Volume of Scientific Works №4

guram TavarTqilaZis saswavlo

universitetis samecniero SromaTa

krebuli

#4

gamomcemloba ùniversali~

Tbilisi 2014

2

guram TavarTqilaZis saswavlo universitetis

samecniero SromaTa krebulis saredaqcio sabWo

saredaqcio sabWos Tavmjdomare

prof. giorgi maTiaSvili

saredaqcio sabWos Semadgenloba:

prof. revaz balanCivaZe — mTavari redaqtori

prof. amiran TavarTqilaZe _ pasuxismgebeli mdivani

prof. gela aladaSvili

prof. Cerek bustra /niderlandebis samefo/

prof. inga diakoniZe

prof. valeri vaSakiZe

prof. dik veinands /niderlandebis samefo/

prof. marina vekua

prof. sergei iakubovski /odesa/

prof. givi lobJaniZe

prof. amid nizhad /aSS/

prof. rainhard paulingi /germania/

prof. Taliko Jvania

prof. Temur JRenti

prof. Jil rue /safrangeTi./

prof. Carlz morgan strome/aSS/

prof. maia ukleba _ proreqtori

prof. Sengeli ficxelauri

prof. lali CageliSvili

prof. barbara haiensi /aSS/.

guram TavarTqilaZis saswavlo universitetis samecniero SromaTa krebu-li referirdeba teqinformis qarTul referatul JurnalSi (qrJ).

qrJ eleqtronuli formiT gamodis qarTul da inglisur enebze da ganTav-sebulia internetSi teqnikuri institutis saitze www.tech.caucasus.net

© guram TavarTqilaZis saswavlo universiteti, 2014 gamomcemloba ùniversali~, 2014

Tbilisi, 0179, i. WavWavaZis gamz. 19, : 222 36 09, 5(99) 17 22 30 E-mail: [email protected] ISBN 978-9941-22-317-4

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SCIENTIFIC PROCEEDINGS OF GURAM TAVARTKILADZE TEACHING UNIVERSITY

VOLUME #4

Publishing House “UNIVERSAL”

Tbilisi 2014

4

Scientific Proceeding of Guram Tavartkiladze

Teaching University

Heard of the Editorial Boards –

Prof. Giorgi Matiashvili

Editorial Board:

Prof. Revaz Balanchivadze – Chief Editor

Prof. Amiran Tavartkiladze – Secretary Editor

Prof. Gela Aladashvili

Prof. Tjerk Busstra – /Netherlands/

Prof. Lali Chagelishvili

Prof. Inga Diakonidze

Prof. Barbara B. Hines /USA/

Prof. Nezhad Hameed /USA/

Prof. Sergei Yakubovskyi /Ukraine/

Prof. Givi Lobjanidze

Prof. Reinhard Pauling /Germany/

Prof. Shengeli Pitskhelauri

Prof. Gilles Rouet /France/

Prof. Charles Morgan Stromme /USA/

Prof. Maia Ukleba

Prof. Valeri Vashakidze

Prof. Marina Vekua

Prof. Taliko Zhvania

Prof. Temur Zhghenti

Prof. Dik Weijnands /Netherlands/

Collection of scientific works of Guram Tavartkiladze Teaching University is reviewed in

Georgian reviewed journal of Techinform (GRJ). Electronic version of GRJ is issued in Georgian and English Languages and is set on the

following site: www.tech.caucasus.net

ISBN 978-9941-22-317-4

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guram TavarTqilaZis saswavlo universitetis samecniero SromaTa krebuli, rogorc mra-

valdargobrivi Jurnali, aerTianebs ekonomikur, socialur, humanitarul da samarTlis mecni-erebebs. am JurnalTan TanamSromloba, garda Cveni universitetis profesorebisa, SeuZliaT sxva universitetebis warmomadgenlebsac, maT Soris, ucxoel avtorebsac.

Jurnalis mizania xeli Seuwyos zemoaRniSnul dargebSi, upirveles yovlisa, umaRles sas-wavleblebSi moRvawe profesor-maswavleblebis mecnieruli kvleva-Ziebis Semdgom ganviTare-bas, originaluri koncefciebisa da inovaciebis warmoCenas, am dargebis winsvlaSi Cvens monawi-leobas, samecniero saqmianobaSi axalgazrda specialistebis CarTvas, maTi samecniero poten-cialis amaRlebas.

krebulis saredaqcio sabWos SemadgenlobaSi Sedian qarTveli da ucxoeli mecnierebi, zemoaRniSnuli dargebis kvalificiuri specialistebi. ucxoel mecnierTa monawileoba sare-daqcio sabWos SemadgenlobaSi aamaRlebs krebulis avtoritets, saSualebas mogvcems gavafar-TooT akademiuri kontaqtebi da xels Seuwyobs sxvadasxva qveynis mecnierTa mozidvas krebul-Si saTanamSromlod. Tavis mxriv, es SesaZlebels gaxdis imas, rom maTi samecniero produqcia, originaluri koncefciebi da kvlevebi gavacnoT qarTul samecniero inteligencias, davgeg-moT erToblivi proeqtebi.

saerTaSoriso kontaqtebis gafarToebis mizniT sasurvelad migvaCnia, krebulSi saTana-do adgili davuTmoT saqarTveloSi moqmedi saerTaSoriso organizaciebis kvlevis Sedegebs, maT mier SemoTavazebuli daskvnebisa da rekomendaciebis gaSuqebas.

Scientific Proceedings of Guram Tavartkiladze Teaching University are a multi branch journal covers economic, social and humanitarian and law sciences. Professors of other HEI as well as foreign authors can cooperate with our scientific journal.

The purpose of the journal is to foster scientific research development in different scientific fields mentioned above, support the introduction of the innovations, our participation in the development of these fields. It will also support the involvement of the young specialists, raise their scientific potential.

The editorial board of the journal consists of well-known Georgian and foreign scientists, highly qualified specialists. Participation of the foreign authors will support the exchange scientific product between Georgian and foreign scientists that will make it possible to carry out joint scientific projects.

In order to enhance international cooperation, the journal presents and reviews the conclusions and recommendations, the research results carried out by the international organizations acting in Georgia.

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7

S i n a a r s i

samarTlis mecnierebebi

Tamar alfaiZe _ masmedia da saxelmwifo xelisufleba .................................................................. 9 venedi beniZe _ saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis saproceso kodeqsis calkeuli

normebi saqarTvelos konstituciasTan Seusabamoa...................................................... 14 givi lobJaniZe, daviT lobJaniZe _ ,,civi omi~-s samarTlebrivi Sedegi .................................. 18 daviT suxitaSvili, Tea suxitaSvili _ samoqalaqo pasuxismgeblobis kategoriebi

da principebi .............................................................................................................................. 23 Sengeli ficxelauri _ kriminalistikuri meTodologiis ZiriTadi cnebebi ......................... 32 sergo WeliZe, nugzar TevdoraZe _ `poligrafi`-s gamoyenebis problemebi sisxlis

samarTalwarmoebaSi ................................................................................................................. 35

ekonomikuri mecnierebebi

besik aladaSvili _ ekonomika omebis dros: istoriuli gamocdileba da dRevandeli

realoba ........................................................................................................................................ 40 nodar bagrationi _ savaluto bazris funqcionirebisa da valutis

konvertirebadobis zogierTi sakiTxi ............................................................................... 44 daviT vekua _ mcire biznesis ganviTarebis SesaZlo perspeqtivebi saqarTveloSi................ 49 amiran (simon) TavarTqilaZe _ asocirebis SeTanxmeba dabegvris zogierTi sakiTxis

Sesaxeb ........................................................................................................................................... 53 sofiko TevdoraZe _ saerTaSoriso biznesi globalur sivrceSi ............................................... 58 lia ToTlaZe _ winmswrebi, Tanamdevi da laguri indikatorebi................................................... 62 mamuka Toria _ Sromis anazRaurebis diferenciaciis problemebi saqarTveloSi ................ 66 daviT kbilaZe _ statistikis rogorc mecnierebis Camoyalibebis istoriuli

aspeqtebi da Tanamedroveoba ................................................................................................ 70 lela koWlamazaSvili, Temur yandaSvili _ saqarTvelos evrokavSiris bazarze

gasvlis perspeqtivebi.............................................................................................................. 73 manana maridaSvili _ farmacevtuli biznesis momgebianobisa da marketingis

urTierTkavSiris sakiTxi ....................................................................................................... 77 manana maridaSvili _ farmacevtuli produqtis fasis formirebisa da regulaciis

tendenciebi saqarTvelosa da dsT-s qveynebSi................................................................ 84 Taliko Jvania, ana kobiaSvili _ eleqtronuli swavlebis zogierTi aspeqti ........................ 88 giorgi saxokia _ auditoruli kontroli da efeqtianobis auditis perspeqtivebi............. 93 maia seTuri _ brendis Seqmnis zogierTi aspeqti............................................................................... 100 Carlz morgan strome _ evrokavSiris sanqciebis politika ......................................................... 104 laSa tabataZe _ saqarTvelos agraruli seqtori _ realoba da realuri perspeqtivebi.. 109 lali CageliSvili-aglaZe _ saqarTvelos liberaluri sagareo savaWro

politikis paradigmebi ............................................................................................................ 113

socialuri da humanitaruli mecnierebebi

mildred kalandariSvili _ uflis saxeliT daTrgunuli siyvaruli...................................... 117 sofiko kvantaliani _ cifruli teqnologiebi, rogorc fotoJurnalistikis

transformirebis faqtori .................................................................................................... 121 laura kutubiZe-zubaSvili, vaJa zubaSvili _ reklamis gavlena cxovrebis stilsa da

Rirebulebebze........................................................................................................................... 125 mayvala (baia) koRuaSvili _ eqspatriatebi: amerikuli modernizmis evropuli skola ...... 129 elza lomiZe _ komunikacia, rogorc pirovnuli codnis sfero .................................................. 134 xaTuna memaniSvili _ `mgzavris werilebis” stili........................................................................... 141 TaTia mJavanaZe _ axali mediis gamowvevebi ........................................................................................ 150 qeTi niJaraZe _ aristofanes parabasisebi, rogorc sazogadoebasTan urTierTobis

instrumenti ................................................................................................................................ 153 Tamar fanculaia _ biznesis eTikuri problemebi signalizatoroba ........................................ 156 nino yufaraZe _ Tanamedrove farmacevtuli bazris Taviseburebani da pacientis

uflebebis dacva (eTikuri aspeqtebi) ................................................................................. 161 dali CikvilaZe _ niko nikolaZis epistolaruli memkvidreobidan............................................ 165 diana WankotaZe _ rogor swavloben da aswavlian safrangeTSi profesias `Jurnalistika~ ..... 169

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CONTENTS

SCIENCES OF LAW

Tamar Alphaidze - Mass Media and State Government.......................................................................................... 9 Venedi Benidze - Particular Norms of Georgia’s Criminal Law Process Code are Irrelevant with Georgian

Constitution ................................................................................................................................................. 14 Lobzhanidze – Legal Result of “Cold War”............................................................................................................. 18 Davit Sukhitashvili, Tea Sukhitashvili - Categories and Principles of Civil Liability ........................................... 23 Shengeli Pitskhelauri - Basic Concepts of Criminological Methodology ............................................................... 32 Sergo Chelidze, Nugzar Tevdoradze - ‘Polygraph’ Application Issues in Criminal Justice ................................. 35

SCIENCE OF ECONOMICS

Besik Aladashvili - Economy during The wars; Histirical experienceand Modern Reality ..................................... 40 Nodar bagrationi - functioning of the foreign exchange market and some questions of currency convertibility.... 44 David Vekua - Possible Perspectives of Small Business Development in Georgia.................................................. 49 Amiran /Simon/ Tavartkiladze – Association Agreement on Taxation.................................................................. 53 Sofiko Tevdoradze - Internacional Business in Global Space ................................................................................. 58 Lia Totladze - Leading, Councident and lagged Indicators...................................................................................... 62 Mamuka Toria - Labor Remuneration Differentiation Problems in Georgia ......................................................... 66 David Kbiladze - Historical Aspects of the Development of Statistics as a Science and Contemporanety ............. 70 Lela Kochlamazashvili, Temur Kandashvili - Perspectives of Georgia in the market of European Union.......... 73 Manana Maridashvili - On Interconnection of Pharmaceutical Business Profitability and Marketing.................. 77 Manana Maridashvili - Pharmaceutical Product Price Formation and Regulation Trends in Georgia and

CIS Countries.............................................................................................................................. 84 Taliko Zhvania, Ana Kobiashvili – Certain Aspects of Electronic Teaching......................................................... 88 George Sakhokia - Auditing Control and Efficiency Audit Perspectives ................................................................ 93 Maia Seturi - Some aspects of brand creation......................................................................................................... 100 Charlz Morgan Stromme - Eu Sanctions Policies ................................................................................................. 104 Lasha Tabatadze - Georgian Agrarian Sector - Reality and Real Prospective ....................................................... 109 Lali Chagelishvili – Agladze - The Liberal Foreign Trade Politic’s Paradigms of Georgia .................................... 113

HUMANITY AND SOCIAL SCIENCES

Mildred Kalandarishvili - Love suppressed in the name of God ............................................................................ 117 Sopho Kvantaliani - Digital Techologies as a transforming factor of photojournalism.......................................... 121 Laura Kutubidze-Zubashvili, Vaja Zubashvili - Unfluence of advertising of lifestyle and Value...................... 125 Mayvala /Baia/ Koguashvili - The expatriates: European school of American Modernism.................................... 129 Elza lomidze - Communication as the Field of personal Knowledge ....................................................................... 134 Khatuna Memanishvili - Style of “Notes of a Journey”.......................................................................................... 141 Tatia Mjavanadze - Challenges to New Media ....................................................................................................... 150 Kate Nizharadze - Parabasisis by Arisrofanes as an instrument for public relation ............................................... 153 Tamar Pantsulaia - Business Etical Problems......................................................................................................... 156 Nino Kuparadze - The Main Peculiarities of Modern Pharmaceutial Market and Defence of Human Rights ........ 161 Dali Chikviladze - From Niko Nikoladze’s Epistolary Heritage.............................................................................. 165 Diana Chankotadze - The ways of Teaching the Profession of Journalism in France............................................. 169

#4, 2014 guram TavarTqilaZis saswavlo universitetis samecniero SromaTa krebuli

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samarTlis mecnierebebi

Tamar alfaiZe

masmedia da saxelmwifo xelisufleba

mecnieruli da praqtikuli TvalsazrisiT garkveul interess iwvevs sakiTxi imis Sesaxeb,

Tu ratom asocirdeba masmedia `meoTxe xelisuflebasTan~. Tanamedrove, swrafad ganviTarebad sazogadoebaSi masobrivi informaciis saSualebebis

roli TiTqmis Seufasebelia. masmediis ganviTarebis dinamikurma procesma arnaxul masStabebs miaRwia. media sul ufro da ufro met mniSvnelobas iZens TiToeuli adamianisa da mTlianad sa-zogadoebis ganviTarebaSi, aqtiur gavlenas axdens socialur procesebze da saxelmwifo siste-mis demokratizaciaze. mediis mizandasaxulma ganviTarebam axali unikaluri SesaZleblobebi Seqmna informaciuli sazogadoebis formirebis, adamianTa ganaTlebisa da jansaRi sazogadoe-bis Camoyalibebis sferoSi. mZlavrad moqmedma media-institutebma Tavis gavlenas daumorCi-les istoriaSi adamianTa uprecedento ricxvi. dRiTi dRe izrdeba masmediis efeqturoba, misi zemoqmedeba TiToeul adamianze da mTlianad sociumze.

es realobaa. marTebulad miuTiTebs riCard harisi, rom media ès aris ara marto `magiuri fanjara~, romlis meSveobiTac Cven vuyurebT samyaros, aramed `karebi~, romlis meSveobiTac ideebi aRwevs Cvens azrovnebaSi~.1

im gansakuTrebuli rolis gamo, romelic masmedias aqvs socialur da politikur proce-sebSi, mecnier-mkvlevarTa erTi nawili (u.rostou, d.beli, g.begerstami) miiCnevs, rom masmedia aris `meoTxe xelisufleba~, romelic gavlenas axdens xelisuflebis yvela Stoze.2

ras efuZneba aseTi mosazreba, ratom aris masmedia saxelmwifo xelisufleba, Tanac `me-oTxe~ da ara `pirveli, meore an mesame~ ?

termini `xelisufleba~ mravalazrobrivi mniSvnelobisaa. igi miekuTvneba politikuri Teoriis fuZemdeblur cnebaTa ricxvs da asaxavs msoflios nebismieri saxelmwifos funqcioni-rebis arss. farTo gagebiT, xelisufleba gulisxmobs movlenaTa ganviTarebaze zemoqmedebis unars da saSualebas. es zemoqmedeba SeiZleba iyos dadebiTi, pozitiuri an uaryofiTi, negati-uri. rogorc rTuli, mravalmxrivi movlena `xelisufleba~ gansxvavebul organizaciul for-mebsa da meTodebSi, urTierTobaTa sistemasa da miznebSi vlindeba. amitom politikur da iuri-diul literaturaSi ar aris am terminis erTgvarovani gageba. sazogadoebaSi arsebobs piradi da socialuri xelisuflebis sxvadasxva saxe.

sazogadoebis ganviTarebis garkveul etapze, kerZod saxelmwifod organizebul sazoga-doebaSi socialuri xelisuflebis saxesxvaobad Camoyalibda saxelmwifo xelisufleba, romel-Sic igulisxmeba politikuri batonoba da saxelmwifo organoTa sistema, romelTa meSveobiT xorcieldeba sazogadoebisadmi saxelmwifoebrivi xelmZRvaneloba. saxelmwifo xelisufleba gansaxierebulia saxelmwifo-samarTlebriv institutebSi, emyareba saxelmwifo nebas da kon-centrirebul Zalas, unari aqvs ganaxorcielos iZulebiTi RonisZiebani miRebul gadawyveti-lebaTa aRsasruleblad. iZuleba saxelmwifo xelisuflebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli abstraqtu-li da tipuri Tvisebaa, romelsac legitimur xasiaTs aZlevs qveyanaSi moqmedi samarTlebrivi sistema.

xazgasmiT unda aRiniSnos, rom saxelmwifo xelisufleba wminda politikuri movlenaa, sa-xelmwifos umniSvnelovanesi niSania, gansazRvravs saxelmwifos Taviseburebas, mis meqanizms, demokratiulobis xarisxs.

saxelmwifo xelisufleba, romelic mxolod Zaladobas emyareba warmoSobs sazogadoeba-Si mzard winaaRmdegobas. piriqiT, demokratiul sazogadoebaSi saxelmwifo xelisufleba udi-desi SemoqmedebiTi Zalaa, romelic darwmunebis, stimulirebisa da iZulebis meTodebiT uz-runvelyofs gadaWras socialuri winaaRmdegobani, dauqvemdebaros adamianebi erTian saxel-mwifo nebas. demokratiul sazogadoebaSi saxelmwifo xelisufleba misi didi socialuri mniS-vnelobidan gamomdinare unda uzrunvelyofdes sazogadoebis harmoniul ganviTarebas da ar

1 Ричард Харрис, «Психология Массовых Коммуникаций» М. 2002 г. с. 19 2 Доль Р. Введение в теорию демократии, М. 1992

guram TavarTqilaZis saswavlo universitetis samecniero SromaTa krebuli #4, 2014

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unda iqces socialuri progresis muxruWad. sazogadoebrivi da saxelmwifoebrivi mmarTvelobis funqcias xelisufleba axorcielebs

sxva socialuri institutebisagan damoukideblad, ramdenadac igi umaRlesia sazogadoebis po-litikur sistemaSi.

saxelmwifo xelisufleba erTiani da ganuyofelia, amasTanave funqcionaluri daniSnu-lebis Sesabamisad danawilebulia sam ganStoebad: sakanonmdeblo, aRmasrulebel da sasamar-Tlo xelisuflebad.

erTiani saxelmwifo xelisuflebis sam ganStoebad dayofis idea jer kidev antikur peri-odSi warmoiSva da momdevno saukuneebSi ganviTarda. igi burJuaziuli konstitucionalizmis erT-erT ZiriTad principad iqca. TiTqmis dasrulebuli saxiT xelisuflebis danawilebis doq-trina Camoyalibda XVII-XVIII saukuneebis didi ganmanaTleblebis jon lokisa da Sarl lui mo-teskies nawarmoebebSi.1

xelisuflebis danawilebis moZRvrebis CamoyalibebaSi gansakuTrebulia frangi filoso-fos-ganmanaTleblis Sarl-lui monteskies Semoqmedeba. monteskies mixedviT, politikur xeli-suflebas ganapirobebs mxolod xelisuflebis gonivruli danawileba _ sakanonmdeblo, aRmas-rulebel da sasamarTlo xelisuflebad. marTalia, monteskie xelisuflebis erTmaneTisagan gamijvnaze amaxvilebs yuradRebas, magram imavdroulad miaCnia, rom samive maTgani aRWurvili unda iyos urTierTkontrolisa da urTierTboWvis SesaZleblobiT.

xelisuflebis sistemis Teoriulad sasurveli mdgomareoba xelisuflebis harmoniaa, sa-xelmwifo xelisuflebis gonivruli flobaa, rac xelisuflebis racionalurma danawilebam un-da uzrunvelyos. am principebze Seqmnili originaluri modeli pirvelad me-XVIII saukuneSi gaCnda,2 xolo klasikuri saxe amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis konstituciaSi, sasamarTlo praq-tikasa da qveynis politikur cxovrebaSi SeiZina.

saxelmwifo xelisuflebis TiToeuli ganStoeba Tvalyurs unda adevnebdes rogor icavs danarCeni ori adamianis uflebebs da saxelmwifo organoebis funqcionirebas, rac aucilebe-lia politikuri Tavisuflebisa da xelisuflebis borotad gamoyenebis asacileblad.

`sxvagvarad azri ekargeba iseTi socialuri institutis SenarCunebas, rogoric saxelmwi-foa. sakanonmdeblo, aRmasrulebeli da sasamarTlo xelisufleba TavianTi uamravi atributiT _ konkurencia, urTierTkontroli da urTierTSezRudva saWiroa imisTvis, rom ar moxdes mo-rigeba eris interesebis sazianod~.3

saxelmwifo xelisuflebis danawilebis koncefcia ganmtkicebulia saqarTvelos konsti-tuciaSi, romelic adgens, rom `saqarTveloSi saxelmwifo xelisuflebis wyaroa xalxi... saxel-mwifo xelisufleba xorcieldeba xelisuflebis danawilebis principze dayrdnobiT~. (muxli 5)

saxelmwifo xelisuflebis samarTlebrivi danawileba damoukidebel sakanonmdeblo, aR-masrulebel da sasamarTlo xelisuflebad saxelmwifoebriobis samarTlebrivi bunebidan ga-momdinareobs. swored xelisuflebis es sami ganStoeba amowuraven saxelmwifos daniSnulebas - uzrunvelyos Tavisuflebis, uSiSroebis, sakuTrebis sajaro-saxelisuflo dacva.

xelisuflebis danawilebis doqtrinis Tanaxmad sakanonmdeblo, aRmasrulebeli da sasa-marTlo xelisufleba unda moqmedebdnen TavianTi kompetenciis farglebSi da ufleba ara aqvT Caerion erTmaneTis saqmianobaSi. amasTanave am organoTa kompetencia iseTia, rom maT ar SeuZ-liaT imoqmedon izolirebulad. saxelmwifo xelisufleba xorcieldeba misi samive Stos er-TobliobiT: sakanonmdeblo xelisufleba ver moitans sasurvel Sedegs aRmasrulebeli da sasa-marTlo xelisuflebis ganxorcielebis gareSe. marTlmsajulebis ganxorcieleba SeuZlebelia sakanonmdeblo xelisuflebis gareSe.

xelisuflebis danawilebis principis did mniSvnelobaze miuTiTebs 1789 wlis adamianis da moqalaqis uflebaTa deklaracia, romelic aRiarebs, rom `sazogadoebas, sadac ar aris uzrunvel-yofili uflebaTa garantia da ar aris xelisuflebis danawileba, ara aqvs konstitucia~.

saxelmwifo xelisuflebis danawilebis principis zogadi daxasiaTebac ki naTelyofs mis samarTlebriv bunebas da arss. xelisuflebis danawilebis mecnierulad dasabuTebul da praq-tikiT ganmtkicebul doqtrinaSi erTgvari disonansi Seitana `meoTxe xelisuflebis~ koncef-ciam, romelmac ugulvebelyo xelisuflebis danawilebis klasikuri modeli. aRniSnuli kon-cefcia cdilobs daasabuTos, rom sazogadoebis ganviTarebis kvaldakval warmoiSva da dam-kvidrda `meoTxe xelisufleba~, romelsac xelisuflebis sam ganStoebasTan erTad aqvs arsebo-bis realuri safuZveli. es aris beWdviTi da eleqtronuli media.

mediis miCneva `meoTxe xelisuflebad~ gulisxmobs mis gaTanabrebas saxelmwifo xelisuf-lebis sam ganStoebasTan. es realobaa Tu Secdoma? 1 did britaneTSi mefisadmi tradiciulad didi pativis gamo saxelmwifo ganStoebasac Taviseburi saxelwodebebi aqvs: King in Brench (mefe sasamarTloSi, sasamarTlo xelisufleba), King in Courech (mefe sabWoSi _ aRmasrulebeli xelisuf-leba), King in Parliament (mefe parlamentSi _ sakanonmdeblo xelisufleba) 2 S.l.monteskie, kanonTa goni (frangulad `De L’esprit des lios~ ), Tb. 1994, gv. 182 3 s.jorbenaZe, r.kniperi, l.Wanturia - samarTlis reforma saqarTveloSi, Tb. 1994, gv.32


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Cemi azriT es Secdomaa, radgan aseT koncefcias ar aqvs arc Teoriuli da arc praqtiku-li safuZveli. media ar aris da arc SeiZleba iyos `meoTxe xelisufleba~, saxelmwifo xelisuf-lebis meoTxe ganStoeba.

marTalia, media yovelTvis gamoiyeneboda da gamoiyeneba politikuri xelisuflebis mo-sapoveblad da SesanarCuneblad, magram mas ar gaaCnia arcerTi Tviseba, rac damaxasiaTebelia saxelmwifo xelisflebisaTvis. sadavo ar aris is faqti, rom masmedia axorcielebs saxelmwifo da sazogadoebriv procesebze samoqalaqo kontrols, Tumca aseT kontrols arcerT SemTxve-vaSi ara aqvs savaldebulo Zala. mediis mier ama Tu im formiT gavrcelebuli informacia, Jur-nalisturi publikaciebi Tu telegadacemebi upiratesad propagandistuli xasiaTisaa, saxel-mwifo xelisuflebis saqmianoba ki imperatiuli da savaldebuloa. sakanonmdeblo, aRmasrule-beli da sasamarTlo organoebis yvela gadawyvetileba savaldebulo Zalisaa, romelTa ganxor-cielebisTvis saxelmwifos gaaCnia samarTlebriv saSualebaTa farTo speqtri. media masalas, ra formiTac ar unda iyos igi dafiqsirebuli arc erT SemTxvevaSi ar hqonia da ar aqvs fiziku-ri Tu iuridiuli pirebisaTvis savaldebulo mniSvneloba.

arc erT qveyanaSi media arasodes ar yofila da arc aris politikuri subieqti, xelisuf-lebis mopovebisa da SenarCunebis uSualo monawile, magaliTad iseTi, rogoricaa politikuri partia. Tu masmedias miviCnevT `meoTxe xelisuflebad~ gardauvali gaxdena brZola masze ze-gavlenisaTvis maTive meSveobiT.

aRsaniSnavia, rom saxelmwifo xelisuflebis TiToeul ganStoebas aqvs Sesabamisi saxel-wodeba - sakanonmdeblo, aRmasrulebeli da sasamarTlo xelisufleba, rac Seexeba e.w. `meoTxe xelisuflebas~ mas ar aqvs da arc SeiZleba hqondes analogiuri saxelwodeba.

arsebiTi mniSvneloba aqvs im garemoebasac, rom saxelmwifo xelisufleba ar SeiZleba iyos Tavisufali yidva-gayidvis obieqti am sityvis pirdapiri mniSvnelobiT. kacobriobis is-toria ar icnobs sakanonmdeblo, aRmasrulebeli Tu sasamarTlo organoebis Tavisufali yid-va-gayidvis arc erT SemTxvevas. masobrivi informaciis saSualebebis yidva-gayidvam, rac ase aS-karad da xSirad xdeba Tanamedrove periodSi, daamsxvria miTi `meoTxe xelisuflebis~ Sesaxeb.1

am process dasabami mieca aSS-Si, rodesac prezidentma ronald reiganma miiRo gadawyve-tileba masmediis yidva-gayidvis liberalizaciis Sesaxeb. am gadawyvetilebis safuZvelze daiw-yo telearxebis gayidvis àuqcionebi~. umsxviles korporaciebs miecaT Tavisufali moqmedebis SesaZlebloba sagazeTo qselebis, sakabelo televiziebis, radiosixSireebis SeZenis saqmeSi, ris Sedegadac radiosadgurebisa da televiziebis umetesi nawili erTi muWa mediamagnatebis xelSi aRmoCnda, romlebic TviTon wyveten, ras unda ucqiros, mousminos da ra unda icodes sa-zogadoebam. analogiuri procesi mimdinareobs msoflios TiTqmis yvela qveyanaSi.

saqarTveloSi yidva-gayidvis obieqti gaxda satelevizio anZac.2 `meoTxe xelisuflebis~ statusis fonze gaCnda masmediis midrekileba - aqtiurad Caer-

Tos saxelmwifo saxelisuflo funqciebSi, aramarto Sedasaxelmwifoebriv procesebSi, aramed sagareo politikur movlenebSi. zogierT krizisul situaciaSi masmedias SeuZlia icodes uf-ro meti, vidre mTavrobam da sazogadoebas miawodos informaciuli nakadi. Jurnalistika ar qmnis politikas, magram SeuZlia mniSvnelovani zegavlena moaxdinos masze. sainformacio in-stitutebis meSveobiT mimdinareobs brZola politikuri xelisuflebisaTvis. saarCevno kampa-niis dros wonadi xdeba masmediis azri sazogadoebaSi, iqmneba samkuTxedi: mTavroba - masmedia - sazogadoeba.

masmedia aqtiurad ereva sasamarTlo xelisuflebis saqmianobaSi. Jurnalistebis mier sa-samarTlo saqmeebis gacnoba, sasamarTlo procesis gaSuqeba specifikuria im TvalsazrisiT, rom ar dairRves iseTi konstituciuri principebi, rogoricaa sasamarTlo xelisuflebis da-moukidebloba, samarTlis uzenaesoba da kanonis winaSe yvelas Tanasworoba, samarTalwarmoe-bis demokratiuloba da sajarooba, udanaSaulobis prezumfcia, adamianis uflebebisa da Tavi-suflebebis dacva.

marTlmsajulebis fundamentur princips warmoadgens is, rom àravis ara aqvs ufleba Ca-erios marTlmsajulebis ganxorcielebaSi da zegavlena moaxdinos mosamarTleze an msajul-ze~. es aramarto fundamenturi, aramed imperatiuli principicaa, romlis darRveva arc erT SemTxvevaSi ar SeiZleba.

