Ûmam Am¡a CgHo$ Ûmam H$s JB© hm{Z H$s dgybr Ho$ Ûmam ^r gOm Xo gH$Vr h¡& _w»`_§{Ì`m| H$mo amOZr{VH$ X¥{ï> go gZH$s A{YH$m[a`m| Ho$ à{V{Z`wpŠV _m_bm| H$s Ho$ÝÐ go n¡adr H$aZo H$m A{YH$ma h¡& AÝ`m`nyU© ~Vm©d go A{YH$m[a`m| H$mo ~MmZo Ho$ {bE

Ho$ÝÐ H$s Anrb H$aZo H$s ì`dñWm ^r H$s JB© h¡ Am¡a ZmIwe {g{db H$_©Mmar {eH$m`V {ZdmaU Ho$ {bE Ho$ÝÐ H$mo XñVH$ Xo gH$Vm h¡& Bg àH$ma {Zbå~Z H$s ^m±{V, N>moQ>r gOmAm| Ho$ _m_bo _| Ho$ÝÐ H$m {ZU©` hr A§{V_ hmoVm h¡&5

amÁ` gaH$ma Ho$ÝÐr` gaH$ma

1. BgHo$ nmg A{YH$mar H$s {Z`wpŠV Am¡a V~mXbo H$s epŠV h¡& Ho$ÝÐ gaH$ma Bg_| hñVjon Zht H$a gH$Vr&

2. `h A{YH$mar H$mo {Zbpå~V H$a gH$Vr h¡& {Zbå~Z H$s VmarI Ho$ n§Ðh {XZm| Ho$ A§Xa Ho$ÝÐ H$mo _m_bo H$s EH$ {dñV¥V [anmoQ>© ôOZr n‹S>Vr h¡& A{YH$mar Ho$ÝÐr` gaH$ma H$mo Anrb H$a gH$Vm h¡& H|$Ðr` gaH$ma Anrb H$mo ñdrH$ma H$a gH$Vr h¡ `m AñdrH$ma&

3. `h N>moQ>r gOmE± ({ZÝXm, nXmoÝZ{V amoH$Zm, gaH$ma H$mo hþE Am{W©H$ ZwH$gmZ H$s dgybr H$aZm) Xo gH$Vr h¡§&

A{YH$mar Ho$ÝXr` gaH$ma H$mo Anrb H$a gH$Vm h¡ Am¡a Ho$ÝÐr` gaH$ma gOm H$s nw{ï> H$a gH$Vr h¡ `m CgH$m ê$H$dm gH$Vr h¡&

4. ñnï>V: {Z`§ÌU Vmo Zht h¡ naÝVw g§~§{YV amÁ` gaH$ma Ho$ {dMma nyN>o OmVo h§¡&

Ho$ÝÐr` gaH$ma ~‹S>r gOmE± (loUr m doVZ _| H$Q>m¡Vr, A{Zdm`© godm{Zd¥{V) Xo gH$Vr h¡&

5. amÁ` gaH$ma Am¡a Ho$ÝÐr` gaH$ma Ho$ ~rM _VôX hmoZo H$s pñW{V _|, amÁ` gaH$ma H$m _V bmJy Zht hmoVm&

amÁ` gaH$ma Am¡a Ho$ÝÐr` gaH$ma Ho$ ~rM _VôX hmoZo H$s pñW{V _|, Ho$ÝÐr` gaH$ma H$m _V bmJy hmoVm h¡&

~mha AmB© CZH$mo àmÝVr` {g{db godm Ho$ ~am~a aI {X`m J`m&

^maVr` àemg{ZH$ godm _| {Z`wpŠV Ho$ {bE MwZo hþE Cå_rXdmam| H$mo Ho$ÝÐr` gaH$ma Ûmam gh^mJr àmÝVr` gaH$mam| H$mo Amd§{Q>V {H$`m OmZm Wm& àmÝVr` gaH$mam| H$mo Ho$ÝÐr` gaH$ma go nam_e© H$aZm Wm Am¡a CZH$s Amdí`H$VmAm| H$m AZwnmbZ H$aZm Wm& Ohm± VH$ g§^d hmo gHo$, Cå_rXdmam| H$mo AnZo _yb Ho$ `m {Zdmg Ho$ àmÝV H$mo hr Amd§{Q>V {H$`m OmZm Wm& _yb `moOZm _| AZoH$ epŠV`m± àmÝVr` gaH$mam| Ho$ hmW _| N>mo‹S> Xr JB© Wr& Eogm H$aZo go àmÝVr` gaH$mam| Ho$ _Z _| ApIb ^maVr` godmAm| Ho$ ~mao _| JbV\$h{_`m± n¡Xm Zht hþB© Am¡a Bg àH$ma CZH$s ñdrH$m`©Vm _| ghÿ{b`V hþB©& CXmhaU Ho$ {bE, àmÝV ApIb ^maVr` godm Ho$ gXñ` H$m {Zbå~Z H$a gH$Vm Wm, naÝVw _yb `moOZm _| à^mdr A{YH$mar Ho$ Eogo {ZU©` Ho$ {déÕ Ho$ÝÐr` gaH$ma H$mo Anrb H$aZo Ho$ A{YH$ma H$m H$moB© CëboI Zht h¡§& Ho$ÝÐ Ho$ nmg ^r Cg A{YH$mar H$mo ~hmb H$aZo H$m H$moB© A{YH$ma Zht Wm& `moOZm _| Ho$db `h {bIm Wm {H$ H$moB© A{YH$mar {Og gaH$ma Ho$ AYrZ H$m_ H$a ahm h¡, dh gaH$ma CgH$m {Zbå~Z H$a gH$Vr h¡§§§§& {Zbpå~V A{YH$mar H$mo dh gaH$ma, {OgZo CgH$m {Zbå~Z {H$`m h¡ EH$ {Zdm©h-^Îmm XoJr, {OgH$s am{e Cg A{YH$mar Ûmam {nN>bo ~mah _hrZm| Ho$ Xm¡amZ A{O©V Am¡gV _m{gH$ doVZ Ho$ EH$-{VhmB© Ho$ ~am~a hmoJr& BgHo$ Abmdm A{YH$mar H$mo {Zbå~Z

bmoH$ godmE§ Ho$ÝÐ-amÁ` g§~§Ym| Ho$ H$‹S>r Ho$ ê$n _|

gaXma dëb^ ^mB© nQ>ob Zo àmÝVm| H$mo H$m\$s AmídmgZ {X`m Wm {H$ ApIb ^maVr` godmAm| Ho$ gXñ`m| H$mo hQ>mZo Am¡a ~Im©ñV H$aZo H$s epŠV, {Z`wpŠV àm{YH$aU, Ho$ÝÐr` gaH$ma, Ho$ hr nmg ahoJr, EH$ n[anmQ>r H$s ñWmnZm H$s Oê$aV ahoJr {OgHo$ AYrZ O~ H$^r àmÝVr` gaH$ma Am¡a g§K bmoH$ godm Am`moJ _| gh_{V hmoJr, Ho$ÝÐ gaH$ma àmÝVr` gaH$ma H$s {g\$m[ae H$mo _mZ boJr& O~ H$^r BZ XmoZm| Ho$ ~rM _VôX hmoJm, Ho$ÝÐ gaH$ma-àmÝVr` gaH$ma Am¡a g§K bmoH$ godm Am`moJ XmoZm| H$s {g\$m[aem| na {dMma H$aHo$ _m_bo H$mo CgH$s AÀN>mB©-~wamB© Ho$ AmYma na {ZU©` H$aoJr& {Og gaH$ma Ho$ AYrZ Cg g_` H$moB© A{YH$mar H$m`© H$a ahm hmoJm, Cg gaH$ma H$mo AÝ` XÊS> (AWm©V² Zm¡H$ar go hQ>mZo Am¡a ~Im©ñV H$aZo Ho$ Abmdm) H$m nyam àm{YH$ma hmoJm, ~eV} {H$ g§K bmoH$ godm Am`moJ H$mo {bI {X`m J`m hmo& Ohm± VH$ Ho$ÝÐr` gaH$ma H$m àíZ h¡, CgH$mo g§K bmoH$ godm Am`moJ H$s gbmh H$mo _mZZm n‹S>oJm, naÝVw àmá, `{X Mmh| Vmo, n`m©á H$maUm| go g§K bmoH$ godm Am`moJ H$s gbmh H$s Cnojm H$a gH$Vo h¡& Bg CnmJ_ H$s àmÝVm| Ho$ àYmZ_§{Ì`m| Zo ~‹S>r àe§gm H$s& CÝhm|Zo Omoa XoH$a H$hm {H$ `h ~mV Adm§N>Zr` ahoJr {H$ àmÝVr` gaH$ma Ho$ {bE àmÝVr` gaH$ma H$mo N>mo‹S>H$a {H$gr AÝ` àm{YH$mar H$s Amoa XoI gHo$& dñVwV: Bg gå_obZ go Omo ApIb ^maVr` godmE±


ISSN 2348-3857

H$s VmarI H$mo Omo H$moB© _wAmdOm ^Îmm {_b ahm Wm, CgH$s AXm`Jr H$m ^r, gaH$ma {ZX}e Xo gH$Vr h¡, CVZr gr_m VH$ Am¡a CZ eVm] na Omo dh gaH$ma R>rH$ g_PVr hmo& BgHo$ Abmdm {Og gaH$ma Ho$ AYrZ A{YH$mar godm H$a ahm Wm, dh gaH$ma ~Im©ñVJr Am¡a godm go hQ>mZo H$mo N>mo‹S>H$a AÝ` XÊS> Xo gH$Vr Wr, naÝVw `moOZm _| ì`dñWm Wr {H$ H$moB© XÊS> XoZo go nhbo gaH$ma g§K bmoH$ godm Am`moJ go nam_e© H$a|Jr Am¡a EH$ naånam ñWm{nV H$s OmEJr {H$ g§K bmoH$ godm Am`momJ H$s gbmh go {^ÝZ amñVm Ho$db AgmYmaU H$maUm| go hr AnZm`m OmEJm&6

Bg àH$ma `h ñnï> h¡ {H$ àemg{ZH$ godm Ho$ {bE ~ZmB© JB© _yb `moOZm _| AZoH$ _m_bm| _o§ àmÝVr` gaH$mam| H$mo à^mdr epŠV Xr JB© Wr& g§dJ© gXñ` g§»`m H$m H$m_ àmÝVm| Ho$ nmg hr ahm& `moOZm Zo amÁ` àemg{ZH$ godm go AmB©.E.Eg Ho$ {bE nXmoÝZ{V H$s à{VeVVm 25 VH$ H$s naÝVw àMmbZmË_H$ {Oå_oXmar àmÝVm| H$s hr ahr ~eV} H$s g§K bmoH$ godm Am`moJ H$m AZw_moXZ bo {b`m Om`& `h {ZU©` {b`m J`m {H$ àmÝVm| H$s àmÝVr` godm H$moQ>m Ho$ {bE M`Z H$aZo Am¡a M`Z Ho$ {Z`_ ~ZmZo H$s Iwbr Ny>Q> Xr OmZr Mm{hE, naÝVw M`Z {H$E hþE ì`pŠV`m| H$mo g§K bmoH$ godm Am`moJ go `mo½`Vm H$m à_mUnÌ àmá H$aZm hmoJm&

bmoH$ godmAm| H$m amÁ`rH$aU- EH$ n[ad{V©V ì`dñWm

amÁ` gaH$ma Ho$ AYrZ godm H$a aho AmB©.Eg.Eg. Ho$ {H$gr gXñ` H$mo A^r VH$ à«{V{Z`wpŠV na Ho$ÝÐ _| Ho$db amÁ` gaH$ma H$s gh_{V go hr bm`m Om gH$Vm Wm, naÝVw 1984 _| Bg {Z`_ H$mo ~Xb {X`m J`m& g§dJ© A{YH$m[a`m| H$s à{V{Z`wpŠV Ho$ g§~§Y _| g§emo{YV {Z`_ _| ì`dñWm h¡ {H$ Agh_{V hmoZo H$s pñW{V _| _m_bo na Ho$ÝÐr` gaH$ma {ZU©` bo boJr Am¡a gå~pÝYV amÁ` gaH$ma `m amÁ` gaH$ma| Ho$ÝÐr` gaH$ma Ho$ {ZU©` H$mo H$m`m©pÝdV H$a|Jr& BgH$m VmËn`© h¡ {H$ Ho$ÝÐ Ho$ nmg A~ {H$gr A{YH$mar H$mo amÁ` gaH$ma go ItM boZo Am¡a AnZo AYrZ {Z`wŠV H$a boZo H$s epŠV h¡, ^bo hr amÁ` gaH$ma Bg ~mV Ho$ {bE BÀNw>H$ Z hmo&7

ApIb ^maVr` godm Ho$ A{YH$mar VoOr go amOZr{VH¥$V hmoVo Om aho h¡§, naÝVw Bg g_ñ`m H$m {ZXmZ ApIb ^maVr` godmAm| Ho$ T>m±Mo H$mo Zï> H$m XoZm Zht h¡& BgHo$ ~Om` Zr{V-{Z_m©VmAm| H$mo Mm{hE {H$ do AmO H$s pñW{V Ho$ {bE {Oå_oXma àH«$_ H$m {díbofU H$a| Am¡a ghr {Xem _| C{MV H$m`©dmhr H$a|& EH$ ~hþXbr` _§{Ì_ÊS>b _| EH$ _hÎdnyU© {d^mJ Ho$ à^mar EH$ amOZr{Vk Zo H$hm Wm- _¡§ _mZVm hÿ± {H$ ApIb ^maVr` godmE± gmao Xoe Ho$ àemgZ _o§ JwUVm H$m EH$ g_mZ _mZH$ àXmZ H$aVr

h¡, Am¡a Bg ~mV H$m lo` Cg VÏ` H$mo h¡ {OZH$s ^Vu Ho$ÝÐr` gaH$ma H$aVr h¡ naÝVw BZ godmAm| Ho$ gXñ`m| H$m PwH$md, {ZpíMV ê$n go, Ho$ÝÐ H$s Amoa go ahm H$aVm h¡ Bg{bE, _¡§ Vmo H$hVm hÿ± {H$ ApIb ^maVr` godmAm| Ho$ gXñ` H$s ^Vu Ho$ ~mX CgH$mo amÁ` gaH$ma Ho$ {Z`§ÌU _o§ ahZm Mm{hE Am¡a Cg na {Z`§ÌU H$mo Ho$ÝÐ go nyar Vah go hQ>m boZm Mm{hE& ApIb ^maVr` godmE± h_| Ho$db Cgr hmb _| ñdrH$ma h¡§ O~ Cg na {Z`§ÌU amÁ` gaH$ma Ho$ hmW _| Am J`m hmo& Ho$ÝÐr` gaH$ma H$s {Oå_oXmar ^Vu Am¡a ^Vu Ho$ ~mX amï´>r` àemgZ AH$mX_r _| à{ejU VH$ gr{_V ahZr Mm{hE&

EH$ AÝ` amOZr{Vk Omo ^maV H$s H$å`w{ZñQ> nmQ>u (_mŠg©dmXr) Ho$ à_wI ZoVm Am¡a ^yVnyd© _w»`_§Ìr Wo, Zo Omoa XoH$a H$hm Wm- ApIb ^maVr` godmAm| Zo {Og T>§J go H$m`© {H$`m h¡, H$_ go H$_ Hw$N> amÁ`m| _|, Cggo J§^ra S>a n¡Xm hmo JE h¡§ Š`m|{H$ AZoH$ Adgam| na CÝhm|Zo àemgZ Ho$ ^rVa Ho$ÝÐ Ho$ EOoÊQ> Ho$ Vm¡a na H$m_ {H$`m h¡& `h gdm}ƒ _hÎd H$s ~mV h¡ {H$ BZ godmAm| H$s ~w{Z`mXr {Zð>m Cg amÁ` gaH$ma Ho$ à{V hmoZr Mm{hE, {OZH$mo CgHo$ gXñ` Amd§{Q>V {H$ò Jò h¡ Am¡a {H$ BZH$m {Xem-{ZX}eZ Am¡a AZwemgZ amÁ` gaH$ma Ho$ hmW _| hmoZm Mm{hE& BgH$m VmËn`© `h ^r h¡ {H$ Ho$ÝÐr` gaH$ma Ho$ {bE godm Am¡a AZwemgZmË_H$ _m_bm| _| amÁ` gaH$ma Ho$ {ZU©`m| H$m AmXa H$aZm Oê$ar h¡& O~ VH$ ò godm`| amÁ` Ho$ AZwemgZ Ho$ AYrZ Zht aIr OmVr, V~ VH$ ò amÁ` Ho$ {bE àemg{ZH$ g_ñ`mE§ n¡Xm H$aVr ah|Jr& Xmohar {Zð>m AZw{MV h¡, Š`m|{H$ `h Ho$ÝÐ Am¡a amÁ` Ho$ ~rM Ho$ gå~ÝYm| H$mo {dfmŠV ~Zm XoVm h¡& CÝhm|Zo A§V _| H$hm {H$ amÁ` gaH$ma H$mo {XImB© XoVm h¡ {H$ CgH$m ApIb ^maVr` godmAm| Ho$ gXñ`m| na n`m©á AZwemgZmË_H$ {Z`§ÌU Zht h¡& BZ godmAm| Ho$ gXñ`m| _| amÁ` gaH$ma Ho$ à_wI H$s Cnojm H$aHo$ Ho$ÝÐ H$s Amoa XoIZo H$s àd¥{V ahm H$aVr h¡& O~ H$^r Ho$ÝÐ Am¡a amÁ` Ho$ ~rM g§Kf© n¡Xm hmo OmVm h¡, V~ Ho$ÝÐ Bg ~mV H$m {ZpíMV à^md S>mbVm h¡ {H$ Ho$ÝÐ H$s gaH$ma hr Ho$ Hw$N> _m`Zo h¡§ Am¡a {H$ amÁ`m| H$m H$moB© _Vb~ Zht h¡¡& O~ amÁ` gaH$ma {H$gr Xmofr A{YH$mar Ho$ {dê$Õ H$moB© H$m`©dmhr H$aVr h¡, V~ dh H$m`©dmhr hmoZr Mm{hE, Z {H$ Ho$ÝÐ Ûmam amoH$ Xr OmZr Mm{hE& amÁ` _| AnZr nXmd{Y Ho$ Xm¡amZ A{YH$mar amÁ` gaH$ma Ho$ A{d^m{OV AZwemgZ Ho$ AYrZ hmoZm Mm{hE Am¡a Bg gr_m VH$ dV©_mZ ì`dñWm _| g§emoYZ H$s Oê$aV h¡&