CaiTvleba Tu ara am principis darRvevad e.w. `Jurnalisturi gamoZieba~, romelsac Jur-nalistebi winaswari gamoZiebisa da sasamarTlo ganxilvisagan damoukideblad awarmoeben? swo-ria Tu ara fraza `Jurnalisturi gamoZieba~, romelic damkvidrda sazogadoebriv cxovrebasa da mauwyeblobis saSualebebSi? ra Tqma unda - ara. `gamoZieba~ specialuri iuridiul-procesu-aluri terminia da am saqmes awarmoebs saamiso kompetenciiT aRWurvili piri, romelsac saTana-

1 Дж. Киэза, «Миф о четвёртой власти», «Литературная Газета», 2003. #17 2 2011 wlis 1 agvistos saqarTvelos ekonomikisa da mdgradi ganviTarebis saministrom 275 metriani Tbilisis satelevi-zio anZa auqcionze 110 000 larad 4 wliani marTvis uflebiT `golden koms~ gadasca, romelmac 4 wlis ganmavlobaSi 12 milioni dolaris investicia unda ganaxorcielos


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do samarTlebrivi codna da kvalifikacia aqvs. winaswari gamoZiebis Sedegi marTlmsajulebis sworad ganxorcielebis aucilebeli pirobaa. mas iseTive savaldebulo Zala aqvs, rogorc sasa-marTlos ganaCensa da gadawyvetilebas, Jurnalistur gamoZiebas ki araviTari iuridiuli Zala ar gaaCnia da is arc mtkicebis saSualebas ar warmoadgens.

Jurnalistika Tavisufali profesiaa da yvela Jurnalisti iseve rogorc yvela moqalaqes ufleba aqvs moiZios da gaanalizos ama Tu im saqmis irgvliv arsebuli obieqturi garemoebani. magram es iqneba ara gamoZieba (iuridiul-procesualuri procedura), aramed gamokvleva, ro-melsac aravisTvis da araviTari savaldebulo Zala ar aqvs.

amJamad, sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi aqtiurad monawileoben arasamTavrobo organozacie-bi, romlebic problemur sakiTxebze awarmoeben gamokvlevebs. xSirad maT daskvnebsa da argu-mentebs didi mniSvneloba aqvT, Tumca TavianT saqmianobas ar miiCneven gamoZiebad. sityvauxvi qarTuli ena iZleva imis saSualebas, rom movlenebs Sesatyvisi saxeli daerqvas. kerZod, sagamo-Ziebo organizaciebis saqmianobas - `gamoZieba~, masmediisa da arasamTavrobo organizaciebis saqminobas - `gamokvleva~.

zogierTi mkvlevari Jurnalistur gamoZiebas originalurs uwodebs. òriginaluri Jur-nalisturi gamoZieba gulisxmobs reportiorebs, romlebic Tavad iZieben, aaSkaraveben iseT qmedebebs, romlebic manamde ucnobi iyo sazogadoebisaTvis~.1

aseTi mosazrebis momxreebs aviwydebaT rom rac ar unda originaluri iyos reportiore-bis mier Catarebuli samuSao, is ar SeiZleba CaiTvalos gamoZiebad, vinaidan kanoniT maT ar aqvT amis ufleba. es aris Jurnalisturi gamokvleva, romlis mniSvneloba xSir SemTxvevaSi fas-daudebelia ramdenadac bevri uaryofiTi movlena da darRveva gamouvlinebia.

Jurnalistebisa da iuristebis erToblivi TanamSromloba marTlmsajulebis ganxorcie-lebis sferoSi efeqturi da Sedegiania, Tumca maTi profesiuli kompetenciis ugulvebelyofa da erTmaneTSi aRreva, aramarTlzomieria. gamoZieba da damnaSavis dasja saxelmwifos samar-Taldamcavi organoebis kompetenciaa da ara masmediis.

sad aris zRvari profesionali iuristisa da Jurnalistis saqmianobas Soris? ra mosdevs maTi funqciebis aRrevas - sikeTe Tu ziani? roca Jurnalisti telekranidan an presis fur-clebze winaswar, sasamarTlos gamamtyunebeli ganaCenis gamotanamde acxadebs pirs damnaSaved, irRveva konstituciuri norma udanaSaulobis prezumfciis Sesaxeb da Sesabamisad irRveva ada-mianis uflebebic.

Jurnalistebs bevrjer fasdaudebeli samsaxuri gauweviaT marTlmsajulebisaTvis, Tum-ca momxdara piriqiTac: sityvis Tavisuflebis principis upasuxismgeblod gamoyenebas mniSvne-lovani ziani moutania rogorc saxelmwifos, aseve calkeuli moqalaqeebisaTvis.

Jurnalisturi gamokvlevebis aucilebloba, argumentirebuli da obieqturi kritika sasa-marTlo organoebis mimarT araerTxel gamxdara sasamarTlo Secdomebis safuZveli. socialuri praqtika mraval aseT magaliTs icnobs. msoflioSi gaxmaurebulia faqti arnaxuli usamarTlobis Sesaxeb: gaerTianebul samefoSi moqalaqes gamoutanes ganaCeni mkvlelobisaTvis, romelic mas ar Caudenia. msjavrdebulma 27 weli dahyo cixeSi. ganaCeni gadaisinja mxolod 2002 wlis martSi ad-gilobrivi gazeTis redaqtoris mier warmoebuli dauRalavi mcdelobis Sedegad.2

Secdomebis Zieba da masze reagireba sifxizles matebs da stimuls aZlevs Jurnalists gana-xorcielos sajaro zedamxedveloba sazogadoebrivi interesebisaTvis. Jurnalistis movaleobaa Tavis publikaciebSi minimumamde Seamciros Secdomebis daSvebis SesaZlebloba, obieqturi da kompetenturi informacia sasamarTlos saqmianobis Sesaxeb saimedo wyaros unda eyrdnobodes.

iuridiuli realoba uaRresad sfecifikuria. amitom Jurnalists, romlebic aRniSnul sferos aSuqebs, unda hqondeT saTanado samarTlebrivi codna da samarTlebrivi kultura.

masmedia ar saWiroebs xelovnur gandidebas. mas isedac didi roli akisria sazogadoebis demokratizaciis, misi harmoniuli ganviTarebis, adamianis uflebebisa da Tavisuflebebis dac-vis saqmeSi. Tu misi esoden didi rolis gamo masmedias unda mieniWos xelisuflebis statusi, es iqneba ara saxelmwifo xelisuflebis ganStoeba, e.w. `meoTxe xelisufleba~, aramed socialuri xelisuflebis saxesxvaoba.

1 bil kovaCi, tom rozenstili, `Jurnalistikis elementebi~, Tb. 2006, gv.29 2 T. alfaiZe, media samarTali, Tb. 2008. gv.85


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Tamar alfaiZe

masmedia da saxelmwifo xelisufleba

reziume

sazogadoebaSi masmediis gansakuTrebuli rolis gamo, mecnier-mkvlevarTa nawili miiC-nevs, rom igi aris “meoTxe xelisufleba”, saxelmwifo xelisuflebis meoTxe ganStoeba, rac Cemi azriT ar asaxavs realobas. saxelmwifo xelisufleba wminda politikuri movlenaa, romelic xelisuflebis ganawilebis klasikuri modelis Sesabamisad ganiyofeba sam ganStoebad: sakanon-mdeblo, aRmasrulebel da sasamarTlo xelisuflebad. masmedia ver CaiTvleba saxelmwifo xe-lisuflebis meoTxe ganStoebad, vinaidan igi ar aris politikuri subieqti, xelisuflebis mo-povebisa da SenarCunebis uSualo monawile. mediis mier ama Tu im formiT gavrcelebuli infor-macia, Jurnalisturi publikaciebi da telegadacemebi upiratesad propagandistuli xasiaTi-saa, maSin rodesac saxelmwifo xelisuflebis saqmianoba imperatiulia da misi organoebis yve-la gadawyvetilebas savaldebulo Zala aqvs. arsebiTi mniSvneloba aqvs imasac, rom saxelmwifo xelisufleba ar SeiZleba iyos Tavisufali yidva-gayidvis obieqti. masmediis saSualebebis yid-va-gayidvam, ramac masobrivi xasiaTi miiRo daadastura, rom igi ar aris da arc SeiZleba iyos sa-xelmwifo xelisuflebis “meoTxe ganStoeba”. Tu sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi masmediis didi ro-lis gamo aucilebelia mas mieniWos xelisuflebis statusi, es iqneba socialuri xelisuflebis saxesxvaoba da ara saxelmwifo xelisuflebis meoTxe ganStoeba.

Tamar Alpaidze

MASS MEDIA AND STATE GOVERNMENT

Summary

Due to special role of Mass media in the society, many academics and researchers believe that by nature it is the "Fourth Branch of Government” which in my opinion does not reflect current reality. State governance is a purely political phenomenon, which in accordance with the classical model of power distribution is divided into three respective branches: Executive, legislative and judicial. The media cannot be considered as a fourth branch of the state government, since it is not a political unit and lacks relevant authority. Information distributed by the media like journalistic publications and TV programs are mainly propaganda by its nature, while state government and all its agencies have the power to take binding decisions. It is essential that the state government may not be subject to regular market transactions, while it is widely accepted that mass media can be bought/sold, therefore it cannot be considered as "fourth branch of government". If a significant role in the social life requires media to be given the status of the governmental authority, it will be a variety of social governance and not the classic fourth branch of state government.


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venedi beniZe

saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis saproceso kodeqsis calkeuli

normebi saqarTvelos konstituciasTan Seusabamoa

sayovelTaod cnobilia, rom sisxlis samarTlis procesi, romelic saxelmwifos samar-

Tlebrivi sistemis nawils warmoadgens,zogad da ZiriTad miznad isaxavs daicvas saxelmwifos interesebi da mis mier dadgenili marTlwesrigi. garda amisa, sisxlis samarTlis process aqvs Tavisi sakuTari viwro da uSualo saproceso mizani: daadginos sisxlis samarTlis saqmis yvela faqtiuri garemoeba, xeli Seuwyos danaSaulis gaxsnas da amxilos da dasajos damnaSave. am miz-nebidan gamomdinare, sisxlis samarTlis procesi aris pirTa uflebebisa da kanonieri intere-sebis dacvis myari garanti, ris gamoc axali saproceso kanonmdeblobis miRebas, Tu masSi cvli-lebebis Setanas yovelTvis gansakuTrebuli sifrTxiliT unda movepyraT.

2010 wlis 1 oqtombers amoqmedebuli sisxlis samarTlis procesi, rom xarvezebiT iyo mi-Rebuli da is rom ver iqneboda pirTa uflebebis dacvis garanti, imTaviTve iyo cnobili da amis Sesaxeb araerTma mecnierma Tu praqtikosma muSakma gamoTqva Tavisi mosazreba, magram sagamoZi-ebo da sasamarTlo praqtikam, samwuxarod, kidev metad warmoaCina misi uaryofiTi mxareebi.

Cven ar daviwyebT TiToeuli normis daxasiaTebas, rameTu es statiis formatidan gamom-dinare SeuZlebelic aris, magram gverds ver avuvliT im debulebebs, romlebic saqarTvelos konstituciasTan ar arian SesabamisobaSi da romlebic pirTa uflebebis masobriv darRvevas iwveven.

axalma kodeqsma termini „eWvmitanili“ Caanacvla sityviT „braldebuli“ da eWvmitanilis uflebamosilebebi braldebulze gadaanawila. Sesabamisad daregulirda braldebulis statu-si, romelic sisxlis samarTlis saproceso kodeqsis me-3 muxlis Sesabamisad, ganmartebulia rogorc piri, romlis mimarTac arsebobs dasabuTebuli varaudi, rom man Caidina saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsiT gaTvaliswinebuli danaSauli. piri braldebulad iTvleba misi dakavebisTanave an Tu ar daukavebiaT, braldebulad cnobisTanave. kanonma daazusta, ra vadis ganmavlobaSi Seileba iyos piri braldebulad cnobili da ra vadis ganmavlobaSi SeiZleba mim-dinareobdes mis mimarT sisxlis samarTlebrivi devna (ssssk-is 169-e muxlis merve nawili). miTi-Tebuli normidan gamomdinare danaSaulis erTi SemTxvevis gamo, wina sasamarTlos sxdomis daw-yebamde, piri braldebulad SeiZleba cnobili iyos araumetes 9 Tvisa, Tu am vadis gasvlamde misTvis danaSaulis sxva SemTxvevis gamo ar wauyenebiaT axali brali. aseTi bralis wayenebisas aRniSnuli vadis dineba wydeba da vada aiTvleba axali bralis wayenebis dRidan. Sesabamisad, prokurori SuamdgomlobiT mimarTavs sasamarTlos aRkveTis RonisZiebis gamoyenebis Taobaze da patimrobis da braldebulad yofnis vadis aTvlac Tavidan iwyeba. msgavsi praqtika damkvid-rda yofili saxelmwifo Cinovnikebis da sxva Tanamdebobis pirTa saqmeebze da mas sazogadoeba-Si farTo rezonansi aqvs. aseT pirobebSi gasarkvevia, ramdenad kanonieri da dasabuTebulia ga-dawyvetileba, romliTac patimrobis vadis aTvla iwyeba Tavidan da qmnis Tu ara msgavsi praqti-kis damkvidreba saqarTvelos konstituciis me-18 muxlis moTxovnaTa darRvevis saSiSroebas?

Cveni azriT, sisxlis samarTlis saproceso kodeqsis 205-e muxlis meore nawilisa da sa-qarTvelos konstituciis zemoT xsenebuli muxlis me-6 punqtis Sesabamisad, braldebulis wi-naswari patimrobis saerTo vada ar unda aRematebodes 9 Tves. am vadis gasvlis Semdeg igi dau-yovnebliv unda gaTavisufldes patimrobidan. winaswari patimrobis vadaSi iTvleba patimroba-Si yofnis dro, dakavebidan ganaCenis gamotanamde. e.i. braldebulis mimarT, romelsac daakave-ben da aRkveTis RonisZiebis saxiT Seufardeben winaswar patimrobas, sasamarTlos gamamtyune-beli ganaCeni unda dadges araugvianes 9-Tvisa, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi igi iTvleba winaswar pa-timrobaSi myof pirad. aseT pirze vrceldeba is reJimi, romlis Taobaze konstituciis me-18 muxlSia miTiTebuli, kerZod, igi unda CaiTvalos ukanono patimrad da gaTavisufldes patim-robidan. axali bralis wayenebisa da patimrobis axali vadis dawyebis motiviT, winaswar patim-robaSi 9 Tveze meti vadiT mravalma pirma rom dahyo - cxadze cxadia da ar SeiZleba sadavo gax-des. maSasadame yvela piri, romlis mimarT gamamtyunebeli ganaCeni ar iqna gamotanili dakavebi-dan 9 Tvis ganmavlobaSi, ukanono patimrad unda CaiTvalos. aqve meti sicxadisaTvis davZenT, rom braldebulad yofnis vadaze es reJimi ar vrceldeba da braldebulad piri SeiZleba mar-Tlac iyos 9 Tveze meti (cxadia Tu axali brali wauyenes), magram braldebulis patimrobaSi yofnis SemTxvevaSi, konstituciuri normidan gamomdinare, winasawar patimrobaSi yofnis vada ar SeiZleba gagrZeldes 9 Tveze meti. migvaCnia, rom aseT pirobebSi braldebuls Sefardebuli aRkveTis RonisZieba-patimroba unda Seecvalos sxva ufro msubuqi aRkveTis RonisZiebiT da ga-moZieba da sasamarTlos sxdomebi gagrZeldes Cveulebrivi reJimiT. im SemTxvevaSi Tu piris pa-timrobaSi yofna aucileblobas warmoadgens, SesaZlebelia gamosavali moinaxos im mimarTebiT, rom braldebuli 9 Tvian vadaSi gasamarTldes erT romelime epizodSi, ris Semdeg gamoyenebu-li iqnes sisxlis samarTlis saproceso kodeqsis 205-e muxlis me-5 nawilis moTxovna, romlis Se-


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sabamisad msjavrdebuli piri patimrobis an Tavisuflebis aRkveTis adgilidan SeiZleba gada-iyvanon sagamoZiebo izolatorSi an datovon sagamoZiebo izolatorSi, Tu is aris braldebuli sxva saqmeSi. amiT Tavidan iqneba acilebuli kanondarRveva da ukanono patimrobac, radgan am SemTxvevaSi sapatimro vadis reglamentiT sagamoZiebo da sasamarTlo organo SezRuduli ar iqneba.

mokled SevexoT im tendenciis mizanSewonilobas, roca yvela axal bralze Tavidan xdeba sasamarTloSi pirveli wardgena da aRkveTis RonisZiebis gamoyeneba. aseTi praqtikis mxardam-Werebi msgavs proceduras imiT xsnian, rom wayenebuli bralis daudastureblobis SemTxvevaSi braldebuli patimrobidan unda gaTavisufldes, miuxedavad imisa, rom am pirs SeiZleba sxva araerTi da ufro mZime bralic qondes wayenebuli.

jer erTi, gaugebaria, ratom unda gaTavisufldes piri patimrobidan, Tu mas marTlac ar daumtkicda pirveladi brali, magram waeyena sxva axali da ufro mZime an Tundac naklebad mZime brali? anda ra principiT unda SeirCes axali aRkveTis RonisZieba? im SemTxvevaSi, Tu bralde-buls ukve aqvs Sefardebuli yvelaze mkacri aRkveTis RonisZieba patimroba? vTqvaT konkretu-li danaSaulis CadenisaTvis pirs aRkveTis RonisZiebis saxiT Seefarda winaswari patimroba. Semdeg am braldebuls waeyena axali brali, risTvisac damkvidrebuli praqtikiT axali aRkve-Tis RonisZieba unda Seefardos, magram rogor unda daasabuTos mosamarTlem axali aRkveTis RonisZieba? vTqvaT mosamarTlem ar gaiziara Suamdgomloba dapatimrebis Taobaze da Seufarda girao, magram romeli WkuaTmyofeli gadaixdis giraos am Tanxas? gadauxdelobis SemTxvevaSi girao Seicvleba patimrobiT, magram es piri patimrobaSi xom isedac imyofeba? an rogor daasa-buTebs mosamarTle dapatimrebas da xom ver miuTiTebs, rom patimrobaSi myofi braldebuli mi-imaleba an gaanadgurebs mtkicebulebebs. midgoma aq xom mxolod formaluri iqneba. anda yvela-fers rom Tavi davaneboT, ramdenad sworia imis dasabuTeba, rom pirs, romelsac waeyena 5 axali brali, xuTjer Seefardos dapatimreba? da 5-jer ewodos amas sasamarTloSi pirveli wardgena?

Cven vTvliT, rom aRkveTis RonisZieba braldebuls unda Seefardos mxolod erTxel da mis Secvlaze unda vimsjeloT mxareTa Suamdgomlobis Sesabamisad konkretuli garemoebebis gaTvaliswinebiT, imisda mixedviT, Tu ra saxis Suamdgomloba iqneba dayenebuli, aRkveTis Ro-nisZiebis Semsubuqebis, Tu ufro mkacri aRkveTis RonisZiebis gamoyenebis TvalsazrisiT.

kidev erTi norma, romelsac saqarTvelos konstituciis me-5 TavTan, „saerTo sasamar-Tloebis Sesaxeb` organuli kanonis pirveli muxlis I da II nawilebTan da TviT sisxlis samar-Tlis saproceso kodeqsis me-19 muxlis pirvel nawilTan Seusabamoa saproceso kodeqsis 284-e muxlis I da II nawilebi da 285-e muxlis III da IV nawilebi, romelTa Sesabamisad saqarTvelos sasjelaRsrulebis, probaciisa da iuridiuli daxmarebis sakiTxTa saministros adgilobriv sabWos SeuZlia msjavrdebuls misi yofaqcevis gaTvaliswinebiT Seucvalos sasjelis moux-deli nawili ufro msubuqi saxis sasjeliT da mTlianad an nawilobriv gaaTavisuflos damate-biTi sasjelis moxdisagan. aseve sasjelis moxdisagan gaaTavisuflos mZime avadmyofi da xan-dazmulobis asaks miRweuli piri. am organos aseTi moqmedeba, sxva araferia, Tu ara mar-Tlmsajulebis ganxorcieleba, radgan sasjelis daniSvna da misi Secvla marTlmsajulebis ganxorcielebis erT-erTi aucilebeli Semadgeneli nawilia, xolo saqarTvelos konstitu-ciis da saqarTvelos kanonebis zemoTxsenebuli normebis mixedviT, marTlmsajulebas axor-cieleben mxolod sasamarTloebi. komisiebs faqtobrivad cvlileba SeaqvT sasamarTlos mier miRebul gadawyvetilebebSi (ganaCenebSi), maSin roca saqarTvelos konstituciis 84-e muxlis V punqtis da „saerTo sasamarTloebis Sesaxeb` organuli kanonis me-4 muxlis II nawilSi xazgas-miT aris miTiTebuli, rom sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebis gauqmeba, Secvla da SeCereba SeuZlia mxolod sasamarTlos kanoniT gansazRvruli wesiT.

moqmedi kodeqsis Tavdapirveli varianti sabWos uflebas aniWebda sasjelis Secvlis (Semsubuqebis) mizniT SuamdgomlobiT miemarTa sasamarTlosaTvis, rac cxadia savsebiT kano-nieri iyo. magram 2010 wlis 24 seqtembers ganxorcielebulma sakanonmdeblo cvlilebam yvela-feri Tavdayira daayena. miviReT TviTnebobis tipiuri gamovlineba, romlis iniciatorebi, ise-ve rogorc sxva bevr SemTxvevaSi, aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis warmomadgenlebi da piradad iusticiis ministri iyo.

axali kanonmdeblobis da maT Soris, sisxlis samarTlis saproceso kodeqsis miReba, miz-nad isaxavs samarTalwarmoebis srulyofas, swrafi da samarTliani marTlmsajulebis ganxor-cielebis SesaZleblobas. ra mdgomareobaa am mxriv 2009 wlis 09 oqtombers miRebul sisxlis samarTlis saproceso kodeqsTan mimarTebiT? SeiZleba dabejiTebiT iTqvas, rom es procesi ar Seesabameba arsebul realobas da ver akmayofilebs dadgenili standartebis minimumsac ki. procedurebi, romelic unda daicvan samarTaldamcavma organoebma saqmis gamoZiebis Tu sasa-marTlo ganxilvis dros imdenad gawelilia drosa da sivrceSi, rom amis winaswar ganWvreta SeuZlebelia. aRniSnuli gansakuTrebiT xelSesaxebia Tu saqme exeba braldebulis mimarT mra-val epizodiani saqmis gamoZiebas da mis sasamarTlo ganxilvas. aRniSnulis sailustraciod moviyvanT aseT magaliTs - davuSvaT pirs brali aqvs wayenebuli 4 epizodSi da TiToeuli braldeba mas waredgina rogorc axali braldeba. aseT pirobebSi prokuroris mier 4-jer unda


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moxdes misi pirveli wardgena sasamarTloSi, saqme 4-jer unda iqnes ganxiluli wina sasamar-Tlo sxdomaze, 4-jer mTavar sxdomaze da amdenjerve - saqmis saapelacio da sakasacio instan-ciebSi. amasTan SeiZleba isic moxdes, da xdeba kidec, rom erT epizods sasamarTlo ixilavs wina sasamarTlo sxdomaze, meores mTavar sxdomaze, mesames saapelacio sasamarTlos sxdoma-ze da a.S. aq iseTi qaosi da gaugebroba iqmneba, rom braldebuls ki ara, profesionalebsac uWirT yvela niuansSi garkveva. kidev ufro arTulebs viTarebas iseTi SemTxveva, roca axali braldebis wayeneba da sasamarTloSi pirveli wardgena, aseve saqmis sasamarTlo ganxilva xde-ba teritoriulad sxvadasxva adgilas, magaliTad baTumSi, quTaissa da TbilisSi. aseT pirobeb-Si braldebul patimars badragi daatarebs erTi qalaqidan meoreSi, meoredan mesameSi da saq-meTa ganxilvac dausrulebel saxes iRebs. cxadia, rom aseT SemTxvevaSi swrafi da samarTliani marTlmsajulebis ganxorcielebaze saubaric ki zedmetia. CvenTvis gaugebaria msgavsi qaosis Tavidan asacileblad ratom ar Suamdgomloben prokurorebi sasamarTlos winaSe am saqmeTa gaerTianebis Sesaxeb, rogorc amas saproceso kodeqsis 109-e muxli moiTxovs da ratom aw-yobT maT erTi da igive braldebulis sxvadasxva sasamarTloSi an Tundac erT sasamarTloSi, magram sxvadasxva mosamarTlesTan gauTaveblad tareba? Cveni azriT, es imitom xdeba, rom xse-nebuli 109-e muxli imperatiulad ar moiTxovs erTi piris mimarT arsebuli sxvadasxva saqmee-bis erT warmoebad gaerTianebas da braldebis mxares saSualebas aZlevs Tavisi SexedulebiT gadawyvitos es sakiTxi. Tavis mxriv, sasamarTlos, Tavisi iniciativiT saqmeTa gaerTianebis uf-leba ara aqvs, Tu ar iqna mxaris Suamdgomloba. am SemTxvevaSi saWiroa Sesabamisi sakanonmdeblo regulacia da arsebuli problemis umokles vadaSi gadawyveta.

Cveni mosazreba moqmedi sisxlis samarTlis saproceso kodeqsis naklovan mxareebze war-sulSic gamogviTqvams da momavalSic gavagrZelebT masze saubars, magram migvaCnia, rom xeli-suflebam dauyovnebliv unda daiwyos qveyanaSi axali sakanonmdeblo bazis Seqmna, romelic morgebuli ar iqneba erTi romelime partiis interesebze da romelic Seqmnis adamianis ufle-bebisa da kanonieri interesebis dacvis myar garantias.

gamoyenebuli literatura: 1. saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsi, Tb. 2012w. 2. saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis saproceso kodeqsi, Tb. 2012w. 3. saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis procesi (zogadi nawili), Tb. 2013w. 4. saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis procesi (kerZo nawili), Tb. 2013w.

venedi beniZe

saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis saproceso kodeqsis calkeuli normebi

saqarTvelos konstituciasTan Seusabamoa

reziume

sisxlis samarTlis procesi, romelic saxelmwifos samarTlebrivi sistemis nawils warmo-adgens, ZiriTad miznad isaxavs daicvas saxelmwifos interesebi da mis mier dadgenili mar-Tlwesrigi. aseve, daadginos sisxlis samarTlis saqmis yvela faqtiuri garemoeba, xeli Seuwyos danaSaulis gaxsnas da amxilos da dasajos damnaSave. am miznebidan gamomdinare, sisxlis samar-Tlis procesi aris pirTa uflebebisa da kanonieri interesebis dacvis myari garanti, ris gamoc axali saproceso kanonmdeblobis miRebas, Tu masSi cvlilebebis Setanas yovelTvis gansakuT-rebuli sifrTxiliT unda movepyraT.

axali kanonmdeblobis da maT Soris, sisxlis samarTlis saproceso kodeqsis miReba, miz-nad isaxavs samarTalwarmoebis srulyofas, swrafi da samarTliani marTlmsajulebis ganxor-cielebis SesaZleblobas.


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Venedi Benidze

PARTICULAR NORMS OF GEORGIA’S CRIMINAL LAW PROCESS CODE ARE IRRELEVANT WITH GEORGIAN CONSTITUTION

Summary

The Criminal Law Process which is the part of the state’s legal system aims to defend the state interests and the

legal order stated according to it. Also to state all the factual circumstances of the Criminal Law case, to contribute the criminal case investigation and punishment of the criminals. Based on these targets the criminal law process is a guarantee to defend the human rights and legal interests and according to it we must be especially careful when adopting the new process legislation and passing the changes in it as well.

Adopting new legislation together with the criminal law process code aims to improve the law and fulfilling the possibility of rapid justice.


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givi lobJaniZe

daviT lobJaniZe

,,civi omi~-s samarTlebrivi Sedegi

`civi omis~ Tema aqtualobas ar kargavs dResac, radganac ar damTavrebula geo-politi-

kur sivrceSi saxelmwifoTa mier teritoriuli pretenziebi, radganac Tavdapirvelad civi omi warmoiSva omisSemdgomi msoflio mowyobis Sesaxeb gansxvavebuli Sexedulebebis Sedegad, ro-melmac gaaCina eWvi da undobloba SeerTebul Statebsa da sabWoTa kavSirs Soris. pirveli ase-Ti konfliqti moxda poloneTis sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT. amis Semdgom politikur liderTa sa-jaro gancxadebebma `civi omis` dawyeba realobad aqcies. 1946 wels ioseb stalinma ganacxada: `msoflios ekonomikis axlandeli kapitalisturi ganviTarebis pirobebSi yofna SeuZlebelia~.

didi britaneTis premier-ministrma uinston CerCilma fultonSi aRniSna (trumenTan er-Tad): `kontinentze rkinis farda CamoeSva~, amitom britaneTma da SeerTebulma Statebma unda iTanamSromlon sabWoTa safrTxis winaaRmdeg.1

`civi omis~ reJimSi yofna did xans mouwia msoflios wamyvan saxelmwifoebs. am procesis dawyebas garkveuli winapirobebi gaaCnda. es iyo ori gansxvavebuli ideologiis dapirispireba da gavlenis sferoebze zegavlenis mopoveba, rac axasiaTebda II msoflio omis Semdgom peri-ods. am mosazrebis dasturia specialistTa azri imis Taobaze, rom sabWoTa kavSiris arsebobam xeli Seuwyo saerTaSoriso samarTlis Semdgom humanizaciasa da demokratizacias, kolonia-lizmis sistemis daSlas, Tumca yvelaferi es mimdinareobda dasavleTis did saxelmwifoebTan zegavlenis sferoebis ganawilebisaTvis gaafrTebuli brZolis pirobebSi avadsaxsenebeli `ci-vi omis` niSnis qveS. 2

saxelmwifoTa an maT dajgufebaTa mwvave dapirispireba ,,civi omis” mdgomareobaSi gadas-vlas niSnavs. radikalurad gansxvavebuli ideologiebis gamo aseT SemTxvevas adgili hqonda, erTi mxriv, aSS-sa da dasavleTis sxva saxelmwifoebs, xolo meore mxriv, sabWoTa kavSirsa da mis satelitebs Soris, ramac Tavi iCina meore msoflio omis Semdgom periodSi da 90-iani wlebis dasawyisamde grZeldeboda.3 dRevandeli msoflio sazogadoeba jer kidev bolomde ar aris garkveuli imaSi, Tu ra didi zegavlena iqonia `civi omis` epoqam kacobriobis istoriaze da ra kardinaluri Zvrebi ganicada am periodSi adamianTa warmodgenebma. meore msoflio omis Sem-dgom gansakuTrebiT gaizarda problemis mniSvneloba. espaneli filosofosi ortega-i-gaseti swored am movlenas uwodebda masebis amboxs. rac yvelaze mniSvnelovania, moxda e.w. `komunika-ciuri afeTqeba`. gazeTebis, wignebis, radiomimRebisa da radiogadamcemebis, televizorebis raodenoba 50-jer da 100-jer gaizarda. mkvlevarTa azriT, msoflio erTgvarad SeikumSa, dapa-taravda. SesaZlebeli gaxda informaciis gavrceleba nebismieri kuTxeSi. aqedan gamomdinare, uaRresad advili gaxda xalxTa farTo masebisaTvis ideebis miwodeba da adamianTa ganwyobile-bebisa da Sexedulebebis marTva. swored am mizniT gamoiyenes propaganda ,,civi omis~ dros, ro-gorc ideebis gavrcelebis xelovneba. 4

`civi omi” gamoxatavda XX saukunis meore naxevris saerTaSoriso urTierTobaTa im Ziri-Tad Sinaarss, rom msoflios or umTavres poluss Soris arc omi iyo da arc mSvidoba. 1945 wels, nacisturi germaniis damarcxebis Semdeg, ssr kavSiri da aSS warmoadgendnen msoflios orad or supersaxelmwifos. 1945 wlis Semdeg, gaeros wesdebis VII Tavi, romelic uSiSroebis sabWos moq-medebas gansazRvravda, praqtikaSi naklebad gamoiyeneboda da saxelmwifoebi periodulad (gan-sakuTrebiT, 1950-ian wlebSi) mimarTavdnen generalur asambleasa da samdivnos, am xarvezis Se-savsebad. mravali mizezis gamo sabWoTa kavSiri yovelTvis ewinaaRmdegeboda am tendencias. ase rom, 1960 wlis Semdeg Zalaufleba kvlav uSiSroebis sabWos daubrunda. 1950-ian wlebSi genera-luri asamblea iTxovda gaeros samSvidobo Zalebis Seqmnis uflebas da realurad ganaxorcie-la kidec igi 1956 wels. 1960 wlidan gaeros yvela samSvidobo Zala uSiSroebis sabWos mier iyo Seqmnili da generaluri asambleis mxridan aRar yofila gaeros sxva samSvidobo jarebis Seq-mnis aranairi seriozuli mcdeloba. sakiTxi imis Taobaze, aqvs Tu ara generalur asambleas gae-ros samSvidobo Zalebis Seqmnis kanonieri ufleba, ukve aRar aris didi politikuri mniSvnelo-bis, Tumca, p. malanCuki Tvlis, rom jer kidev Rirs misi Seswavla, radgan igi naTels hfens sxva ufro mniSvnelovan samarTlebriv problemebs.

ssr kavSirma, marTalia, faSizmisagan gaaTavisufla aRmosavleT evropis qveynebi, magram Semdgom TviTonve moaxdina zogierTis okupacia. aseve, gadamwyveti roli Seasrula aSS-ma da-savleT evropis gaTavisuflebis saqmeSi. damarcxebuli germaniis teritoria oTx saokupacio

1 amerikis istoriis eskizebi. gv. 282 2 l. aleqsiZe, Tanamedrove saerTaSoriso samarTali, Tb., 1999 w., gv. 40 3 Tanamedrove saerTaSoriso samarTali (leqsikoni-cnobari) Tb. 2003w., gv. 392 4 amerikis Seswavlis sakiTxebi, Tb. 2003w., gv. 27


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zonad daiyo (ssr kavSiris, aSS-is, didi britaneTisa da safrangeTis). SemdgomSi cxadi gaxda, rom ssr kavSirs aRmosavleT evropis qveynebSi ganzraxuli hqonda komunisturi reJimis damya-reba. aSS da dasavleTis sxva saxelmwifoebi, romlebmac dainaxes komunizmis eqspansiis realuri safrTxe, aSkarad daupirispirdnen ssr kavSirs. Camoyalibda e.w ,,ssr kavSiris agresiis Sekave-bis Teoria”. es dapirispireba literaturaSi, xSirad, ,,dasavleT-aRmosavleTis” dapirispire-bis saxeliT moixsenieba. 1

marTalia is, rom saxelmwifoebs Soris, gaeros wesdebis 43-e muxlis Sesabamisad, araviTa-ri SeTanxmeba ar dadebula. amas xeli ar SeuSlia gaerosaTvis, sxva saSualebebiT Seekriba sam-xedro Zalebi. magaliTad, aseTi Zalebi iqna gagzavnili axlo aRmosavleTSi 1956 wels da kongo-Si, 1960 wels. sabWoTa kavSiri daobda, rom es ori Zala ukanono formirebas warmoadgenda, rad-gan isini 43-e muxliT gansazRvruli proceduris Tanaxmad ar Seqmnila. amaze saerTaSoriso sa-samarTlom upasuxa, rom am SeiaraRebuli Zalebis amocana iZulebiTi zomebis gatareba ar yofila da rom 43-e muxli mxolod im SeiaraRebul Zalebze vrceldeba, romlebic iZulebiTi zomebis gatarebisTvisaa gamiznuli; Sesabamisad, 43-e muxlis moTxovnebis ugulvebelyofas am SeiaraRebuli Zalebis Seqmnis ukanonod aRiareba ar gamouwvevia.

Tumca, rogorc Cans, saerTaSoriso sasamarTlos ar ugulisxmia, rom 43-e muxliT dadge-nili proceduris ugulebelyofas, SeeZlo gamoewvia iZulebiTi zomebis gansaxorcieleblad Seqmnili SeiaraRebuli Zalebis ukanonod gamocxadeba. rodesac 42-e muxli ambobs, rom ,,zomebi (gaeros) ZalebiT — SeiZleba moicavdes organizaciis wevrebis Zalebis operaciebs, is aSkarad gulisxmobs, rom arsebobs gaeros Zalebis Seqmnis erTze meti gza.

43-e muxlis mizani iyo uSiSroebis sabWosaTvis moqmedebis gaadvileba; am miznisaTvis ab-soluturad miRebuli iqneboda imis mtkiceba, rom 43-e muxliT gaTvaliswinebuli SeTanxmebe-bis arsebobas, uSiSroebis sabWosaTvis moqmedebaSi xeli unda SeeSala. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, 43-e muxli adgens proceduras, romlis Tanaxmadac uSiSroebis sabWos SeuZlia imoqme-dos, magram is mas xels ar uSlis alternatiuli proceduris arCevaSi.

`civi omis` periodSi, aSS-ma SeZlo, gamxdariyo dasavleTis, anu kapitalisturi samyaros lideri, dasavluri civilizaciisa da liberalur-demokratiul RirebulebaTa gadarCenis ga-ranti. amasTan erTad cxadi gaxda, rom aSS mTel arakomunistur samyaroSi cdilobda ekonomiku-ri da politikuri batonobis mopovebas, riTac evropisa da iaponiis medgar winaaRmdegobas aw-ydeboda. Tumca, komunistur samyarosTan brZolis aucilebloba pirvel xanebSi anelebda am dapirispirebas. amitom, aSS-saTvis damaxasiaTebeli izolacionisturi politika, romelsac is 150 wlis ganmavlobaSi adga, Seicvala uaRresad aqtiuri sagareo politikuri kursiT. amerikuli mxare gansakuTrebiT gaaqtiurda 1949 wlidan. man Tavisi propagandis warmoeba ufro agresiuli meTodebiT daiwyo. hari trumenma da eduard baretma (,,niusvikis” yofili redaqtori) Seqmnes ra-diosadguri ,,ganTavisufleba” (SedgomSi ,,Tavisufleba”) da 1950 wels, ivnisSi SeimuSaves propa-gandis Semtevi gegma — simarTlis kampania. baretis mier SemuSavebuli rezolucia mouwodebda ,,ideebis sferoSi marSalis gegmis ganxorcielebas mTeli msoflios masStabiT”. rezolucia aseve moiTxovda ,,saerTaSoriso propagandis” erovnuli politikis gamocxadebas.

komunizmis SeCerebis sababiT, aSS-ma ganaxorciela iseTi saxis RonisZiebebi, rogorebic iyo ekonomikuri daxmareba (marSalis gegma), saberZneTisa da TurqeTisaTvis samxedro mxarda-Wera, natos Camoyalibeba, yovelgvari xelSewyoba gfr-saTvis da misi natoSi gawevrianeba, sam-xedro blokebis Seqmna da sxva, rac ukve aRiniSna.

60-iani wlebis meore naxevridan daZabuloba dasavleTsa da aRmosavleTs Soris SedarebiT Senelda. xruSCovis mier wamoyenebuli ,,mSvidobiani Tanaarsebobis” doqtrinis farglebSi Se-darebiT Serbilda ideologiuri dapirispireba, magram miuxedavad 1958 wels kulturis sfero-Si miRweuli SeTanxmebebisa, 1960 wels yvelaferi kvlav Zvelebur yofas daubrunda. ideologi-uri da propagandistuli brZola axali simZlavriT ganaxlda, Tumca misma epicentrma ZiriTa-dad ,,mesame msoflios” qveynebSi gadainacvla. am erTgvari ,,ganmuxtvis” (detantis politikisa, rogorc amas aSS-Si uwodeben da prezident niqsonis saxels ukavSireben) Sedegebi iyo oTxmxri-vi SeTanxmeba dasavleT berlinis Sesaxeb (1971), strategiuli SeiaraRebis SezRudvis xelSekru-lebebi aSS-sa da ssrk-s Soris (1972, 1979), vietnamis omis damTavreba (1973), evropis usafrTxoe-bisa da TanamSromlobis helsinkis TaTbiri (1975) da sxv. Tumca, am garegnuli simSvidis ukan grZeldeboda seriozuli dapirispireba ufro faruli formiT da, rac mTavaria, axal geopo-litikur regionebze (axlo armosavleTi, tropikuli afrika, samxreT-aRmosavleTi azia, cen-traluri amerika) gavlenis mopovebis mizniT. 70-iani wlebis bolosaTvis ,,civi omi” ZiriTadad warmogvidgeboda ,,aqcia-reaqciis” saxiT, rodesac erTi mxare dauyovnebliv axdens sapasuxo reaqcias meore mxaris moqmedebaze.

,,civi omis” mizezebisa da Sinaarsis Sesaxeb sami gansxvavebuli Sexeduleba arsebobs. pir-veli maTganis mixedviT, romelic dasavleTis samecniero da politikur wreebSi iyo miRebuli, ,,civi omis” warmoebaSi mTavari damnaSave aris sabWoTa kavSiri da misi komunisturi reJimi, ro-

1 Tanamedrove saerTaSoriso samarTali (leqsikoni-cnobari), Tb. 2003w., gv. 392


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melmac miznad daisaxa mTeli msoflios ,,gawiTleba”. aSS ki iZulebuli gaxda, win aRdgomoda sabWoTa eqspansionizmis safrTxes da gadaerCina dasavluri faseulobebi. meore SexedulebiT, (sabWouri Sexeduleba), civi omi gamoiwvia aSS-s imperatiulma miswrafebebma msoflio batono-bisaken da komunizmis ganadgurebis ganzraxvam. mesame SexdulebiT, germaniis ganadgurebam war-moSva Zalis vakuumi. maSasadame, ,,civi omi” iyo Cveulebrivi konfliqti bipolaruli msoflios or zesaxelmwifos Soris da ideologiuri momenti aq mxolod damxmare rols asrulebda. 80-ia-ni wlebis pirvel naxevarSi daZabuloba mkveTrad gaZlierda, rac gamoiwvia sabWoTa kavSiris in-tervenciam avRaneTSi. orive mxarem mniSvnelovnad gazarda samxedro xarjebi, birTvuli arse-nali da samxedro bazebis ricxvi. kulminacias miaRwia ideologiurma dapirispirebebmac. mag-ram 1985 wlidan sabWoTa kavSirSi dawyebulma da ganxorcielebulma ,,gardaqmnis` kursma arse-biTi cvlilebebi Seitana ,,civi omisa” da saerTod, saerTaSoriso urTierTobaTa istoriaSi. strategiuli SeiaraRebis SezRudvam da sabWoTa jarebis gamoyvanam avRaneTidan saerTaSoriso viTareba sasikeTod Semoabrunes, xolo berlinis kedlis dangreva, komunisturi reJimebis dam-xoba aRmosavleT evropaSi da iqidan sabWoTa jarebis gamoyvana, gansakuTrebiT ki sabWoTa kav-Siris daSla, bipolaruli saerTaSoriso sistemis dasasrulis momaswavebeli gaxda. 1992 wlis damdegisaTvis, rodesac sabWoTa kavSiri, rogorc saxelmwifo, ukve aRar arsebobda da komunis-turi reJimic mTel evropaSi daemxo, daiwyo civi omis Sewyvetis procesi, romelic sabolood ruseTis natosTan mWidro dakavSirebis surviliT (2002 wlis ivnisi) dasrulda. miuxedavad civi omisa, rasac Tan axlda dasavleT-aRmosavleTis mwvave ideologiuri da politikuri dapirispi-reba, saerTaSoriso samarTalSi SemuSavda mTeli rigi progresuli, zogaddemokratiuli nor-mebi, romlebmac saerTaSoriso samarTali WeSmaritad sayovelTao saerTaSoriso marTlwesri-gad aqcies. Seiqmna soliduri baza kapitalisturi, socialisturi da arenaze axalgamosuli ,,mesame samyaros qveynebis” urTierTobebisaTvis.

sabWoTa kavSiris daSlasTan erTad, cvalebadma politikurma mdgomareobam uSiSroebis sabWo, romelSic dRes wamyvani adgili dasavleTis qveynebs uWiravT aSS-s liderobiT, axal cen-tralur poziciaze daayena.1

rogorc rozalin higinsma aRniSna: `civi omis` dasrulebis Semdeg mniSvnelovnad Semcir-da SeerTebuli Statebis mier Zalis calmxrivad gamoyeneba gaeros gverdis avliT. mas Semdeg, rac misi sakuTari miznebi gaeros miznebs daemTxva, erayis mier quveiTis dapyrobis SemTxvevaSi, SeerTebul StatebSi dainaxes gaeros sagareo politikis centrad gadaqcevis upiratesoba. Zve-li, mtrulad ganwyobili, sabWoTa kavSiris gauCinarebam ufro komfortuli garemo Seqmna uSiSroebis sabWoSi. SeerTebul Statebs, safrangeTsa da did britaneTs Soris mniSvnelovani saerTo interesi arsebobda mSvidobisa da uSiSroebis sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT, rasac aseve bevri saerTo hqonda ruseTis federaciis interesebTanac. kvlav rTulia situacia CineTTan dakavSirebiT, magram is Tavs sakmarisad Zlierad ar grZnobs imisTvis, rom vetos ufleba gamoi-yenos.

amasTanave, `civi omis` dasrulebam axali ganzomileba SesZina saerTaSoriso samarTlis normebs. bipolarizmis epoqaSi saerTaSoriso samarTlis normebisadmi urC saxelmwifoebs sab-WoTa kavSiri an aSS mfarvelobdnen, radganac maTdami mxardaWera erT an meore mxaris intere-sebSi Sedioda.2

uSiSroebis sabWos xuT mudmiv wevrs Soris axali TanamSromlobis swrafi Sedegi iyo spar-seTis yuris pirveli omis dasruleba 1988 wlis agvistoSi. sabWoTa jarebis gamoyvana avRaneTi-dan im gegmis safuZvelze ganxorcielda, romelsac gaeros generaluri mdivani mediatorobda. 1989 wels afrikaSi kubam angolidan gaiyvana jarebi, xolo 1990 wlis martSi namibiam damouki-debloba moipova uSiSroebis sabWos mier1978 wels miRebuli rezoluciis safuZvelze.mniSvne-lovani roli gaeros mieniWa centraluri amerikis konfliqtebis mogvarebaSi. Tumca ori Ziri-Tadi movlena, ramac biZgi misca gaeros rolis gaZlierebas, iyo 1990 wlis agvistoSi erayis SeW-ra quveiTSi, rasac 1991 wels wesdebis VII Tavis safuZvelze ganxorcielebuli mokavSireTa sam-xedro aqcia mohyva, da ZiriTadad xelovnurad inspirirebuli, qveynis saSinao konfliqtebSi momxdari masobrivi Zaladoba, rogorebic iyo tragediebi iugoslaviaSi, somalisa da ruandaSi.

1990 wlis ianvarSi maltaSi gamarTuli umaRlesi donis Sexvedraze buSsa da gorbaCovs So-ris molaparakeba warmatebiT dasrulda. buSma ganacxada imis Taobaze, rom 195000-mde jariska-ciT Seamcirebda evropaSi ganlagebul aSS-s jarebs. amis Semdeg gamarTuli diskusiebis Sede-gad sabWoTa kavSirma uari Tqva Tavis omisdroindel uflebebze da aRiara gaerTianebuli ger-mania T-s sruluflebiani wevris statusiT. amas moyva yvelaze ambiciuri SeTanxmebebi Seiara-RebaTa mravali saxeobis SemcirebaTa Sesaxeb, rasac specialistebi Tvlidnen `civi omis` dasas-rulad. 3

1 P.B. Stephen B.M. Klimenko (eds) international Law and Political Security: Military and Political Dimensions (u.s Soviet Dialogue series), 1991 2 d. lobJaniZe, g. lobJaniZe, msoflio wesrigi da saerTaSoriso samarTlebrivi sistemebi, Tb. 2007 w., gv. 77-78 3 amerikis istoriis eskizebi. gv. 283.


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uSiSroebis sabWos mudmiv wevrebs Soris axalma damokidebulebam gamoxatuleba pova 1992 wlis ianvarSi, uSiSroebis sabWos arsebobis manZilze, saxelmwifoTa da mTavrobis meTaurTa doneze pirvel Sexvedraze miRebul umniSvnelovanes gancxadebaSi, sadac xazi gaesva imas, rom arastabilurobis arasamxedro wyaroebi ekonomikur, socialur, humanitarul da ekologiur sferoebSi safrTxes uqmnis mSvidobasa da uSiSroebas. 1

p. malanCukis azriT, drois mokle monakveTSi, 1990-dan 1995 wlamde, uSiSroebis sabWom ma-namde arnaxuli aqtiuroba gamoamJRavna. rva SemTxvevaSi gatarda koleqtiuri zomebi VII Tavis amoqmedebiT: erayis, liberiis, yofili iugoslaviis, libiis, somalis, angolis, haitisa da ruan-dis mimarT. TiToeul am SemTxvevaSi savaldebulo sanqciebi wesdebis 41-e muxls efuZneboda. xuT SemTxvevaSi sabWom gasca sanqcia Zalis gamoyenebis Taobaze (erayi, somali, yofili iugos-lavia, ruanda da haiti). 2

sabolood, specialistebi Tvlian, rom propagandam Zalze didi roli iTamaSa ,,civi omis” istoriaSi. misi meSveobiT amerikulma politikurma wreebma mniSvnelovani sagareo da saSinao problemebis gadawyveta SeZles.amerikul propagandas didi wvlili miuZRvis sabWoTa blokis damarcxebaSi. amasTan dakavSirebiT, sainteresoa cnobili amerikeli kinoreJisoris, stiven spilbergis gamonaTqvami: ,,me darwmunebuli var, rom komunizmi televiziam mokla`.

aseTia, ,,civi omis” periodizacia da samarTlebrivi Sedegebi, Tumca igi arcTu ise iSvia-Tad, cxel xasiaTsac Rebulobda garkveul masStabebSi, anu, mTlad ,,civi” ar yofila da garkve-ul temperaturas dResac inarCunebs. ruseTis federaciasa da amerikis SeerTebul Statebs So-ris dapirispirebam sxva formati SeiZina, romelsac pirobiTad SeiZleba vuwodoT `normatiuli omi`, anu urTierTsawinaaRmdego kanonebis miReba, romelic daiwyo aSS-is mier magnitskis ka-nonproeqtis gaJRerebiT, rasac ruseTis saswrafo reaqcia moyva. sxva problemebTan erTad amas emateba evropaSi raketsawinaaRmdego sistemis ganTavsebis sakiTxi da saqarTvelos natosa da evrokavSirTan integraciisa da teritoriuli mTlianobis aRiarebis problema.

da bolos, ukanasknel periodSi ukrainaSi ganviTarebulma movlenebma axali dapirispire-ba gamoiwvia ruseTis federacias, evropasa da amerikas Soris. faqtobrivad daiwyo ekonomikuri da “ekologiuri omi”. ukve saubroben axali “civi omi”-s sawyisebze. rac mTavrdeba, misi Tavi-dan dawyebis saSiSroeba yovelTvis arsebobs.

gamoyenebuli literatura:

1. amerikis istoriis eskizebi. 2. l. aleqsiZe, Tanamedrove saerTaSoriso samarTali, Tb., 1999 w. 3. Tanamedrove saerTaSoriso samarTali (leqsikoni-cnobari) Tb. 2003w. 4. amerikis Seswavlis sakiTxebi, Tb. 2003w. 5. d. lobJaniZe, g. lobJaniZe, msoflio wesrigi da saerTaSoriso samarTlebrivi sistemebi, Tb.

2007 w. 6. P.B. Stephen B.M. Klimenko (eds) international Law and Political Security: Military and Political Dimensions (u.s

Soviet Dialogue series) 1991 7. Note by the President of the Council UN SCOR, 47 in Session 30449 the Meeting UN Doc. S/23500 (1992) ILM 31

(1992) 759 act 761 givi lobJaniZe daviT lobJaniZe

`civi omis” samarTlebrivi Sedegi

reziume

mocemul naSromSi avtorebi gvaZleven `civi omis” cnebis ganmartebas, periodizacias da

samarTlebriv Sedegebs. detalurad da qronolgiuri sizustiTaa gadmocemuli is istoriuli da politikuri movlenebi, romlebmac gamoiwvia `civi omis” warmoSoba.

1 Note by the President of the Council UN SCOR, 47 in Session 30449 the Meeting UN Doc. S/23500 (1992) ILM 31 (1992) 759 act 761 2 p. malanCuki, saerTaSoriso samarTali, 2003w., gv. 428.


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dRevandeli msoflio sazogadoeba jer kidev bolomde ar aris garkveuli imaSi, Tu ra di-di zegavlena iqonia `civi omis” epoqam kacobriobis istoriaze da ra kardinaluri Zvrebi gani-cada am periodSi adamianTa warmodgenebma.

Givi Lobzhanidze David Lobzhanidze

LEGAL RESULT OF `COLD WAR~

Summary

The presented article offers the definition of the `Cold War~, its periodization and legal results. The authors chronologically present those historical and political events, which caused the creation and development of the `Cold War~.

The contemporary world society is not yet well aware of the real influence and effect of the `Cold War~ epoch upon the mankind history development and what particular cardinal changes took place in the human beings’ imaginations during the period mentioned above.