Ho$ÝÐr` gaH$ma Zo `h H$^r Zht _mZm h¡ {H$ CgZo Bg godmAm| na {Z`§ÌU Ho$ `m§{ÌH$Ëd H$mo Ho$ÝÐr`H¥$V H$a {b`m h¡, naÝVw

ISSN 2348-3857


{\$a ^r {dnjr emgZ Ho$ AYrZ amÁ` gaH$mam| H$m `hr {dídmg h¡& gaH$ma Ho$ XmoZm| ñVam| Ho$ {bE gpå_{bV godm, H$mo Cg_| go {H$gr Ho$ ^r Ûmam {Zînj ê$n go em{gV Zht g_Pm Om gH$Vm& {H$gr Eogo _§M H$s, Omo Cg g_` H$s H$m`©nm{bH$m go ñdV§Ì hmo Am¡a Omo {ddmX H$s ~mVm| na C{MV {ZU©` Xo gHo$, Oê$aV h¡& `{X {g{db godm Ho$ _m_bm| go g§~§{YV {ddmXm| na {ZU©` XoZo Ho$ {bE H$m`©nm{bH$m go ñdV§Ì àemg{ZH$ A{YH$aU ñWm{nV H$a {Xò OmE±, Vmo ApIb âVr` godmAm| Ho$ à~§YZ _| - godmAm| Ho$ gXñ`m| Am¡a amÁ` gaH$mam| - XmoZm| _| A{YH$ {dídmg OmJ¥V hmoJm& AmO Am{YH$m{YH$ {g{db godH$ Ý`m{`H$ hñVjon Ty>§T> aho h¡§, Omo Bg ~mV H$m gyMH$ h¡ {H$ Eogm {dídmg ì`mnH$ h¡ {H$ {g{db godm _m_bm| go g§~§{YV {ZU©` A{YH$m{YH$ amOZr{V go ào[aV hmoVo Om aho h¡§& Bg àd¥{V H$m ê$H$Zm Oê$ar h¡ Am¡a Eogm hmoZo Ho$ {bE amOZ¡{VH$ H$m`©nm{bH$m _| AmË_g§`_ Am¡a d[að> A{YH$mar V§Ì _| g§ì`dgm{`H$Vm Ho$ AmJ«h H$m hmoZm ~hþV Oê$ar hmoJm&8

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Cn`w©ŠV n[ano«ú` _| `h _mZm J`m h¡ {H$ ^maVr` g§{dYmZ ^maV _| EH$ Xmohao emgZ V§Ì H$s ñWmnZm H$aVm h¡ {OgHo$ Ho$ÝÐ _| g§K Am¡a n[a{Y na amÁ` gaH$ma| pñWV h§¡, Omo AnZo-AnZo joÌ _| g§{dYmZ Ûmam àXÎm gdm}ƒ gÎmm go `wŠV Am¡a à`moJ H$aZo H$s

A{YH$mar h¡& ^maVr` g§K amÁ`m| H$m EH$ T>rbm-T>mbm g§K Zht h¡ Am¡a Z hr CgHo$ A{^H$Vm© _mÌ h¡, Omo AnZr gÎmm Ho$ {bE Cg na {Z^©a H$aVo hm|& g§K Am¡a amÁ` XmoZm| AnZr gÎmm g§{dYmZ go àmá H$aVo h¡§& XmoZm| H$s gÎmm EH$ Xÿgao H$s gh`moJr h¡&

g§X^© gyMr1. ApIb ^maVr` àemg{ZH$ godm Ho$ g¥OZ H$s `moOZm H$m {Z`_

(12H$),(1947 H$s \$mB©b 174/47) B©.Eg.Q>r.Eg. ([anmoQ>©) ^maV gaH$ma J¥h _§Ìmb`, ZB© {Xëbr&

2. AdñWr, A_aoída Ed§ _mhoídar, lram_, bmoH$ àemgZ, bú_r ZmamÙ àH$meZ, AmJam, 2017, n¥.g§. 438

3. Jmoadmbm, E.S>r., [anmoQ>© Am°Z npãbH$ ES>{_{ZñQ´>oeZ 1951, dmoë`y_ 3, n¥.g§. 64

4. {\$Za, EM., Ï`moar E§S> àopŠQ>g Am°\$ _m°S>Z© Jd©_oÝQ>, EM hmoëS>, Ý`y`mH©$, 1949, n¥.g§. 791

5. _ohVm, OrdZ, bmoH$ àemgZ, {hÝXr J«ÝW AH$mX_r, _Ü` àXoe, OZdar-OyZ 1979, n¥.g§. 57-58

6. _mhoídar, lr am_, ApIb ^maVr` godmE§, n§Merb àH$meZ, O`nwa, 1996 n¥.g§. 102

7. {dbmo~r, S>ãë`y.E\$., qà{gnb Am°\$ npãbH$ ES>{_{ZñQ´>oeZ, hm°n{H$Ýg àog, `yEgE, 1927, n¥.g§. 126

8. e_m©, nr.S>r. Ed§ e_m©, ~r.E_., ^maVr` àemgZ, Šbm{gH$ npãbqeJ hmCg, O`nwa, 1991, n¥.g§. 156

àñVmdZm

dV©_mZ g_` _| _{hbm geŠVrH$aU Am¡a ñÌr-nwéf g_mZVm na A{YH$ Omoa {X`m Om ahm h¡ Am¡a gmW hr gm_m{OH$ MoVZm Ho$ _mÜ`_ go H$R>moa H$mZyZ H$s ^r ì`dñWm H$s JB© h¡& bo{H$Z g§{dYmZ-{Z_m©Vm S>m°ŠQ>a ^r_amd Aå~oS>H$a Or Zo dfm] nhbo X{bVm| Ho$ CËWmZ Ho$ gmW-gmW _{hbmAm| Ho$ geŠVrH$aU H$m _yb_§Ì Xo {X`m Wm Am¡a dh _yb_§Ì Wm {ejm& CÝhm|Zo H$hm {H$ O~ VH$ _{hbmE± {e{jV Zht hmoJr, V~ VH$ dh AnZo A{YH$mam| Ho$ à{V OmJê$H$ Zht ~Z nmEJr&

S>m°. Aå~oS>H$a {Og àH$ma X{bVm| Ho$ _grhm Am¡a _wpŠVXmVm H$hbmVo h¡§ Cgr àH$ma Aå~oS>H$a Or ñÌr-nwéf g_mZVm Ho$ AJ«XÿV r aho h¡§& CÝhm|Zo maV _| H$mZyZ Am¡a g§{dYmZ Ho$ _mÜ`_ go ñÌr-nwéf Ho$ _Ü` Ag_mZVm Xÿa H$aZo H$m gmW©H$ à`mg {H$`m& Aå~oS>H$a Or Zo g_mO _| pñÌ`m| H$s Xem H$mo ~hþV hr H$ar~ go AZw^d {H$`m Am¡a `h _hgyg {H$`m {H$ pñÌ`m| H$s Xem newAm| go ^r A{YH$ ~XÎma h¡& CÝh| AnZo n[adma _| ^r ~MnZ go boH$a d¥ÕmdñWm VH$ hrZ ^mdZm go XoIm OmVm h¡ Am¡a ha

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g§Ho$Vmja … _{hbm geŠVrH$aU, {hÝXÿ H$moS> {~b, ñÌr {ejm

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ñdV§Ì ^maV Ho$ H$mZyZ _§Ìr Ho$ ê$n _| S>m°. ^r_amd Aå~oS>H$a H$s AÜ`jVm _| EH$ _hËdnyU© {dYo`H$ V¡`ma {H$`m J`m, {OgHo$ Ûmam {ddmh H$s Am`w gr_m ~‹T>mZm, pñÌ`m| H$mo {ddmh-{dÀN>oX H$m A{YH$ma XoZm, âU-nmofU Ho$ {bE YZ XoZm VWm XhoO H$mo ñÌr-YZ _mZo OmZo H$m àñVmd {X`m& ~m~m gmho~ Zo g§{dYmZ Ûmam pñÌ`m| H$mo g^r A{YH$ma {Xò, Omo _Zwñ_¥{V Zo ZH$ma {Xò Wo& {hÝXÿ Y_©emñÌm| _| _{hbmAm| H$m ñWmZ Am¡a {Z`_ H$mZyZ pñÌ`m| Ho$ hH$ _| Zht Wm& Ym{_©H$ _mÝ`VmAm| Ho$ AZwgma ñÌr YZ, {dÚm Am¡a epŠV H$s Xodr h¡& _Zwñ_¥{V _| {bIm h¡ {H$ ""Ohm±

ñÌr-nwéf g_mZVm Am¡a S>m°. ^r_amd Aå~oS>H$aS>m°. {dZr e_m©

ghm`H$ AmMm`©, amOZr{V {dkmZamï´>r` g§ñH¥$V g§ñWmZ, O`nwa n[aga, O`nwa (amOñWmZ)


ISSN 2348-3857


Zmar H$s nyOm hmoVr h¡, dhm± XodVm a_U H$aVo h¡§&'' (`Ì Zm`©ñVw nyÁ`§Vo, a_ÝVo VÌ XodVm)& _Zwñ_¥{V _| hr AmJo {bIm h¡ {H$ ""ñÌr H$m Z Vmo AbJ `k hmoVm h¡ Z d«V hmoVm h¡, Z Cndmg&'' G$½doX _| nwÌr Ho$ OÝ_ H$mo Xþ:I H$s ImZ Am¡a nwÌ H$mo AmH$me H$s Á`mo{V _mZm J`m h¡& G$½doX _| hr ñÌr H$mo _Zmoa§OZH$mar ^mo½`m ê$n H$m dU©Z h¡ VWm {Z`moJ àWm H$mo n{dÌ H$m`© _mZm J`m h¡& AWd©doX _| H$hm J`m h¡ {H$ Xþ{Z`m H$s g^r _{hbmE± eyÐ h¡& nm{UZr Ho$ Aï>mÜ`m`r go `h gm\$ hmo OmVm h¡ {H$ _{hbmE± JwéHw$b _| ^mJ boVr Wr Am¡a dhm± H$s doXm| H$s {d{^ÝZ emImAm| _| {ejm boVr Wr Am¡a CgHo$ gmW hr _r_m§gm H$s {deofk ~Z OmVr Wr&

nV§O{b Ho$ _hm^mî` _| `h ~mV gm\$ {d{XV h¡ {H$ _{hbmE± {ejH$ Wr Am¡a dmo N>mÌmAm| H$mo doX H$s {ejm XoVr Wr& _{hbm Am¡a à{V H«$m§{V Ho$ EH$ boI _| Aå~oS>H$a Zo {bIm h¡ {H$ H$m¡{Q>ë` Ho$ Xm¡a _| _{hbmE± AnZr _Ou go emXr H$aZo Ho$ {bE ñdV§Ì Wr& _Zw Ho$ {dMma Ho$ pIbm\$ H$m¡{Q>ë` EH$ nËZr àWm Ho$ njYa Wo& nwéf Ho$db {H$Ýht Img pñW{V`m| _| hr EH$ go A{YH$ {ddmh H$a gH$Vm Wm& gmW hr pñÌ`m± Amngr {dÛof _| VbmH$ H$m Xmdm H$a gH$Vr Wr& H$m¡{Q>ë` Ho$ AW©emñÌ Ho$ AmYma na Aå~oS>H$a H$m H$hZm Wm {H$ EH$ emXrewXm ñÌr H$s Am{W©H$ AmË_{Z^©aVm gw{ZpíMV H$aZo Ho$ {bE gmao Cnm` {H$ò OmVo Wo& ñÌr H$mo Ý`m`mb` OmZo H$m ^r A{YH$ma àmá Wm&2 Aå~oS>H$a H$m H$hZm h¡ {H$ _{hbmAm| Ho$ A{YH$mam| H$m jaU Ho$ {bE _Zw {Oå_oXma h¡& _Zw Zo AnZr _Zwñ_¥{V _| gVV² XmgVm Ho$ {gÕmÝV H$m à{VnmXZ {H$`m& g_` Ho$ gmW-gmW pñÌ`m| H$s gm_m{OH$ pñW{V H$mo ZOaA§XmO {H$`m OmVm ahm h¡&

Aå~oS>H$a Or Zo `h {ZaÝVa ñdrH$ma {H$`m {H$ _{hbmAm| H$s Bg Xem Ho$ {bE {hÝXÿ Y_©-g§ñH¥${V Am¡a CgH$m gm_m{OH$ ‹T>m§Mm {Oå_oXma h¡& Om{V na {bIo AnZo boI ""^maV _| Om{V, CZH$m V§Ì, CËnpÎm Am¡a {dH$mg'' _| CÝhm|Zo _{hbmAm| Ho$ à{V qMVm Om{ha H$s Wt& 1920 _| àH$m{eV AnZo gmám{hH$ g_mMma-nÌ _yH$Zm`H$ Ho$ O[aE gm_m{OH$ Hw$ar{V`m| H$mo COmJa {H$`m, gmW hr CÝhm|Zo {ZMbo Am¡a CËnr{‹S>V V~H$m| Ho$ {bE gm_m{OH$, Am{W©H$ Am¡a amOZr{VH$ A{YH$mam| H$s Jma§Q>r H$s _m§J H$s& 25 {Xgå~a, 1927 H$mo Aå~oS>H$a Zo _Zwñ_¥{V H$mo Obm`m Am¡a gmW hr CZH$m H$hZm Wm {H$ CÝhm|Zo nyao hmoemo-hdmg _| _Zwñ_¥{V H$mo Obm`m h¡& Š`m|{H$ `h AÝ`m` H$m àVrH$ h¡& Aå~oS>H$a Or Zo AÝVaOmVr` {ddmh H$s ^r dH$mbV H$s {OgHo$

n[aUm_ñdê$n Om{V Am¡a nwéf dM©ñddmXr ì`dñWm H$mo g_má H$aZo _| _XX {_b gHo$Jr& 28 OwbmB©, 1928 H$mo S>m°. Aå~oS>H$a Zo _wå~B© {dYmZ n[afX² _| H$maImZm VWm AÝ` g§ñWmZm| _| H$m`©aV _{hbmAm| H$mo àgy{V AdH$me H$s gw{dYm doVZ g{hV àXmZ H$aZo go gå~pÝYV àñVmd nm[aV H$aZo H$s dH$mbV H$s& 1931 _| bÝXZ _| Jmob_oO gå_obZ Ho$ AÝVJ©V (ñÌr-nwéf) H$mo n¥WH$ _VXmZ XoZo Ho$ A{YH$ma {XbmZo hoVw AmdmO ~wbÝX H$s& 1932 _| nyZm n¡ŠQ> Ho$ AÝVJ©V CÝhm|Zo ANy>V (ñÌr-nwéf) H$mo g§gX, {dYmZg^m Ed§ gaH$mar Zm¡H$[a`m| _| AmajU {XbmZo Ho$ {bE g§Kf© {H$`m&3

16 OyZ, 1936 H$mo _wå~B© Ho$ Xm_moXa hmb _| _{hbmAm| H$mo gå~mo{YV H$aVo hþE CÝhm|Zo H$hm {H$ ""Zmar g_mO H$m JhZm h¡, g^r H$mo Cgo gå_mZ XoZm Mm{hE&'' 20 OwbmB©, 1920 H$mo ZmJnwa _| _{hbm gå_obZ H$mo gå~mo{YV H$aVo hþò geŠVrH$aU na àH$me S>mbVo hþò H$hm {H$ geŠVrH$aU H$m AW© h¡ AnZr j_VmAm| H$mo ~ZmZm Am¡a Cgo {dH${gV H$a g_mO H$mo _w»` Ymam H$m EH$ Ah_ {hñgm ~ZZm& ~m~m gmho~ H$mo g§{dYmZ {Z_m©U _| ^mJ boZo H$m gwZham Adga àmá hþAm, CÝh| àmê$n g{_{V H$m AÜ`j {Z`wŠV {H$`m J`m& pñÌ`m| Am¡a eyÐm| H$s _wpŠV Am¡a geŠVrH$aU H$m gdmb CZH$s àmW{_H$Vm _| Wo& _{hbm H$mo geŠV H$aZo Ho$ g§X^© _| g§{dYmZ Ho$ AZwÀN>oX 14, 15 Am¡a 16 Ho$ AÝVJ©V CZH$m _ÝVì` gm\$ PbH$Vm h¡&4 _{hbmAm| H$mo {ejm Am¡a gånpÎm H$m g_mZ A{YH$ma àXmZ {H$`m J`m& CZH$s _mÝ`Vm Wr {H$ ""{ejm Ho$ {~Zm OrdZ ì`W© h¡& '' Hw$N> gmoMZo-g_PZo Ed§ qMVZ H$aZo H$s VmH$V {ejm go hr g§^d h¡& _{hbmAm| H$mo amoOJma d Zm¡H$ar H$m ^r g_mZ A{YH$ma àXmZ {H$`m J`m& AZwÀN>oX-39 _| gaH$ma g^r ñÌr-nwéfm| H$mo AnZo OrdZ-`mnZ Ho$ {bE g_mZ Adga CnbãY H$amEJr& AZwÀN>oX-39(S>r) _| g_mZ H$m`© Ho$ {bE g_mZ doVZ H$m àmdYmZ {H$`m J`m h¡& AZwÀN>oX-41 _| amÁ` AnZr j_Vm Ho$ _wVm{~H$ g^r ZmJ[aH$m| H$mo H$m_ H$m A{YH$ma, {ejm Am¡a Hw$N> {deof _m_bm| _| gmd©O{ZH$ _XX H$aZo H$m à`mg H$aoJm& AZwÀN>oX-42 _| H$m_ Ho$ {bE Ý`m`mo{MV Am¡a _mZdr` n[apñW{V`m| H$m hmoZm, gmW hr _{hbmAm| H$mo J^© Ho$ g_` AdH$me Ho$ àmdYmZ H$s JmaÝQ>r h¡§ Bg Vah CZH$m nyam {dídmg Wm {H$ Ho$db amOZr{VH$ A{YH$ma _{hbmAm| Ho$ {bE b¡§{JH$ Ý`m` H$s JmaÝQ>r Zht H$a gH$Vm h¡& amOZr{VH$ A{YH$ma Ho$ gmW-gmW gm_m{OH$-gm§ñH¥${VH$, e¡{jH$ Am¡a Am{W©H$ Ý`m` _wh¡`m {H$ò& gmW hr _{hbmAm| Ho$


ISSN 2348-3857

AmË_gå_mZ, ñdm{^_mZ Am¡a ~am~ar Ho$ XO} H$s JmaÝQ>r ^r àXmZ H$s JB© h¡&5

~m~m gmho~ Aå~oS>H$a Or pñÌ`m| H$s Xem gwYmaZo Ho$ {bE EH$ Eogm H$mZyZ ~ZmZm MmhVo Wo Omo {dewÕ ê$n go CZH$s gm_m{OH$, H$mZyZr pñW{V gwYmaZo _| g§OrdZr ~yQ>r H$s Vah H$m`© H$ao& Bg{bE CÝhm|Zo gm¡ \$sgXr _{hbmAm| Ho$ {bE ""{hÝXÿ H$moS> {~b'' ~Zm`m& {hÝXÿ H$moS> {~b Cg g_` nhbr ~ma MMm© _| Am`m O~ 1937 _| EH$ H$mZyZ Ho$ {Z_m©U Ho$ Xm¡amZ gånpÎm _| _{hbmAm| H$s {hñgoXmar Ho$ àmdYmZm| H$s ~mV H$hr J`r Wr&6 ^maV gaH$ma Zo 1941 _| ~r.EZ. amd Ho$ ZoV¥Ëd _| EH$ g{_{V H$m JR>Z {H$`m Wm {Ogo Bg joÌ H$s H${R>ZmB©`m± {MpÝhV H$aZo Ho$ gmW hr CgHo$ Cnm` gwPmZo H$s {Oå_oXmar Xr JB© Wr& g{_{V Zo {d{^ÝZ joÌm| go bmoJm| Ho$ {dMma {bE, CgHo$ ~mX CgZo {hÝXÿ H$moS> {~b H$m S´>mâQ> V¡`ma {H$`m& AJñV, 1944 VH$ ò EH$ S´>mâQ> H$moS> Ho$ Vm¡a na àH$m{eV hþAm, {Og_| {deofV: ~oQ>m| Ho$ gmW ~o{Q>`m| H$mo ^r _mVm-{nVm Ho$ {ZYZ Ho$ ~mX AnZr n¡V¥H$ gånpÎm _| {hñgoXmar nmZo H$m A{YH$ma Wm& {dYdmAm| H$mo nyar gånpÎm, EH$b {ddmh H$m H$mZyZ Wm, gmW hr {H$Ýht {deof n[apñW{V`m| _| VbmH$ Ho$ A{YH$ma H$m ^r àmdYmZ Bg_| em{_b Wm& 7 Aå~oS>H$a Zo 11 Aà¡b, 1947 H$mo {hÝXÿ H$moS> {~b Ho$ Vm¡a na g§gX _| noe {H$`m& Bg _gbo na H$B© Vah H$m {ddmX Wm, Bg_| {damoY Ho$ ñda Wo Vmo àe§gm ^r Wr& g§gX _| {hÝXÿ H$moS> na {~b na ~mobVo hþE Aå~oS>H$a Zo H$hm {H$ ""^maVr` pñÌ`m| H$s AdZ{V Ho$ H$maU ~wÕ Zht _Zw h¡&''

Bg {hÝXÿ H$moS> {~b Am¡a S>m°. Aå~oS>H$a XmoZm| H$mo hr H$Q²>Q>an§{W`m| H$m {damoY ghZm n‹S>m& CZHo$ Ka na nËWa ~agmò Jò Am¡a g§gX _| ^r CZH$m ~{hîH$ma {H$`m J`m& S>m°. amOoÝÐ àgmX Zo BñVr\o$ H$s Y_H$s Xo S>mbr& Aå~oS>H$a Or H$mo {hÝXÿ H$moS> {~b Ho$ {damoY _| ì`pŠVJV An_mZ H$m gm_Zm H$aZm n‹S>m& {hÝXÿ H$moS> {~b nmg H$amZo Ho$ {bE S>m°. Aå~oS>H$a Ho$ gmW-gmW AZoH$ X{bV, J¡a-X{bV _{hbmAm| Zo ^maVr` _{hbmAm| H$s gm_m{OH$ d Am{W©H$ b‹S>mB© b‹S>r h¡& "{hÝXÿ H$moS> {~b' na XþJm© ~mB© Xoe_wI, bmoH$g^m H$s gXñ` lr_Vr nX_Or Zm`Sy>, amOlr, gm¡. MÝÐH$bm, C{_©bm _ohVm, {_goO {ZR>mZ, _{hbm H$m§J«og H$s _§Ìr Hw$_mar _wHy$b Am¡a CZHo$ _{hbm OËWo Zo S>m°. Aå~oS>H$a Ho$ gmW Jm§d-Jm§d, ZJa-ZJa Ky_H$a g^m Am¡a OZ-g^mAm| _| ^maVr` _{hbmAm| H$s gm_m{OH$, Am{W©H$ XþX©em H$m ImH$m V¡`ma {H$`m&9 gm_mÝ`V: S>m°. Aå~oS>H$a Am¡a _{hbm gm{W`m| Ûmam Am`mo{OV {hÝXÿ H$moS> {~b MMm© g^mAm| _| H$Q²>Q>an§{W`m| Ûmam grYm àhma {H$`m OmVm

Wm Am¡a MMm© g^mAm| H$mo O~aZ ~§X H$adm {X`m OmVm Wm& VËH$mbrZ g_mMma-nÌm| _| {hÝXÿ H$moS> {~b Ho$ {dê$Õ ^‹S>H$mD$ ^mfU Am¡a boI àH$m{eV hmoVo Wo& Cg g_` Xoe H$m dmVmdaU S>m°. Aå~oS>H$a Am¡a _{hbm gm{W`m| Ho$ {dê$Õ {dfmŠV hmo MwH$m Wm& naÝVw do g~ AnZo nW na A{S>J aho& AÝV _| O~ {hÝXÿ H$moS> {~b g§gX _| nmg Z hmo gH$m Vmo S>m°. Aå~oS>H$a Zo {damoY ñdê$n g§gX go Ë`mJ-nÌ Xo {X`m&

S>m°. Aå~oS>H$a ^maVr` pñÌ`m| H$s CÝZ{V Ho$ {bE {OVZo ^r àJ{Verb H$X_ CR>mVo, CVZm hr H$Q²>Q>an§{W`m| Zo CZH$mo nrN>o ItMZo H$m hagå^d à`mg {H$`m& H$Q²>Q>an§{W`m| Ho$ Ûmam Mmam| Va\$ d¡_Zñ`, K¥Um Am¡a VZmd H$m dmVmdaU ~Zm`m J`m& Aå~oS>H$a Zo nwéf àYmZ g_mO na àhma H$aHo$ Bg {hÝXÿ H$moS> {~b _| ^maVr` _{hbmAm| H$mo nwéfm| Ho$ ~am~a H$mZyZr A{YH$ma XoH$a CÝh| Jm¡admpÝdV {H$`m& Bg {~b _| {hÝXÿ ñÌr H$mo {ddmh, VbmH$ Am{X nwéfm| O¡go A{YH$ma {XE& CÝhm|Zo AmJo H$hm {H$, {hÝXÿ H$mZyZ H$s _m¡OyXm ì`dñWm "g§{dYmZ' Ho$ àmdYmZm| Ho$ AmYma na ~hþV hr Ag§Vw{bV h¡& O¡gm {H$ AZwÀN>oX-15 _| H$hm J`m h¡ {H$ OÝ_ Ho$ AmYma na amÁ` {H$gr Ho$ gmW ôX^md Zht H$aoJm& AV: do {hÝXÿ g_mO _| ahVo hþE {hÝXÿ g_mO Ho$ H$mZyZm| _| g\$mB© AWm©V² gwYma H$aZm MmhVo Wo& {hÝXÿ H$moS> {~b na g§{dYmZ g^m _| ^mfU Ho$ Xm¡amZ CÝhm|Zo gXñ`m| Ho$ gm_mÝ` g§{hVm Ho$ JR>Z _| gh`moJ H$m Amh²dmZ {H$`m& Aå~oS>H$a Or H$m _mZZm Wm {H$ {hÝXÿ bm° Ý`m`mb` Am¡a {àdr H$m¡§{gb Ho$ {d{^ÝZ {ZU©`m| _| {~Iam hþAm h¡ {Ogo _w»` gmV joÌm| _| {d^m{OV {H$`m Om gH$Vm h¡&10 Omo {ZåZ{bpIV h¡§ :-

(1) Eogo {hÝXþAm| H$s gånpÎm H$s {damgV H$m _m{bH$mZm hH$ H$s g§{hVm ~ZmZo H$s Oê$aV h¡ {OgZo AnZr H$moB© dgr`V hr Zht H$s hmo& Bg_| nwéf Am¡a ñÌr XmoZm| em{_b h¡& (2) {~Zm dgr`V H$aZo dmbo _¥VH$ H$s gånpÎm _| CÎmam{YH$ma Ho$ {d{^ÝZ ñVam| _| EH$ê$nVm bmZo H$s Oê$aV h¡& (3) aIaImd H$m H$mZyZ& (4) {ddmh& (5) VbmH$& (6) JmoX& (7) Aëng§»`H$ Am¡a g§ajËd BgHo$ ò gmV {hñgo h¡§& CZH$m _mZZm Wm {H$ EH$ hr Vah Ho$ H$mZyZ Ho$ _mÜ`_ go gånyU© {hÝXþAm| Ho$ gm_m{OH$ Am¡a Ym{_©H$ OrdZ H$m g§MmbZ hmoZm Amdí`H$ h¡& g_mZ g§{hVm H$s {Xem _| {hÝXÿ H$moS> {~b C{MV H$X_ Wm& H$mZyZ AmgmZr go g_P _| AmZm Mm{hò Am¡a Ym{_©H$ ~§YZm| Ho$ nma nyao g_mO na bmJy hmoZm Mm{hE&

{hÝXÿ H$moS> {~b _| n{V Ho$ _a OmZo na {hÝXÿ ñÌr H$mo n{V H$s gånpÎm _| CgH$s gÝVmZ Ho$ ~am~a {hñgm XoZo H$m {Z`_ ~Zm`m&

ISSN 2348-3857


{hÝXÿ Y_© emñÌm| _| {dYdm Ho$ {bE Xÿgar emXr H$m H$moB© {dYmZ Zht Wm Am¡a Z hr Om`XmX _| H$moB© {hñgm Wm& {hÝXÿ H$moS> {~b H$s dOh go {nVm H$s _¥Ë`w Ho$ níMmV² nwÌr H$mo ^r ^mB©`m| Ho$ ~am~a Om`XmX H$m dm[ag ~Zm {X`m J`m Wm& Bgr Vah XÎmH$ `m JmoX boZo H$m A{YH$ma AnZo Hw$b _| go n¡Xm hþò ~ƒo H$mo hr boZo H$m A{YH$ma Wm, {H$ÝVw {~b Ho$ AZwgma {H$gr ^r {hÝXÿ n[adma _| OÝ_r b‹S>H$s `m b‹S>Ho$ H$mo JmoX {b`m Om gH$Vm Wm Am¡a dh b‹S>H$m `m b‹S>H$s Mmho dh {H$gr ^r Om{V Ho$ hm|, JmoX {bE OmZo dmbo H$s Om`XmX H$m dm[ag ~Z OmVo h¡§& Bg_| g~go AÀN>r ~mV Vmo `h Wr {H$ A~ Z Ho$db b‹S>H$m hr XÎmH$ ~Z gH$Vm Wm, ~pëH$ b‹S>H$s ^r XÎmH$ br Om gH$Vr Wr&11 gmW hr CÝhm|Zo `h ^r ñnï> {H$`m {H$ {hÝXÿ H$moS> {~b _| ~Xbmdm| H$mo {hÝXÿ emñÌm|, ñ_¥{V`m| Am¡a gånpÎm Ho$ Xm`^mJ H$mo hr Ü`mZ _| aIH$a {H$`m J`m h¡& H$m¡{Q>ë` Am¡a nmamea ñ_¥{V _| VbmH$ H$m g_W©Z {H$`m J`m h¡& gmW hr ~¥hñn{V ñ_¥{V _| _{hbmAm| Ho$ {bE gånpÎm Ho$ A{YH$ma H$m g_W©Z {H$`m J`m h¡&

Bgr Vah Aå~oS>H$a Zo nmíMmË` {dMmaH$ ES>_§S> ~H©$ H$m CXmhaU XoVo hþE H$hm {H$ {OÝhm|Zo ao{S>H$b {dMmam| Ho$ MbVo \«$m§g H$s H«$m§{V H$s AmbmoMZm H$aVo hþE AnZo Xoedm{g`m| go H$hm Wm {H$ Omo bmoJ g_m{hV H$aZm MmhVo h¡§, CÝh| ~Xbmd Ho$ {bE V¡`ma ahZm hmoJm& _¡§ ^r gXZ go `h Amem H$aVm hÿ§ {H$ `{X Amn {hÝXÿ ì`dñWm, {hÝXÿ g§ñH¥${V Am¡a {hÝXÿ g_mO H$mo H$m`_ aIZm MmhVo h¡§ Vmo dhm± gwYma H$aZo _| {hM{H$E Zht, Ohm± gwYma H$s Oê$aV h¡ dhm± gwYma H$s{OE& `h {dYo`H$ Á`mXm Hw$N> _m§J Zht H$aVm, ~pëH$ `h {hÝXÿ g_mO Ho$ CZ {hñgm| _| gwYma H$s _m§J H$aVm h¡ Omo nwamZm h¡ Am¡a {H$gr H$m_ H$m Zht h¡&12 Bg àH$ma CÝhm|Zo AnZm nj aIm& gmW hr CÝhm|Zo H$hm {H$ `h g^r AmXe© g§{dYmZ Ûmam g§Mm{bV hmoVo h¡§& g§{dYmZ H$s àñVmdZm _| hr ñdV§ÌVm, g_mZVm Am¡a ^mB©Mmao H$s ~mV H$hr JB© h¡& AV: h_ Xoe H$s g^r g§ñWmAm| H$mo Bg H$gm¡Q>r na H$g|Jo {H$ dmo g§{dYmZ Ho$ BZ {gÕmÝVm| go _ob ImVr h¡ `m Zht&

Aå~oS>H$a Zo H$hm {H$ AmO VH$ Ho$ B{Vhmg _| h {~b gm_m{OH$ ~Xbmd H$m g~go ~‹S>m gmYZ h¡ Omo {dYm{`H$m Ûmam {H$`m Om ahm h¡& AnZr _hÎmm Ho$ {bhmO go {H$gr ^r {dYm{`H$m _| Z Vmo Bg Vah H$m H$moB© H$mZyZ nm[aV hþAm h¡, Z hr ^{dî` _| nm[aV hmoZo H$s Cå_rX h¡& ""dJm] _| Ag_mZVm, qbJ Ag_mZVm Omo {hÝXÿ g_mO H$s AmË_m h¡, H$mo N>mo‹S>H$a Am{W©H$ g_ñ`mAm| na H$mZyZ ~ZmZm, AnZo g§{dYmZ H$m _OmH$ C‹S>mZm Am¡a Jmo~a na _hb I‹S>m H$aZm O¡gm h¡&''13 {hÝXÿ H$moS> {~b Ho$ gmW `hr Ah_² ~mV

Ow‹S>r hþB© h¡& AnZo ânya à`mgm| Ho$ ~mX ^r S>m°. Aå~oS>H$a {hÝXÿ H$moS> {~b H$mo H$mZyZ H$m ê$n YmaU H$admZo H$m gå_mZ àmá Zht H$a nmò& CZHo$ g_ñV à`mgm|o na {hÝXÿ g_mO Ho$ {Kgo-{nQ>o, X{H$`mZygr Am¡a ê${‹T>dmXr bmoJm| Zo nmZr \o$a {X`m& {~b H$m g§gX Ho$ AÝXa Am¡a ~mha O_H$a {damoY {H$`m J`m&

S>m°. í`m_m àgmX _wIOu H$m H$hZm Wm {H$ {hÝXÿ H$moS> {~b {hÝXÿ g§ñH¥${V Ho$ gwÝXa àmê$n H$mo {N>ÝZ-{^ÝZ H$a XoJm& gaXma ^monoÝÐ qgh _mZ Zo Bgo Y_© n[adV©Z H$m H$mZyZ H$ama {X`m& Hw$N> _{hbmAm| Zo Bg KmofUm-nÌ na {dídmg ì`ŠV {H$`m, bo{H$Z eof H$m§J«ogr g§gXr` Xb H$m ~hþ_V BgHo$ {dê$Õ Wm& Zohê$ Ûmam Bg {~b H$mo g_W©Z àmá Wm, bo{H$Z S>m°. amOoÝÐ àgmX H$m Bg {~b H$mo g_W©Z àmá Zht Wm& CÝhm|Zo Bg {~b H$mo R>ÊSo> ~ñVo _| S>mb {X`m& 22 {gVå~a, 1951 H$mo `h {~b {Jam {X`m J`m& `hm± VH$ {H$ {ddmh Am¡a VbmH$ go Ow‹S>o {hñgo H$mo ^r bmJy Zht {H$`m J`m& {Zamem Ho$ ~rM S>m°. Aå~oS>H$a Zo H$hm {H$ Mma AZwÀN>oXm| Ho$ nm[aV H$aZo Ho$ ~mX Bgo _maH$a X\$Zm {X`m J`m Am¡a D$na go Z Vmo amoZo {X`m J`m Am¡a Z hr JmZo {X`m J`m& AÝVV: 27 {Xgå~a, 1951 H$mo CÝhm|Zo Zohê$ _§{Ì_ÊS>b go BñVr\$m Xo {X`m& CZH$m _mZZm Wm {H$ _{hbmAm| Ho$ Z¡{VH$ gmhg _| H$_r {~b Ho$ amñVo _| ~mYm ~Z J`r&14 H$moB© ^r M{M©V Am¡a à^mdr _{hbm ep»g`V {~b H$mo nm[aV H$amZo Ho$ {bE CZHo$ gmW Zht I‹S>r hþB©&