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daviT suxitaSvili

Tea suxitaSvili

samoqalaqo pasuxismgeblobis kategoriebi da principebi

samoqalaqo pasuxismgeblobis Semadgeneli kategoriebi. romis kerZo samarTali Tana-medrove samoqalaqo samarTlis fundaments warmoadgens. Tumca unda aRiniSnos, rom romis sa-marTlisaTvis ucxo iyo samoqalaqo pasuxismgeblobis zogadi cneba, rac imiT unda aixsnas, rom am droisaTvis SeiZleboda msjeloba erTian iuridiul pasuxismgeblobaze. mxolod mas Semdeg, rac sazogadoebriv-samarTlebrivi ganviTarebis kvalobaze samoqalaqo da sisxlis samarTlis pasuxismgeblobis erTian gagebas moeRo bolo da samoqalaqo pasuxismgeblobas gaemijna sis-xlis samarTlis pasuxismgebloba, SesaZlebeli gaxda samoqalaqo pasuxismgeblobis Semadgene-li kategoriebis mecnieruli kvleva. magram gasuli saukunis 50-ian, 60-ian wlebSi iuridiuli pasuxismgeblobis samoqalaqo da sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasuxismgeblobis kategoriebad mkveTrad gamijvnis mowinaaRmdegeebi jer kidev mravlad moiZebneboda. profesori g. matveevi werda, rom samarTaldarRveva mravalmxrivia. samarTaldarRvevis erT jgufs warmoadgens da-naSauli, romelic Tavis mxriv, ZiriTadad, gamoiwvevs damnaSavis pirad pasuxismgeblobas; meo-re jgufs miekuTvneba samoqalaqo samarTaldarRveva, romelic, rogorc wesi, gamoiwvevs qo-nebriv pasuxismgeblobas. g. matveevi aqve svams ritorikul kiTxvas – ra damokidebuleba arse-bobs pasuxismgeblobis am or jgufs Soris? aqvT Tu ara maT saerTo Strixebi? kerZod, pasuxis-mgeblobis es ori saxe aris Tu ara erTgvarovani maTi obieqturi da subieqturi safuZvlebis mixedviT? da sinanuliT dasZens, rom gabatonebuli burJuaziuli samarTlebrivi doqtrina am kiTxvaze uaryofiT pasuxs iZleva. g. matveevis mtkicebiT, `burJuaziuli samarTlis doqtri-niT` sisxlissamarTlebrivi da samoqalaqosamarTlebrivi pasuxismgeblobis erTmaneTisagan gamijvna maTi warmoSobis subieqturi da obieqturi niSnis mixedviT ganpirobebulia samarTlis sistemiT, romlis Tanaxmadac burJuaziuli samarTali dayofilia sajaro da kerZo samar-Tlad1, rac im droisaTvis sabWoTa samarTlisaTvis miuRebeli iyo.

g. matveevisa da sxva calkeuli gamonaklisebis garda, mecnier iuristTa Soris ukve didi xa-nia Camoyalibebulia azri, rom samoqalaqo da sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasuxismgeblobis warmoSo-bis safuZvlebi diametrulad gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisagan. sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasuxismgeb-loba warmoiSoba imis gaTvaliswinebiT Tu ra subieqtur (fsiqikur) mdgomareobaSi imyofeba dam-naSave; maSin rodesac samoqalaqosamarTlebriv pasuxismgeblobas zianis miyenebis obieqturi faqtobrivi garemoeba udevs safuZvlad. amasTan dakavSirebiT frangi mecnieri e.godeme wers – es ise unda gavigoT, rom samoqalaqo samarTali, sisxlis samarTlisagan gansxvavebiT, gaTavisufle-bulia fsiqologiuri mosazrebebisagan, rom is, samoqalaqo samarTali, valdebuli piris goneb-rivi da moraluri mdgomareobisagan sul ufro da ufro damoukidebeli xdeba; rac Seexeba sis-xlis samarTals, aq meti yuradReba damnaSave piris fsiqologiur da moralur mdgomareobas eq-ceva. es tendencia, askvnis e.godeme, SeiZleba Semdegnairad gamovxatoT – sisxlis samarTali sul ufro da ufro subieqturi xdeba, xolo samoqalaqo pasuxismgeblobis mecnierebaSi amis sawina-aRmdego evolucia mimdinareobs. Sesabamisad, samoqalaqo da sisxlis samarTlis pasuxismgeblo-bis safuZvlebi principulad gansxvavebuli da logikurad urTierTSeusabamoa. 2

erTiani iuridiuli pasuxismgeblobis orwevriani klasifikacia (samoqalaqo da sisxlis-samarTlebrivi pasuxismgebloba) mTlianadaa dasabuTebuli Zveli romis samarTlis normebiT, roca erTi mxriv calkeuli faqtobrivi Semadgenlobebi uciloblad moiTxovda sisxlissamar-Tlebrivi saxis sanqciis gamoyenebas, xolo meore mxriv saxelSekrulebo valdebulebebi samo-qalaqosamarTlebriv pasuxismgeblobas warmoSobda. 3 erTiani iuridiuli pasuxismgeblobis orwevrianobis mdgomareoba TandaTanobiT principul cvlilebebs ganicdida da bolos maTi gayofis (gancalkevebis) Sedegad Camoyalibda samoqalaqo da sisxlis samarTlis damoukidebe-li dargebi. Sesabamisad, erTiani iuridiuli pasuxismgeblobac gancalkevda da danaSaulisaT-vis pasuxismgeblobis saxiT dawesda sasjeli, xolo zianis miyenebisaTvis – zianis anazRaureba.

samoqalaqo pasuxismgeblobis erTianobisa da misi calkeuli kategoriebis raobaze mecni-erul kvlevas dasabami misca safrangeTis 1804 wlis samoqalaqo kodeqsis 1147-e da 1382-e mux-lebma. kodeqsis dasaxelebulma normebma erTmaneTisagan gamijna da specialuri wesebi Semoi-Ro saxelSekrulebo da deliqturi valdebulebis warmoSobisa da pasuxismgeblobisaTvis. 1147-e muxlSi naTqvamia, rom valdebulebis Seusruleblobis, aseve valdebulebis Sesrulebis gada-cilebisaTvis da yvela SemTxvevaSi, Tuki movale ver daamtkicebs, rom valdebulebis Seusru-

1 Г.К.Матвеев, Вина в советском гражданском праве, Киев _ 1955г., стр.15-16. 2 Е.Годеме, Общая теория обязательств, перевод с французского И.Б.Новицкого, Москва _ 1948г., стр.312-313. 3 Витольд Варкалло, Ответственность по гражданскому праву, перевод с польского, Москва _ 1978г., стр.90.


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lebloba gamowveuli iyo gareSe ZaliT, rac ar SeiZleba mas bralad Seeracxos, mas daekisreba amiT gamowveuli zianis anazRaureba. rac Seexeba amave kodeqsis 1382-e muxls, igi awesrigebs deliqtiT gamowveuli zianis anazRaurebis wess. am orma normam franguli samarTlis mecniere-bas gza gaukvala emsjela samoqalaqo pasuxismgeblobis ori kategoriis arsebobaze – erTi mxriv saxelSekrulebo da meore mxriv deliqtur pasuxismgeblobaze. frangi mecnieri J. karbo-ne yuradRebas miapyrobs im garemoebas, rom aramarTlzomieri moqmedebiT miyenebuli zianis anazRaureba napoleonis kodeqsSi gansxvavebulad, sruliad damoukidebeli wesiTa da saSuale-biT aris mowesrigebuli. 1

saxelSekrulebo da deliqturi pasuxismgeblobebi samoqalaqo pasuxismgeblobis auci-lebeli kategoriebia da es sadavod arsdros gamxdara. aqtiuri gansjis sagans warmoadgens sa-kiTxi – saxelSekrulebo da deliqturi pasuxismgebloba moicavs Tu ara samoqalaqo pasuxis-mgeblobis warmoSobis yvela SesaZlo iuridiul faqts? samoqalaqo pasuxismgeblobis imgvari ganmarteba, romelic mxolod saxelSekrulebo da deliqturi pasuxismgeblobis kategoriebis niSnebs moicavs, ver iqneba amomwuravi, radgan samarTlis mecniereba samoqalaqo pasuxismgeb-lobis SemadgenlobaSi sxva kategoriebsac ganixilavs: TiTqos xelSekrulebidan (kvazi xelSek-ruleba) da TiTqos deliqtidan (kvazi deliqti) warmoSobili samoqalaqo pasuxismgeblobebi. aRniSnulis mixedviT samoqalaqo pasuxismgebloba oTxwevriani klasifikaciiT xasiaTdeba. ese-nia – saxelSekrulebo, deliqti, kvazi xelSekruleba da kvazi deliqti. amjerad mokled Sevexe-biT pasuxismgeblobis or ukanasknel kategorias.

TiTqos xelSekrulebis (kvazi xelSekrulebis) legalur ganmartebas dReisaTvis safran-geTis samoqalaqo kodeqsis 1371-e muxli iZleva. aRniSnulis mixedviT, TiTqos xelSekruleba aris piris mier calmxrivad, sakuTari nebiT ganxorcielebuli qmedeba, romlidanac gamomdina-reobs mesame piris winaSe calmxrivi an ormxrivi valdebuleba. rogorc vxedavT, kanonSi pirda-pir ar aris miTiTebuli konkretulad ra urTierTobazea saubari; magram istoriulad, samec-niero literaturaSi kvazi xelSekrulebad ganxilulia davalebis gareSe sxvisi saqmeebis Sesruleba da usafuZvlo gamdidreba. frangi mecnieri J.morandieri Tvlis, rom TiTqos xel-Sekruleba, rogorc samoqalaqo valdebulebis (pasuxismgeblobis) warmoSobis safuZveli, iw-vevs kamaTs; amasTan definicia, romelsac samoqalaqo kodeqsis 1371-e muxli iZleva, ar aris da-makmayofilebeli da miiCnevs, rom germaniis samoqalaqo kodeqsis msgavsad saerTod uari unda vTqvaT `TiTqos xelSekrulebis` cnebaze.2 amis Semdeg bunebrivad ibadeba kiTxva - saerTod gvWirdeba Tu ara termini `TiTqos xelSekruleba`? vfiqrobT, aRniSnuli terminis gaaqtiure-bas an xmarebidan amoRebas arsebiTi mniSvneloba ara aqvs arc sakanonmdeblo da arc samecniero TvalsazrisiT. urTierTobebi, romlebic kvazi xelSekrulebis qveS moizrebian, didi xania dam-kvidrebulni arian samarTlebriv sivrceSi, gaaCniaT samoqalaqo pasuxismgeblobis warmoSobi-saTvis mxolod maTTvis damaxasiaTebeli niSan-Tvisebebi da amitom erTiani samoqalaqo pasu-xismgeblobis erT-erT Semadgenel kategoriad unda ganixilebodes, ra vuwodoT mas, kvazi xel-Sekruleba Tu sxva ram, es iuridiuli teqnikis saqmea. Cveni azriT sasurvelia istoriuli ter-minis – kvazi xelSekrulebis SenarCuneba, romelSic unda moiazrebodes saziaro uflebebi, da-valebis gareSe sxvisi saqmeebis Sesruleba da usafuZvlo gamdidrebis institutebi.

iustinianes instituciebi kvazi deliqtisaTvis pasuxismgeblobis ramdenime konkretul magaliTs gvawvdis. magaliTad, `Tu mosamarTle sasamarTlo davas kanonis darRveviT gadaw-yvets, Tundac ucodinrobiT, mis pasuxismgeblobas kvazi deliqti warmoSobs`, aseve `kvazi de-liqtze agebs pasuxs gemis mepatrone, mikitani an mefunduke im ganzrax miyenebuli zianisa da qurdobisaTvis, romelic gemze, samikitnoSi an fundukSi Caidines, oRond, Tuki raime saxis sa-marTaldarRveva Tavad man (gemis mepatronem, samikitnosa da fundukis mepatronem) ki ar Caidi-na, aramed erT-erTma im pirTagan, romlebic gemze, samikitnoSi an fundukSi msaxuroben. imis gamo rom mepatronis winaaRmdeg am sarCels xelSekruleba ar warmoSobs, magram gaufrTxileb-lobisaTvis mainc agebs pasuxs, raki samuSaod uweso xalxi hyavda ayvanili, amitom iTvleba, rom mas kvazi deliqtis safuZvelze ekisreba pasuxismgebloba.`3 iustinianes instituciebis meoTxe wignis V titulSi gadmocemulia kvazi deliqtiT warmoSobili calkeuli magaliTebi, magram kvazi deliqtis zogad definicias romis samarTali ar iZleva. masSi moyvanili magaliTebi ki calsaxad migvaniSnebs, rom kvazi deliqtis safuZvelze zianis anazRaurebis pasuxismgebloba dadgeba Tu ziani miyenebulia ganzraxvis gareSe; xolo deliqturi pasuxismgebloba dadgeboda ganzrax miyenebuli zianisaTvis.

1 ix. wignSi Витольд Варкалло, Ответственность по гражданскому праву, перевод с польского, Москва _ 1978г., стр.89. J.karbones aq mxedvelobaSi aqvs deliqturi pasuxismgeblobis gansxvaveba da damoukidebloba saxelSekrulebo pasuxismgeblobisagan. 2 Жюллио де ла Морандьер, Гражданское право Франции, том -2, Москва _ 1960г., стр.197. 3 romis samarTlis Zeglebi, iustinianes instituciebi, wigni meoTxe, tituli V, laTinuridan Targmna profesorma nug-zar surgulaZem, Tbilisi _ 2002w., gv.223-224.


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Tanamedrove samoqalaqo kodeqsebma – germaniis, ruseTis, saqarTvelosa da sxva qveynebis samoqalaqo kodeqsebma deliqtsa da kvazi deliqts Soris is ganmasxvavebeli niSani, rac romis samarTlisaTvis iyo damaxasiaTebeli, moSales. magaliTad, saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis 992-e muxli deliqtis legalur ganmartebas iZleva, romlis mixedviT piri, romelic sxva pirs `marTlsawinaaRmdego, ganzraxi an gaufrTxilebeli` moqmedebiT miayenebs zians, valdebulia, aunazRauros mas es ziani.

Tu romis samarTali piris mier mesame pirisaTvis ganzrax miyenebuli zianis anazRaurebas deliqtur pasuxismgeblobas miakuTvnebda, xolo gaufrTxileblobiT an ucodinrobiT miyene-buli zianis anazRaurebas – kvazi deliqtur pasuxismgeblobas, dRes viTareba Secvlilia. de-liqtma da kvazi deliqtma saukuneebis manZilze ganicada evolucia. deliqtma kvazi deliqtis niSnebic SeiZina. amitom es ukanaskneli instituti gaqra sakanonmdeblo da samecniero kvleve-bidan. xolo misi adgili deliqtma daikava. amis magaliTia mravali qveynis samoqalaqo kodeqsi da maT Soris saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsi, romlis 992-e muxlSi es gansxvavebebi waSlilia da amitom Cvens mier kvazi deliqti samoqalaqo pasuxismgeblobis calke damoukidebel katego-riad ver iqneba aRqmuli.

samoqalaqo pasuxismgeblobis erTiani cnebis Semadgenel kategoriad samarTlianad aris miCneuli arasaxelSekrulebo pasuxismgebloba. saxelSekrulebo da arasaxelSekrulebo pasu-xismgeblobis urTierTgamijvnis iuridiuli arsi imaSi mdgomareobs, rom saxelSekrulebo pa-suxismgeblobis forma, rogoricaa magaliTad, zianis anazRaureba, pirgasamtexlos gadaxda da maTi moculoba ganisazRvreba xelSekrulebiT da kanoniT, xolo arasaxelSekrulebo pasuxis-mgeblobis forma da moculoba ganisazRvreba mxolod kanoniT. amitom samecniero literatu-raSi àrasaxelSekrulebo` da `kanonismieri` terminebi sinonimebad aris miCneuli.

arasaxelSekrulebo (kanonismieri) pasuxismgebloba xSirad viwro gagebiT gamoiyeneba, rac ar aris swori. profesori S.CikvaSvili arasaxelSekrulebo zians deliqtur zianTan aigi-vebs. igi wers: àrasaxelSekrulebod iTvleba ziani, romelic miyenebulia iseTi darRvevis Se-degad, rodesac mxareebi ar imyofebian valdebulebiT urTierTobaSi . . . arasaxelSekrulebo ziani warmoiqmneba uSualod samarTaldarRvevidan, amitom mas deliqtur valdebulebas uwo-deben,`1 rac Cveni azriT, arasaxelSekrulebo pasuxismgeblobis SezRuduli gagebaa. arasaxel-Sekrulebo pasuxismgebloba farTo Sinaarsis Semcveli terminia. is moicavs, rogorc deliq-tur urTierTobebs, ise kvazi saxelSekrulebo urTierTobebs, rogoricaa saziaro uflebebi, davalebis gareSe sxvisi saqmeebis Sesruleba da usafuZvlo gamdidreba.

samoqalaqo pasuxismgeblobis calkeuli kategoriebis ganxilvis Semdeg SeiZleba davas-kvnaT, rom samoqalaqo pasuxismgebloba pasuxismgeblobis or kategorias moicavs (dualizmi) an sxvanairad rom vTqvaT, erTiani samoqalaqo pasuxismgeblobis gageba or kategoriad aris ga-yofili (diqotomia) – saxelSekrulebo da arasaxelSekrulebo pasuxismgeblobis kategorie-bad. Tumca, aqve unda aRvniSnoT, rom Tavis mxriv arasaxelSekrulebo pasuxismgeblobac dua-listuri xasiaTisaa da moicavs kvazi saxelSekrulebo da deliqturi pasuxismgeblobis kate-goriebs. aseT SemTxvevaSi samoqalaqo pasuxismgeblobis samwevrian klasifikacias vRebulobT. esenia: saxelSekrulebo; kvazi saxelSekrulebo da deliqturi pasuxismgeblobebi.

samoqalaqo pasuxismgeblobis principebi. samoqalaqo samarTlis upirvelesi daniSnu-lebaa sakuTrebiTi urTierTobebis, saxelSekrulebo da samoqalaqo normebiT gaTvaliswinebu-li sxva sazogadoebrivi urTierTobebis mowesrigeba. am urTierTobis mowesrigebis saqmeSi did rols samoqalaqo pasuxismgebloba asrulebs, Tumca samoqalaqosamarTlebrivi amocanebis ga-daWris saqmeSi samoqalaqo pasuxismgebloba erTaderTi ar aris, samoqalaqo samarTlis winaSe mdgari amocanebi xSirad pasuxismgeblobis gareSec miiRweva. da mainc, amis miuxedavad, samoqa-laqo pasuxismgeblobis principebi pirdapir aris damokidebuli samoqalaqo samarTlis winaSe mdgar im amocanebTan, rac qonebrivi da piradi uflebebis dacvasTan aris dakavSirebuli.

samoqalaqo samarTlis pasuxismgeblobis principebi sxvadasxva dros gansxvavebuli iyo. ma-galiTad, o.iofe gasuli saukunis 50-ian 60-ian wlebSi samoqalaqo pasuxismgeblobis sam princips asaxelebda: 1. socialisturi kanonierebis principi, 2. zianis srulad anazRaurebis principi, 3. braleuli moqmedebiT gamowveuli zianisaTvis pasuxismgeblobis gardauvalobis principi. 2

Tanamedrove pirobebSi adre moqmedi samoqalaqo pasuxismgeblobis bevri principi saer-Tod gaqra. magaliTad, socialisturi kanonierebis principi didi xania daviwyebas mieca;3 bev-rma maTganma ki Sinaarsobrivi cvlileba ganicada. rodesac o.iofe samoqalaqo pasuxismgeblo-bis gardauvalobis principze saubrobda, mas mxedvelobaSi hqonda gardauvali pasuxismgeblo- 1 ix.wignSi, saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis komentari, wigni meoTxe, tomi II, avtorTa koleqtivi, Tbilisi _ 2001w., gv.379. 2 О.С.Иоффе, Ответственность по советскому гражданскому праву, Ленинград _ 1955г., стр.18-33. 3 sabWoTa periodSi socialisturi kanonierebis principi erTi mxriv sabWoTa samarTlis, misi calkeuli dargebisa da institutebis gamarTlebis ideologiur iaraRs, xolo meore mxriv burJuaziuli samarTlis winaaRmdeg mimarTul kri-tikis saSualebas warmoadgenda.


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ba zogad braleuli moqmedebiT miyenebuli zianisaTvis. aseTi midgoma sruliad Seesabameboda rsfsr-s 1921 wlis samoqalaqo samarTlis kodeqss, magram dRes is CvenTvis miuRebelia. amis Se-saxeb qvemoT gveqneba saubari. samoqalaqo pasuxismgeblobis gardauvalobis princips dRes m.n.maleinac ganixilavs, magram is Tvlis, rom samoqalaqo pasuxismgebloba yovelgvari samar-TaldarRvevisaTvis unda dadges da ara mxolod ganzrax braleuli moqmedebisaTvis. m.n.malei-na samoqalaqo pasuxismgeblobis individualuri pasuxismgeblobis principsac ganixilavs, rom-lis arsi imaSi mdgomareobs, rom samoqalaqo pasuxismgebloba unda dadges aramarTlzomieri moqmedebis sazogadoebrivi saSiSroebis xarisxis, bralis formisa da sxva faqtebis gaTvalis-winebiT; dabolos, aqve sagangebod ixilavs zianis srulad anazRaurebis princips. 1

vitold varkalo erTmaneTisagan gamijnavs samoqalaqo pasuxismgeblobisa da zianis anaz-Raurebis pasuxismgeblobis principebs. amasTan igi miiCnevs, rom o.iofes mier ganxiluli soci-alisturi kanonierebis principi samoqalaqo pasuxismgeblobis principia da ara zianis anazRa-urebis. Cven srulad veTanxmebiT profesor v. varkalos, rom samoqalaqo pasuxismgebloba uf-ro farTo cnebaa, zianis anazRaurebis pasuxismgebloba ki – viwro. rodesac samarTaldam-rRvevs piris darRveuli pativisa da Rirsebis aRdgenis mizniT presaSi garkveuli faqtebis ga-moqveyneba daevaleba, dazaralebulisaTvis es zianis anazRaureba ki ar iqneba, aramed – dar-Rveuli uflebis aRdgena, amitom mas zianis anazRaurebis pasuxismgeblobis princips ver miva-kuTvnebT. marTalia, yovelgvari zianis anazRaureba darRveuli uflebis aRdgenas gulis-xmobs, magram yovelgvari darRveuli uflebis aRdgena, ar aris zianis anazRaureba. amitom mi-zanSewonilad migvaCnia, samoqalaqo samarTlis mecnierebaSi damkvidrebuli termini `zianis srulad anazRaurebis samoqalaqo pasuxismgeblobis principi` Seicvalos `darRveuli samoqa-laqo uflebis srulad aRdgenis samoqalaqo pasuxismgeblobis principiT`, rac moicavs, ro-gorc qonebrivi, ise piradi uflebebis aRdgenas. Tavad profesori vitold varkalo zianis anazRaurebis pasuxismgeblobis principebs miakuTvnebs iseT principebs, rogorebic aris: 1. restituciis principi. avtori termin `restitucias` iyenebs im mizniT, raTa samarTaldam-rRvevis pasuxismgebloba Semoifarglos dazaralebulis pirvandel mdgomareobaSi aRdgeniT da ar moxdes misi `gamdidreba` zianis anazRaurebis xarjze; 2. pasuxismgeblobis gardauvlad dadgomis principi ganzraxi braleuli moqmedebiT miyenebuli zianisaTvis; 3. dauZleveli Za-lis Sedegad miyenebuli zianisaTvis ùpasuxismgeblobis` principi.

mokled gvinda SevexoT profesor vitold varkalos mier dasaxelebuli pasuxismgeblo-bis mesame princips _ ùpasuxismgeblobis` princips. terminTan dakavSirebiT, rogorc Cans, TviT avtoric ganicdis erTgvar daukmayofileblobas da `Tavs imarTlebs`, termini pasuxis-mgeblobisgan ganTavisuflebis principi Cvens civilistikaSi neologizms (axali termini, axali sityva) ar warmoadgenso da aqve terminiT dauZleveli ZaliT gamowveuli pasuxismgeblobisa-gan gaTavisuflebas axasiaTebs.2 TavisTavad es principi sadavos arafers Seicavs. mas saqarTve-los samoqalaqo kodeqsic xSirad mimarTvas (999-e, 1004-e da sxva muxlebi). magram Cveni yurad-Reba amjerad ùpasuxismgeblobis` terminma miipyro. termini upasuxismgebloba, ra Tqma unda, isec SeiZleba iyos gagebuli, rom ama Tu im samarTaldarRvevisaTvis piri gaTavisufldes pasu-xismgeblobisagan, anu masze upasuxismgebloba gavrceldes, Tumca es ar iqneba am terminis Sina-arsis kargi gageba; miT ufro rom samarTlis mecnierebaSi damkvidrebuli mosazrebis mixedviT upasuxismgebloba negatiuri pasuxismgeblobis warmoSobis safuZvelia. amitom upasuxismgeb-loba samarTaldarRvevis mniSvnelobiT unda iyos gamoyenebuli da ara pasuxismgeblobidan ga-Tavisuflebis mniSvnelobiT. etimologiuradac upasuxismgebloba – pasuxismgeblobis grZno-bis uqonlobas da am fonze valdebulebis Seusruleblobas, samarTaldarRvevas gulisxmobs.

migvaCnia, rom samoqalaqo pasuxismgeblobis yvela formisa da saxis erTian principebs darRveuli samoqalaqo uflebis srulad aRdgena da ganzraxi brali, rogorc pasuxismgeblo-bis gardauvalobis principebi warmoadgenen. samecniero literatura da Cvens mier zemoT da-saxelebuli avtorebi pirdapir Tu arapirdapir aRiareben pasuxismgeblobis am or princips. Cvenc maTze gavamaxvilebT yuradRebas. kanonierebis, upasuxismgeblobis, individualuri pasu-xismgeblobisa da sxva msgavsi principebi samoqalaqo pasuxismgeblobis erTian principebad ver gamodgebian. socialisturi kanonierebisa da upasuxismgeblobis principze zeviT ukve gvqonda saubari. axla mokled SevexoT individualuri pasuxismgeblobis princips, romlis arsi, ro-gorc misi mimdevari m. n. maleina ganmartavs, imaSi mdgomareobs, rom am principis mixedviT, sa-moqalaqo pasuxismgebloba unda dadges aramarTlzomieri moqmedebis sazogadoebrivi saSiSro-ebis xarisxis, bralis formisa da sxva faqtebis gaTvaliswinebiT. samoqalaqo pasuxismgeblobis aq CamoTvlili pirobebi samoqalaqo pasuxismgeblobis dadgomis yvela SemTxvevisaTvis ver iq-neba gamoyenebuli. kerZod, sazogadoebrivad saSiSi qmedeba da bralis formebi yovelTvis ver gansazRvraven samoqalaqo pasuxismgeblobis warmoSobas, Sesabamisad individualuri pasuxis-

1 Гражданское право, часть первая, Москва _ 1997г., стр.442. 2 Витольд Варкалло, Ответственность по гражданскому праву, перевод с польского, Москва _ 1978г., стр.95 и след.