AÝVV: ~mX _| {hÝXÿ H$moS> {~b H$mo Mma ^mJm| _| {d^m{OV {H$`m J`m Am¡a CZ g^r H$mo g§gX Zo AnZo {dYmZ _| em{_b H$a {b`m& (1) {hÝXÿ {ddmh H$m H$mZyZ, 1955; (2) {hÝXÿ CÎmam{YH$ma H$mZyZr, 1956; (3) {hÝXÿ Aëng§»`H$ Am¡a Jm{O©`Z, 1956; (4) {hÝXÿ JmoX Am¡a âU-nmofU H$mZyZ, 1956&

`h nm§M {dYmZ h¡ {OgHo$ AÝVJ©V S>m°. Aå~oS>H$a ""{hÝXÿ H$moS> {~b Ho$ {gÕmÝV'' em{_b h¡& AV: Bg_| H$moB© g§Xoh Zht {H$ CÝhm|Zo ^maV _| _{hbmAm| H$s Xem gwYmaZo Ho$ {bE A^yVnyd© à`mg {H$ò&

{ZîH$f©

S>m°. Aå~oS>H$a Zo g§{dYmZ {Z_m©U _| _hËdnyU© ^y{_H$m {Z^mVo hþE g^r ñÌr-nwéfm| H$mo {~Zm {H$gr àH$ma Ho$ ôX^md, _m¡{bH$ A{YH$ma, g_mZVm Ed§ ñdV§ÌVm H$m A{YH$ma {Xbdm`m& gm_m{OH$, gm§ñH¥${VH$, Am{W©H$ Ed§ amOZ¡{VH$ Ag_mZVmAm| H$mo g_má H$aZo Ho$ à`mg _| S>m°. Aå~oS>H$a AnZo OrdZ Ho$ A§{V_ jUm| VH$ bJo aho& Aå~oS>H$a g_Vm_ybH$ g_mO Ho$


ISSN 2348-3857

njYa Wo {Og_| ñÌr-nwéf g_mZVm Ho$ AmYma na AnZm OrdZ {Zdm©h H$a gHo$& AWm©V² EH$ Eogm g_mO Ohm± dJ© ôX, qbJ ôX H$m A^md hmo, g~H$mo Ý`m` {_bo, g^r H$mo ñdV§ÌVm H$m A{YH$ma àmá hmo& Aå~oS>H$a _{hbmAm| H$s pñW{V Ho$ à{V A{YH$ qM{VV Wo, CÝhm|Zo _{hbm àíZm| H$mo JhamB© go g_Pm Am¡a CZHo$ {bE ~hþ{ddmh àWm H$mo g_má H$a EH$ {ddmh H$mo H$mZyZ _mÝ`Vm {XbdmB©& CÝhm|Zo {hÝXÿ {ddmh H$mo "n{dÌ ~§YZ' eãX go Z Omo‹S>H$a "gm_m{OH$ g_Pm¡Vo' go Omo‹S>Zo H$m à`ËZ {H$`m, {OgHo$ AÝVJ©V b‹S>H$s H$s gh_{V H$mo àmW{_H$Vm Xr& BgHo$ gmW hr _{hbmAm| Ho$ {bE CÝhm|Zo g§gX _| àgy{V AdH$me {~b ^r nmg H$adm`m& {hÝXÿ H$moS> {~b _{hbmAm| Ho$ g§d¡Ym{ZH$ {dYo`H$ gm{~V hþAm, Omo Aå~oS>H$a Ho$ `moJXmZ H$m hr n[aUm_ h¡& BZ g§X^m] _| ñnï> hmoVm h¡ {H$ S>m°. Aå~oS>H$a H$m ^maVr` ñÌr-nwéf g_mZVm Ho$ à{V _hËdnyU© `moJXmZ ahm h¡&

g§X^© gyMr

1. Aå~oS>H$a, ~r.Ama., amB©g EÊS> \$mb Am°\$ X {hÝXÿ dy_Z, ãby_yZ ~wŠg, ZB© {Xëbr, 1999, n¥.g§. 12-17

2. _yZ, ~gÝV, S>m°. ~m~m gmho~ Aå~oS>H$a, amB©qQ>J EÊS> ñnrMoO, ESy>Ho$eZ S>dbn_oÝQ>, Jd_}ÝQ> Am°\$ _hmamï´>m, ~må~o, dmoë`y_ 3, 1987, n¥.g§. 433-437

3. ~mgw, S>r.S>r., BÝQ>moSo>ŠeZ Qy> X H$mÝñQ>rQ²> yeZ Am°\$ B§{S> m, à¡ŠQ>rg hm°b àmBdoQ> {b{_Q>oS>, Ý y {Xëbr, 1993, n¥.g§. 87-145

4. _yZ, ~gÝV, S>m°. ~m~m gmho~ Aå~oS>H$a, amB©qQ>J EÊS> ñnrMoO, dmoë`y_ 14(1), 1995, n¥.g§. 37

5. ~mgw, S>r.S>r., BÝQ´>moSo>ŠeZ Qy> C H$mñQ>rQ²>`yeZ Am°\$ B§{S>`m, àoŠQ>rg hm°b àmB©doQ> {b{_Q>oS>, Ý`y {Xëbr, 1993, n¥.g§. 139

6. ZmaHo$, har, S>m°. ~m~m gmho~ Aå~oS>H$a, amB©qQ>J EÊS> ñnrMoO, dmoë`y_ 17(III), n¥.g§. 396

7. H$mÝñQ>rQ²>`yeZb Agoå~br {S>~oQ²>g, 31 AJñV, 1948, dmoë`y_-VI Z (1), nmQ>© II, n¥.g§. 775-842

8. nm{b©`m_oÝQ> Am°\$ B§{S>`m {S>~oQ²>g, 17-9-1951 go 19-9-1951 dmoë`y_-XV, n¥.g§. 2674-2937

9. H$sa, YZZoÁ`, S>m°. Aå~oS>H$a, bmB\$ EÊS> {_eZ, n¥.g§. 432-434

10. ZmaHo$, har, S>m°. ~m~m gmho~ Aå~oS>H$a, amB©qQ>J EÊS> ñnrMoO, dmoë`y_ 14(1), n¥.g§. 5

11. aÎmw, EZ.gr., bmñQ> â`y B©à Am°\$ Aå~oS>H$a, A_¥V npãbqeJ hmD$g, Ý`y {Xëbr, 1997, n¥.g§. 17

12. Cn`w©ŠV, n¥.g§. 18-19

13. Cn`w©ŠV, n¥.g§. 20-21

14. nm{b©`m_oÝQ> Am°\$ B§{S>`m, {S>Q>oQ> g. 17-9-1951 go 19-9-1951, dmoë`y_-XV, n¥.g§. 2674-2937

15. Ahra, S>r.gr., Aå~oS>H$a X J«oQ>, ãby_yZ ~wŠg, 2000, n¥.g§. 106

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emoYmWuamOZr{V {dkmZ {d^mJ, amOñWmZ {díd{dÚmb`, O`nwa (amOñWmZ)



ISSN 2348-3857

J`m& O~{H$ g§emo{YV ì`mnma g_Pm¡Vm _mM©, 2006 _| dV©_mZ ì`mnma g_Pm¡Vo Ho$ AÝVJ©V hþAm&4

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`h gË` h¡ {H$ ~m§½bmXoe H$m {Z`m©V joÌ H$m\$s N>moQ>m h¡, ~m§½bmXoe H$s AnZr Kaoby amOZr{V H$s dOh go ^maV Ho$ ~‹S>o CÚmoJ KamZo O¡go Q>mQ>m H$m AnZo `hm± {Zdoe Ho$ {bò {damoYmË_H$ ~mV| gm_Zo AmB© h¡§, Omo AÝ` ~‹S>o ^maVr` {ZdoeH$m| `m CÚmoJ KamZo Ho$ {bò ZH$mamË_H$ g§Ho$V h¡& ‹T>mH$m {MQ>Jm§d nmoQ>© go ^maV Ho$ nydm©oÎma amÁ`m| H$mo {_bZo dmbr nÎmZ ghm`Vm, {Oggo Amdí`H$ gm_mZm| H$s ny{V© AmgmZr go hmo ahr h¡, H$m {damoY H$aVm h¡ Š`m|{H$ Bggo Cgo bJVm h¡ {H$ `hm± Ho$ àË`j {dXoer {d{Z`_ _| ^maV H$m \$m`Xm hmo ahm h¡&12 gaH$ma ì`mnma H$s X¥{ï> go Á`mXm MrZ Ho$ Á`mXm H$ar~ {XImB© n‹S>r& ^maV Ûmam Xr Om ahr V_m_ {deof ghÿ{b`V| V^r H$maJa hmoJr O~ XmoZm| gaH$ma| "Zm°Z Q>¡[a\$" Ed§ "n¡am Q>¡[a\$" éH$mdQ> H$mo gh_{V go hQ>m`m Omò, Omo Bg joÌ Ho$ ì`mnma Ho$ {bò g~go ~‹S>r éH$mdQ> h¡&13

^maV-~m§½bmXoe Ho$ gmW O~ dhm± AmnmVH$mb bmJy Wm Am¡a H$m`©dmhH$ gaH$ma Wr, Vmo Cggo ^r gå~ÝYm| Ho$ {bò gVV² à`mgerb ahm h¡& OwbmB©, 2007 _| dm{UÁ` amÁ`_§Ìr lr

ISSN 2348-3857


Oàm_ a_oe Zo ^maV-~m§½bmXoe "M¡å~a Am°\$ H$m°_g© EÊS> BÊS>ñQ´>r" H$m CX²KmQ>Z {H$`m& Bg `mÌm Ho$ Xm¡amZ CÝhm|Zo amï´>n{V S>m°. BOm`wX²XrZ Ah_X go _wbmH$mV H$s&14

Zdå~a 2007 _| ^maV gaH$ma Zo àË`j {Zdoe Ho$ amoH$ H$mo, Omo ~m§½bmXoe bmoJm| Ho$ Ûmam `m ~m§½bmXoe _| ì`mnma H$m Wm, hQ>m {b`m& Hw$b 181 FDI Ed§ g§`wŠV CnH«$_ H$m àñVmd Ed§ 435 {_{b`Z S>m°ba H$m ~m§½bmXoe gaH$ma Ho$ {Zdoe n[afX² Ho$ gmW H$n‹S>m, H¥${f CÚmoJ, agm`Z Ed§ A{^`m§{ÌH$s CÚmoJ Am{X Ho$ {bò AZw~§Y hþAm h¡& 181 `moOZmAm| _| 57 CËnmXZ H$s pñW{V _| h¡& BZb¡ÊS> Q´>oS> EÊS> Q´>m§{OQ> ì`dñWm 1972 go h¡; `h àmoQ>moH$m°b 2007 _| ZdrZrH$aU {H$`m J`m, Omo _mM© 2009 VH$ bmJy hmoJm&15

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5. joÌr` ImÚ ~¡§H$ H$s ñWmnZm Ho$ O[aò ImÚ gwajm _| gwYma {H$`m OmòJm&16

10 Aà¡b, 2008 H$mo ‹T>mH$m _| EH$ A§Vam©Á`r` gaH$mam| Ûmam hñVmja {H$`m J`m, {OgHo$ n[aUm_ ñdén EH$ gám{hH$ ‹T>mH$m-H$mobH$mÎmm Ho$ ~rM aob `mÌr ì`dñWm 14 Aà¡b 2008 go ewé hmo J`r, Š`m|{H$ `h aob ì`dñWm 1965 go ~§X Wr& Bg aob godm go ~m§½bmXo{e`m| H$mo ^maV _| ñdmñÏ` gw{dYm`| àmá H$aZo Ho$ {damoY _| _XX {_boJr& XmoZm| Xoem| Ho$ bmoJm| H$m EH$ Xÿgao Ho$ `hm± AmdmJ_Z ^r hþAm& EH$ AZw_mZ Ho$ AZwgma H$ar~ 6 bmI ~m§½bmXoer à{Vdf© ^maV AmVo h¡§ O~{H$ BgHo$ {dnarV 80,000-90,000 ^maVr` ~m§½bmXoe OmVo h¡§&17

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~m§½bmXoe H$s gaH$ma| `h g_PVr h¡ {H$ ^maV Ho$ gmW ì`mnma H$mo A{YH$ ~‹T>mZm CgHo$ AnZo XrK©H$mbrZ {hVm| Ho$ AZwHy$b Zht ah gH$Vm, Š`m|{H$ ^maVr` _mb ~m§½bmXoe Ho$ ~mOmam| na hmdr hmo gH$Vm h¡ VWm CgHo$ Kaoby CÚmoJ H$mo hm{Z nhþ±Mm gH$Vm h¡& ~m§½bmXoe H$s gaH$ma gr_m nma Ad¡Y ì`mnma H$mo amoH$Zo Ho$ {bò ^r X¥‹T> H$X_ Zht CR>m aht, Š`m|{H$ gr_m Ho$ gmW-gmW ahZo dmbo CZHo$ ZmJ[aH$ Bg ì`mnma go AnZr Amdí`H$VmAm| H$mo nyam H$a aho h¡§& ^maV-~m§½bmXoe ì`mnma H$mo AZoH$ J¡a H$a (Non-Tax barriers) gr{_V ~Zm aho h¡§ {OZH$mo g_má H$aZo Ho$ {bò ~m§½bmXoe nyU© ê$n go CËgmh go H$m`© Zht H$a ahm&

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gr_m na ~m‹S> bJmH$a hr EH$ _O~yV nhaoXmar Ûmam Bg Ad¡Y gr_m na J{V{d{Y H$mo amoH$m Om gH$Vm h¡& bo{H$Z BgHo$ {bò EH$ VarH$m hmoZm Mm{hE, {Og_| XmoZm| Xoem| H$s dmVm© Ho$ Ûmam gh_{V hmo& BgHo$ {bò gr_m gå~ÝYr g^r ~mVm| Ho$ {bE J¥h g{Mdm|, _hm{ZXoeH$ ñVa H$s dmVm©, gr_m gwajm ~b Ed§ ~m§½bmXoer


ISSN 2348-3857

amB\$ëg Ho$ gmW h_oem g_`-g_` na dmVm© Am`mo{OV hmoZr Mm{hE&20

_mM©, 2001 _| 856 {H$._r. bå~r {Ìnwam joÌ _| ^maV-~m§½bmXoe gr_m na H$Q>rbo Vma bJmZo Ho$ {bò 8.75 H$amo‹S> bmJV H$s EH$ `moOZm ^maV Zo ~Zm`r& `h H§$Q>rbr Vma ^maVr` ^y-joÌ _| 15 JO Ho$ ^y{_ H$mo N>mo‹S>H$a bJmB© OmZr Wr& nhbo MaU _| 40 {H$._r. gr_m na Eogm {H$`m OmZm Wm Am¡a {\$a AJbo MaU _| 39 {H$._r. gr_m na {H$`m OmZm Wm& {deofH$a Eogm H§$Q>rbr Vma nhbo CZ gr_m joÌm| _| bJm`r OmZr Wr& Am¡a {\$a AJbo MaU _| 39 {H$._r. gr_m na {H$`m OmZm Wm& {deofH$a Eogr H§$Q>rbr Vma nhbo CZ gr_m joÌm| _| bJm`r OmZr Wr, Ohm± go ~m§½bmXoe H$s Amoa A{YH$ Ad¡Y Kwgn¡R> hmo ahr Wr& bo{H$Z ~m§½bmXoe Zo ^maV H$s Bg `moOZm H$m {damoY {H$`m&21

{Xgå~a 2001 _| XmoZm| Xoem| Zo Amngr gh`moJ go EH$ Joint Boundary Working Group (JBWG) H$m JR>Z {H$`m, Omo O_rZ gå~ÝYr g_ñ`mAm| Ho$ g^r _wX²Xm| Ho$ g_mYmZ Ho$ {bE gbmh XoJr& Bg H$_oQ>r H$s VrZ dmVm© OwbmB©, 2001 _mM© 2002 Am¡a OwbmB© 2006 VH$ hmo MwH$s h¡ Bgr H«$_ _| 2-3 AJñV 2007 H$mo ZB© {Xëbr _| J¥h g{Md ñVa H$s dmVm© hþ`r, O~{H$ 7-12 Aà¡b, 2008 H$mo gr_m gwajm ~b Ed§ ~m§½bmXoe amB\$ëg Ho$ gmW _hm{ZXoeH$ ñVa H$s dmVm© ZB© {Xëbr _| hþB©&22

Ad¡Y ~m§½bmXoer Aàdm{g`m| H$s ^maV _| {ZaÝVaVm ^maV Ho$ {bE EH$ {MÝVm H$m {df` h¡& ^maV h_oem Bg g_ñ`m H$mo ~m§½bmXoe Ho$ CƒV_ ñVa Am¡a gaH$mam| H$m Ü`mZmH$f©U H$amVm ahVm h¡& XmoZm| gaH$mam| H$mo Mm{hò {H$ EH$ Eogr ì`dñWm H$m {Z_m©U {H$`m OmZm Mm{hò Wm Eogr ì`dñWm hmo, Omo gr_m go gå~pÝYV g_ñ`mE§, {Og_| gr_mnma J{V{d{Y`m| H$s EH$ énaoIm hmo& {Ogo hb H$aZo Ho$ {bE gr_m gwajm ~b Ed§ ~m§½bmXoe amB\$ëg Ho$ _hm{ZXoeH$m| Ed§ XmoZm| Xoem| Ho$ J¥h g{Md H$s Bg g_ñ`m na g_`-g_` na dmVm© hmoZr Mm{hE&23

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~m§½bmXoe H$s Ý`m`nm{bH$m go Ow‹S>r g_ñ`m VWm ^maVr` Ý`m`mb`m| _| Mb ahr Ý`m` à{H«$`m H$mo ~m§½bmXoe Ûmam H¡$go AnZm`m Omò, Bg {df` na XmoZm| njm| _| MMm© hþ`r& XmoZm| Xoem| Zo AmV§H$dmX go {ZnQ>Zo Ho$ {bò nañna gwPmd {X`m& Eogm H$hm Om ahm h¡ {H$ ~m§½bmXoe njm| Ho$ ~rM nañna {hV go Ow‹S>o _wX²Xm| na g§{Y H$aZm VWm {d{Y doÎmmAm| Ho$ ~rM gVV² ~mV ì`dhma ~Zmò aIZm MmhVm h¡&

^maV VWm ~m§½bmXoe Ho$ _Ü` gå~ÝYm| H$mo gwYmaZo H$s {Xem _| {H«$Ho$Q> EH$ _hËdnyU© H$maH$ Ho$ én _| gm_Zo Am`m h¡& XmoZm| Xoem| Ho$ _Ü` {H«$Ho$Q> Ho$ Am`moOZ go {ZpíMV hr XmoZm| Xoem| Ho$ ZmJ[aH$m| H$m EH$-Xÿgao Ho$ `hm± AmdmJ_Z go XmoZm| Ho$ _Ü` gm§ñH¥${VH$, ^mfmB© Ed§ ar{V-[admOm| Ho$ g_mZ hmoZo Ho$ H$maU {ZpíMV hr Xÿ[a`m± H$_ hmoJr& {nN>bo {díd H$n _| O~ XmoZm| Xoem| H$s Q>r_ _¡XmZ _| CVat Vmo nyar {díd g_wXm` Ho$ gm_Zo EH$ AbJ gm dmVmdaU XoIZo H$mo {_bm& ~m§½bmXoe Ho$ _ranwa _| 10 _B©, 2007 H$mo Iobo Jò _¡§M _| npíM_ ~§Jmb Ho$ {Zdmgr, Omo H$m\$s g§»`m _| _¡M XoIZo Jò Wo, CZ_| JO~ H$m CËgmh {XIm& dhm± Ho$ X¥ï>mÝV go `h gm\$ ZOa Am ahm Wm {H$ ñQ>o{S>`_ _| ~¡R>o ZmJ[aH$ Xmo Xoem| Ho$ Zht, ~pëH$ EH$ hr Xoe Ho$ hmo&26 AmíM`© Vmo V~ hþAm O~ ~rM-~rM _| XmoZm| Xoem| Ho$ Ûmam Am_ma-gmoZma H$s AmdmO ^r gwZr J`r&27

AV: {ZpíMV hr XmoZm| Xoem| Ho$ _Ü` ~ma-~ma {H«$Ho$Q> Ho$ Am`moOZ go {ZpíMV hr Xÿ[a`m± H$_ hmoJr, BZH$mo AnZo ñdV§ÌVm Am§XmobZ _| ^maVr`m| Ûmam {H$ò Jò `moJXmZ H$m Adí` Ehgmg hmoJm Am¡a gmW hr XmoZm| Xoem| Ho$ _Ü` {ZpíMV hr gå~ÝY àJm‹T> hm|Jo&

^maV ~m§½bmXoe Ho$ gmW amOZ¡{VH$ gå~ÝYm| H$mo ^r AmJo ~‹T>mZo _| gX¡d à`ËZerb ahm h¡& Bgr{bò ~m§½bmXoe _| AmnmVH$mb Ho$ Xm¡amZ H$m`©dmhH$ gaH$ma Zo ^r ^maV gaH$ma go gå~ÝYm|

ISSN 2348-3857


H$mo AmJo ~‹T>mZo H$m à`mg {H$`m h¡& Bgr H«$_ _| {dXoe _§Ìr lr àU~ _wIOu Zo 19 \$adar 2007 H$mo ~m§½bmXoe H$s `mÌm H$s Am¡a ~m§½bmXoe H$mo 14d| gmH©$ gå_obZ, ZB© {Xëbr H$m {Z`§ÌU ^r {X`m h¡& Bg `mÌm Ho$ Xm¡amZ CÝhm|Zo amï´>n{V S>m°. BOm`wX²XrZ Ah_X, H$m`©dmhH$ gaH$ma Ho$ _w»` gbmhH$ma S>m°. BâVoIma Mm¡Yar go {Ûnjr` gå~ÝYm| Ho$ ~mao _| {dñV¥V MMm© H$s& 2 Aà¡b 2007 H$mo 14d| gmH©$ gå_obZ, ZB© {Xëbr _| àYmZ_§Ìr S>m°. _Z_mohZ qgh Zo ~m§½bmXoe Ho$ _w»` gbmhH$ma S>m°. \$IéX²XrZ Ah_X go _wbmH$mV H$s Am¡a XmoZm| ZoVmAm| Zo à_wI {Ûnjr` Ed§ AÝ` _wX²Xm| na {dMma-{d_e© {H$`m&28

{dXoe _§Ìr lr àU~ _wIOu Zo nwZ: 1 {Xgå~a 2007 H$mo ~m§½bmXoe H$s `mÌm H$s Am¡a ~m§½bmXoe _| Am o MH«$dmVr Vy\$mZ Ho$ {b o ^maVr` ghm`Vm H$s KmofUm H$s Ed§ ñd § Vy\$mZ à^m{dV joÌm| H$m Xm¡am {H$`m& CÝhm|Zo Vy\$mZ nr{‹S>Vm| Ho$ {b o 37 {_{b`Z S>m°ba H$s ^maVr` ghm`Vm H$s KmofUm H$s& Bg `mÌm Ho$ Xm¡amZ ~m§½bmXoe H$mo 5 bmI Q>Z Mmdb H$m {Z`m©V gñVo Xm_m| _| Am¡a MH«$dmV à^m{dV 10 Jm§dm| H$mo JmoX boZo Am¡a nwZdm©g H$s KmofUm H$s&29

24-27 OyZ 2007 H$mo {dXoe g{Md ~m§½bmXoe Ho$ {dXoe g{Md Ho$ Am_§ÌU na ~m§½bmXoe Jò& ‹T>mH$m `mÌm Ho$ Xm¡amZ {dXoe g{Md Zo ~m§½bmXoe Ho$ _w»` gbmhH$ma, {dXoe _m_bm| Ho$ gbmhH$ma Am¡a goZmÜ`j _wbmH$mV H$s& XmoZm| {dXoe g{Mdm| Zo gwajm _m_bm| gwa{jV Ed§ em§{VnyU© gr_m, Ob g§gmYZ, Am{W©H$ Ed§ ì`mnma _m_bo Am¡a joÌr` gh`moJ Am{X _wX²Xm| _| EH$ nmañn[aH$ Ed§ AmJo ~‹T>Zo dmbr dmVm© H$s& 2-3 AJñV 2007 H$mo XmoZm| Xoem| Ho$ J¥h g{Md ñVa H$s dmVm© H$s& {Oggo XmoZm| Va\$ go {Ûnjr` gwajm gå~ÝYr _wX²Xm| na {dñV¥V MMm© H$s& 14 \$adar go 1 _mM© 2008 H$mo ^maVr` goZm Ho$ {Z_§ÌU na ~m§½bmXoer goZmÜ`j OZab _moBZ-`y-Ah_X Zo ^maV H$s `mÌm H$s&

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~m§½bmXoe H$s amOZr{VH$ g§ñWmE§ H$m\$s H$_Omoa h¡§ Am¡a goZm H$s ^y{h_H$m A^r ^r gm\$ Vm¡a na n[a^m{fV Zht h¡§& goZm Zo AñWm`r Vm¡a na amOZr{V H$aZm N>mo‹S> {X`m h¡ bo{H$Z BDR Ho$ {dÐmoh Ho$ ~mX goZm Ho$ {\$a g{H«$` hmoZo H$s g§^mdZm ~Zr ahVr h¡& goZm H$m amOZr{VH$aU dhm± H$s bmoH$Vm§{ÌH$ gaH$ma Ho$ {bE ~‹S>m IVam h¡& ^maV Ho$ {bE dhm± H$s bmoH$Vm§{ÌH$ gaH$ma H$mo _O~yV H$aVo ahZm Oéar h¡&34

CnamoŠV {d{^ÝZ g_ñ`mAm| H$mo XoIVo hþE 21dt gXr _| ^maV-~m§½bmXoe gå~ÝYm| H$mo gwYmaZo _| {ZåZ{bpIV gm_m{OH$, amOZr{VH$ Ed§ Am{W©H$ nhb H$s Oê$aV h¡, {Oggo dV©_mZ g_` _| XmoZm| Xoem| Ho$ gå~ÝYm| H$mo àmoËgmhZ {X`m OmòJm&35

gm_[aH$ nhb

1. Cƒ loUr H$s g¡Ý` ì`dñWm H$m AmXmZ-àXmZ&

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amOZr{VH$ nhb

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6. dm{f©H$ g§J{R>V amOZr{VH$ dmVm©&


ISSN 2348-3857

Am{W©H$ nhb

1. ~m§½bmXoer Am¡Úmo{JH$ Ed§ VH$ZrH$s j_Vm H$mo ~‹T>mdm&

2. _Ëñ` {dH$mg&

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{ZîH$f©V: ~m§½bmXoe maV Ho$ {bò AË`{YH$ _hËdnyU© n‹S>mogr h¡& ~m§½bmXoe àË`j ê$n go ^maV H$s gwajm Ho$ {bò H$moB© IVam Zht h¡ {H$ÝVw Ad¡Y Kwgn¡{R>`m| Ho$ H$maU nydm}Îma amÁ`m| _| Z¥OmVr`, Ym{_©H$, gm§ñH¥${VH$ g§Kf© ewé hmo OmVo h¡§& ~m§½bmXoe go AmZo dmbr Ad¡Y Kwgn¡R> H$s g_ñ`m amoqh½`m g_wXm` Ho$ bmoJm| Ho$ H$maU Am¡a A{YH$ {dH$Q> hmo JB© {Oggo maV-~m§½bmXoe gå~ÝY ~m{YV hmoVo h¡§&37

^maV-~m§½bmXoe dV©_mZ _| AÀN>o Xm¡a go JwOa aho h¡§& ^maV-~m§½bmXoe gå~ÝY Ho$ _Ü` "b¡ÊS> ~mS©>a EJ«r_|Q>" H$m g_Pm¡Vm hmo MwH$m h¡ {Oggo Bg gr_m _| AmZo dmbr ~pñV`m| Ho$ bmoJm| H$mo Z Ho$db nhMmZ {_br ~pëH$ B_rJ«oeZ H$m IVam ^r H$_ hþAm h¡& ^maV Ho$ nydm©Îma amÁ`m| Ho$ {dH$mg Ho$ {bò ~m§½bmXoe H$m gh`moJ g§^d h¡, Š`m|{H$ nydm}Îma amÁ`m| H$s gr_m ~m§½bmXoe go {_bVr h¡ Bg{bò ~m§½bmXoe H$mo "nydm}Îma H$m àdoe Ûma" ^r H$hm OmVm h¡&38 CXmarH$aU Ed§ ^y_ÊS>brH$aU Ho$ Bg Xm¡a _| nañna gh`moJ Ûmam XmoZm| Xoem| H$mo bm^ àmá hmo gH$Vm h¡& ^maV-~m§½bmXoe H$ZopŠQ>{dQ>r H$mo ~‹T>mdm XoZo Ho$ {bò AJaVbm-AImo‹S>m aob gånH©$ H$m g_Pm¡Vm hmo MwH$m h¡ {Oggo H$mobH$mVm Ed§ {Ìnwam Ho$ _Ü` ‹T>mH$m hmoH$a AmdmJ_Z hmoJm Am¡a Omo ^maV Ho$ {g{bJw‹S>r J{b`mao H$m {dH$ën ~ZoJm&39 df© 2016 _| ~m§½bmXoe Am¡a ^maV Ho$ _Ü` noQ´>monmob Ed§ ~oZmnmob Ho$ _Ü` ì`mnma _mJ© H$s ewéAmV hþB© Omo XmoZm| Xoem| Ho$ ì`mnma Ho$ {bò _hËdnyU© h¡& hmbm§{H$ ^maV-~m§½bmXoe Ho$ ~rM Hw$N> _wX²Xm| na Agh_{V h¡ O¡go VrñVm ZXr Ob g_Pm¡Vm Zht hmo gH$m h¡& BgHo$ A{V[aŠV ~m§½bmXoe

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gmam§eV: ^maV H$mo AnZr Zo~ahþ‹S>, \$ñQ>© H$s Zr{V na {Za§VaVm Ed§ à{V~ÕVm Ho$ gmW MbZm hmoJm& g{H«$`, ì`mdhm[aH$ Am¡a {Oå_oXmamZm ^maV H$s `h gmoM {díd _§M na ^maV H$s ^y{_H$m H$mo n[a^m{fV H$aVr h¡& ^maV ~hþnjr` Am¡a gm_y{hH$ {ZU©` boZo H$s à{H«$`m H$m g_W©H$ ~ZH$a Câm h¡ VWm {Z`_ AmYm[aV d¡pídH$ ì`dñWm H$m g_W©H$ h¡& {d{^ÝZ ~hþnjr` _§Mm| na ^maV Zo AnZr AmdmO g§Vw{bV, gmaJ{^©V Am¡a Z¡{VH$Vm Ho$ AmYma na CR>mB© h¡& CZ n[apñW{V`m| _| ^maV H$mo AnZo n‹S>mogr Xoem| Ho$ gmW gå~ÝYm| H$mo àJm‹T> Ed§ _O~yV ~ZmZo H$s {Xem _| AJ«ga hmoZm n‹S>oJm Am¡a `WmW©dmXr X¥{ï>H$moU Hy$Q>Zr{VH$ g§VwbZ Ed§ à¡ã_¡{Q>H$dmX Ho$ VhV gå~ÝYm| H$mo ~ohVa ~ZmZo H$s {Xem _| H$m`© H$aZm hmoJm& n‹S>mogr Xoem| Ho$ gmW _Ywa gå~ÝYm| go hr ^maV AÝVam©ï´>r` _§Mm| Ed§ {díd na AnZr geŠV CnpñW{V H$mo XO© H$am nmEJm& ^maV gX¡d go hr "gd©OZ {hVm` - gd©OZ gwIm`" H$s Zr{V H$m nmbZ H$aVm h¡ Am¡a Cno{jV n‹S>mo{g`m| H$mo {dH$mg H$m g_mZ ^mJrXma ~ZmZm hmoJm& ^maV H$mo Bg ^y-gm_[aH$ J{UV H$mo AÀN>r Vah go g_PZm hmoJm Am¡a Bgr H$mo Ho$ÝÐ _| aIH$a {dXoe Zr{V Ho$ {d{^ÝZ Am`m_m| H$mo V` H$aZo H$s {Xem _| àJ{V hþB© h¡, bo{H$Z h_| ^maVr` Cn_hmÛrn H$s ^m¡Jmo{bH$ g_rnVm, g_mZ ^mfmE§ ar{V-[admOm| H$s g_mZVm ^m¡{VH$ d gm_m{OH$ g§aMZm _| EH$énVm Am{X H$mo Omo bm^m§e `m hm{gb H$aZm Mm{hò, dh A^r VH$ Zht {_b nm`m h¡&

^maV H$mo AnZr gwajm hoVw nydm}Îma Ho$ gr_mdVu joÌm| H$mo {deof ê$n go Ho$ÝÐ _| aIH$a AnZr gwajm Zr{V H$mo {ZYm©aU H$aZm hmoJm, Š`m|{H$ `{X Bg joÌ _| IVam CËnÝZ hmoVm h¡, Vmo ^maV H$s ñWbr` gr_m _| EH$ Am¡a `wÕ _moMm© àmaå^ hmo OmòJm, Omo {H$ Z Ho$db maV H$s gwajm Ho$ {bò A{hVH$a {gÕ hmoJm, ~pëH$ X{jU E{e`m Cn_hmÛrn Ho$ {bò ^r KmVH$ hmoJm& Š`m|{H$ Bg joÌ _| ^maV H$s ^y{_H$m AJ«Ur ahr h¡, Omo {H$ Bg joÌ _| em§{V Ed§ g_¥{Õ hoVw gVV² {dH$mgaV h¡, Š`m|{H$ ""dgwY¡d Hw$Qw>å~H$_²"" H$s YmaUm H$mo AmË_gmV H$aHo$ g^r H$mo gmW boH$a MbZo H$s YmaUm _| {dídmg H$aVm h¡&41

g§X^© gyMr

1. XÎmm, lr amYm, ~m§½bmXoe E \«¡$OmBb So>_moH«o$gr, {eàm npãbHo$eZ, n¥.g§. 124, 2004, ZB© {Xëbr&

ISSN 2348-3857


2. S>ãë`yS>ãë`yS>ãë`y._rEB§{S>`m.EZAmB©gr.BZ/\$m°a oZ[aboeZ/ ~m§½bmXoe

3. a~ImZ, E_. g_gwa, Qy>dS©>g ~oQ>a B§{S>`m - ~m§½bmXoe [aboe§g AmB©.S>r.Eg.E. ñQ´>oQ>o{OH$ H$_oÝQ²>g, 9 OZdar, 2009

4. B§{S>`m-~m§½bmXoe nm°{b{Q>H$b EÊS> BH$moZm°{_H$ [aboe§g, S>ãë`yS>ãë`yS>ãë`y.gmCWE{e`mEZm{b{gg.AmoAmaOr.

5. XÎmm, lr amYm, ~m§½bmXoe E \«¡$OmBbr So>_moH«o$gr, {eàm npãbHo$eZ, n¥.g§. 151, {Xëbr, 2004

6. {g{db g{d©goO H«$m{ZH$b, n¥.g§. 11, {Xgå~a, 2005

7. {g{db g{d©goO Q>mBåg, n¥.g§. 70, Zdå~a, 2005

8. Cn`w©ŠV, n¥.g§. 71-72

9. Cn`w©ŠV, n¥.g§. 70

10. \$m_©b E§S> BZ\$m_©b Q´>oS> [aboeZ {~Q>drZ ~m§½bmXoe EÊS> B§{S>`m - Bí`yO EÊS> [aŠ_§So>eZ, EZ.S>r.gr. ~m§½bmXoe dmë`y_ 4, Z§.1., n¥.g§. 25, OyZ, 2005

11. ^maV Ed§ {díd : AÝVam©ï´>r` _wX²Xo Ed§ AÝVam©ï´>r` g§ñWm`|, H«$m{ZH$b B©à ~wH$, 2006, n¥.g§. 275, OyZ, 2005

12. nQ>Zm`H$, ñ_¥{V Eg., B§{S>`m ~m§½bmXoe [aboe§g AmâQ>a X \$maoZ goH«o$Q>ar bodb Q>m°Šg, AmB©S>rEgE ñQ´>oQ>o{OH$ H$_oÝQ²>g, 17 OwbmB© 2007

13. \$m_©b Ed§ BZ\$m_©b Q´>oS> [aboe§g {~Q>drZ ~m§½bmXoe EÊS> B§{S>`m : Bí`yO EÊS> [aŠ_§So>e§g, EZ.S>r.gr., ~m§½bmXoe dmë`y_ 4, Z§.1., n¥.g§. 25, OyZ, 2005

14. nydm}ŠV, B§{S>`m-~m§½bmXoe nm°{b{Q>H$b EÊS> BH$moZm{_H$ [aboe§g

15. b{bV, Jwbm~ MÝX Ed§ qgh, adrÝÐ àVmn, ^maV Am¡a CgHo$ n‹S>mogr, _mo{hV npãbHo$eÝg, n¥.g§. 382-403, 2017

16. Cn`w©ŠV

17. {g{db g{d©goO H«$m{ZH$b, n¥.g§. 16-17, _B©, 2008

18. nydm}ŠV, B§{S>`m-~m§½bmXoe nm°{b{Q>H$b EÊS> BH$moZm{_H$ [aboeÝg

19. aIImZ, E_. g_gwa, Qy>dS©²>g ~oQ>a B§{S>`m - ~m§½bmXoe [aboe§g, AmB©.S>r.Eg.E., ñQ´>oQ>o{OH$ H$_oÝQ²>g, 9 OZdar, 2009


21. ^maV Ed§ {díd, AÝVam©ï´>r` _wX²Xo Ed§ AÝVam©ï´>r` g§ñWm`|, H«$m{ZH$b B©à ~wH$, n¥.g§. 275, 2006

22. XÎmm, lr amYm, ~m§½bmXoe E \«¡$OmBb So>_moH«o$gr, {eàm npãbHo$eZ, n¥.g§. 129, 2004, ZB© {Xëbr


24. ~mS©>a _¡ZoO_|Q>, EZwAb [anmoQ>© 2001-02, S>ãë`yS>ãë`yS>ãë`y.gmCWE{e`mEZm{b{gg.AmoAmaOr.