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mgeblobis principi samoqalaqo pasuxismgeblobis erTiani principi ver iqneba, radgan principi imitomaa principi, rom is yvela im movlenis amosaval debulebas unda warmoadgendes, romlis principic is TviTon aris.

darRveuli uflebis srulad aRdgenis samoqalaqo pasuxismgeblobis principi samoqala-qo pasuxismgeblobis yvela SesaZlo SemTxvevas moicavs, rogorc qonebrivs, ise pirads, Tumca gansxvavebulad xdeba qonebrivi da piradi uflebebis dacva da Sesabamisad ganxvavebulia sa-marTaldamrRvevisaTvis pasuxismgeblobis dakisrebis formebi.

darRveuli piradi araqonebrivi uflebebis srulad aRdgena sxvadasxva formebiT xdeba. am uflebebis aRdgenis yvelaze gavrcelebuli formebia: piradi uflebebis aRiareba; xelmyo-fis mier moqmedebis Sewyveta. magaliTad, sxvisi saxelis ukanonod gamoyenebis akrZalva; gav-rcelebuli piradi uflebebis Semlaxveli cnobebis uaryofa da sxva. magram mainc unda iTqvas, rom am uflebaTa srulad aRdgena pirobiTia. saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis me-18 muxli iTvaliswinebs pativis, Rirsebisa da saqmiani reputaciis SelaxvisaTvis dazaralebulis uflebas moiTxovos gavrcelebuli cnobebis uaryofa; organizaciis mier gacemuli im sabuTis Secvla, romelic sinamdviles ar Seesabameboda. ufro metic, mosarCele uflebamosilia moiT-xovos pativis, Rirsebisa da saqmiani reputaciis Semlaxveli cnobebis uaryofa imave presisa da gazeTis imave gverdze da iseTive SriftiT gamoqveyneba, romliTac uflebis Semlaxveli cnobe-bis publikacia moxda, rac darRveuli piradi uflebebis srulad aRdgenis warmodgenas qmnis. da mainc, aRniSnulis miuxedavad, Znelia imis Tqma, rom sulierad tramvirebuli dazaralebu-lis darRveuli uflebebi srulad aRdga, radgan sulieri tramvis kompensacia SeuZlebelia.

xSirad isec xdeba, rom piradi araqonebrivi uflebebis braleuli xelyofiT dazaralebu-li qonebriv da araqonebriv (moralur) zians ganicdis. samoqalaqo kodeqsi am uflebebis dar-Rvevis warmoSobis or safuZvelze miuTiTebs - kodeqsis me-18 da 993-e muxlebs. am normebis Si-naarsi gvafiqrebinebs rom maT zemoqmedebis erTi da igive obieqti gaaCniaT an sxvanairad rom vTqvaT, isini erTsa da imave urTierTobebs awesrigeben, magram pasuxismgeblobis zomebi gan-sxvavebulia. magaliTad, saqmiani reputaciis Semlaxveli cnobebis gamoqveynebis Sedegad daza-ralebulisaTvis miyenebuli ziani, kodeqsis 993-e muxlis Tanaxmad, samarTaldamrRvevma sru-lad unda aanazRauros; xolo igive moqmedebiT gamowveuli qonebrivi zianis anazRaureba ko-deqsis me-18 muxlis me-6 nawiliT gansxvavebulia. kerZod, mis mixedviT asanazRaurebeli zianis moculoba ganisazRvreba ìm mogebis saxiT, romelic warmoeqmna xelmyofs`. rogorc vxedavT, amjeradac dazaralebulisaTvis miyenebuli zianis sruli anazRaureba ar xdeba. magaliTad: a da b erTsa da imave dasaxlebul punqtSi yidian qaTmis xorcs. a-m adgilobriv presaSi gamoaq-veyna b-s saqmiani reputaciis Semlaxveli cnobebi, rom igi sakvebad uvargis qaTmis xorcs yidis. Sedegad b-s bevrma `klientma` a-sgan iyida qaTmis xorci. amiT b-m ganicada 100 laris ziani, xo-lo a-m miiRo 50 laris mogeba. kodeqsis me-18 muxlis me-6 nawilis Tanaxmad b-s ufleba aqvs mo-iTxovos zianis anazRaureba ara faqtobrivad miRebuli zianis – 100 laris moculobiT, aramed – 50 laris moculobiT. anu ra mogebac am uflebis xelmyofma miiRo.

rogorc vnaxeT, dasaxelebuli normebi pasuxismgeblobis zomis gansazRvrisas urTier-TsawinaaRmdego debulebebs aweseben. vfirobT, am xarvezis aRmosafxvrelad saWiroa Sesabamisi cvlilebebis ganxorcieleba. sasurvelia, zianis srulad anazRaurebis principis gaTvaliswi-nebiT, kodeqsis me-18 muxlis me-6 nawilSi Sevides cvlileba, ris mixedviTac samarTaldam-rRvevs piradi uflebebis darRveviT gamowveuli qonebrivi zianis srulad anazRaurebis pasu-xismgebloba daekisreba.

rac Seexeba moraluri zianis moculobis gansazRvras faqtobrivad SeuZlebelia da Sesaba-misad am uflebis sruli aRdgenac simbolur xasiaTs atarebs, `moraluri zianis anazRaurebis pirvel umTavres mizans ara xelyofili uflebis restitucia Seadgens, romelic SeuZlebelia, radgan miyenebul zians fuladi eqvivalenti ar gaaCnia, aramed sulieri Tu xorcieli tkivilis an xelyofili pirovnuli sikeTis dadebiTi emociebiT Secvla. fuladma kompensaciam unda uz-runvelyos axali dadebiTi emociebis meSveobiT dazaralebulis sulieri gawonasworeba da srulfasovani CarTva socialur urTierTobaSi. aRniSnuli Seadgens moraluri zianis satisfaq-ciis Sinaarss.`1 swored amiT aris ganpirobebuli, rom saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsi araqo-nebrivi zianisaTvis fuladi anazRaurebis SemTxvevisaTvis misi moculobis dadgenisaTvis ganu-sazRvrel normas mimarTavs. kodeqsis 413-e muxlSi naTqvamia, rom araqonebrivi zianisaTvis fu-ladi anazRaurebis moTxovna SeiZleba `gonivruli da samarTliani anazRaurebis saxiT`.

Tu darRveuli piradi araqonebrivi uflebebis mimarT misi srulad aRdgenis pasuxismgeb-lobis principi bolomde ver asrulebs Tavis funqcias da pirobiTad vuwodebT uflebis sru-lad aRdgenis princips, gansxvavebuli viTarebaa xelSekrulebiT da deliqtiT miyenebuli qo-nebrivi zianis anazRaurebasTan mimarTebaSi. saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsi subieqtisaTvis

1 T.niniZe, wignSi _ saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis komentari, wigni pirveli, avtorTa koleqtivi, Tbilisi _ 1999w., gv.74.


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miyenebuli zianis srulad anazRaurebis pasuxismgeblobis princips gamoxatavs 408-e da 992-e muxlebiT. 408-e muxli gvamcnobs, rom im pirma, romelic valdebulia aanazRauros ziani, unda aRadginos is mdgomareoba, romelic iarsebebda, rom ar damdgariyo anazRaurebis mavaldebu-lebeli garemoeba.

samoqalaqo samarTali zianis anazRaurebis or saSualebas icnobs. es saSualebebia resti-tucia da kompensacia. saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsi upiratesobas restitucias aniWebs, rac kargad Cans kodeqsis 408-e muxlidan, sadac saubaria pirvandeli mdgomareobis aRdgenaze; xolo Tu sxvadasxva mizezTa gamo es SeuZlebelia, maSin zianis anazRaureba fuladi kompensa-ciiT moxdeba (kodeqsis 409-e muxli). samecniero literaturaSi gamoTqmulia azri, rom fula-di kompensaciiT zianis anazRaurebam SeiZleba dazaralebulis (kreditoris) `gamdidreba` ga-moiwvios movalis xarjze, amitom zianis anazRaurebisaTvis restitucias aniWeben upirateso-bas.1 zianis anazRaurebis am or saSualebas Soris, vfiqrobT, arsebiTi dapirispireba ar arse-bobs. amitom rogorc profesori b. zoiZe wers `sanam mowesrigebuli samoqalaqo brunva, bazar-ze saqonlis siuxve da movalisaTvis misi SeZenis simartive ar damkvidrdeba, manam sasamarTlo-ebma dausabuTeblad uari ar unda uTxran kreditorebs naturiT Sesrulebaze.` 2

restitucia da kompensacia samoqalaqo pasuxismgeblobis zianis srulad anazRaurebis princips maSin asrulebs, Tu am urTierTobebSi sxva komponentebi ar iqna CarTuli. zianis sru-lad anazRaurebis principidan gadaxveva ganpirobebuli aris zogjer zianis zustad daangari-Sebis sirTuleebiT da SeuZleblobiT, zogjerac amgvari gaangariSebebis gamartivebiT da sxva. samoqalaqo kanoni zianis srulad anazRaurebis principidan gadaxvevis ramdenime mkafio maga-liTs iZleva. esenia:

1. saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis 417-e muxliT gaTvaliswinebuli pirgasamtexlo. pir-gasamtexlo aris mxareTa SeTanxmebiT gansazRvruli fuladi Tanxa, romelic movalem unda ga-daixados valdebulebis Seusruleblobis an arajerovani SesrulebisaTvis. pirgasamtexlo Se-iZleba daidos sauravis an jarimis saxiT, magram orive SemTxvevaSi mxareebi uflebamosilni arian, kodeqsis 418-e muxliT, Tavisuflad gansazRvron sauravisa da jarimis moculoba. kanoni calsaxad ganmartavs, rom pirgasamtexlo SeiZleba aRematebodeso SesaZlo zians, Tumca mxare-ebs evalebaT, ar daaweson Seusabamod maRali pirgasamtexlo. pirgasamtexlo, garda imisa, rom aqcesoruli uflebaa, igi zianis anazRaurebis saSualebacaa, magram pirgasamtexlos gadaxdiT zianis anazRaurebis movaleoba ar uqmdeba (samoqalaqo kodeqsis 419-e muxlis me-2 nawili). aqe-dan SeiZleba gavakeToT daskvna, rom pirgasamtexloTi zianis srulad anazRaurebis pasuxis-mgeblobis principi irRveva mxolod erTi mimarTulebiT – is SeiZleba aRematebodes zianis namdvil moculobas.

2. fuladi valdebulebis Sesrulebis vadis gadacilebisaTvis movalis mier gadacilebu-li droisaTvis mxareTa SeTanxmebiT dadgenili procentis gadaxda (samoqalaqo kodeqsis 403-e muxli). mocemuli magaliTic is SemTxvevaa, rodesac movales procentis gadaxdis pasuxismgeb-loba ekisreba imis miuxedavad, Tu ra ziani miadga kreditors valdebulebis drouli Seusru-leblobiT.

msgavsi magaliTebis CamoTvla kidev SeiZleba, magaliTad - be, magram sanimuSod esec kmara imis dasturad, rom miyenebuli qonebrivi zianis srulad anazRaurebis pasuxismgeblobis prin-cips gamonaklisebic axasiaTebs. zianis srulad anazRaurebis pasuxismgeblobis principidan gadaxvevis sxva kategoriis magaliTebs miekuTvneba:

3. sxeulis dazianebis an janmrTelobisaTvis vnebis miyenebis gamo dazaralebulisaTvis yovelTviuri sarCos gadaxdis pasuxismgebloba (samoqalaqo kodeqsis 408-e muxli).

4. dazaralebulis gardacvalebis SemTxvevaSi mis rCenaze myofi pirebisaTvis sarCos ga-daxdis valdebuleba (samoqalaqo kodeqsis 1006-e muxli).

5. reabilitirebuli pirisaTvis ukanono msjavrdebis, sisxlis samarTlis pasuxismgeb-lobaSi ukanonod micemis, aRkveTis RonisZiebis saxiT patimrobis ukanonod gamoyenebis, admi-nistraciuli patimrobisa da administraciuli sxva saxdelebis arasworad dakisrebis Sedegad miyenebuli zianis anazRaureba (samoqalaqo kodeqis 1005-e muxli).

Cvens mier 1-2 punqtSi ganxiluli magaliTebisagan arsebiTad gansxvavdeba 3-5 punqtSi moyvanili SemTxvevebis dros zianis srulad anazRaurebis pasuxismgeblobis principidan ga-daxvevis Sinaarsi. Tu pirvel SemTxvevaSi zianis srulad anazRaurebis principidan gadaxveva ganpirobebulia zianis gaangariSebis sirTuleebiT, mxareTa surviliT, raTa gamartivebuli iyos pasuxismgeblobis Sesruleba an roca, ubralod, arsebobs mxareTa neba, meore SemTxvevaSi – 3-5 punqtebSi miTiTebuli SemTxvevebisas saqme gvaqvs erTdroulad ori saxis obieqtis dar-RvevasTan – qonebrivis da piradi araqonebrivis, rac faqtobrivad SeuZlebels xdis magaliTad 1 vitold varkalo, dasaxelebuli literatura, gv.96. 2 b. zoiZe, wignSi _ saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis komentari, wigni mesame, avtorTa koleqtivi, Tbilisi _ 2001w., gv.453.


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im zianis moculobis gansazRvras, rac ukanono patimrobis Sedegad ganicada reabilitirebul-ma pirma.

ganzraxi brali, rogorc samoqalaqo pasuxismgeblobis gardauvalobis principi. bra-li, rogorc pasuxismgeblobis piroba, rac Tanamedrove sazogadoebam romis samarTlisagan memkvidreobiT miiRo, civilizaciis udides miRwevad ganixileba. brali da bralis formebis daniSnuleba istoriulad sxvadasxvagvari iyo. magaliTad, Cven zemoT ukve aRvniSneT, rom ro-mis samarTali ganzrax da gaufrTxilebel brals mkveTrad gamijnavda erTmaneTisagan. kerZod, ganzraxi braliT warmoSobili zianisaTvis deliqturi pasuxismebloba dadgeboda, xolo gauf-rTxilebeli bralisaTvis samarTaldamrRvevi kvazi deliqtiT agebda pasuxs. Semdgom periodSi bralis formebma faqtobrivad dakarges mniSvneloba im TvalsazrisiT, rom aramarTlzomieri moqmedebiT warmoSobili zianis anazRaurebis moTxovna dadgeba imis miuxedavad, Tu bralis ra formasTan gvaqvs saqme – ganzraxvasTan Tu gaufrTxileblobasTan. es kargad Cans TiTqmis yve-la civilizebuli, ganviTarebuli qveynebis samoqalaqo kodeqsebSi. franguli samoqalaqo ko-deqsis 1382-e muxlSi vkiTxulobT: piris nebismieri moqmedeba, ramac mesame pirs miayena ziani, igi unda aanazRauros pirma, visi braliTac aris gamowveuli ziani. germaniis samoqalaqo ko-deqsi ufro met sizustes iCens da pasuxismgeblobis pirobad samoqalaqo bralis yvela forma-ze akeTebs aqcents. kodeqsis 823-e paragrafSi naTqvamia, rom is, vinc mesame pirs ganzrax an gaufrTxileblad marTlsawinaaRmdego moqmedebiT sicocxles mouspobs an vnebas miayenebs mis janmrTelobas, xelyofs sxvis sakuTrebas, an sxva uflebebs, valdebulia aanazRauros amiT gamowveuli ziani. am sakiTxTan mimarTebaSi saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsi yvelaze axlos germaniis samoqalaqo kodeqsTan dgas. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis 992-e muxli sityvasityviT imeorebs germanuli samoqalaqo kodeqsis 823-e paragrafs - `piri romelic sxva pirs marTlsawinaaRmdego, ganzraxi an gaufrTxilebeli moqmedebiT miayenebs zi-ans, valdebulia aunazRauros mas es ziani`.

rogorc vxedavT, saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi brali misi formis miuxedavad, samoqalaqo pa-suxismgeblobis erT-erT aucilebel pirobas warmoadgenda da Sesabamisad pasuxismgeblobis savaldebulo (gardauval) principad iyo miCneuli. Tumca, rogorc o. iofe werda – mxedvelo-baSi unda miviRoT, rom brali, rogorc pasuxismgeblobis principi, TviTmizans ar warmoadgens, Tuki calkeul SemTxvevebSi am principis gamoyeneba ver uzrunvelyofs dasaxul miznebs, saWi-roa misgan gadaxveva da pasuxismgeblobis daweseba bralis gareSe, an SemTxveviTi zianisaTvis; magram calkeuli gamonaklisebis gamo bralis, rogorc samoqalaqo pasuxismgeblobis savalde-bulo principis uaryofa ar SeiZlebao, askvnis o. iofe.1 profesor o. iofes mier bralis, ro-gorc samoqalaqo pasuxismgeblobis savaldebulo principad aRiareba srulad Seesabameboda ruseTis 1921 wlisa da saqarTvelos 1923 wlis samoqalaqo kodeqsebs, aseve ruseTisa da saqar-Tvelos 1964 wlis samoqalaqo kodeqsebs.

ruseTis 1964 wlis samoqalaqo samarTlis kodeqsis 222-e da 444-e muxlebi, aseve saqarTve-los 1964 wlis samoqalaqo samarTlis kodeqsis 219-e da 457-e muxlebi gansazRvravdnen ra samo-qalaqo pasuxismgeblobis pirobebs, adgendnen, rom samoqalaqo pasuxismgebloba dadgeboda mxolod bralis arsebobis SemTxvevaSi im braleuli piris mimarT, romelmac ar Seasrula val-debuleba an arajerovnad Seasrula igi, an ziani miayena mesame pirs. rogorc profesori o.io-fec aRniSnavda (amis Sesaxeb wina abzacSi gvqonda saubari), sabWoTa samoqalaqo kanonmdebloba icnobda ramdenime SemTxvevas, roca valdebulebis Seusruleblobis an arajerovani Sesrule-bisaTvis valdebul pirs pasuxismgebloba daekisreboda bralis miuxedavad. kanoniT gaTvalis-winebul SemTxvevebSi movalis pasuxismgebloba dadgeboda ara mxolod bralis arsebobisas, aramed SemTxvevisTvisac – valdebulebis SemTxveviT Seusruleblobis an SemTxveviT zianis mi-yenebisaTvis da aseve bralis gareSec, magaliTad, Tu ziani gamowveuli iyo mometebuli saf-rTxis wyaros moqmedebiT. aqve gvinda aRvniSnoT, rom samecniero literaturaSi farTod gamo-iyeneboda samoqalaqo bralis prezumfcia. sisxlis samarTlis udanaSaulobis prezumfciisagan gansxvavebiT, ivaraudeba, rom yovelgvari marTlsawinaaRmdego moqmedeba aris braleuli moq-medeba manam, sanam sawinaaRmdego ar damtkicdeba. sxvanairad rom vTqvaT, saqme gvaqvs samar-TaldamrRvevis braleulobis prezumfciasTan, rac xels uwyobda bralis, rogorc samoqalaqo pasuxismgeblobis savaldebulo (gardauvali) principis ganmtkicebas.

saqarTvelosa da ruseTis moqmedma samoqalaqo kodeqsebma am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT si-axle Semoitanes, rac safuZvels gvaZlevs axleburad gaviazroT zogadad bralis, rogorc sa-moqalaqo pasuxismgeblobis gardauvalobis principi. siaxle imaSi mdgomareobs, rom saqarTve-los samoqalaqo kodeqsis 395-e muxlis Tanaxmad `dauSvebelia mxareTa winaswari SeTanxmeba mo-valis mier ganzraxi moqmedebiT valdebulebis darRvevisas zianis anazRaurebisagan misi ga-Tavisuflebis Sesaxeb`. igive pirobas adgens ruseTis federaciis samoqalaqo kodeqsis 401-e muxlis me-4 punqti. saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis 395-e muxlisagan gansxvavebiT, amave ko-

1 О.С.Иоффе, Ответственность по советскому гражданскому праву, Ленинград _ 1955г., стр.28-29.


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deqsis 410-e muxli dasaSvebad miiCnevs mxareTa SeTanxmebas gaufrTxilebeli braliT valdebu-lebis darRvevis gamo zianis anazRaurebis moTxovnis uflebaze winaswar uaris Tqmas. amrigad, samoqalaqo kodeqsma ganzrax da gaufrTxilebel brals gansxvavebuli funqciebi daakisra. ko-deqsis 410-e muxlis arsebobis pirobebSi ukve SeuZlebelia imis mtkiceba, rom gaufrTxilebeli moqmedebiT valdebulebis Seusrulebloba gardauvalad gamoiwvevs samarTaldamrRvevis pasu-xismgeblobas, radgan kodeqsis 410-e muxlis safuZvelze mxareebs SeuZliaT SeTanxmdnen, rom zianis anazRaurebis pasuxismgebloba ar dadges; rasac ver vityviT im SemTxvevisaTvis, roca valdebuleba ar Sesrulda ganzraxi moqmedebiT.

brali, rogorc pasuxismgeblobis principi, saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi yvela ganviTarebu-li qveynis samoqalaqo kodeqsebis saerTo princips warmoadgenda da amitom, rogorc vnaxeT, calkeul gamonaklisebsac icnobda. meti sizustisaTvis saWiroa bralis gamo pasuxismgeblobis principsa da ganzraxi bralis gamo pasuxismgeblobis princips Soris arsebuli gansxvavebebis dadgena. maT Soris upirvelesad mniSvnelovania, rom mxolod ganzraxi brali, rogorc pasuxis-mgeblobis principi moicavs zianis anazRaurebis yvela SemTxvevas da gamoricxavs gamonakli-sebs. amrigad, brali (zogadad) samoqalaqo pasuxismgeblobis saerTo princips qmnis; xolo gan-zraxi brali samoqalaqo pasuxismgeblobis gardauvali principia.

gamoyenebuli literatura: 1. Варкалло Витольд, Ответственность по гражданскому праву, перевод с польского, Москва _ 1978г. 2. Годеме Е., Общая теория обязательств, перевод с французского И.Б. Новицкого, Москва _ 1948г. 3. Гражданское право, часть первая, Москва _ 1997г. 4. Иоффе О.С., Ответственность по советскому гражданскому праву, Ленинград _ 1955г. 5. Матвеев Г.К., Вина в советском гражданском праве, Киев _ 1955г. 6. Жюллио де ла Морандьер, Гражданское право Франции, том -2, Москва _ 1960г. 7. zoiZe b., saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis komentari, wigni mesame, avtorTa koleqtivi, Tbi-

lisi _ 2001w. 8. niniZe T., saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis komentari, wigni pirveli, avtorTa koleqtivi,

Tbilisi _ 1999w. 9. romis samarTlis Zeglebi, iustinianes instituciebi, wigni meoTxe, tituli V, laTinuridan

Targmna profesorma nugzar surgulaZem, Tbilisi _ 2002w. 10. saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsis komentari, wigni meoTxe, tomi II, avtorTa koleqtivi,

Tbilisi _ 2001w.

daviT suxitaSvili Tea suxitaSvili

samoqalaqo pasuxismgeblobis kategoriebi da principebi

reziume

winamdebare naSromSi ganxiluli gvaqvs samoqalaqo pasuxismgeblobis kategoriebi da

principebi. aRwerili gvaqvs maTi warmoSoba-ganviTarebis mokle istoria. saubaria imaze, rom adreul periodSi Cven vxvdebiT erTiani iuridiuli pasuxismgeblobis orwevrian klasifikaci-as (samoqalaqo da sisxlissamarTlebriv pasuxismgeblobas), rac mTlianadaa dasabuTebuli Zve-li romis samarTlis normebiT, roca erTi mxriv calkeuli faqtobrivi Semadgenlobebi uci-loblad moiTxovda sisxlissamarTlebrivi saxis sanqciis gamoyenebas, xolo meore mxriv saxel-Sekrulebo valdebulebebi samoqalaqosamarTlebriv pasuxismgeblobas warmoSobda. erTiani iuridiuli pasuxismgeblobis orwevrianobis mdgomareoba TandaTanobiT principul cvlile-bebs ganicdida da bolos maTi gayofis (gancalkevebis) Sedegad Camoyalibda samoqalaqo da sis-xlis samarTlis damoukidebeli dargebi. Sesabamisad, erTiani iuridiuli pasuxismgeblobac gancalkevda da danaSaulisaTvis pasuxismgeblobis saxiT dawesda sasjeli, xolo samoqalaqo uflebis darRvevisaTvis _ am uflebis aRdgenis valdebuleba.

specialur literaturaSi samoqalaqo pasuxismgeblobis sxvadasxva princips ganixilaven. bevri maTgani dromoWmulia, bevric TviT principis moTxovnebs ver akmayofilebs, amitom Cveni


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yuradReba or principze aris gamaxvilebuli. esenia: darRveuli samoqalaqo uflebis srulad aRdgenis principi da brali, rogorc pasuxismgeblobis principi. es ukanaskneli saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi yvela ganviTarebuli qveynis samoqalaqo samarTlis pasuxismgeblobis saerTo princips warmoadgenda da amitom calkeul gamonaklisebsac icnobda. meti sizustisaTvis saWi-roa bralis gamo pasuxismgeblobis principsa da ganzraxi bralis gamo pasuxismgeblobis prin-cips Soris arsebuli gansxvavebebis dadgena. maT Soris upirvelesad mniSvnelovania, rom mxo-lod ganzraxi brali, rogorc pasuxismgeblobis principi, moicavs zianis anazRaurebis yvela SemTxvevas da gamoricxavs gamonaklisebs. amrigad, brali (zogadad) samoqalaqo pasuxismgeblo-bis saerTo princips qmnis; xolo ganzraxi brali samoqalaqo pasuxismgeblobis gardauvali principia.

Davit Sukhitashvili Tea Sukhitashvili

CATEGORIES AND PRINCIPLES OF CIVIL LIABILITY

Summary

In the present work, we have discussed categories and principles of civil liability and described a brief history of

their origin and development. The authors refer to the fact that in the early period, we meet two-member classification of an unified legal liability (civil or criminal liability), Which is fully justified by the old Roman Law, when on one hand, separate actual composition invariably required the use of criminal sanctions and on the other hand, contractual obligations give rise to civil liability. Two-member position of unified legal liability has gradually experienced significant changes and finally, as a result of their division (separation) were formed an independent civil and criminal branches. Accordingly, unified legal viability was separated and punishment was imposed for crime as a liability, but for civil rights violation-recovery of this right.

In special literature, they discuss several principles of liability. Most of them are obsolete, and many of them do not meet to the principles demands, therefore we have drawn our attention to the two principles. They are: full recovery of infringed civil rights and fault, as a principle of liability. This later had been a common principle of civil liability of every developed country for ages; therefore, separate exceptions were identified. To be more precise, it is of principal importance to determine difference between principles imposed due to fault and deliberate fault. Among them, first of all, it is important that only deliberate fault, according to the principles of responsibility, includes the compensation in all the cases and excludes the exceptions. Thus, the fault (generally) creates a general principle of civil liability; but intentional fault is inevitable principle of civil liability.