26. Cn`w©ŠV

27. {g{db g{d©goO Q>mB©åg, n¥.g§. 274, Zdå~a 2005


29. {g{db g{d©goO Q>mB©åg, n¥.g§. 274, Zdå~a 2005

30. Cn`w©ŠV

31. S>m`_ÊS> {H«$Ho$Q> Qw>So>, OyZ, 2007

32. BpÊS>`m Qw>So>, _B©, 2007


34. Cn`w©ŠV


36. à{V`mo{JVm Xn©U {g{db g{d©goO narjm n{ÌH$m, n¥.g§. 14, 2019

37. hþgoZ, ~g~rg, ~mS©>a Q>mŠg : EH$ \$madS©> _yd_oÝQ>, ~Q> Z {S>ZmBb Am°Z Q>oaa, S>ãë`yS>ãë`yS>ãë`y.EgEEOr.AmoAmaOr

38. Cn`w©ŠV

39. OmJaU Omoe, n¥.g§. 9-10, Aà¡b 2009

40. à{V`mo{JVm Xn©U, {g{db g{d©goO narjm n{ÌH$m, n¥.g§. 26-27, 2019

41. X¥{ï> à{V`mo{JVm gm{hË` {g{db g{d©goO narjm, n¥.g§. 22-24, 2019

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_{hbmAm| Ho$ Am{W©H$ gwX¥‹T>rH$aU go Ame`

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amOñWmZ _| _{hbmAm| H$m Am{W©H$ gwX¥‹T>rH$aU Ed§ amOH$s` `moOZmE±S>m°. g§JrVm e_m©

àmMm`©, Eg.Eg.Eg.nr.Or. H$m°boOO_dmam_J‹T>, O`nwa (amOñWmZ)


ISSN 2348-3857


h¡ {H$ CÝh| nwéf l{_H$m| Ho$ _wH$m~bo H$_ _OXÿar {_bVr h¡ Am¡a CZgo H$m_ ^r A{YH$ {b`m OmVm h¡& "_{hbm l_ Ho$ BVZm A{YH$ _hËdnyU© hmoZo Ho$ ~mdOyX AW©ì`dñWm _| _{hbmAm| Ho$ `moJXmZ H$s AbJ go H$^r MMm© VH$ Zht H$s OmVr h¡&''2

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ISSN 2348-3857

BZHo$ A{V[aŠV àYmZ_ÝÌr nmofU {_eZ `moOZm, _ZaoJm, amOrd Jm§Yr ZoeZb H«¡$M ñH$s_ \$m°a Xr {MëS´>Z EÊS> dy_Z `moOZmAm| H$mo g§Mm{bV {H$`m Om ahm h¡§&

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ISSN 2348-3857


J¥hm| _| CnbãY H$admB© Om ahr h¡ VWm BZHo$ g§MmbZ hoVw g^r {eew nmbZm J¥hm| _| EH$ Ym` _m± d EH$ n[aMm[aH$m {Z`wŠV h§¡&'12

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g§X^© gyMr1. J«m_ {dH$mg ^maVr` g§X^©, J«m_rU ^maV _| n[adV©Z H$s

JË`mË_H$Vm geŠVrH$aU, B¾y AÜ``Z gm_J«r, n¥.g§. 21

2. {ÌnmR>r, _YwgyXZ, ^maV Ho$ _{hbm l{_H$, Iwer npãbHo$eZ, Jm{O`m~mX, 2011, n¥.g§ 11-21

3. {ÛdoXr, {à`§H$m, _{hbmAm| H$s ñdmñÏ` g§~§Yr MwZm¡{V`m§, Hw$ê$joÌ, _mM© 2017

4. Jm¡V_, haoÝÐamO, _{hbm A{YH$ma g§ajU, Hw$ê$joÌ, _mM© 2006

5. `mXd, {dO` Hw$_ma, maV _| J«m_rU ñdmñÏ` n[aX¥í`, Hw$ê$joÌ, AŠQy>~a, 2018, n¥.g§. 78

6. àemg{ZH$ à{VdoXZ Ed§ àJ{V {ddaU, _{hbm Ed§ ~mb {dH$mg {d^mJ, amOñWmZ, df© 2017-18, n¥.g§. 7

7. ì`mg, AmewVmof, OoÊS>a g_mZVm Am¡a _{hbm geŠVrH$aU, A{dîH$ma npãbeg©, O`nwa, 2014, n¥.g§. 71



10. e_m©, S>m°. J[a_m, _{hbm geŠVrH$aU : ZdrZ ^y{_H$mE± Ed§ MwZm¡{V`m±, nmB©ÝQ>a npãbeg©, O`nwa, 2013, n¥.g§. 42

11. `mXd, MÝÐ^mZ, ~m{bH$m {ejm go hr hmoJr Xoe H$m {dH$mg, Hw$ê$joÌ, {gV§~a-2011, A§H$ 11, n¥.g§. 28

12. Xodnwam, àVmn_b, Am{W©H$ ñdmdbå~Z go hmoJr _{hbmE§ geŠV, Hw$ê$joÌ, n¥.g§. 36 Ed§ 38

13. S>m°. {dßbd, _{hbm geŠVrH$aU {d{dY Am`m_, amhþb npãbqeJ hmD$g, _oaR> (`y.nr.), 2013, n¥.g§. 61-62



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àñVwV emoY _| n`m©daU ga§jU Ho$ {gÕmÝVm| Ed§ n`m©daU g§ajU _| _{hbmAm| H$s ^y{_H$m Ho$ `WmW© _ybH$ {díbofU hoVw àmW{_H$ Ed§ {ÛVr`H$ ñÌmoVm| H$m Cn`moJ {H$`m J`m h¡& n`m©daU ga§jU Ho$ {bE MbmE Om aho gaH$mar d J¡a gaH$mar à`mgm| H$s g_rjm H$s JB© h¡& ^maV _| gm_mÝ` _{hbmAm| H$s n`m©daU ga§jU _| ^y{_H$m H$m AmH$bZ {H$`m J`m h¡&

_{hbmE§ : n`m©daU Am¡a {dH$mg à{H«$`m

{dH$mg H$m n[aUm_ n`m©daU jaU Ho$ ê$n _| X¥{ï>JmoMa hmoVm h¡& {dH$mg à{H«$`m Zo àmH¥${VH$ ñÌmoVm| H$m A{V XmohZ {H$`m h¡, {OgHo$ H$maU àmH¥${VH$ nm[apñW{VH$s gÝVwbZ {~J‹S> J`m h¡ Am¡a {dH$mg _| OZVm H$s Ag_mZ ^mJrXmar X¥{ï>JmoMa hmoZo bJr h¡& n`m©daU Am¡a {dH$mg Ho$ _Ü` ZmOwH$ pñW{V Ho$ H$maU g`w§ŠV amï´> H$mo ~«§Q>b¡ÊS> H$_reZ H$s ñWmnZm H$aZo Ho$ {bE ~mÜ` hmoZm n‹S>m& {dH$mg H$s à{H«$`m Am¡a _{hbmAm| H$s pñW{V Ho$ _Ü` nañna gå~ÝYm| Ho$ AÜ``Z H$mo _hËd g`w§ŠV amï´> Ûmam 1975-85 Ho$ XeH$ H$mo _{hbm XeH$ Kmo{fV H$aZo H$m n[aUm_ Wm& H$ar~ Xmo XeH$m| _| _{hbmAm| d n`m©daU H$s nmañn[aH$ AÝV…{H«$`m Zo {dH$mg Ho$ AÜ``Z H$s EH$ {dñV¥V {df` dñVw H$m {Z_m©U {H$`m&

n`m©daU g§ajU _| _{hbmAm| H$s ^y{_H$mS>m°. àr{V ^mQ>r

ì`m»`mVm, amOZr{V {dkmZQ>¡Jmoa nr.Or. Jëg© H$m°boO, d¡embr ZJa, O`nwa (amOñWmZ)


ISSN 2348-3857


n`m©daU g§ajU _| _{hbmAm| H$m `moJXmZ

_Zwî` Ho$ gwIr OrdZ OrZo Ho$ {bE àH¥${V Zo AZoH$ dñVwE§ Cgo {damgV _| Xr h¡& CZ_| Hw$N> H$mo grYo hr Am¡a AÝ` H$mo CZHo$ Amdí`H$VmZwgma n[ad{V©V ê$n _| _Zwî` Zo AnZo H$m_ _| {b`m h¡& `h g^r àmH¥${VH$ g§gmYZ H$hbmVo h¢& dm w, Ob, _¥Xm, dZ, dZñn{V, dÝÒrd d I{ZO nXmW© Am{X g^r BZHo$ AÝV©JV AmVo h¡& _{hbmAm| H$m ^r n`m©daU g§ajU _| nyU© `moJXmZ ahm h¡&

X{jU _| n`m©daU ga§jU _| _{hbmAm| H$s ^y{_H$m

X{jU H$s _{hbmAm| Ho$ AZw^dm| Ho$ AmYma na n`m©daUr` g§H$Q> Ho$ {díbofU Ho$ AÝ` H$maU àmá hþE h¡& {dëQ>oeoà(Wilt shire, 1992)Zo 1992 _| CÎma _| {Z{_©V {dH$mgdmXr YmaUmAm| na AZoH$ {ddmX CR>mò, àW_ : Jar~ AnZo n`m©daU H$mo Zï> H$a aho h¡& {ÛVr` : `h ^r H$hm {H$ n`m©daUr` g§H$Q> H$m CÎmaXm`r H$maU OZg§»`m H$m Vrd« ê$n go ~T>Zm h¡& X{jU _| gm_mÝ` OZVm H$mo CÎmar {dÛmZm| Ûmam h {gIm`m Om ahm h¡ {H$ n`m©daU Xmo~mam {H$g àH$ma {dH${gV {H$`m Om gH$Vm h¡&

{dëQ>oeà Zo _{hbmAm| d àH¥${V Ho$ gå~ÝY H$mo {M{ÌV {H$`m h¡ {H$ÝVw Bg _{hbm àH¥${V AÝV©gå~ÝY _| VmpËdH$ n[aàoú`(Essentialist prespective)H$m à^md X¥{ï>JmoMa hmoVm h¡ Omo Bg ~mV na ~b XoVm h¡ {H$ _{hbm d nwéf VmpËdH$ ê$n go n¥WH²$ - n¥WH²$ h¡& {dëQ>oeà Ho$ VH©$ H$m AmYma CÎmar AÝVam©ï´>r` AW©ì`dñWm Am¡a gånÝZ OrdZ e¡br d X{jU H$m A{ÔZ dJ© h¡§& CÝhm|Zo bmoH$Vm§{ÌH$ {dHo$ÝÐrH$aU ì`pŠV Ho$pÝÐV àmH¥${VH$ g§gmYZm| Ho$ Cn`moJ na ~b {X`m h¡& n`m©daUr` Zmar AmÝXmobZ 1970 _| _{hbmAm| H$s ñdVÝÌVm AmÝXmobZ Ho$ ê$n _| àmaå^ hþAm&

{MnH$mo AmÝXmobZ : _{hbmE§

{díd {d»`mV {MnH$mo AmÝXmobZ H$mo OÝ_ XoZo dmbr gñ§Wm Xem¡br J«m_ ñdamÁ` _S§>b H$s ñWmnZm H$s JB©& nhmS>m| _| ~‹T>Vr Jar~r Am¡a bJmVma _¡XmZr joÌm| H$s Amoa nbm`Z go qM{VV hmoH$a M_m¡br (CÎma àXoe) Ho$ Hw$N> _{hbmAm| Zo EH$Ì hmoH$a EH$ l_ ghH$mar g{_{V ~ZmB© Wr Vm{H$ R>oHo$Xmam| Ûmam _OXÿam| Ho$ emofU na amoH$ bJo& BZ _{hbmAm| Zo bmoH$ {Z_m©U {d^mJ H$m H$m_ ghH$m[aVm Ho$ AmYma na H$aZm àm§a^ {H$`m {Oggo gXñ`m| H$mo C{MV _OXÿar {_b gHo$& 1964 _| CÝhmoZ| Xem¡br J«m_ ñdamÁ` g§K H$m JR>Z {H$`m Omo dZmYm[aV J«m_moÚmoJ na AmYm[aV Wm& noS>m| H$m H$Q>mZ ê$H$dmZo Ho$ {bE ewê$ hþE AmÝXmobZ

H$mo {MnH$mo AmÝXmobZ H$m Zm_ {X`m J`m& Bg AmÝXmobZ _| Jm§d H$s _{hbmAm| Zo g{H«$` gh^m{JVm H$m {Zdm©h {H$`m&

n`m©daU g§ajU _| _{hbmAm| Ûmam Cn`moJ _| bmò Jò Cnm`

dm`w g§ajU�dm`w àXÿfU H$s g_ñ`m H$m g_mYmZ H$aZo Ho$ {bE _{hbmE§ {ZåZ Cnm` AnZmVr h¡�

• _{hbmE§ agmoB©Ka ~‹S>o hdmXma pIS>{H$`m| dmbo Am¡a amoeZXmZ H$m à`moJ H$aVr h¡ {Oggo YwAm§ H$m A{YH$m§e ^mJ BZgo ~mha Mbm Omò&

• _{hbmE§ CÝZV {H$ñ_ Ho$ Myëhm| {ZYy©_ Myëho H$m à`moJ H$aVr h¡ {Oggo YwE§ Ho$ A{YH$ à^md H$mo H$_ {H$`m Om gH$Vm h¡&

• _{hbmE§ BªYZ Ho$ ê$n _| H$mo`bo H$mo bH$‹S>r Ho$ {dH$ën Ho$ ê$n _| Cn`moJ _| boVr h¡ {Oggo dmVmdaU H$_ {df¡bm hmoJm&

• do ~m`mo J¡g H$m Cn`moJ A{YH$ H$aVr h¡ {Oggo àXÿfU Ý`yZV_ hmoJm&

• _{hbmE§ Jm{S>`m| Ho$ B§OZm| H$s {Z`{_V XoI^mb H$aVr h¡ , {Oggo R>rH$ go Q²>`yqZJ hmoZo na àXÿfH$m| H$s _mÌm _| H$_r hmo OmVr h¡&

• _{hbmE§ grgm a{hV noQ´>mob H$m dmhZm| _| à`moJ H$aVr h¡&

• _{hbmE§ {ZOr dmhZm| Ho$ gMm§bZ H$mo {Zê$Ëgm{hV H$a A{YH$ go A{YH$ gmd©O{ZH$ dmhZm| H$m Cn`moJ H$aVr h¡&

• do gmB{H$b Ho$ Cn`moJ H$mo ~T>mdm XoVr h¡&

Ob g§ajU

^maV _| nmZr H$m nyU© ê$n go Ag_mZ {dVaU hmoVm h¡ VWm Ob àXÿfU ^r A{YH$ _mÌm _| hmoVm h¡& ^maV _| Ob H$m g§ajU H$aZo hoVw _{hbmE§ AnZm nyU© `moJXmZ Xo ahr h¡& ^maV _| _oYm nmQ>H$a Zo Z_©Xm ZXr Ho$ ga§jU H$aZo _| AnZm gh`moJ {X`m h¡ CZHo$ AWH$ à`mgm| go Z_©Xm AmÝXmobZ H$mo ~T>mdm {_bm h¡& _{hbmE§ {ZåZ Cnm`m| Ho$ _mÜ`_ go Ob g§ajU H$aVr h¡&

• _{hbmE§ AnZo Kam| Ho$ Zbm| H$mo Q>nH$Zo go amoH$Vr h¡&

• nmZr H$s Q>§{H$`m| Ho$ âZo na nmZr Z {~Iao BgH$m _{hbmE§ {deof Ü`mZ aIVr h¡&

• _{hbmE§ em¡Mmb`m| , dmQ>a hrQ>g© Am{X Ho$ [agmd H$mo amoH$Zo hoVw à`mg H$aVr h¡&

• _{hbmE§ Ho$db _Zm|aOZ Ho$ {bE bm°Z, Q>oaog _| \$ìdmao Zht bJmVr h¡ Š`m|{H$ EH$ ~mëQ>r nmZr à{V {_ZQ> H$_ go H$_20 ì`pŠV`m| H$s ß`mg ~wPm gH$Vm h¡&


ISSN 2348-3857

• _{hbmE§ `{X H$moB© gmd©O{ZH$ Zb ~h ahm hmo AWdm nmBn bmBZ Qy>Q> H$a nmZr {~IoaVr hmo Vmo VËH$mb gå~pÝYV A{YH$mar H$mo gy{MV H$aVr h¡&

• _{hbmE§ ~m‹T> bJmH$a IoVr H$aVr h¡& {Oggo ~hþV go nmZr H$mo amoH$H$a CgH$m Cn`wŠV Cn`moJ H$a gH$Vo h¡& do \$ìdmao nÛ{V go ^r nmZr H$s ~MV H$aVr h¡&

~¡§Jbmoa H$s AmñQ´>m g§ñWm Ûmam _{hbmAmo§ H$m n`m©daU g§ajU _| `moJXmZ

~§¡Jbmoa H$s AmñQ´>m Zm_H$ g§ñWm Ho$ d¡km{ZH$ d B§Or{Zà nwam Jm§d H$s D$Om© nyar H$aZo Ho$ H$m_ _o OwQ>o h¢ Jmo{dÝXnwa ({_Om©nwa, CÎmaàXoe) H$m _{hbmAm| Ûmam dZdmgr godm Aml_ {ZOr gm_wXm{`H$ O_rZ _| gm_m{OH$ dm{ZH$s H$m H$m`©H«$_ Mb ahm h¡& Bg A{^`mZ _| bJ^J EH$ hOma {H$gmZ n[adma em{_b h¡& {Og_| A{YH$Va _{hbmE§ AnZm `moJXmZ Xo ahr h¢& 10 Jm§dm| H$s pñÌ`m| Zo AnZo IoVm| _| Zg©ar bJmB© h¡& E\$.Amo (EŠeZ \$m°a \y$S> àmoS>ŠeZ) Jm§dm| _| ImX²`mÝZ H$s CnO ~T>mZo dmbo H$m`©H«$_m| H$m _XX XoVr h¡&

IramH$moQ>m Jm§d H$s _{hbmAm| Ûmam n`m©daU g§ajU

IramH$moQ>m CÎma àXoe Ho$ Aë_moS>m {Obo H$m EH$ Jm§d h¡& dhm± H$ånZr Zo I{‹S>`m nËWa H$s IwXmB© H$m H$m_ àmaå^ {H$`m Wm& dmVmdaU VoOr go {~JS>Zo bJm& IZZ Ho$ H$maU ~hþV joÌ Ho$ no‹S> H$Q> Jò& IoVm| _| nËWa Ho$ Qw>H$‹S>o {~N> Jò& Jm§d H$s _{hbmAm| Zo Bg IZZ H$m {damoY {H$`m Am¡a do OrV JB©& A~ _{hbmE§ "bú_r' Aml_ ZoV¥Ëd _| Bgo {\$a go gwYmaZo Ho$ H$m_ _| bJr h¡&

IXmZ dmbo joÌ _| d¥jmamonU Ho$ {bE AZoH$ {e{da bJmò Jò h¡& _{hbmAm| d n`m©daU Ho$ _Ü` gå~ÝY Ho$db Zm__mÌ Ho$ {bE Zht ~pëH$ EH$ AQy>Q> gå~ÝY hmoVm h¡& _{hbmAm| na `h Amamon ^r h¡ {H$ do n`m©daUr` {dZme Ho$ {bE CÎmaXm`r h¡ bo{H$Z BgHo$ ~mdOyX naånamJV ê$n go XoI| Vmo nmòJo {H$ _{hbmE§ àmH¥${VH$ g§gmYZ H$m à~ÝYZ H$aVr h¡ do Cg à{H«$`m H$mo AnZmVr h¡ {Oggo ZdrZ AÝdofU H$aHo$ ZB© aUZr{V`m| H$mo gyÌ~Û H$a gHo$& Omo {H$ g§gmYZmo H$mo ì`dñWrH¥$V H$aZo Ho$ {bE CnpñWV h¡ n`m©daU g§ajU Ho$ {bE _{hbmAm| Zo ì`mnH$ ê$n go H$m`© {H$ò h¡& bå~o g_` go _{hbmE§ àmH¥${VH$ g§gmYZm| H$m {Z_m©U H$a aht h¡ {OZH$m ñdê$n H¥${f, O§Jbm| newYZ, Ob Am¡a Vah-Vah Ho$ joÌ _| AZoH$ H$m`© H$bmnm| go gå~pÝYV h¡& BZ g§gmYZm| Ho$ CnH$f© H$m à^md ^r _{hbmAm| H$mo {dnarV ê$n go nr{S>V H$a ahm h¡&

VH$ZrH$s Ho$ ZdrZ n[adV©Z _{hbmAm| H$mo {d{dY ê$n go à^m{dV H$aVo h¢& AŠga ZB© VH$ZrH$s Ho$ ñWmZ na _{hbmE§ naånamJV VH$ZrH$m| H$mo hr _hËd XoVr h¡& BZ n[adV©Zm| Ho$ H$maU CÝh| BZ àmH¥${VH$ g§gmYZm| Ho$ à~ÝYZ go nyU©V: n¥WH$ H$a {X`m h¡ {Ogo à~ÝYZ na CZH$m nyU© A{YH$ma Wm Am¡a CZHo$ à~ÝYZ H$s {deofVm ^r Wr& Bg àH$ma CZH$s àmH¥${VH$ g§gmYZm| VH$ nhþ§M H$mo g_má H$a {X`m J`m d CZHo$ kmZ d l_ Ho$ _hËd Zht {X`m Om ahm h¡ _{hbm Am¡a àmH¥${VH$ {díd A{Zdm`© ê$n go n¥Ïdr Ho$ OrdZ H$m A§J h¡& Vrgao {díd _| {deofV`m _{hbmAm| Zo OrdZ Ho$ AË`mdí`H$ VËd D$Om©, ^moOZ d Ob H$mo C{MV ê$n go g§^mbm h¡&

_{hbmAm| Ûmam d_uH$ëMa (H|$MwE§ H$s ImX go H¥${f ) H$mo àmoËgmhZ

_{hbmAm| Ûmam n`m©daU g§ajU _| d_uH$ëMa H$m ~hþV ~S>m `moJXmZ ahm h¡& nyar Xþ{Z`m _| H|$MwAm| H$s 4,500 go ^r A{YH$ àOm{V`m± nm`r OmVr h¡& Bg N>moQ>o go Ord H|$MwE§ H$s CËn{Îm H$m B{Vhmg ~hþV nwamZm h¡& n¥Ïdr na no‹S> nm¡Ym| H$s CËn{Îm Ho$ gmW-gmW Ho$MwE§ ^r {dH${gV hmoVo Jò& _{hbmAm| Zo H|$MwE§ H$s ImX go H¥${f H$aHo$ EH$ ZdrZ H«$m§{V H$mo OÝ_ {X`m h¡& d_uH$ëMa Ho$ à`moJ Ho$ H$maU n`m©daU g§ajU H$mo ^r EH$ ZB© J{V àmá hþB© h¡& O¡{dH$ ImXm| Ho$ à`moJ Ho$ H$maU n`m©daU ^r àXÿ{fV hmoZo go ~M ahm h¡& eoImdmQ>r H$s YaVr go A§Hw$[aV hþB© d_uH$ëMa g§ñH¥${V AmO nyao amOñWmZ g_oV JwOamV, h[a`mUm, n§Om~ {h_mMb àXoe, _hmamï´> V{_bZmSw>, AmÝY« àXoe Am¡a CÎmaàXoe g_oV nydm}Îma ^maV Ho$ joÌm| _| AmË_{dídmg Ho$ gmW bhbhm ahr h¡& \$mCÝSo>eZ Ho$ AWH$ à`mgm| go O¡{dH$ ImX Ho$ à`moJ H$mo boH$a EH$ ZB© MoVZm CËnÝZ hþB© h¡& Jm§dm| Ho$ CÝZVerb {H$gmZ _{hbmE§ Am¡a gaH$ma O¡{dH$ IoVr H$s _hÎmm H$mo AÀN>r Vah OmZZo bJo h¡& BgHo$ XoIm-XoIr C{MV OmZH$mar Ho$ H$maU EH$ gm_mÝ` {H$gmZ ^r n¡Xmdma ~T>mZo Am¡a H$_ bmJV dmbr IoVr Ho$ {bE CËgwH$ hmoVm h¡, na Xþ^m©½` h¡ {H$ Xoe Ho$ gdm N>: bmI Jm§dm| _| ~go {H$gmZmo§ H$mo gaH$mar d J¡a gaH$mar EOo{g`m| H$s ghm`Vm Zht {_b nm aht h¡, {\$a ^r d_uH$ëMa na AmO nyar Xþ{Z`m _| Zò emoY hmo aho h¢&

O¡{dH$ H¥${f Ho$ {dH$mg H$m`©H«$_ _| _{hbmAm| H$m `moJXmZ

n`m©daU g§ajU _| O¡{dH$ H¥${f {dH$mg H$m`©H«$_ H$m ^r {deof `moJXmZ ahm h¡& O¡{dH$ H¥${f {dH$mg H$m`©H«$_ _| ^maVr` _qhbmAm| Zo r _hËdnyU© y{_H$m {Z^mB© h¡& Bg {dH$mg H$m`©H«$_Ho$ _mÜ`_ go ^maVr` {H$gmZ ^r n`m©daU g§ajU Ho$ à{V

ISSN 2348-3857


OmJê$H$ hþE h¡§& d_unmoñQ> Ho$ àMma- àgma {H$ò OmZo Ho$ Xm¡amZ \$mCÝSo>eZ H$mo O¡{dH$ H¥${f Ho$ ~mao _| gd© àW_ df© 2000 _| OmZZo H$m Adga {_bm Wm& g§nyU© {díd _| ^moÁ` nXmWm] H$s JwUdÎmm H$mo boH$a Omo àíZ CR> aho Wo CZH$m Odm~ O¡{dH$ H¥${f _| XoIm J`m h¡& _{hbmAm| H$m O¡{dH$ H¥${f _| {ZåZ moJXmZ h¡ :-

• ZdbJT> _| AmO H$ar~ 10,000 {H$gmZ _{hbmAm| Ûmam O¡{dH$ {d{Y go H¥${f H$s Om ahr h¡&

• O`nwa {Obo _| JV df© 2,000 {H$gmZ _{hbmAm| Zo O¡{dH$ H¥${f _| a{OñQ>óeZ H$adm`m Wm&

• JwOamV _| 1,000 {H$gmZ _{hbmAm| Zo O¡{dH$ H¥${f _| a{OñQ>óeZ H$adm`m Wm Ed§ 3000 AÝ` _{hbmE§ Bg H$m`©H«$_ go OwS>Zo Om aho h¡&

d¥jmamonU hoVw _{hbmAm| Ho$ ZdrZ à`mg

npíM_r ~§Jmb H$s gmå`dmXr gaH$ma gm_m{OH$ dm{ZH$s `moOZm H$mo ^r bwJXr dmbo no‹S> bJmZo H$s hr `moOZm ~ZmZm MmhVr h¡& Q>rQ>mJa nona {_ëg Am¡a npíM_r ~§Jmb bwJXr H$mð> {dH$mg {ZJ_ XmoZm| H$_Omoa O_rZ _| ì`mnm[aH$ bwJXr dmbo no‹S> Am¡a ~m§g Ho$ O§Jb bJmZo dmbo h¢ {ZJ_ Ho$ AÜ`j lr E. Ho$. ~ZOu nrbo Q>rQ>mJa nona {_ëg Ho$ H$ƒm _mb {d^mJ Ho$ _¡ZoOa Wo& {ZJ_ ^rVar VWm N>rXm d¥jmamonU dmbr Zr{V AnZmZo dmbm h¡& Bg {ZJ_ Ho$ _mÜ`_ go _{hbmE§ d¥jmamonU _| AnZm `moJXmZ Xo ahr h¡&

^rVar joÌ _| ì`mnm[aH$ no‹S> bJ|Jo Ohm± Ho$ no‹S>>m| Am¡a CZH$s XoI^mb na _{hbmAm| H$m grYm {Z`ÝÌU ahoJm& bo{H$Z Mmam| Amoa Ho$ N>rXo joÌ _| ~go bmoJm| H$s ^rVar O§Jb go BªYZ Am¡a Mmam bo OmZo go amoH$Zo Ho$ {bE gKZ dm{ZH$s H$m`©H«$_ Mbmò Om`|Jo& lr ~ZOu H$hVo h¢ {H$ Bggo ^rVar O§Jbm| H$s aIdmbr H$m H$m_ hëH$m hmo OmEJm daZm nham Am¡a aIdmbr H$s nyar ì`dñWm H$aZm ~S>m _h§Jm n‹S>oJm&

{ZîH$f©

_{hbmAm| H$s n`m©daU g§ajU _| ^y{_H$m ~T>Vr Om ahr h¡ Ed§ pñÌ`m| d _{hbm g§JR>Zm| Zo n`m©daU H$mo gwa{jV H$aZo Ho$ {bE AWH$ à`mg {H$`m h¡& Bg emoY Ho$ _mÜ`_ go h_ Bg {ZîH$f© na nhþ§Mo h¢ {H$ _Zwî` Zo {dkmZ Ed§ àm¡Úmo{JH$s H$s VoO J{V Ho$ gmW AnZo àH$ma go Am¡a AnyU© T>§J go ~XbZo H$s epŠV A{O©V

H$a br h¡& àH¥${VXÎm VWm _mZdH¥$V XmoZm| hr àH$ma Ho$ n`m©daU _Zwî` Ho$ ñd§` Ho$ aI aImd, _mZd A{YH$ma Am¡a ñd§` Ho$ OrdZ A{YH$ma Ho$ Cn^moJ Ho$ {bE Amdí`H$ h¡&

_mZd n`m©daU H$s gwajm VWm gwYma Eogo à_wI {df` h¢ {OZgo nyao {díd Ho$ bmoJm| Ho$ {hV VWm CZHo$ Am{W©H$ {dH$mg na à^md nS>Vm h¡& hr nyao {díd Ho$ bmoJmo H$s Amíd`H$ AmH$m§jm Am¡a g^r gaH$mam| H$m H$Îm©ì` ^r h¡& _Zwî` H$mo AnZo AZw^dm| H$mo bJmVma g§J«{hV H$aVo ahZm h¡ Am¡a gmW hr CÝho ImoO, Am{dîH$ma Am¡a Zò-Zò {dMmam| go g_¥Û ^r H$aVo ahZm h¡& AnZo g_` _| `{X _Zwî` {Og_| AnZo n`m©daU _| n[adV©Z H$aZo H$s `mo½`Vm h¡, AnZr ~w{Û_Vm go CgH$m Cn`moJ H$aVm h¡ Vmo Bggo bmoJm| H$mo {dH$mg Ho$ bm^ VWm OrdZ H$s JwUdÎmm _| d¥{Û Ho$ Adga {_b gH$Vo h¡& àËòH$ joÌ d àËòH$ g§ñWmZ _| H$m`©aV bmoJm| H$mo AnZr _mÝ`VmAm| Am¡a H$m`m©o go {díd Ho$ ^mdr n`m©daU H$mo ~XbZm hmoJm& ñWmZr` amÁ` ñVar` gaH$mam| VWm amï´>r` ñVa gaH$ma Ho$ emgZ _ÊS>bm| H$mo ì`mnH$ n`m©daUr` Zr{V Am¡a A{YH$ma joÌ _| H$m`© `moOZm H$m ^mar ^ma dhZ H$aZm hmoJm&

g§X^© J«ÝW gyMr

1. {ÌnmR>r, Aê$U Hw$_ma, AmO Ho$ ZoVm/AmbmoMZmË_H$ AÜ``Z_mbm, _oYm nmQ>H$a amOH$_b àH$meZ, ZB© {Xëbr, 1997

2. {edm dÝXZm, JmoëS>pñ_W ES>dS©>, hm°So>O hoboZm Zm°a~J©, Imoa _m{Q©>Z, Xr â`yMa Am°\$ àmoJ«og [a\$boŠeZ Am°Z EÝdgà_oÝQ> EÊS> S>dbn_oÝQ>, ZQ>amO npãbeg©, XohamXÿZ 1994

3. Jmoñdm_r, gw~w{Û, n`m©daU g§ajU, í`m_ àH$meZ, O`nwa, 1999

4. S>m°., _ohamoÌm Ed§ _hmamO, ZmamÙ, h_mam n`m©daU, àH$meZ {d^mJ gyMZm d àgmaU _§Ìmb`, ^maV gaH$ma, 1993

5. añVmoJr, S>m°. dÝXZm, àmMrZ ^maV _| n`m©daU {MÝVZ, npãbHo$eZ ñH$s_, O`nwa, 2000

6. e_m©, Xm_moXa, ì`mg h[aíMÝX, AmYw{ZH$ OrdZ Am¡a n`m©daU, à^mV àH$meZ, MmdS>r ~mOma, {Xëbr, 1997

7. gmañdV, S>m°. {XZoe, àH¥${V Am¡a {dH¥${V, {gÝYw gÎmm àH$meZ, {Xëbr, 1997

8. e_m©, gr. nr., BŠH$sgdr gXr _| n`m©daU d n`m©daU {ejm, ZdMoVZm npãbeg©, O`nwa, 1996