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Sengeli ficxelauri

kriminalistikuri meTodologiis ZiriTadi cnebebi

meTodis cnebis calsaxa gansazRvreba ar arsebobs, magram CvenTvis yvelaze misaRebia

prof. g. lobJaniZis mier Camoyalibebuli koncefcia, misi azriT, `meTodi aris miznisaken mima-vali gzis gavlis xerxi da saSualeba`1 maSin, rodesac h. cipeliusi meTods mxolod `miznisaken mimaval gzas`2 uwodebs.

mkvlevarTa azriT, kriminalistikisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia saerTo mecnieruli Semecne-bis logikuri, aseve kerZo mecnieruli da specialuri meTodebis Seswavla-gamoyeneba. dRevan-del pirobebSi kriminalistikis arc erTi instituti ar SeiZleba ganviTardes da srulyofili gaxdes, Tu ar iqneba gamoyenebuli rogorc saerTo, aseve kriminalistikuri teqnikis, taqtikis da calkeuli danaSaulis gamoZiebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli meTodebi.3

kriminalistikaSi meTodi gaigeba rogorc WeSmaritebis Teoriuli da praqtikuli aTvise-bis forma, romelic Sesaswavli obieqtis moZraobis kanonzomierebidan gamomdinareobs. gamo-yenebiTi mecnierebis meTodis Sesaxeb swavlebaSi pirvel adgilze dgas sakiTxi Teoriuli da meTodologiuri codnis Sefardebis Sesaxeb. kriminalistika, rogorc gamoyenebiTi mecniere-ba, Seiswavlis obieqturi sinamdvilis kanonzomierebebs ara rogorc TviTmizans, aramed danaSa-ulis gaxsnis, gamoZiebis da danaSaulobaTa prevenciis amocanaTa gadawyvetis konteqstSi. Se-sabamisad kriminalistikaSi ar SeiZleba iyos `wminda,` absoluturi Teoriebi, principebi da koncefciebi, da yovel Teoriul debulebas unda hqondes praqtikuli gamosavali, unda emsa-xurebodes ama Tu im amocanebis gadawyvetas. amitomac praqtikiT aprobirebul yvela krimina-listikur Teorias, rogoricaa, magaliTad, kriminalistikuri identifikacia, aqvs meTodolo-giuri mniSvneloba. gamoyenebiT mecnierebaSi meTodologiiT ganisazRvreba nebismieri Teori-is, debulebis an koncefciis fasi.

kriminalistikuri Teoriisa da meTodologiis mWidro kavSiri maTi gaigivebis safuZvels warmoadgens da gamoixateba mecnierebiT dadgenil kanonzomierebebiT. meTodologia ki ik-vlevs mecnierebaze dafuZnebuli sinamdvilis Semecnebisa da praqtikuli aTvisebis xerxebis sistemas. amgvarad, meTodologia efuZneba Teorias, Teoria ki emsaxureba praqtikas. maT Soris sxvaoba gamoixateba funqcionalur xasiaTSi.

kriminalistikis meTodologiaSi mniSvnelovania gansxvavdebodes mecnieruli da praqti-kuli moqmedebis xerxebi. pirvel SemTxvevaSi igulisxmeba danaSaulebrivi qmedebis kanonzomie-rebaTa mecnieruli Semecnebis meTodebis sistema da am safuZvelze kriminalistikuri amocane-bis amoxsnis algoriTmebisa da versiebis SemuSaveba.

es aris im mecnier-kriminalistebisa da agreTve specialuri kvleviTi centrebis moRvawe-obis sfero, romlebic Seiswavlian da ganazogadeben danaSaulTa gaxsnis da gamoZiebis praqti-kas. meore SemTxvevaSi - konkretuli danaSaulis gaxsnis da gamoZiebis operaciebis, xerxebisa da meTodebis sistema. es aris gamomZieblis, gamomZiebel-kriminalistebis, operatiul-samZeb-ro samsaxurebis TanamSromlebis, sasamarTlo eqspertis, mosamarTleTa da sxva pirebis moRva-weobis sfero, romlebic monawileoben danaSaulis gaxsnisa da gamoZiebis funqciebis Sesrule-basa da ganxorcielebaSi.

am gansazRvruli saqmianobis amocanebi da Sedegebi sxvadasxvagvaria. jer erTi, es aris danaSaulebrivi qmedebis kanonzomierebani, warmodgenili mis tipobriv kriminalistikur daxa-siaTebebSi (sainformacio modulebSi) da maTi gaxsnisa da gamoZiebis tipobrivi meTodikebi. meorec, es aris konkretuli faqtis WeSmariteba, romelic warmodgenilia gaxsnili da gamoZie-buli sisxlis samarTlis saqmis masalebis formaSi. kanonzomierebani, romlebic warmoadgenen kriminalistikis sagans, warmodgenilia masobriv movlenebsa da SemTxvevebSi. maT Sesaswavlad iyeneben gansxvavebuli dakvirvebis meTodebs, hipoTezebis agebas, statistikur ganzogadebas. amavdroulad, farTod gamoiyeneba sociologiis, fsiqologiis, kibernetikis, biologiis da sxva mecnierebaTa specialurad momarjvebuli meTodebi. gamoZiebis praqtikuli msvlelobisas mecnierebis mier SemuSavebuli meTodebi emsaxureba konkretuli faqtobrivi monacemebis dad-genis amocanas. aseve mizezobriobis mecnieruli analizis meTods warmoadgens hipoTeza, ro-melic praqtikuli gamoZiebis dros transformirdeba kriminalistikuri versiebis meTodSi. igi Seexeba Sesabamisi procesualuri moqmedebebis dagegmvas da warmoebas. es aris sagamoZiebo daTvaliereba, eqsperimenti, adgilze CvenebaTa Semowmeba da sxva. kriminalistika SeimuSavebs eqspertuli da sagamoZiebo moqmedebebis algoriTmebs, romelic gamoiyeneba gamoZiebisa da eq-spertizis tipobrivi situaciebis mimarT. praqtikuli kriminalistika iyenebs ra mecnierebis

1g. lobJaniZe, saxelmwifosa da samarTlis zogadi Teoria, Tb. 2010 w., gv. 10 2r. cipeliusi, iuridiuli meTodebis moZRvreba, Tb. 2006 w., gv. 1 3kriminalistika, t. I, Tb. 2000 w., gv. 28


33

mier Seqmnili algoriTmebis banks, irCevs im algoriTms an algoriTmebis kombinacias, romelic maqsimalurad uwyobs xels mocemuli konkretuli gamoZiebis pirobebs da garemoebebs. im Sem-TxvevebSi, rodesac arsebuli meTodika ar iZleva praqtikuli amocanis amoxsnis saSualebas, gamomZiebeli an eqsperti xsnis mas evristikuli meTodebiT. aseTi kvlevis msvlelobisas ga-moyenebuli meTodika Sesabamisi sagamoZiebo an saeqsperto situaciebis SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba gaxdes axali tipobrivi meTodikis SemuSavebis safuZveli. es amocana ixsneba sagamoZiebo da sa-eqsperto praqtikis ganzogadebis safuZvelze.

kriminalistikis praqtikuli meTodebi ar unda agverios kerZo sagamoZiebo da saeqsper-to moqmedebebis meTodebSi. ukanaskneli Tavisi SinaarsiT gacilebiT farToa, radgan masSi realizdeba ara marto kriminalistikis meTodebi da rekomendaciebi, aramed sxva mecnierebe-bic, rogoricaa; sasamarTlo medicina, fsiqologia, buRalteria da sxva sabunebismetyvelo da teqnikuri mecniereba.

kriminalistikuri codnis sistemaSi meTodologia gamoiyo misi ganviTarebis SedarebiT gvian stadiaze da gaxda am mecnierebis srulfasovnebis umniSvnelovanesi maCvenebeli.

kriminalistikis ganviTarebis istoriaSi pirvelad empiriul etaze ganxorcielda praq-tikuli moqmedebis meTodebis sistemebis formireba. meZebarTa, deteqtivTa, policielTa, sa-samarTlo gamomZiebelTa muSaobis xerxebi Tavidanve unda agebuliyo damnaSaveTa danaSauleb-rivi qmedebebisa da qcevis kanonzomierebaTa da struqturis gaTvaliswinebiT. am xerxebis cod-na da srulyofa damokidebuli iyo maTi Seswavlisa da aRricxvis meSveobiT. ase mag., SemTxveviT damnaSavis amocnoba damaxasiaTebeli niSan-TvisebiT (e.w. saidenTifikacio procedura) Canac-vlda identifikaciis da registraciis sistemiT, romlebic dafuZnebulia antropometriis, gistologiis da osteologiis mier dadgenil adamianis mdgrad da individualur Tvisebebze.

aseve identifikaciis anu gaigivebis meTodi damaxasiaTebelia kriminalistikisaTvis. igi mWidro kavSirSia iurisprudenciaSi yvelaze gavrcelebuli Sedarebis meTodTan. kriminalis-tikis mecnierebaSi misi yvela instituti iyenebs identifikaciis meTods igiveobis dasadgenad an piriqiT, igiveobis uaryofisaTvis. am meTodis gamoyenebas safuZvlad udevs Sedareba. iden-tifikaciis meTodis gamoyenebis safuZvelze dgindeba konkretuli obieqti, movlena, an xdeba uaryofa.1

prof. b. xaraziSvilis mixedviT, kriminalistikuri identifikacia aris sagamomZieblo miznebisaTvis obieqtis dadgena, maT niSan-TvisebaTa mixedviT, xolo gaigiveba emyareba, upir-veles yovlisa, gasaigivebel da gamaigivebel obieqtebad dayofas.2

mecnierebis mier praqtikiT Semowmebuli yvelaze efeqturi xerxebi myardeboda, analizde-boda, sistematizirdeboda da gadadioda mecnieruli rekomendaciebisa da meTodebis rigSi. aseTi sistematizaciis nimuSs warmoadgens avstrieli sasamarTlo gamomZieblis g. grosis naSromi.

TviT swavleba meTodis Sesaxeb, romelic axasiaTebs kriminalistikis ganviTarebis Teori-ul mxares, formirdeba ufro metad gvian etapebze. meTodis efeqturoba fasdeba ara konkre-tuli danaSaulis gamoZiebis Sedegebis mixedviT, aramed tipobrivi kriminalistikuri amoca-nis amoxsnis konteqstSi, magaliTad, danaSaulis adgilidan amoRebuli nivTierebis mikro rao-denobaTa kvlevisas lazeruli mikro speqtraluri analizis efeqturoba da a.S. es avaldebu-lebs kriminalistikis meTodologebs Caataron meTodebis inventariazcia, monaTesave mecnie-rebis meTodebTan maTi Sepirispirebis gziT, miscen maT klasifikacia, gamoikvlion kanoniereba, efeqturoba, ekonomiuroba. Tu adre kriminalistika ZiriTadad atarebda praqtikaSi gamoyene-buli eqspertebisa da gamomZieblebis meTodebis registraciasa da aRweras, axla mecnierebis ganviTarebis meTodologiur doneze warmoiSva axali meTodebis prognozirebis da proeqtire-bis amocana maT Soris maTematikuri da kompiuteruli teqnologiebis, formalizaciis mode-lirebis yvelaze Tanamedrove saSualebaTa gamoyenebiT.

kriminalistikis meTodebis klasifikaciebi xorcieldeba sxvadasxva safuZvelze da emsa-xureba mecnierebisa da praqtikis amocanebis amoxsnas. kriminalistikur informaciasTan muSa-obis amocanaTa amosaxsnelad gamoyofen informaciis aRmoCenis, fiqsaciis, dekodirebis, zoga-di da kerZo sainformacio sistemebis formirebis meTodebs.

kriminalistikuri informaciis konkretuli wyaros kvlevis procesis amocanaTa amox-snasTan SefardebiT gamoyofen meTodebs, romlis realizacia xdeba kvlevis sxvadasxva stadia-ze; analitikurze, SefardebiTsa da sinTezirebadze (SefasebiTze). meTodebis profesionalu-ri gamoyenebis sferosa da subieqtTan SefardebiT ganasxvaveben; saeqsperto, sagamoZiebo, oper-samZebro meTodebs, romelTa realizacia xdeba profesiuli moRvaweobis sxva sferoSi, maT Soris sasamarTlo procesis CarCoebs miRma.

1kriminalistika, t. I, Tb. 2000 w., gv. 34 2b. xaraziSvili, kriminalistika, Tb. 1968 w., gv. 41


34

meTodis arCevisa da misi Sedegebis Sefasebis amocanebTan SedarebiT arsebiTi mniSvne-loba aqvs maT dayofas organoleptikursa da instrumentalurze, xarisxobrivsa da raodenob-rivze, erTmniSvnelovnad deterministulsa da albaTobiT - statistikurze.

meTodologiis Semdgomi sistematizacia ganxorcieldeba kriminalistikis meTodebis do-neebis mixedviT, romelSic ganasxvaveben, filosofiur, zogad mecnierul da specialur done-ebs. isini qmnian mkacr ierarqiul struqturas. masSi umaRlesi donis meTodebi moqmedeben udables meTodologiur doneebze da uzrunvelyofen maT saerTo strategiul da organiza-ciul mimarTulebas. amavdroulad umdablesi meTodologiuri doneebi uzrunvelyofen umaR-lesi donis meTodebis adaptacias, Sesaswavli obieqtebis struqturis Taviseburebebsa da maTi kvlevis pirobebis Seqmnas.

kriminalistikis calkeuli meTodebis doneebad dayofa ar gulisxmobs maT izolirebul ganxilvas, rac gamowveulia mxolod Teoriuli analizisa da gadmocemis xelsayrelobiT. praq-tikulad nebismieri donis arc erTi meTodi ar gamoiyeneba metafizikurad sxvebisagan mowyve-tiT. maTi praqtikuli realizacia SesaZlebelia mxolod kriminalistikuri meTodologiis sis-temaSi, romelic adaptirebulia kriminalistikuri kvlevis amocanebis, obieqtebisa da pirobe-bis mimarT.

gamoyenebuli literatura: 1. g. lobJaniZe, saxelmwifosa da samarTlis zogadi Teoria, Tb. 2010 w. 2. r. cipeliusi, iuridiuli meTodebis moZRvreba, Tb. 2006 w. 3. kriminalistika, t. I, Tb. 2000 w. 4. b. xaraziSvili, kriminalistika, Tb. 1968 w.

Sengeli ficxelauri

kriminalistikuri meTodologiis ZiriTadi cnebebi

reziume

kriminalistikaSi meTodi gaigeba rogorc WeSmaritebis Teoriuli da praqtikuli aTvise-

bis forma, romelic Sesaswavli obieqtis moZraobis kanonzomierebidan gamomdinareobs. gamo-yenebiTi mecnierebis meTodis Sesaxeb swavlebaSi pirvel adgilze dgas sakiTxi Teoriuli da meTodologiuri codnis Sefardebis Sesaxeb.

kriminalistikis meTodologiaSi mniSvnelovania gansxvavdebodes mecnieruli da praqti-kuli moqmedebis xerxebi.

meTodologiis Semdgomi sistematizacia ganxorcieleba kriminalistikis meTodebis do-neebis mixedviT, romelSic ganasxvaveben filosofiur, zogad mecnierul da specialur done-ebs.

Shengeli Pitskhelauri

BASIC CONCEPTS OF CRIMINOLOGICAL METHODOLOGY

Summary

In criminology the method is viewed as a form of the theoretical and practical assimilation based to the target object movement regularity. In the sphere of applied science method major attention is paid to the issue of conformation of the theoretical and methodological knowledge.

In the Criminological methodology it is important to distinguish the means of the scientific and practical activities.

The farther systematization of the methodology will be fulfilled based to the Criminological method levels where we can differentiate the Philosophical, general scientific and special levels.


35

sergo WeliZe,

nugzar TevdoraZe

`poligrafi`-s gamoyenebis problemebi sisxlis

samarTalwarmoebaSi

sisxlis samarTalwarmoebis dros `poligrafi`-s gamoyenebasTan dakavSirebul sakiTxebs

iuridiul literaturaSi araerTi naSromi mieZRvna. aRniSnuli problema dResac aqtualuria. azrTasxvaobas iwvevs sakiTxi imis Sesaxeb, SesaZlebelia Tu ara sisxlis samarTlis procesSi aR-niSnuli teqnikuri mowyobilobis saSualebiT miRebuli monacemebis mtkicebulebad gamoyeneba.

`poligrafi` berZnuli sityvaa da qarTulad niSnavs `CanawerTa simravles`.[1] rogorc ir-kveva, jer kidev adreuli periodidan gaxda SesamCnevi, rom damnaSaves, mis mxilebasTan dakavSi-rebuli SiSis gamo, aReniSneboda garkveuli fiziologiuri funqciebis cvlilebebi. damkvir-veblebi Tvalyurs adevnebdnen maT dinamikas da fiziologiuri cvlilebebis mgrZnobiare re-gistratorad sxvadasxva saSualebebs gamoiyenebdnen. ase, mag.: Zvel CineTSi danaSaulis Cadena-Si eWvmitanils brinjis gamoyenebiT gamocdidnen xolme: mas pirSi uyridnen mSral brinjs da am dros wauyenebdnen brals. miiCneoda, rom Tu brinji aseTive darCeboda (mxilebis SiSisagan ner-wyvis gamoyofa Cerdeboda), maSin brali damtkicebulad iTvleboda.

afrikaSi ki eWvmitanils xelSi aZlevdnen frinvelis mcire zomis kvercxs, romlis garsic Zalzed faqizi iyo. xelis mcireodeni moWeris SemTxvevaSic ki igi SeiZleboda gamtydariyo. eW-vmitanilebs kvercxi unda gadaecaT erTmaneTisaTvis - miiCneoda, rom igi ver gauZlebda gamoc-das, kvercxs gatexda da amdenad, moxdeboda misi mxileba.

jer kidev Soreul, 1730 wels didma romanistma daniel defom gamoaqveyna traqtati, rome-lic Seexeboda RamiT quCaSi Zarcvasa da sxva kanondarRvevebs. saxelganTqmuli robinzon kru-zos avtori ayenebda sakiTxs, damnaSaveobasTan brZolis mizniT moexdinaT eWvmitanilis pulsis analizi. rogorc Cans, aRniSnuli meTodis Sesaxeb cnobili iyo im droisaTvis ganaTlebul ada-mianTa wreebSi.

sicruis gamovlenis instrumentuli meTodi saTaves iRebs italieli fiziologis, anje-lo mosos naSromebidan, romelmac 1877 wels specialuri xelsawyos - pletizmografis gamoye-nebiT daadgina, rom pirisaTvis nimuSebis wardgena, romelic badebda SiSs, aisaxeboda gulisce-mis sixSireze.

cnobilma italielma kriminalistma Cezare lombrozom 1881 wels eWvmitanilTa dakiTxvi-sas gamoiyena hidrosfiqmografi - xelsawyo, romlis saSualebiT diagramaze fiqsirdeboda da-sakiTxi piris arteriuli wnevis cvalebadoba, rac Semdgomi detaluri analizis saSualebas iZ-leoda. 1895 wels man Tavis naSromSi - `damnaSave adamiani`, aRwera erT-erTi Zarcvis saqmeze hidrosfiqmografis gamoyenebis dadebiTi praqtikuli cda. `mogvianebiT, 1902 wels, C. lombro-zo 6 wlis mkvlelobis saqmis gamoZiebaSi monawileobda. rodesac mkvlelobaSi eWvmitanil pirs mokluli gogonas suraTi warudgines, pulsis uecari cvlileba ar dafiqsirebula. am Semowme-biT eWvmitanili udanaSaulod iqna cnobili`.[2]

a. mosom, romelic C. lombrozosTan erTad muSaobda, aRmoaCina, rom calkeul SemTxveveb-Si aseve icvleboda sunTqvis modeli. 1914 wels gracis (avstria) universitetis profesorma, italielma vitorio benusim, romelic swavlobda fsiqofizikis problemebs, gamoaqveyna sun-Tqvis procesis dinamikis kvlevis monacemebi: sunTqviTi ciklebis sixSire da siRrme, aseve Ca-sunTqvis xangrZlivoba amosunTqvis xangrZlivobasTan SefardebiT icvleboda, roca gamosak-vlevi piri cruobda.

Tanamedrove poligrafis pirveli xelsawyo, romelic SemdgomSi sistematurad gamoiyene-boda danaSaulis gamoZiebisas, 1921 wels Seqmna jon larsonma. aRniSnuli aparati erTdroulad afiqsirebda arteriuli wnevis, pulsisa da sunTqvis dinamikis cvalebadobas.

1933 wels d. larsonis moswavlem da Crdilo-dasavleTis universitetis danaSaulTa gax-snis samecniero meTodebis laboratoriis TanamSromelma leonard kilerma Seqmna xelsawyo, `romelic axdenda kanis galavnuri reaqciis, sisxlis wnevis, sunTqvis, pulsis registracias`.[3] man, aseve pirvelma, SeimuSava aRniSnuli aparatis meSveobiT Semowmebis meTodika (1935 w.). mog-vianebiT, l. kileris organizebiT, daiwyo aRniSnuli poligrafis seriuli gamoSveba.

me-20 saukunis 30-iani wlebidan kaloforniis policia Tavis saqmianobaSi aqtiurad iyeneb-da sicruis deteqciis aparatul meTods. cota xanSi aRniSnuli meTodi sxva StatebSic gamoiye-nes. 1935 wels sicruis deteqtorze yuradebas amaxvilebs aSS-s gamoZiebis federaluri biuro, romelmac 1938 wels, u. marstonis Semdeg pirvelad, gamoiyena poligrafi SpionaJis saqmis gamo-Ziebisas.

30-iani wlebis bolos aSS-Si samma firmam daiwyo poligrafis seriuli gamoSveba. asobiT policiis ganyofileba 28 StatSi aqtiurad iyenebda aRniSnul mowyobilobas Tavis saqmianoba-


36

Si, xolo CrdiloeT Statebis aTeulobiT banki da komerciuli firma mas gamoiyenebda dasaqira-vebeli personalis Sesamowmeblad, aseve samsaxurebrivi ganxilvebis procesSi.

meore msoflio omis dros amerikul armias ukve hyavda poligrafologebis jgufi. omis dasrulebis Semdeg, Svidi gamocdili specialistisagan Semdgarma jgufma, sicruis deteqtor-ze Seamowma 274 samxedro tyve. Semowmebis Sedegebi ar darCenila SeumCneveli: aRniSnuli meTo-di farTod dainerga aSS-is armiasa da specsamsaxurebSi. male centralurma sadazvervo sammar-Tvelom daiwyo poligrafis gamoyeneba specialur operaciebSi, aseve kadrebis SerCevisas.

40-iani wlebis bolodan aSS-Si sicruis deteqtorze Semowmebas eqvemdebareboda yvela pi-ri, romelic muSaobas centralurma sadazvervo sammarTveloSi iwyebda. 1948 wlidan aSS-is ar-miam daiwyo poligrafologebis momzadeba q. CikagoSi, sadac mdebareobda aRniSnuli profilis erTaderTi saswavlebeli.

aRniSnuli miRwevebi sxva qveynebSic ar darCenila SeumCneveli. ase, mag.: germaniaSi fsiqi-atrma oto livenSteinma SeimuSava instrumenti, romelic axdenda mjdomiare adamianis moZrao-bisa da sunTqvis registracias.

evropaSi pirvelad poligrafi Cndeba poloneTSi, sadac 1936 wels igi varSavis erT-erTma institutma SeiZina, xolo 40-iani wlebis dasawyisSi - CineTSi, romlisTvisac ramdenime specia-listi aSS-Si momzadda. 1963 wlidan poloneTSi am meTods iyeneben sisxlis samarTlis saqmeebis gamoZiebisas, gamoZiebis Sedegebis Sesafaseblad. aseTi mimarTuleba gamyarebulia qveynis uze-naesi sasamarTlos specialuri gadawyvetilebiT. aTwleulebis ganmavlobaSi polonuri Jurna-li - `kriminalistikis problemebi` aqveynebda statiebs poligrafze gamocdis Teoriuli, ga-moyenebiTi da samarTlebrivi aspeqtebis Sesaxeb. bolo wlebSi Semowmebis Tematikisadmi miZ-Rvnili kvleviTi samuSaoebis centrebad iqca torunis da krakovis universitetebi.[4]

CineTisagan gansxvavebiT, iaponia damoukideblad awarmoebda 20-ian wlebSi dawyebuli sicruis deteqciis aparatuli meTodis gamokvlevas: fsiqologebma akamacum da togavam Seis-wavles kanis eleqtruli Tvisebebis cvlilebaTa diagnostikuri SesaZleblobebi. es Sroma war-matebiT dasrulda: 1937 wels iaponelma mecnierebma ganacxades sakuTari sicruis deteqtoris - fsiqogalvanometris Seqmnis Taobaze.

poligrafze cdebis Catarebis lideria aSS-i, romlis Semdegac Catarebuli kvlevebis mo-culobis mixedviT meore adgili uWiravs kanadas. poligrafis saSualebiT miRebuli monacemebi am qveyanaSi sasamarTlo ganxilvis procesSi mtkicebulebad ar miiReba. poligrafi aqtiurad gamoiyeneba sakadro Semowmebis dros administraciul organoebsa da warmoebebSi. 1978 wlidan misi operatorebis momzadeba xdeba kanadis policiis specialur kursebze.

poligrafis operatorebis raodenobis mxriv iaponias mesame adgili uWiravs. 1959 wlidan deteqciis Sedegebi miiReba mtkicebulebad dabali instanciis sasamarTloebSi, xolo 70_ian wlebSi ganixilavs umaRlesi sasamarTloc mosamarTlis Sexedulebisamebr. 70_iani wlebis Sua periodidan policia yovelwliurad ganaxorcielebs 5 aTasamde Semowmebas. amerikeli specia-listebis SefasebiT, policiis mecnierebaTa nacionaluri instituti tokioSi atarebs ufro met kvlevebs sicruis deteqtoris sferoSi, vidre nebismieri sxva laboratoria msoflioSi.

israelSi am meTodis danergva me-20 saukunis 50_ian wlebida iwyeba. meoTxedi saukunis Semdeg is ukve farTod gamoiyeneboda regionaluri da samxedro policiis mier. 80_iani wlebis dasawyisisaTvis Cndeba pirveli operatorebi, romlebic TavianT samsaxurs sTavazoben kerZo mewarmeobis sferos. poligrafze miRebuli cdebis Sedegebi israelSi ar iTvleba mtkicebule-bad, is gamoiyeneba mxolod, rogorc saorientacio saSualeba operatiul_samZebro saqmiano-bis Catarebis dros. israeli meoTxe qveyanaa, romelic amzadebs operatorebs rogorc Tavisi saWiroebisaTvis, aseve sxva momxmarebeli qveynebisTvisac.

indoeTSi poligrafma yuradReba miipyro mahaTma gandis mkvlelobasTan dakavSirebiT. mTavrobam policiis erT_erTi oficeri gagzavna aSS_Si poligrafis operatorebis skolaSi, magram mxolod 1969 wels indoeTis mTavrobis gadawyvetilebiT centralur kriminalistikur laboratoriasTan arsebul gamoZiebis centralur biuroSi Camoyalibda poligrafis ganyofi-leba. 1974 wlidan es meTodi TandaTan inergeba praqtikaSi. ukanasknel wlebSi Catarda 3 aTasam-de Semowmeba.

specialisTa SefasebiT, 70_iani wlebis dasawyisidan, garda zemoT CamoTvlili qveynebi-sa, poligrafi gamoiyeneboda meqsikaSi, braziliaSi, argentinaSi, puerto_rikoSi, iranSi tai-landSi, taivansa da filipinebze. cota mogvianebT - iugoslaviaSic, xolo Sedegebs sasamar-Tloebi iRebdnen SveicariaSi, magram ara rogorc saqmis erTaderT da ZiriTad mtkicebulebas.

1965 wels amerikis uzenaesma sasamarTlom miiRo gadawyvetileba, romlis Tanaxmadac, po-ligrafis gamoyeneba gamosakvlevi piris nebis sawinaaRmdegod an misi iZuleba testirebis ga-savlelad warmoadgens aSS-s konstituciis me-5 Sesworebis darRvevas.

poligrafiT Semowmebis erT-erTi ZiriTadi principia gamosakvlevi piris nebayofilobi-Ti Tanxmoba. Tumca, unda iTqvas, rom magaliTad, aSS-i, poligrafiT Semowmebisas dadgenili SezRudvebi ar vrceldeba:


37

1. pirebze, romlebic muSaoben dazvervaSi, kontrdazvervaSi, nacionaluri usafrTxoebis saagentoSi;

2. personalze, romelic dakavSirebulia Tavdacvis saministros, atomuri mrewvelobisa da energetikis obieqtebis momsaxurebasTan;

3. federaluri mTavrobis, administraciis, TviTmmarTvelobis organoebisa da maTi qve-ganyofilebebis wevrebze.[5]

aSS-Si poligrafze Semowmeba fasiania. xarjebs anazRaurebs Stati, Tu gamosakvlevi piri araa finansurad uzrunvelyofili.

sasamarTloSi poligrafiT Semowmeba dasaSvebia, Tu Sesrulebulia Semdegi 5 punqti: 1. braldebuli moiTxovs poligrafze mis Semowmebas; 2. nafic msajulTa sasamarTlo miiCnevs, rom braldebuli, Tavisi mdgomareobidan gamom-

dinare, SeiZleba Semowmdes poligrafze; 3. braldebuli Segnebulad uars ambobs uflebebze, romelic miniWebuli aqvs konstitu-

ciis me-5 SesworebiT; 4. nafic msajulTa sasamarTlo miiCnevs, rom specialisti, kvalificiuria, xolo Tavad

Semowmebis procedura akmayofilebs dadgenil moTxovnebs; 5. braldebulis Cvenebebi miRebuli unda iyos SesaZlo Semowmebis Sesaxeb daskvnis miRe-

bamde.[6] gasuli saukunis 70-90-ian wlebSi bevrma mosamarTlem aRiara im masalebis mtkicebulebi-

Ti baza, romelic miRebuli iyo poligrafuli gamokvlevebiT. dReisaTvis, monacemTa fiqsaciis xerxebis mixedviT, poligrafi iyofa: a) analogiuri, romelSic monacemTa Cawera xdeba diagramul qaRaldze; b) cifruli (kompiuretuli, eleqtro) - Cawera xdeba eleqtronul matarebelze persona-

luri kompiuteris daxmarebiT. Tanamedrove kompiuteruli poligrafi aRWurvilia sensoruli blokiT da maregistri-

rebeli indikatoriT. sensoruli blokis daniSnulebaa signalis miReba indikatoridan, rome-lic axdens fiziologiuri procesebis parametrebis registracias, signalebis gaZlierebas da filtracias, maT gardaqmnas cifrul kodebad da Seyvanas kompiuterSi.

qaRaldis an eleqtronul matarebelze Caweris Sedegs poligrama ewodeba. igi Semdegi komponentebisagan Sedgeba:

a) foni - mSvidad myofi adamianis organizmSi fiziologiuri procesebis mdgomareoba; b) reaqcia - fiziologiuri procesis dinamikis SesamCnevi cvalebadoba. adamianis orga-

nizmis individualuri Taviseburebebis gamo, reaqciis ganviTarebisas SeiZleba adgili hqondes konkretuli funqciis dinamikis gaZlierebas, Semsubuqebas an stabilizacias;

g) artefaqti - kontrolirebadi fiziologiuri procesis dinamikis SesamCnevi (fonTan Se-darebiT) cvalebadoba, romelic uSualod araa dakavSirebuli gamokvlevisas warmodgenil stimulTan da sabuTdeba Sinagani da garegani madestabilizirebeli faqtorebis zemoqmedebiT. Sinagan faqtorebs ganekuTvneba obieqtis ganzraxi an gaufrTxilebeli moZraoba, xvela, mou-lodneli mtkivneuli gancda da a. S., xolo garegans - ZiriTadad, garegani xmovani xarvezi.

gamokvlevis procesSi registrirebuli fiziologiuri reaqciebi araa specifikuri, e. i. maTi sainformacio niSnebiT ar SeiZleba zustad dadgindes maTi gamomwvevi procesis buneba (dadebiTi an uaryofiTi emocia, tyuili, SiSi, tkivili da a. S.). fiziologiuri reaqciis erTa-derTi maxasiaTebeli - esaa misi mdgradi gamoxatuleba situaciurad mniSvnelovani stimulis sapasuxod.[7]

rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, dRemde azrTasxvaobas iwvevs sakiTxi imis Sesaxeb, SesaZlebelia Tu ara poligrafis meSveobiT miRebuli monacemebi sasamarTlos mier miCneul iqnas dasaSveb mtkicebulebad. unda aRiniSnos, rom rig qveynebSi monacemebi, miRebuli fsiqofiziologiuri gamokiTxvis meSveobiT, sasamarTloebis mier mtkicebulebebad ar ganixileba (mag.: germania, po-loneTi).

kategoriulad krZalavs poligrafis gamoyenebas aseve avstriis sisxlis samarTlis sap-roceso kodeqsi, Tundac mis gamoyenebas braldebuli moiTxovdes.[8]

aSS-Si arsebobs kanoni, romlis Tanaxmadac akrZalulia nebismieri mcdeloba msgavsi gamo-kiTxvebis Catarebisa.

aSS-is umaRlesma sasamarTlom Tavis gadawyvetilebaSi - United States v. Scheffer (1998) daad-gina, rom sakiTxi imis Sesaxeb, SeiZleba Tu ara poligrafis gamoyenebiT miRebuli informacia sasamarTlo procesze gamoyenebul iqnas, rogorc mtkicebuleba, unda gadawydes damoukideb-lad Statebisa da okrugebis iurisdiqciis farglebSi.[9]

sasamarTloebis absolutur umravlesobaSi poligrafiT miRebuli informacia mtkicebu-lebad ar daiSveba.