àñVmdZm

^maV _| {ejm H$s naånam AË`ÝV àmMrZ h¡& BVZr àmMrZ {H$ CgH$m àmaå^ {H$VZo df© nhbo hþAm AmO `h {ZpíMV ê$n go ~Vm nmZm gå^d Zht h¡& Òwd}X _| H$hm J`m h¡ {H$ ""gm àW_m g§ñH¥${V {díd dmam''1, `h {díd H$s àW_ g§ñH¥${V h¡& _mohZ OmoX‹S>mo VWm qgYw KmQ>r gä`Vm H$m Omo ñdê$n àH$me _| Am`m h¡ Bggo `h H$h nmZm gå^d Zht h¡ {H$ `h d¡{XH$ `wJ H$s hr h¡& S>m°. Q>m°_g Ho$ `h eãX Ü`mZ XoZo `mo½` h¡§ ""^maV _| {ejm H$moB© ZB© ~mV Zht h¡, g§gma H$m H$moB© ^r Xoe Eogm Zht h¡, Ohm± kmZ Ho$ ào_ H$m CX²J_ BVZm àmMrZ h¡ AWdm CgH$m à^md BVZm {Ma ñWm`r Am¡a epŠVembr h¡&"" kmZ H$m `h à^md AmO ^r h_mar g§ñH¥${V _| _m¡OyX h¡& Xoe H$s àJ{V Ho$ {bE gw`mo½` ZmJ[aH$ Mm{hE, CZ ZmJ[aH$m| H$m {Z_m©U H$aZo dmbr _mVmE± {X nXX{bV aht, ê${‹T>`m| Ho$ H$sM‹S> _| \$gr aht Ed_² kmZ H$m àH$me O~

emoY gmam§e

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g§Ho$Vmja … e¡{jH$ {MÝVZ, Zmar CËWmZ, e¡{jH$ àgma

VH$ CZ VH$ Zht nhþ±MoJm Vmo do {H$g j_Vm Ho$ AmYma na CZH$m {Z_m©U H$a gH|$Jt& g_mO Ho$ Xÿgao nhby Zmar H$mo AnZr j_Vm H$m ^mZ H$amZm VWm CÝh| g_` Ho$ gmW àJ{V H$a gH$Zo `mo½` ~ZmZo H$m ^ma H$moB© CR>m gH$Vr h¡ Vmo do Ho$db {e{jV _{hbmE± hr hmo gH$Vr h¡§&2

h_mao doXm| _| {bIm h¡ {H$ ""gm {dÚm `m {d_wŠVò''& {dÚm dh h¡ Omo h_| g_ñV ~ÝYZm| go _wŠV H$amVr h¡& eara ajm Ho$ {bE {Og àH$ma go ^moOZ H$s Amdí`H$Vm h¡ Cgr àH$ma _mZ{gH$ gwX¥‹T>Vm Ho$ {bE h_| {ejm Am¡a AmË_ kmZ H$s Amdí`H$Vm h¡& `{X h_ _mZ{gH$ ê$n go {nN>‹S>o Vmo g_PZm Mm{hE {H$ h_ EH$ àH$ma go {nN>‹S>o Am¡a AZn‹T> bmoJ hr h¢& Eogo bmoJ Z Vmo OrdZ H$s _hËdnyU© Amdí`H$VmAm| H$m _hËd g_P gH|$Jo Am¡a Z hr CÝh| OwQ>mZo Ho$ {bE CËgmh àX{e©V H$a|J|& A{e{jV ì`pŠV `m _{hbm H¥${_-H$sQ>H$m| H$s Vah hr h¡§ Omo Ho$db AnZo OrdZ H$mo

amOñWmZ _| Zmar CËWmZ hoVw {ejm H$s _hVr ^y{_H$mS>m°. gamoO nmarH$

CnmMm`© Eg.Eg.Or. nmarH$ nr.Or. _{hbm _hm{dÚmb`, ~ZrnmH©$, O`nwa (amOñWmZ)


ISSN 2348-3857


noQ>-àOZZ VH$ gr{_V aIVo hþE OrdZ `mnZ H$a aho h¡§& Bg VÏ` H$mo X¥{ï>JV aIVo hþE hr {dÛmZm| Zo ha {H$gr Ho$ {e{jV hmoZo na ~b {X`m h¡ Am¡a CgH$s Amdí`H$Vm H$mo jwYm {ZdmaU H$s Vah CnbãY H$aZo-H$amZo na Omoa {X`m h¡& {ejm g§dY©Z Ho$ Ûmam {ejm VÝÌ H$m nwZOudZ Amdí`H$ h¡& gaH$mar VÝÌ Ûmam ñHy$br {ejm à`moOZ Ho$ {bE EH$ gw{dH${gV T>m±Mm I‹S>m {H$`m hþAm h¡& {Og_| AÜ`mnH$, {ejmWu, B_maV, \$ZuMa Ed_² CnH$aU Am{X AZoH$ IMubr Amdí`H$VmAm| H$s ny{V© H$s OmVr h¡& BgHo$ {bE ha ZmJ[aH$ H$mo AnZr pñW{V Ho$ AZwê$n H$a ^r MwH$mZm n‹S>Vm h¡, {dÚmWu \$sg ^r MwH$mVm h¡ {H$ÝVw `h {ejm-VÝÌ H$m Ho$db EH$ ^mJ h¡ Omo gaH$ma Ûmam nyU© {H$`m OmVm h¡& naÝVw BgHo$ g_mZmÝVa {dÚm {dñVma H$m Xÿgam nhby `h h¡ {H$ g_mO Ho$ àËòH$ ZmJ[aH$ Ho$ gh`moJ go {d{eï> OZm| Ûmam e¡j{UH$ ì`dñWm gånÝZ H$s OmZr Mm{hE Omo EH$ Xÿgao Ho$ nyaH$ hm|&3

_mZd g_mO Za Am¡a Zmar XmoZm| go {_bH$a Cgr àH$ma ~Zm h¡ {Og àH$ma BªQ> Am¡a MyZo go {_bH$a B_maV ~ZVr h¡& XmoZm| H$m _hËd Am¡a ñWmZ g_mZ h¡& XmoZm| H$s CÝZ{V H$m gpå_{bV ê$n hr dmñV{dH$ CÝZ{V H$hr Om gH$Vr h¡& g§gma H$s AmYr Am~mXr Zmar Ho$ ê$n _| {d^m{OV h¡& {X Ho$db nwéf hr {e{jV, gw`mo½`, g_wÝZV Am¡a ñdZÝÌ aho VWm pñÌ`m| A{e{jV, A`mo½`, nXX{bV, Ag_W© Am¡a naVÝÌ aIm OmE Vmo AmYr Am~mXr H$hr OmZo dmbr Zmar n{VV pñW{V _| hr ahoJr& EH$ gä` g_mO dhr H$hm Om gH$Vm h¡ {Og_| Zmar H$mo ^r nwéf Ho$ g_mZ A{YH$ma àmá hm|& `{X h_ ñÌr Am¡a nwéf _| H$moB© AÝVa Zm H$a|, XmoZm| H$m bmbZ-nmbZ, g_mZ kmZdY©Z, {ejm-Xrjm Ed_² ñdmdb§~Z H$s X¥{ï> go g_mZ ê$n go {dH${gV H$aZo H$s h_mar X¥{ï> aho Vmo b‹S>{H$`m± ha àH$ma H$s ^br ~war n[añ{W{V`m| _| AnZo nm±d na I‹S>r ahZo Am¡a ñdm{^_mZr OrdZ OrZo bm`H$ hmo gH$Vr h¡§&4

àmMrZ H$mb _| {ejm H$m ñdê$n {^ÝZ Wm {Og_| ~«m÷Um| Ho$ Aml_ VWm Kam| _| {Z:ewëH$ {ejm H$s ì`dñWm H$s OmVr Wr& emñÌm| _| _Zwî` Ho$ {bE ~më`mdñWm _| ~«÷M`© H$m nmbZ H$aVo hþE Ka _| ahH$a {dÚm àmá H$aZo H$m {ZX}e h¡& ^JdmZ doX ì`mg, ^¥Jw, ^maÛmO, d{eð>, À`dZ, `mk²`dëŠ` Am¡a A§Jram O¡go _hmemb Hw$bn{V Ho$ Aml_m| _| Xg-Xg hOma ~mbH$ ~«÷M`© _| ahH$a g§`_ {Z`_m| H$m nmbZ H$aVo hþE, gË` Am¡a gXmMma H$m godZ H$aVo hþE Ed_² Jwê$ Am¡a Jm`m| H$s godm H$aVo hþE CnZ`Z g§ñH$ma H$amH$a JwéHw$b _| {dÚmO©Z H$aVo Wo& lr_X²^mJdV², ñH$ÝX, nwamU, Ý`m` emñÌ Am¡a CÎma _r_m§gm Am{X Xe©Z emñÌ,

{ejm, ì`mH$aU, H$ën, Á`mo{Vf, N>ÝX, {ZéŠV VWm doXm| Ho$ A§J Ed_² Mmam| doX ò g~ {_bmH$a AR>mah {dÚmAm| H$m ~mbH$ Jwê$ H$s Amkm _| ahH$a Vn, `moJ Ed_² AZwð>mZ H$m Aä`mg H$aHo$ {dÚm àm{á H$m gånmXZ H$aVo Wo, {Oggo do àm¡‹T>mdñWm _| ghO hr gd©Ì _hmnwéf ~Z OmVo Wo&5

à_wI OZ-Zm`H$m| H$m e¡{jH$ {MÝVZ

ñdm_r {ddoH$mZÝX H$m e¡{jH$ {MÝVZ- ñdm_r {ddoH$mZÝX Zo Mm[a{ÌH$ {ejm na ~b XoVo hþE H$hm h¡, ""{ejm _Zwî` Ho$ ^rVa {Z{hV nyU©Vm H$m {dH$mg h¡&'' dh {ejm Omo Zmar H$mo OrdZ g§J«m_ Ho$ Cn`wŠV Zht ~Zm gH$Vr, Omo CZH$s Mm[a{ÌH$ epŠV H$m {dH$mg Zht H$a gH$Vr, Omo CZHo$ _Z _| na{hV ^mdZm Am¡a qgh Ho$ g_mZ gmhg n¡Xm Zht H$a gH$Vr Š`m Cgo ^r h_ {ejm H$h|Jo& {ddoH$mZÝX Zo H$hm h¡ {H$ g^r {ejmAm| H$m CX²Xoí` _Zwî` {Z_m©U h¡& {Og CX²Xoí` Ho$ Ûmam _Zwî` H$s BÀN>m epŠV H$m àdmh Am¡a Am{dîH$ma g§`{_V hmoH$a \$bXm`r ~Z gHo$ Cgr H$m Zm_ {ejm h¡& ì`pŠV Ho$ g_mZ amï´> ^r EH$ {d{eï> à{V^m hmoVr h¡ {OgHo$ {dH$mg H$m EH$_mÌ _mJ© {ejm hr h¡& `{X h_ MmhVo h¡§ {H$ h_mam Xoe àJ{V Ho$ nW na AJ«ga hmo, Jm¡adembr ^maV H$m {Z_m©U hmo Vmo h_| AnZr {ejm g_ñ`m H$mo gwbPmZo _| Am¡a ZB© {ejm `moOZm Ho$ {Z_m©U _| ñdm_r Or Ho$ e¡{jH$ {MÝVZ H$mo _hËdnyU© ñWmZ àXmZ H$aZm hmoJm&

JwéXod adrÝÐZmW Q>¡Jmoa H$s {dMmaYmam- adrÝÐZmW Q>¡Jmoa Ho$ {ejm gå~ÝYr {dMma ~‹S>o CXma h¡§& Q>¡Jmoa Zo 1895 _| H$hm Wm {H$ VËH$mbrZ ^maVr` {ejm nÕ{V _| gr{_V Ed§ g§Hw${MV joÌ _| _mZ{gH$ epŠV`m| H$m {dH$mg hmoZm H$^r g§^d Zht h¡& CÝhm|Zo nmíMmË` {ejm Ho$ Xþîn[aUm_m| go ì`{WV hmoH$a H$hm Wm {H$ g^r Xoem| H$s {ejm Ho$ gmW {H$gr ^r Xoe Ho$ gdmªJrU {dH$mg H$m Jham gå~ÝY h¡& JwéXod Zo 1901 _| ^maVr` g§ñH¥${V Ho$ CËWmZ Ho$ {bE em§{V {ZHo$VZ H$s ñWmnZm H$s Wr&

_hmË_m Jm±Yr H$m e¡{jH$ {MÝVZ- Jm±Yr Or Ho$ {dMma Ho$ AZwgma gmjaVm {ejm H$m Z Vmo ApÝV_ CX²Xoí` h¡ Am¡a Z hr àmapå^H$, `h Ho$db EH$ gmYZ _mÌ h¡ {OgHo$ Ûmam ñÌr Ed§ nwéf XmoZm| H$mo {ejm Xr Om gH$Vr h¡& Jm±Yr Or gmjaVm Ho$ ~Om` {ejm Ho$ gm§ñH¥${VH$ nj na A{YH$ ~b XoVo Wo, CZH$m _mZZm Wm {H$ AmË_m H$m {dH$mg hr M[aÌ {Z_m©U h¡& AV: `h h_mao ~ƒm| Ed§ _{hbmAm| H$s {ejm _| em{_b hmoZm Mm{hE& Jm±Yr Or H$m _mZZm Wm {H$ XñVH$ma Ho$ _mÜ`_ go {ejm nmZo dmbm amï´> OrdZ _| gË` Am¡a ào_ Ho$ {MÝVZ go D$na CR>Vm h¡&


ISSN 2348-3857

AmMm`© {dZmo~m ^mdo H$m e¡{jH$ {MÝVZ- 14 OZdar 1976 _| AmMm`© gå_obZ _| {dZmo~m ^mdo Zo H$hm, ""_wPgo H$hm J`m {H$ AmO Ho$ Cn Hw$bn{V Am¡a CZHo$ gmW Ho$ ~hþV go AmMm`© gaH$ma Ho$ Jwbm_ ~Z JE h¡§ Š`m|{H$ n¡gm gaH$ma go {_bVm h¡, O~{H$ Eogm Zht h¡& n¡gm Xoe H$m h¡ Bg H$maU {ejm {d^mJ ñdVÝÌ hmoZm Mm{hE VW gaH$ma go _wŠV hmoZm Mm{hE Ed§ _{hbmAm| H$mo g_pÝdV Y_m] H$s {ejm Xr OmZr Mm{hE {Oggo {H$ do CËH¥$ï> nr‹T>r H$m {Z_m©U H$a gH|$&''

bmoH$Zm`H$ O`àH$me ZmamÙ H$m e¡{jH$ {MÝVZ- bmoH$Zm`H$ H$m _mZZm Wm {H$ AmO {ejm _| n[adV©Z H$m àíZ g~go A{YH$ _hËdnyU© h¡ {H$ÝVw IoXOZH$ h¡ {H$ Bg_| H«$m§{VH$mar n[adV©Z Zht hmo nm ahm h¡& h_ ^mB©Mmao Am¡a g_mZVm H$mo AmXe© ~ZmE§ VWm gånyU© H«$m§{V Ho$ Ûmam Zm[a`m| _| ì`má Hw$àWmAm| H$mo g_má H$a|&6

CnamoŠVmZwgma {d{^ÝZ {dÛmZm| Ho$ e¡j{UH$ {MÝVZ go `h ñnï> hmoVm h¡ {H$ ì`pŠV Ed§ amï´> Ho$ g_J« CËWmZ Ho$ {bE {ejm EH$ _hËdnyU© gmYZ h¡& {ejm H$mo emñÌm| _| Xÿgar Am±I H$hm J`m h¡& EH$ Am±I dmo Omo h_mao eara _| M_‹S>o H$s h¡ {Oggo h_| gm_Zo dmbr dñVwEo| {XImB© n‹S>Vr h¡§, bo{H$Z Xÿgar Am±I {ejm dh dñVw h¡ Omo gm_Zo go {XImB© Zht n‹S>Vr VWm Omo Amgnmg Ho$ dmVmdaU _| Zht h¡ CZ MrOm| H$m ^r h_ {ejm ê$nr ZoÌm| Ho$ _mÜ`_ go XoI gH$Vo h¡§& nwñVH$m|, B{Vhmg Ed_² {d{^ÝZ OmZH$m[a`m| Ho$ _mÜ`_go h_ Z Ho$db ^yVH$mb H$mo XoI d g_P gH$Vo h¡§ daZ² ^{dî` H$s g§^dmZmAm| VWm dV©_mZ H$s g_ñ`mAm| Ed_² g_mYmZ H$m ^r nVm bJm gH$Vo h¡§& AmO Ho$ Bg ½bmo~b {dnoµO _| Xþ{Z`mâ _| Š`m hmo ahm h¡ dh g~ OmZZo Ho$ {bE h_| {ejm Ho$ g_ñV _mÜ`_m| H$s OmZH$mar hmoZm {ZVmÝV Amdí`H$ h¡& {ejm hr h_mao Y_©, amOZr{V, g§ñH¥${V Am¡a amï´> H$mo _O~yV ~ZmZo H$m EH$_mÌ gwX¥‹T> gmYZ h¡&7

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1911 5.92 10.56 1.05

1951 16.67 24.95 9.45

2011 74.04 82.14 65.46

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ISSN 2348-3857


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g§X^© gyMr

1. H$ë`mU {ejm§H$, JrVm àog JmoaInwa, 1992, n¥.g§. 212

2. e_m©, ^JdVr Xodr, Zmar CËWmZ g_` H$s Amdí`H$Vm, `wJ {Z_m©U `moOZm, _Wwam, 1993, n¥.g§. 1

3. AmMm`©, n§. lram_ e_m©, EH$ g_mZmÝVa {ejm VÝÌ, `wJ {Z_m©U `moOZm, _Wwam, 2007, n¥.g§. 21-22

4. e_m©, brbmnV, gä` g_mO _| Zmar H$m ñWmZ, Jm`Ìr Vnmo ^y{_ _Wwam, 2012, n¥.g§ 1-2

5. H$ë`mU {ejm±H$, JrVm àog JmoaInwa, 1992, n¥.g§ 116

6. H$ë`mU {ejm§H$, JrVm àog JmoaInwa, 1992, n¥.g§ 107

7. AmMm`©, n§. lram_ e_m©, {ejm ì`dñWm H¡$gr hmo, Jm`Ìr Vnmo ^y{_ _Wwam, 2017, n¥.g§ 1

8. AmMm`©, n§. lram_ e_m©, Z¡{VH$ {ejm, `wJ {Z_m©U `moOZm Q´>ñQ> _Wwam, 2012, n¥.g§ 20

9. `moOZm n{ÌH$m, ZB© {X„r, OwbmB© 2011, n¥.g§ 24

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Volume 6 Issue 2 November 2018 - April 2019