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unda aRiniSnos, rom arsebobs calkeuli faqtorebi, romlebmac, SesaZloa, gavlena moax-dinon fsiqofiziologiuri gamokvlevis saboloo Sedegebze:

a. poligrafologis ganaTleba - specialistis profesiuli codnis done da xarisxi ga-damwyveti faqtoria poligrafis meSveobiT fsiqofiziologiuri gamokvlevisas.

b. Sedegebis araswori interpretacia - deteqtori zomavs ara tyuils, aramed organiz-mis fiziologiuri reaqciis cvlilebas, romelic miuTiTebs gamosakvlevi pirisaTvis wardge-nili monacemebis mniSvnelobaze. gamokvlevisas specialistebis mier arsebuli meTodebisa da sabaziso principebis daucvelobam SesaZlebelia Secdomebamde migviyvanos.

g. gamosakvlevi piris Tavdajereba - gamosakvlevi piris organizmis reaqcia asaxavs ara faqtebis namdvilobas, aramed mxolod rwmenas maT namdvilobaSi an sicrueSi. gamosacdeli pi-rovneba SeiZleba fiqrobdes, rom misi codna namdvilia, Tumca sinamdvileSi igi ar asaxavs obi-eqtur realobas.

d. poligrafologis Tavdajereba - Tu gaTvaliswinebiT, rom poligrafis meSveobiT mi-Rebuli informacia SeiZleba farTod iqnas interpretirebuli, im SemTxvevebSi, rodesac eq-sperti Tavdajerebulia (darwmunebulia) gamosakvlev pirovnebasTan mimarTebaSi, arsebobs araswori (cru) daskvnis saSiSroeba.

e. ukumoqmedeba - adastureben, rom arsebobs meTodebi, romelTa meSveobiTac gamosac-delma pirma SeiZleba zegavlena moaxdinos Cvenebis formirebaze, gamoiyenebs ra specialisti-saTvis SeumCnevel manipulaciebs. ase, magaliTad, aSS-s da natos samxedro mosamsaxureTaTvis arsebobs specialuri programa - R2I (Resistance to interrogation).

v. Sesamowmebeli piris mdgomareoba - Sesamowmebeli piris fizikuri an fsiqologiuri gamofitva (dauZlureba); gamosakvlevi pirovnebis fsiqikuri aSlilobis an am daavadebis gam-wvavebis fazis arseboba, dakavSirebuli gulsisxl-ZarRvTa da sasunTq sistemebTan; gamosacde-li pirovnebis alkoholuri an narkotikuli Trobis mdgomareobaSi yofna, Zliermoqmedi sam-kurnalo preparatebis an fsiqoaqtiuri nivTierebis regularuli moxmareba, piris mcirewlov-neba da sxva.

2003 wels aSS-s nacionalurma akademiam gamoaqveyna angariSi `poligrafi da sicruis ga-movlena`. nacionalurma akademiam gamoarkvia, rom poligrafis meSveobiT Catarebuli gamok-vlevebis umravlesoba iyo àrasaimedo, aramecnieruli da mikerZoebuli`. eqsperimentebis Ca-tarebis Semdeg dadginda, rom sxvadasxva movlenebTan mimarTebaSi adamianTa didi jgufis po-ligrafze Semowmeba ar iZleva SemTxveviT gamocnobaze ukeTes Sedegs. amasTan, adamianTa mci-rericxovani jgufis testireba danaSaulTan mimarTebaSi, iZleva saSualebas, gavarkvioT sic-rue da sinamdvile ufro ukeT, vidre SemTxveviTi gamocnobis dros.[10]

yovelive zemoaRniSnulis gaTvaliswinebiT migvaCnia, rom sisxlis samarTalwarmoebisas, sasamarTlo ganxilvis procesSi, poligrafis meSveobiT miRebuli informacia ar SeiZleba da-saSveb mtkicebulebad iqnas miCneuli, vinaidan igi mxolod varauds emyareba da utyuarad ver adasturebs sisxlis samarTlis saqmeze arsebul garemoebebs. [1] S. ficxelauri, samecniero-teqnikuri saSualebebis da specialuri codnis gamoyenebis prob-lema gamoZiebis procesSi (Teoria da praqtika), Tb., 2005, gv. 151; [2]i. CxeiZe, mtkicebulebaTa dasaSvebobis problema sisxlis samarTlis procesSi, Tb., 2010, gv. 149; [3] S. ficxelauri, samecniero-teqnikuri saSualebebis da specialuri codnis gamoyenebis prob-lema gamoZiebis procesSi (Teoria da praqtika), Tb., 2005, gv. 151; [4] Ю. И. Холодныи, Краткая история становления психофизиологического аппаратурного метода детекции лжи, М., 2000; [5] В. А. Варламов, Детектор лжи, М., 2004; [6] В. А. Варламов, Детектор лжи, М., 2004; [7] Оглоблин С. И., Молчанов А. Ю., Инструментальная «детекция лжи»: академический курс. Ярославль, 2004, с. 464; [8] http:/ec-dejavu.ru/p.polygraph.html; [9] htt://Wikipedia.org/wiki/United States v. Schefer, 1998; [10] The Poligraph and Lie Detection, Washington, 2003.


39


1. i. CxeiZe, mtkicebulebaTa dasaSvebobis problema sisxlis samarTlis procesSi, Tb., 2010; 2. S. ficxelauri, samecniero-teqnikuri saSualebebis da specialuri codnis gamoyenebis prob-

lema gamoZiebis procesSi (Teoria da praqtika), Tb., 2005; 3. Ю. И. Холодныи, Краткая история становления психофизиологического аппаратурного метода детекции

лжи, М., 2000; 4. В. А. Варламов, Детектор лжи, М., 2004; 5. Оглоблин С. И., Молчанов А. Ю., Инструментальная «детекция лжи»: академический курс. Ярославль, 2004.

internet gverdebi:

1. http:/ec-dejavu.ru/p.polygraph.html; 2. htt://Wikipedia.org/wiki/United States v. Schefer, 1998; 3. The Poligraph and Lie Detection, Washington, 2003.

sergo WeliZe nugzari TevdoraZe

`poligrafi~-s gamoyenebis problemebi sisxlis samarTalwarmoebaSi

reziume

statiaSi ganxilulia poligrafis gamoyenebis problemebi sisxlis samarTalwarmoebaSi.

saubari Seexeba im saSualebebsa da teqnikur mowyobilobas, romlebic sxvadasxva qveyanaSi ga-moiyeneboda eWvmitanilTa samxileblad. gansakuTrebuli yuradReba eTmoba riskebs, romleb-sac, SesaZloa, adgili hqondes poligrafis gamoyenebisas, ris gamoc mizanSeuwonelia sasamar-TloSi am gziT miRebuli informaciis mtkicebulebad gamoyeneba.

Sergo Chelidze Nugzar Tevdoradze

`POLYGRAPH~ APPLICATION ISSUES IN CRIMINAL JUSTICE

Summary

The article deals with polygraph application issues in Criminal Justice. The authors discusse those means and

technical facilities that have been used in different countries to reveal the suspect. Special attention is paid to the risks that can take place while application of polygraph. The authors conclude that because of the high probability of these risks it is unacceptable to use the information gained by this way as the evidence in trial.


40

ekonomikuri mecnierebebi

besik aladaSvili

ekonomika omebis dros:

istoriuli gamocdileba da dRevandeli realoba

kacobriobis istoria garkveulwilad omebis istoriaa, amitomac qveynis ekonomikis omis

pirobebTan “morgebis” umdidresi istoriuli gamocdileba arsebobs. XX-XXI saukuneebis didi, Tu patara omebis dros sxvadasxva qveynebis ekonomikis funqcionirebis analizma garkveuli daxmareba unda gagviwios, raTa naTlad warmovidginoT, Tu raoden fitavs qveyanas da damangre-vel ekonomikur Sedegebs tovebs ramdenimedRiani samxedro konfliqtic ki. amJamad am urTule-si sakiTxis mcire analizs warmovadgenT, rac am problemebis Seswavlis mxolod sawyis etapad gvesaxeba. Cveni azriT im geopolitikur sivrceSi, romelSic saqarTvelo imyofeba aRniSnuli problemebis kvleva gansakuTrebiT aqtualuria. ekonomikuri usafrTxoebis sakiTxebi, maT So-ris ekonomikis mdgaradi da stabiluri ganviTareba drois xangrZlivi periodisTvis, mudmivi samecniero kvlevis sagani unda iyos.

meore msoflio omis gamocdileba sazogadoebis ganviTarebis mravalsaukunovani istoria gviCvenebs, rom qveynis politi-

kur, samxedro, socialur, kulturul da a.S. ganviTarebas saboloo jamSi ekonomikuri ganviTa-reba gansazRvravs.

meore msoflio omSi monawile qveynebidan ekonomikis saomar yaidaze gadayvanis problema yvelaze metad demokratiuli qveynebis — aSS-sa da didi britaneTis winaSe dadga, miuxedavad imisa, rom arc erTis teritoriaze uSualod sabrZolo-saxmeleTo operaciebi ar mimdinareobda. sabaz-ro ekonomikis e.w. “Tavisufli” sistemidan saomar yaidaze gadayvanis erT-erT upirveles Teoreti-kosad samarTlianad iTvleba cnobili ingliseli mecnier-ekonomisti jon meinard keinsi, romel-mac 1939 wels gamoaqveyna naSromi omis pirobebSi inflaciis Tavidan acilebis ZiriTadi mimarTu-lebebis Sesaxeb. misi azriT omis pirobebSi inflaciis zrdis SeCerebisTvis aucilebeli iyo mosax-leobis msyidvelobiTi SesaZleblobebis “amoqaCva” gadasaxadebis gazrdis saSualebiT. es RonisZi-eba SesaZlebels xdida erToblivi moTxovnis im doneze SeCerebas, ra donezec aris saqonlisa da momsaxurebis erToblivi miwodeba. keinsis azriT samxedro xarjebis zrdis kvalobaze, rodesac farTo moxmarebis produqciis warmoeba sul ufro mcirdeba, aucilebelia gadasaxadebis gazrda an piradi danazogebis zrdis garkveuli moculobiT Seferxeba, raTa moTxovna-miwodeba maqsima-lurad dabalansdes. amasTan erTad, jon keinsi aucileblad Tvlida: sabaraTo sistemis SemoRebas da normirebul ganawilebaze gadasvlas, fasebze kontrols, xelfasebis “gayinvas” da a.S.

aSS ekonomika meore msoflio omis dros aSS prezidentis, franklin ruzveltis gadawyvetilebiT 1940 wels, meore msoflio omSi

Cabmamde, Seiqmna sakonsultacio komisia, romlis mTavari mizani qveynis ekonomikis omisTvis momzadeba, m.S. fasebze dakvirveba da inflaciis Tavidan acileba iyo. es komisia uSualod pre-zidents eqvemdebareboda. am komisiis mTavari mizani “keinsianuri meTodebis” (saqonelze da momsaxurebaze erToblivi moTxovnis Semcireba gadasaxadebis gazrdisa da fasi-xelfasis dare-gulirebis gziT) inflaciis SeCereba iyo.

aSS meore msoflio omSi 1941 wlis 7 dekembers Caeba. meore dResve fasebi TiTqmis yvela saxis produqciaze ramdenjerme gaizarda. amis sapasuxod aSS fasebze kontrolis biuros xel-mZRvanelma, cnobilma amerikelma ekonomistma da diplomatma jon keneT gelbreiTma sasaqonlo birJebis xelmZRvanelebs daavala(!!!) upirvelesi moxmarebis sasursaTo produqtebze (xorba-li, fqvili, kvercxi, Saqari da sxv.) fasebis zrdis SezRudva. am gadawyvetilebam maleve gamoi-Ro Sedegi da fasebis zrda SeCerda.

omis periodSi aSS-is fasebze kontrolis biuro Saqris, xorcis, fexsacmlis, benzinis, na-turaluri kauCukis, avtosaburavebis da sxv. sasursaTo da samrewvelo daniSnulebis produq-ciis mkacrad normirebul ganawilebas axdenda.


41

magaliTad avtosaburavebis ganawilebis normirebisTvis biurom aRwera aSS-s teritoria-ze arsebuli saburavebi. kerZo avtomobilis mflobelebs ekrZalebodaT axali saburavebis Se-Zena, xolo danarCen momxmareblebs (eklesiebi, samgzavro transporti, policia, saswrafo dax-mareba) saburavebi normis mixedviT eZleodaT.

1945 wlis bolos aSS-is saxelmwifo departamentSi moqmedebda ekonomikuri usafrTxoebis politikis ganyofileba, romelsac aseve jon kenet gelbreiTi xelmZRvanelobda.

“blickrigis” ekonomikuri uzrunvelyofa faSistur-bolSevikuri qveynebi ki, romelTa ekonomika centralizebulad marTvadia,

rogorc wesi, yovelTvis kargad momzadebuli xvdebian oms. albaT imitomac, rom omi, gareSe “mtris xati” da axali teritoriebis dapyroba, am reJimebis arsebobisTvis gardauval aucile-blobas warmoadgens. faSistur-bolSevikuri diqtatoruli reJimebis ekonomika Tavidanve mo-marTulia omebis sawarmoeblad. demokratiulma qveyanam ki unda Seasrulos Zalze rTuli ga-dasvla: Tavisufali sabazro ekonomikidan — centralizebulad regulirebad ekonomikamde.

sazogadoebriv-politikuri da ekonomikuri sistemis specifiurobidan gamomdinare, meo-re msoflio omis dros, aSS-isa da didi britaneTisgan gansxvavebiT, gacilebiT naklebi prob-lema hqondaT sxva meomar qveynebs: germanias, sabWoTa kavSirs, iaponiasa da iatalias. am qveynebs, saxelmwifo marTvis diqtatorul-totalitaruli formis gamo, aTwleulebis man-Zilze ekonomikis centralizebuli marTva (rac xangrZlivi da globaluri omis dros gamarjve-bis erT-erTi aucilebeli winapirobaa) adreve danergili da aprobirebuli hqondaT.

meore msoflio omis Semdeg germaniis da iaponiis saidumlo dokumentebidan gairkva am qveynebis metad Taviseburi da amave dros xSirad efeqtiani ekonomikuri politika omebis dros. 1940 wels britanel da amerikel samxedro eqspertebs miaCndaT, rom germaniis ekonomika sruli datvirTviT, SesaZleblobebis zRvarze muSaobda frontisTvis. aqedan gamomdinare sahaero da-bombvebis Sedegad mwyoridan gamoyvanil TiToeul sawarmos germaniis ekonomikisaTvis udidesi ziani unda moetana. omis Semdeg aRmoCenili saidumlo dokumentebis Seswavlis Semdeg ki gairkva, rom germaniaSi 1940 wels javSanmanqanebis warmoeba TveSi saSualod 136, 1941 wels — 316; 1942 wels — 516; xolo 1943 wels, rodesac mokavSireebma germaniis teritoriis sistematuri dabombva daiw-yes, TveSi ukve 1005 cali iyo. javSanmanqanebis warmoebam maqsimalur dones 1583 cals, 1944 wels miaRwia. analogiuri suraTi iyo TviTmfrinavebis da sxva SeiaraRebis warmoebis mxrivac.

am dros ki, 1941 wlis monacemebiT, mxolod didi britaneTis samxedro mrewveloba TviT-mfrinavebis warmoebiT orjer, xolo tankebis warmoebiT — 1,5 jer aRemateboda germaniis Sesa-bamis maCveneblebs.

dokumentebidan irkveva, rom germaniis ekonomika srulad Seesabameboda mis samxedro doqtrina “blickrigs”. kerZod: germania, sxva meomar qveynebTan SedarebiT iaraRis mcire rao-denobas awarmoebda, avsebda SeiaraRebis garkveul moculobas, romelsac srulad iyenebda ue-cari da moulodneli Stevis dros da momaval SeteviT operaciamde “suls iTqvamda”. Semdeg kvlav avsebda iaraRis da tyvia-wamlis garkveul moculobas da a.S.

Tu SeteviTi operacia warmatebiT viTardeba da iaraRis maragebis Sesavsebad pauzac sak-maoa, maSin ra aucielebelia mTeli ekonomikis samxedro produqciis warmoebiT Zalze gadat-virTva? amgvari taqtika paralelurad farTo moxmarebis produqciis stabilurad warmoebis saSualebasac iZleva.

ase iyo meore msoflio omis sawyis etapze. Semdeg ki gamoCnda, rom germaniis ekonomika lokalur omze da swraf gamarjvebaze iyo “momarTuli” da ar iyo mzad totaluri da xangrZli-vi omisTvis.

sabWoTa kavSirTan omis win germania ufro seriozulad emzadeboda, Tumca esec ekonomi-kis gansakuTrebuli daZabvis gareSe xdeboda. sainteresoa, rom omis dawyebidan ori wlis Sem-deg, anu 1943 wels, germaniam, moeloda ra omis swraf dasrulebas, SeiaraRebis warmoeba Seamci-ra kidec. aseve sainteresoa, rom germaniaSi samuSao Zalis resursebis Sesavsebad qalebis mobi-lizaciac ki ar moaxdines. adolf hitleris doqtrina iTvaliswinebda, rom germaneli qalis mTavari saqmianoba samzareulo, eklesia da bavSvebis aRzrda yofiliyo. amave dros Zalze mci-re iyo samxedro sawarmoebi sadac Ramis cvla muSaobda.

germaniisgan gansxvavebiT, iaponiis ekonomika naklebad sicocxlisunariani da gamZle aR-moCnda saomari operaciebis, upirvelesad ki sahaero dabombvebis mimarT. iaponiis sahaero Za-lebi ZiriTadad erTZraviani gamanadgureblebisagan Sedgeboda. imis gamo, rom iaponias alumini ar hqonda, TviTmfrinavebi msubuqi Tunuqisgan mzaddeboda. gamanadgureblebs Sasi ki ar exsne-boda, aramed scildebodaT. simaRlis aRebis Semdeg mfrinavi specialuri berketis saSualebiT Zirs agdebda Sasis. amgvari TviTmfrinavebi specialurad mfrinavi TviTmkvlelebisTvis (“kami-kaZeebisTvis”) mzaddeboda.


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Tanamedrove omebis ekonomikuri uzrunvelyofa XXI saukunis dasawyisSi warmoebulma omebma (erayi, saqarTvelo, libani, libia, avRaneTi)

dagvanaxa, rom dReisaTvis meomari qveynebi cdiloben maqsimalurad mokle droSi miayenon maqsi-malurad didi danakargi mowinaaRmdeges. amitomac danaxarjebi Tanamedrove omis dros mniSvne-lovnad gansxvavebulia vidre, Tundac 1978-1988 wlebis eray-iranis omis dros, rodesac mxareebi erTmaneTis ekonomikuri potencialis (upirvelesad ki mowinaaRmdegis navTobisa da bunebrivi gazis sabadoebis mwyobridan gamoyvanas da maTi mopoveba-transportirebis Seferxebas) maqsima-lur ganadgurebas sahaero TavdasxmebiTa da saartilerio dabombvebiT cdilobdnen. amJamad Ta-namedrove omebis Teoretikosebs miaCniaT, rom samxedro dapirispirebas swrafi samxedro opera-ciis saxe unda hqondes minimaluri adamianuri danakargebiTa da ekonomikuri danaxarjebiT. eko-nomikuri zianis minimizacia unda moxdes, rogorc globalur (msoflio safinanso da sasaqonlo bazrebze), aseve lokalur (samxedro operaciis mwarmoebeli qveynis SigniT) doneebze.

Tumca Teoria erTia, xolo realoba sul sxvagvaradaa. XXI saukunis samxedro operaciebi-sa da lokaluri omebis Sedegebis analizi ki gviCvenebs, rom:

a. ekonomikuri globalizaciis pirobebSi lokalur omsac ki (gansakuTrebiT strategiu-lad mniSvnelovan geopolitikur regionebSi) SeuZlia msoflios safondo da sasaqonlo bir-Jebze seriozuli panika gamoiwvios, rasac erTis mxriv strategiul resursebze fasebis swrafi zrda, xolo meores mxriv ekonomikis zogierTi dargis (turizmi, sahaero gadayvanebi, saamSeneb-lo da sastumro biznesi da a.S.) ganviTrebis xangrZlivi Seferxeba SeiZleba mohyves. amis maga-liTia israelis SeWra libanSi 2006 wels, rasac navTobis msoflio fasebis swrafi zrda mohyva; aseve 2012 wels saerTaSoriso Zalebis mier libiaSi Catarebuli samxedro operaciebi.

b. lokaluri omebis gavlena Sida ekonomikur procesebze gamoixateba qveynis Sida ekono-mikuri situaciis ukiduresad gamwvavebaSi (inflacia, resursebis maragebi Semcireba, saerTa-Sorios investiciebis Semcireba, umuSevrobis zrda; infrastruqturis moSla da a.S.). risi TvalsaCino magaliTia, ruseT-saqarTvelos “agvistos omi”.

“Tu ginda mSvidoba, emzade omisTvis” ekonomikis “saomar yaidaze” gadayvana da samxedro moqmedebebis ekonomikuri uzrunvel-

yofa urTulesi amocanaa nebismieri qveynis xelisuflebisTvis. ucxoeli samxedro eqspertebis SefasebiT saqarTvelos, arc materialurad, arc fizikurad da arc moralurad ar ZaluZs sam-xedro moqmedebis xangrZlivi droiT warmoeba. samwuxarod es mosazreba “agvistos ommac” daa-dastura.

samxedro konfliqtis dros qveynis ekonomikis efeqtiani funqcionireba is sakiTxia, rom-lis safuZvliani Seswavla da sxva qveynebis gamocdilebis gaTvaliswineba Cveni qveynisTvis ga-daudebel aucileblobad gvesaxeba potenciuri samxedro konfliqtebis finansur-ekonomikuri uzrunvelyofa da Tavad saomari moqmedebebis negatiuri socialur-ekonomikuri Sedegebi wi-naswar unda iyos gaTvlili.

saqarTvelos sakanonmdeblo da aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebebis valia gamoZebnon saTana-do resursebi, raTa gafarTovdes aRniSnuli problemebis mecnieruli kvleva da umokles va-debSi Seiqmnas saomari moqmedebebis samxedro-ekonomikuri uzrunvelyofis konceptualuri dokumentebi, romlebic Semdeg miznobrivi programebis formas miiReben.

gamoyenebuli literatura: 1. hantigtoni s. jariskaci da saxelmwifo: samoqalaqo-samxedro urTierTobaTa Teoria da po-

litika. Tb. 2005. 2. hersti h., tompsoni g., “globalizacia, kritikuli analizi”, Tbilisi 2005. 3. Бжезинский З. Великая шахматная доска. М. 1998. 4. Гэлбрейт Дж. К. Жизнь в наше время. воспоминания. М., 1986. 5. Шпеер А. Воспоминания М., 1997. 6. Киссинджер Г. Дипломатия. М. 1997. 7. `The threat of chaos~, `FSU oil and gas monitor~ ;, 22 December 2010.


43

besik aladaSvili

ekonomika omebis dros: istoriuli gamocdileba da dRevandeli realoba

reziume

naSromi eZRvneba erovnuli ekonomikis usafrTxoebis erT-erT umniSvnelovanes sferos: qveynis ekonomikis mdgradi da stabiluri ganviTarebis problemebs omebisa da SeiaraRebuli konfliqtebis dros.

naSromSi meore msoflio omis magaliTze gaanalizebulia sxvadasxva qveynebis ekonomiku-ri politika saomari mdgomareobis dros.

avtoris azriT ekonomikuri globalizaciis pirobebSi lokalur omsac ki (gansakuTrebiT strategiulad mniSvnelovan geopolitikur regionebSi) SeuZlia msoflios safondo da sasa-qonlo birJebze seriozuli panika gamoiwvios. lokaluri omebis gavlena Sida ekonomikur pro-cesebze gamoixateba qveynis Sida ekonomikuri situaciis ukiduresad gamwvavebaSi (inflacia, resursebis maragebis Semcireba, saerTaSoriso investiciebis Semcireba, umuSevrobis zrda; in-frastruqturis moSla da a.S.) risi TvalsaCino magaliTia, Tundac ruseT-saqarTvelos àgvis-tos omi~.

daskvnis saxiT aRniSnulia, rom saqarTvelos sakanonmdeblo da aRmasrulebeli xelisuf-lebebis valia gamoZebnon saTanado resursebi, raTa gafarTovdes aRniSnuli problemebis mec-nieruli kvleva da umokles vadebSi Seiqmnas saomari moqmedebebis samxedro-ekonomikuri uz-runvelyofis konceptualuri dokumentebi, romlebic Semdeg miznobrivi programebis formas miiReben.

Besik Aladashvili

ECONOMY DURING THE WARS: HISTORICAL EXPERIENCE AND MODERN REALITY

Summary

The thesis is about one of the most important field in the economic security: Country’s Economic Stable

development problems during the war and armed conflicts. According to the example of the Second World War the different countries economic policy is discussed in the

thesis. From the author’s point of view, during the economic globalization even the local war (especially in the

geopolitical regions of a strategic importance) could cause serious panic on the World’s Fund and Stock Markets. The influence of the local wars impacts on the country’s local economic situation (inflation, stock resources decrease, decrease of the international investments, the growth of the unemployment , infrastructure collapse and etc.) The vivid example is Russian-Georgian War Àugust War~.

In the conclusion it is admitted that the duty of the Georgian Legislation and the Government is to search suitable resources, to widen above mentioned scientific research problems and to create conceptual documents providing the military – economy in the shortest terms , which will be reformulated as aimed programs afterwards.


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nodar bagrationi

savaluto bazris funqcionirebisa da valutis

konvertirebadobis zogierTi sakiTxi

sabazro ekonomikis miTxovnaTa safuZvelze saqarTvelos ekonomikis transformaciisa da

msoflio globalizaciis procesebSi misi CarTulobis intensifikaciis amocanebma wina planze wamowia qveynis savaluto sistemis srulyofisa da masTan dakavSirebuli problemebis mecnie-ruli kvlevis mniSvneloba. qveynis savaluto sistemis winaSe dgas erTi mxriv, saerTaSoriso ekonomikuri urTierTobaTa gafarToebis, investiciebis mozidvis, erovnuli valutis stabi-lurobis uzrunvelyofis, angariSsworebis da gadaxdaTa xelSewyobis, xolo meore mxriv, qvey-nis ekonomikis sagareo savaluto-safinanso riskebisa da sxvadasxva negatiuri tendenciebisa-gan dacvis amocanebi. savaluto sistemis efeqturi funqcionireba qveynis makroekonomikuri stabilurobis uzrunvelyofis mniSvnelovani pirobaa. misi funqcionirebis xarisxis yvelaze ganzogadebul maCvenebels warmoadgens samomxmareblo bazarze fasebis stabiluroba, naciona-luri valutis gacvliTi kursis cvlileba msoflios wamyvan valutaTa mimarT da misi sasur-vel niSnulze dafiqsireba, sagadasaxdelo sistemis efeqturi funqcionirebis maCveneblebi. kvlavwarmoebis procesSi es maCveneblebi mWidrodaa urTierT kavSirSi da erTmaneTs ganapiro-beben, Tumca TiToeul maTgans gaaCnia funqcionirebis avtonomiuri sfero, sadac vlindeba ma-Ti moqmedebis meqanizmi da kvlavwarmoebis procesze zemoqmedebis specifikuroba. savaluto regulireba qveynis fulad-sakredito politikis Semadgeneli nawilia da centraluri bankis funqciaa.

zemoT aRniSnuli sakiTxebi qarTveli mecnierebis erTi nawilis kvlevis sagania. am mxriv aRsaniSnavia profesorebis: v. papavas, m. kakulias, r. kakulias, r. asaTianis, g. xelaias, i. mesxi-as, S. qistauris, n. aslamaziSvilis, e. jgerenaias, g. malaSxias da sxvaTa damsaxureba. Tumca eko-nonikuri procesebis ganviTarebis dinamizmi, saSinao da sagareo faqtorTa mniSvnelovani cvlilebebi am sferoSi warmoaCenen sul axal axal problemebs, romlebic saWiroeben axlebur gaazrebas da Sefasebas. ar SeiZleba ar daveTanxmoT prof. m. kakulias mosazrebas imis Sesaxeb, rom, ’’savaluto sistemis adeqvaturobaze bevradaa damokidebuli saqarTvelos ekonomikis sa-erTaSoriso sasaqonlo bazrebTan urTierTqmedeba, romelic mniSvnelovan wilad ganapirobebs mTliani Sida produqtis kvlavwarmoebis tempebs da proporciebs... racionaluri savaluto sistema qveynis ekonomikis realur seqtorSi ucxouri investiciebis mozidvis Zlier stimuls warmoadgens. aqedan gamomdinare, igi Cvens qveyanaSi ekonomikis zrdis da siRaribis daZlevis erT-erT wanamZRvrad unda miviCnioT’’ /m. kakulia, savaluto sistemis ganviTarebis problemebi saqarTveloSi, Tb., 2001w. gv.5-6./.

savaluto sistemis funqcionirebis arsis gageba ar SiZliba dayvanil iqnas erT mniSvnel-ze. mxvedvelobaSi gvaqvs is garemoeba, rom dRevandel msoflioSi sxvadasxva qveynebi ekonomi-kuri ganviTarebis donis mixedviT mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdebian erTmaneTisagan. sxvadasxvaa maTi adgili saerTaSoriso Sromis danawilebaSi, kapitalis kvlavwarmoebaSi, savaWro brunva-Si... maTi erTi nawili orientirebulia kapitalis gatanasa da axali bazrebis aTvisebaze, meore-ni-sabazro ekonomikis mSeneblobis, ucxouri kapitalis mozidvis, sagareo valdebulebebis dafrvis, valutis konvertirebis da sxva msgagsi problemebis gadaWraze. cxadia, rom es gan-sxvaveba ganapirobebs gansxvavebas mTlianad savaluto sistemisa da misi calkeuli elementebis gamoyenebaSi, im politikasa da midgomebSi, romlebic gamomdinareoben am qveynebis winaSe mdgo-mi ekonomikuri da socialuri, saSinao da sagareo urTierTobebidan.

saqarTvelosaTvis savaluto sistemis funqcionirebis erT-erT mniSvnelovan sakiTxs erovnuli valutis, laris, konvertirebadobis da gacvliTi kursis formirebisa da marTvis sa-kiTxebi warmoadgens. zogierTi mkvlevari ver poulobs gansxvavebas laris konvertirebasa da gacvliT kurss Soris. migvaCnia, rom valutis konvertirebadoba erTi qveynis fulis sxva qvey-nis fulze gacvladobis aRmniSvneli cnebaa da fulis, rogorc gadaxdis saSualebis imanenturi niSanTvisebaa. rac Seexeba valutis gacvlad kurss is gamoxatavs, gviCvenebs konkretuli droi-saTvis/TariRisaTvis/ erTi qveynis valutis sxva qveynis valutaSi gamoxatul RirebulebiT proporcias, paritets.

miuxedavad aRniSnuli gansxvavebulobisa da valutis konvertirebadobisa, mis gacvliT kursebs Soris arsebobs kavSiri. valutis konvertireba da misi regulireba saboloo jamSi ukavSirdeba gacvliTi kursis reJimis cvlilebas, gacvliT kursze zemoqmedebas.

saqarTveloSi savaluto regulirebis mTavar subieqts saqarTvelos erovnuli banki war-moadgens, romelic SeimuSavebs savaluto politikas da misi realizaciis meqanizms. is aregu-lirebs rogorc savaluto bazris, aseve savaluto operaciebis teqnikasa da aRricxvis saqmes. mis funqciebSi Sedis saqarTvelos teritoriaze ucxouri valutis gamoyenebis reJimis gansaz-Rvra, ucxouri valutebis mimarT erovnuli valutis oficialuri kursis gansazRvris wesisa da


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gacvliTi kursis reJimis dadgena. is warmoadgens savaluto kontrolis organos. CvenTan sava-luto regulirebis da gacvliTi kursis dadgenis mniSvnelovan instruments savaluto inter-venciebi warmoadgens, rac niSnavs erovnuli bankis mier ucxouri valutis Tavisufal Sesyidva-gayidvas valutis kursis cvlilebaze zemoqmedebis mizniT. is savaluto politikis realizaciis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani instrumentia. erovnuli banki damoukideblad wyvets in-tervenciis ganxorcielebis sakiTxebs, mis moculobas, periods, pirobebs. dRemde intervenci-ebis ZiriTad tips arasteriluri intervencia warmoadgens, rac mimoqcevaSi fuladi masis cvlilebasTanaa dakavSirebuli. rac Seexeba sterilurs, erovnuli banki masac mimarTavs, mag-ram misi roli SedarebiT mcirea, rac aixsneba fasiani qaRaldebis bazris ganuviTareblobiT. ara steriluri meTodiT valutis kursis sasurveli niSnulis miRwevas, erovnuli banki mimoq-cevaSi fuladi masis SedarebiT mokle vadaSi zrda-Semcirebis xarjze aRwevs. gacvliTi kursis aseTi wesiT regulireba garkveuli safrTxis Semcvelia. is SesaZlebelia winaaRmdegobaSi movi-des saxelmwifo fasebis politikasTan, gamoiwvios misi ara sasurveli cvlileba, xeli Seuwyos inflaciuri procesebis gaRrmavebas, negatiurad aisaxos valutis msyidvelunarianobaze. aqe-dan gamomdinare, upiratesoba sterilur meTods unda mivaniWoT, romlis pirobebSi savaluto kursis cvlileba mimoqcevaSi laris masis zrdis gareSe miiRweva, Tumca rogorc zemoT avRniS-neT, is garkveul winapirobebs saWiroebs. saqarTveloSi dRevandeli realobis gaTvaliswine-biT, rodesac bankebis aqtivebis da pasivebis mniSvnelovani nawili ucxour valutaSia gamoxa-tuli /ZiriTadad dolarebSi/, erovnuli valutis kursis formirebaze xelovnuri gavlena sif-rTxiles saWiroebs. man SesaZlebelia safrTxe Seuqmnas sabanko sistemis mdgradobasa da kon-kurentunarianobas, bazris subieqtebis, maT Soris mosaxleobis qonebriv interesebs. Tumca es ar niSnavs imas, TiTqos saWirod ar vTvliT erovnuli bankis zedamxvedvelobas valutis kur-swarmoqmnaze. qveynis dRevandeli ekonomikuri mdgomareobis gaTvaliswinebiT, valutis kursis formirebis ukontrolo ,,miSveba’’ Secdoma iqneboda. Cven mxolod SesaZlo saSiSroebaze mivu-TiTebT. bazarze Caurevlobam SeiZleba gamoiwvios kursis ara mxolod ara sasurveli ryevebi, aramed makroekonomikuri destabilizaciac. amitom erovnuli bankis intervenciebi am SesaZ-leblobis prevenciis RonisZiebad unda miviCnioT.

sakonversio operaciebi savaluto bazarze warmoebs. am bazris agentebia erovnuli banki, komerciuli bankebi, valutis gadamcvleli punqtebi. imis gamo, rom saqarTvelos savaluto ba-zari sakmarisad likviduri araa, mas xSirad ar ZaluZs ucxouri valutis msxvili nakadebis’’ STanTqva`. erovnuli banki axorcielebs Warbi valutis Sesyidvas da laris misaRebi sakurso niSnulis gasazRvris uzrunvelyofas. am bazris ara sakmarisi ganviTarebis niSania isic, rom msxvili bankebis, rogorc bazris Semqmnelebis funqcia - iyvnen sxva bankebisaTvis valutis yid-va- gayidvis kursebis ganmsazRvrelebi, ganviTarebuli qveynebisagan gansxvavebiT, ar moqme-debs. komerciuli bankebis mier savaluto birJis gverdis avliT erTmaneTze realizebuli uc-xouri valutis moculoba mcirea, ris gamoc bankTa Soris, anu sadilingo bazars ar Seswevs unari arsebiTi gavlena moaxdinos kurswarmoqmnaze... am bazris efeqturoba mniSvnelovnad gai-zarda vaWrobis eleqtronuli sistemis danergvis Semdeg. bankTaSoriso savaluto birJis roli savaluto vaWrobaSi mniSvnelovnad Semcirda mas Semdeg rac funqcionireba daiwyo savaluto auqcionma. 2009 wlis 25 maisidan laris oficialuri gacvliTi kursi dgindeba ara Tbsb-ze da-fiqsirebuli gacvliTi kursis mixedviT, aramed savaluto auqcionze dafiqsirebul garigeba-Ta saSualo Sewonili maCveneblis mixedviT. amrigad, savaluto auqcioni unda miviCnioT fu-lad-savaluto politikis instrumentad, sadac erovnuli banki yidis da yidulobs valutas, zemoqmedebs laris kursis formirebaze. savaluto bazrebis udides segments saqarTveloSi Si-da sabanko anu klienturis bazari warmoadgens. saqarTvelos savaluto bazris ZiriTad niSan-Tvisebas warmoadgens is, rom warmoebuli operaciebis didi nawili sakaso, anu spotur garige-bebze modis, romlis Sesrulebis vada 2 samuSao dRes ar aRemateba. savaluto operaciebis aseTi SezRuduli xasiaTi unda avxsnaT ZiriTadad ori mizeziT; erTi, arastabiluri ekonomikuri ga-remoTi, romelsac axasiaTebs maRali savaluto riskebi da ramdenadme didi periodisaTvis la-ris gacvliTi kursis cvlilebis swori prognozirebis SeuZlebloba, da meore, Sejerebis sis-temis ara srulyofilebiT. aseTi mdgomareoba ar warmoadgens gamonakliss saqarTvelosaTvis. is damaxasiaTebelia transformaciuli ekonomikis qveynebis umetesobisaTvis da aixsneba eko-nomikis da Sesabamisad savaluto bazris ara saTanado ganviTarebiT.

Sida savaluto bazris kurswarmoqmnis procesze garkveul negatiur gavlenas axdens va-lutis gadamcvleli punqtebi, romelTa nawili ara sabanko seqtors qmnis da awarmoeben naRdi valutiT rogorc wvril, aseve SedarebiT msxvil sabiTumo operaciebs. am bazrisaTvis damaxa-siaTebel niSans warmoadgens egreT wodebuli mini ‘’ Sokebi ‘’- ucxouri valutis Sesyidvasa da gayidvis kursebs Soris sxvaobis xSiri cvlilebebi, ise, rom mas sulac ara aqvs sabazro wonas-worobis fundamentur cvlilebebTan kavSiri da ZiriTadad aixsneba bazrebze periodulad va-lutis erTjerad miwodebasa da moTxovnas Soris mniSvnelovani gansxvavebiT. xSirad aq Camoya-libebuli cvlilebebi Tu ramdenime dReSi ar ganeitralda ,ama Tu im zomiT vrceldeba kom-


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erciul bankebsa da savaluto birJazec ki. kursis aseTi myisieri cvlilebis Semdeg, kvlav iwye-ba `damSvidebis` procesi, sawyisi koniuqturis aRdgena.

Sida savaluto bazris specifiurobas warmoadgens bankTa Sorisi da Sida sabanko bazre-bis dolarizaciis maRali done. garigebaTa didi nawili dolarebSi warmoebs. amas isic ganapi-robebs, rom qveynis SigniT ramdenadme msxvili garigebebis sagrZnobi nawili dolarebSia deno-minirebuli. dolari larTan erTad asrulebs gadaxdis da dagrovebis funqciebs. sxva valute-bis roli SedrebiT mokrZalebulia. qveynad dolarze moTxovna-miwodebis cvlilebebi, mniSvne-lovan gavlenas axdens erovnuli valutis, laris gacvliTi kursis Camoyalibebaze, ganapiro-bebs mis ryevebs ekononikaSi raime mniSvnelovani cvlilebebis gareSe. aseT viTarebaSi mniSvne-lovania Tavidan acilebuli iqnas mravali kursis arsebobis SesaZlebloba, vinaidan is ewinaaR-mdegeba erovnuli valutis gacvliTi kursis efeqturi regulirebis amocanebs, warmoSobs sava-luto spekulacias, sxva negatiur movlenebs, rac ewinaaRmdegeba erovnuli bankis mier efeq-turi savaluto-sakredito politikis ganxorcielebis SesaZleblobas, gulisxmobs savaluto SezRudvebis SemoRebis aucileblobas. yovelive es ki ewinaaRmdegeba valutis mcuravi kursis praqtikas, aRaraferi, rom vTqvaT valutis Tavisufli konvertirebadobis moTxovnebze.

mecnieruli naSromis zogierT avtors miaCnia, rom savaluto kursi unificirebulad Se-iZleba miviCnioST im SemTxvevaSi, Tu gansxvaveba oficialur da sabazro kursebs Soris ar aRe-mateba plus minus 2%-s /m. kakulia, savaluto sastemis ganviTarebis problemebi saqarTveloSi, Tb., 2001w., gv.48/. veTanxmebiT ra aRniSnul mosazrebas, migvaCnia, rom savaluto kursi maSinac SeiZleba miviCnioT unificirebulad, Tu bazars xanmokle ,,Sokis` Semdeg, romlis xangrZlivoba ar aRemateba 3 dRes, SeuZlia daubrundes sawyis mdgomareobas erovnuli bankis savaluto in-tervenciebis Tu sxva gansakuTrebuli zomebis gareSe, Tumca sanamdvileSi amis miRweva xSirad erovnuli bankis CareviT xdeba, rac bazris arastabilurobiT aixsneba.

qveynis valutis konvertirebis sakiTxi Sida da gare konvertirebis gagebas ukavSirdeba, rac qveynis SigniT da mis sazRvrebs gareT ucxour valutaze gacvlis gansxvavebulobT aixsne-ba. literaturaSi am cnebebis ganmartebas sxvadasxva avtori gansxvavebulad gvTavazobs. misa-Rebad migvaCnia ganmarteba, romlis mixvedviTac Sida konvertireba gulisxmobs oficialurad nebadarTul naRd da unaRdo savaluto gacvlas mocemuli qveynis teritoriaze, xolo gare konvertirebadoba - erovnuli valutis dakanonebul gasvlas msoflio arenaze /Бункин М.К ., Семионов А. М, Основы валютнsых отношении М. 1998 г. Стр. 10/, Tumca migvaCnia, rom es ganmarteba mainc srulad ver gamoxatavs sruli konvertabelobis Sinaarsobliv mxares. vfiqrobT, valuta Tavisuflad konvertirebadia Tu is SeuzRudavad icvleba sxva qveynis valutaze qveynis Sig-niT Tu mis gareT, erTi pirobis gaTvaliswinebiT, saerTaSoriso savaluto bazarze aris masze moTxovna. Cveni qveynis valutis konvertaciac daSvebulia sazRvargareT, magram mas Tavisuf-lad konvertirebad valutas mainc ver vuwodebT, vinaidan sazRvargareTis savaluto bazrebze lari ar kotirebs - araa masze moTxovna. aseTi valutaTa ricxvi msoflioSi didi araa. valutis aseTi statusi emitenti qveynisagan moiTxovs mniSvnelivan ekonomikur, finansur da politikur winapirobebs, rasac samwuxarod, saqarTvelo jer-jerobiT ver akmayofilebs, amitom lari Si-da konvertirebadi valutebis kategoriaTa ricxvs ganekuTvneba.

saqarTvelos valutis sruli konvertirebadobis miRwevis saqneSi etapobrivi mniSvneliba hqonda im RonisZiebaTa cxovrebaSi realizacias, romlebmac moamwifa niadagi saerTaSoriso sa-valuto fondis xelSekrulebis VIII muxlze saqarTvelos misaerTeblad, rac ganxorcielda ki-dec 1997 wels. am RonisZiebiT saerTaSoriso masStabiT aRiarebuli iqna qarTuli valutis Seuz-Rudavi Sesyidva-gayidvis SesaZlebloba saerTaSoriso savaluto fondis wevri qveynebis erov-nul valutaze, es ki Tavisuflad konvertirebadobis wina pirobas warmoadgens. Tumca is dRemde Sida konvertirebad valutad rCeba. Sida konvertirebis masazrdovebel wyaroebs warmoadgens: rezidentebis saeqsporto-saimporto operaciebi, ucxouri investiciebi da sesxebi, sazRvarga-reTis qveynebidan mosaxleobis transfertebi. gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom laris sarezervo masis daaxloebiT 80 % naRdi saxiT mimoiqceva. amitom ucxour valutaze moTxovnis mniSvnelovani na-wili naRdi formiT yalibdeba. misi nawili xvdeba bankebSi da icvleba ucxour valutaze unaRdo wesiT. nawili ki icvleba naRd valutaze rogorc bankebSi, aseve valutis gadamcvlel punqtebSi, maT Soris ara sabankoSi. maTi xvedriTi wona gacvliT operaciebSi didi ar aris, magram isini mainc garkveulad gavlenas axdenen kurswarmoqmnaze da maTi ignorireba ar SeiZleba.

ramdenadac qveynad dolaris poziciebi mniSvnelovania, mniSvnelovania laris saWiroe-bac misi konvertaciisaTvis. sagareo ekonomikuri da kulturuli kavSirebi, investiciebi, fi-zikuri pirebis transferebi dolarebSi zrdis moTxovnas larze, rogorc konvertaciis valu-taze. fuladi sistemis Sinagani winaaRmdegoba, romlis arsic mdgomareobs imaSi, rom qveynad dakanonebuli gadaxdis erTad-erTi saSualebis, laris, paralelurad araoficialurad igive funqcias asrulebs dolaric, damatebiT warmoqmnis moTxovnas larze, rac negatiurad aisaxeba mimoqcevaSi fulis masaze, zrdis mas. es saWiroeba araa dakavSirebuli ekonomikis realur zrdasTan, is larze inflaciuri moTxovnaa, mas ekonomikuri uzrunvelyofa ar gaaCnia. mniSvne-


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lovanwilad amiT unda aixsnas is garemoeba, rom Sida bazarze ucxouri valutis gayidvebi War-bobs maT Sesyidvebs. Warbi valutis modinebis ganeitraleba da miwodeba-moTxovnas Soris ba-lansis uzrunvelyofis erT-erTi saSualeba erovnuli bankis mier misi Sesyidvebia. aseT inter-venciebs, rogorc cnobilia, mimoqcevaSi laris damatebiTi gaSveba mosdevs, rac sakurso rye-vebis saSiSroebas warmoqmnis.

zemoT aRniSnuli ar niSnavs imas, rom rezidentebs Tu ara rezidentebs ar unda hqondeT ucxouri valutis Tavisufali wvdomis SesaZlebloba. problema mdgomareobs imaSi, rom mas Tan ar sdevdes fulis mimoqcevis destabilizacia da ekonomikaSi erovnuli valutis poziciebis Sesusteba.

valutis konvertaciis problemebi garkveulad ukavSirdeba fizikuri da iuridiuli pi-rebis mier ucxouri valutis flobis reJims. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom am mxriv saqarTveloSi moqme-di kanonmdebloba xasiaTdeba mniSvnelovani liberalobiT. jer kidev 1992 welis 5 marts saqar-Tvelos ministrTa kabinetma miiRo dadgenileba saqarTvelos respublikaSi sagareo-ekonomi-kuri saqmianobis liberalizaciis Sesaxeb, romlis mixedviTac nabismier iuridiul da fizikur pirs mieca rwmunebul bankSi savaluto angariSebis gaxsnisa da am angariSebze arsebuli saxsre-bis yovelgvari SezRudvis gareSe gankargvis ufleba / saqarTgelos respublikis ministrTa ka-binetis dadgenilebani, 1992 wlis marti, gv.17/. savaluto liberalizaciiT unda avxsnaT is faq-ti, rom zogierTi qveynisagan gansxvavebiT, mniSvnelovani naRdi erovnuli da ucxouri valutis da sagadasxdelo dokumentebSi denominirebuli saxsrebis sazRvargareT gatana-Semotana ara Tu kontroldeba, aramed maTi statistikuri aRricxvac ki ar xdeba, rac mizanSewonilad ar migvaCnia. mis gareSe SeuZlebelia zustad ganisazRvros sagadamxdelo balansis mimdinare anga-riSebis realuri moculobis da struqturis maCveneblebi. migvaCnia, rom maTi aRricxva / da ara kontroli/ unda warmoebdes. liberaluri reJimi vrceldeba ucxour investiciebzec.

Cvens mier zemoT aRniSnuli da sxva RonisZiebebi, romlebic ganxorcielda Cvens qveyanaSi savaluto meqanizmis funqcionirebis liberalizaciis mimarTulebiT, lars realurad aqcevs konvertirebad valutad, rogorc qveynis SigniT ise mis gareT, Tumca Cveni laris konvertire-badoba qveynis sazRvrebs gareT formalur xasiaTs atarebs. unda aRvniSnoT, rom laris mcura-vi gacvliTi kursis reJimis SemoRebas safuZvlad daedo erovnuli bankis sabWos 1998 wlis 7 de-kembris dadgenileba Tbilisis bankTaSoriso svaluto birJaze dolaris mimarT intervenciebis Sewyvetis Sesaxeb. am dadgenilebis mizans warmoadgenda qveynad saerTaSoriso savaluto re-zervebis gazrda da laris kursis SenarCuneba qveynisaTvis misaReb niSnulze. am mizniT erovnu-li bankis mier SenarCunebuli iqna intervenciebi laris mimarT, rac gamoixata imiT, rom dola-ris siWarbis SemTxvevaSi mas SeuZlia Seisyidos misi Warbi raodenoba, Tumca regulirebis ase-Ti wesi inflaciis saSiSroebis Semcvelia, gansakuTrebiT qveynis biujetis daficitis pirobeb-Si/. mimoqcevaSi fulis masis dausabuTebeli zrda negatiurad aisaxeba samomxmareblo fasebsa da laris kursze, ganapirobebs larebSi nominirebuli depozitebis dolarul eqvivalentSi ga-dayvanas, ekonomikuri aqtivobis Semcirebas ,ekonomikaSi laris poziciebis Sesustebas.

mimoqcevaSi laris masis dasabuTebuli cvlileba da ucxo qveynebis valutaTa mimarT misi kursis sworad gansazRvra, qveynad fasebis stabilurobis miRwevis da erovnuli valutis av-toritetis zrdis, ekonomikaSi laris poziciebis ganmtkicebis, misi sruli konvertirebadobis realurad miRwevis aucilebeli pirobaa .

nodar bagrationi

savaluto bazris funqcionirebisa da valutis

konvertirebadobis zogierTi sakiTxi

reziume

naSromi `savaluto bazris funqcionirebisa da valutis konvertirebadobis zogierTi sa-kiTxi`, exeba saqarTvelos savaluto bazris funqcionirebis da regulirebis Tanamedrove aq-tualur sakiTxebs. ganxilulia am bazris institucionaluri struqtura, misi Semadgeneli rgolebis roli da adgili, laris konvertirebadobis Sinaarsi da problemebi, masze moqmedi faqtorebi, dolarizaciis gavlena mis stabilurobasa da sainvesticio procesebze. dasabuTe-bulia, rom savaluto bazris efeqturi funqcionireba, ucxo qveynis valutaTa mimarT misi kur-sis swori gansazRvra, qveynad fasebis stabilurobis miRwevis da erovnuli valutis avtorite-tis zrdis, ekonomikaSi laris poziciebis ganmtkicebis, misi sruli konvertirebadobis realu-rad miRwevis aucilebeli pirobaa.


48

Nodar Bagrationi

FUNCTIONING OF THE FOREIGN EXCHANGE MARKET AND SOME QUESTIONS OF CURRENCY CONVERTIBILITY

Summary

The work `functioning of the foreign exchange market and some questions of currency convertibility~ is

related to the functioning of foreign exchange market and the regulation of important subjects. Author discusses the institutional structure of the market, its role and place, the content of the gel convertibility and problems, factors affecting it, the dollarization effect on its stability and investment processes. It is proved that the effective functioning of the foreign exchange market, is very important and necessary condition for correct determination of the course concerning foreign countries’ currency , achieving price stability and the growth of authority of national currency, for strengthening positions of the gel, and for real achievement of its full convertibility.


49

daviT vekua

mcire biznesis ganviTarebis SesaZlo perspeqtivebi

saqarTveloSi

saqarTveloSi mcire da saSualo biznesi, ekonomikis sxva perspeqtiul dargebTan erTad,

ganviTarebis erT-erTi strategiuli amocana unda gaxdes. ganviTarebis es imperativi ganpiro-bebulia mTeli rigi garemoebebiT, romelic ukavSirdeba Cveni qveynis biznes garemos specifi-kas da geopolitikur amocanebs. saqarTveloSi mcire da saSualo biznesis ganviTareba aseve mniSvnelovanwilad xels Seuwyobs axali samuSao adgilebis Seqmnas, ekonomikurad aqtiuri mo-saxleobis migraciis procesis Semcirebas da qveyanaSi socialur stabilurobis damyarebas.

statistikis erovnuli samsaxuris 2012 wlis monacemebiT, mcire biznesSi dasaqmebulia qveyanaSi dasaqmebulTa mTliani raodenobis mxolod 29,1% da misi zrdis dinamika wlebis mi-xedviT ar aris pozitiuri, ufro metic 2000 wleTan SedarebiT igi Semcirebulia 3 procentuli punqtiT (2000 wels mcire sawarmoebSi dasaqmebulTa xvedriTma wilma dasaqmebulTa mTlian ricxovnobaSi Seadgina 32,1%)1.

evrokavSiris qveynebSi Sromisunariani mosaxleobis didi nawili mcire da saSualo biz-nesSia CarTuli, rac am qveynebs aZlevs SesaZleblobas, maRali dasaqmebis gziT, SeinarCunos socialuri stabiluroba. evrokavSiris 6 qveyanaSi (espaneTi, niderlandebi, belgia, germania, safrangeTi, italia) mcire da saSualo sawarmoebSi dasaqmebulTa xvedriTi wili 40-70%-is far-glebSi meryeobs. am qveynebSi mcire da saSualo sididis sawarmoebi Seadgenen sawarmoTa saerTo ricxvis 90% da awarmoeben mTliani produqciis moculobis 35-71%-s.2

samwuxarod 2000 wlidan dRemde saqarTveloSi am mimarTulebiT gadadgmuli nabijebi mTel rig SemTxvevebSi ar iyo Tanmimdevruli da sistemuri, xolo ganxorcielebuli RonisZie-bebidan miRebuli Sedegebi ki ar aRmoCnda efeqturi.

mcire biznesis warmatebis erT-erTi winapirobaa misi politikuri riskebisgan dacva. am riskebis neitralizaciis gamocdileba ki Cvens qveyanaSi samwuxarod naklebia. politikur ris-kebSi vgulisxmobT rogorc gare riskebs (ruseT-saqarTvelos omi), aseve Sida riskebs, romelic saqarTvelos sinamdvileSi, bolo aTwleulSi damkvidrda, qonebis ukanonod CamorTmevis an da sxva mesakuTreebze iZulebiT gadaformebis formiT. aseTma ekonomikurma politikam gamouswo-rebeli ziani miayena ara marto momqmed mcire sawarmoebs, aramed Seaferxa axali sawarmoebis Seqmnisa da am sferos ganviTarebis dinamika.

2012 wlis monacemebiT, mcire biznesis mier Seqmnilma produqciam qveyanaSi mTlianad ga-moSvebuli produqtis mxolod 10,2% Seadgina, xolo saqonelbrunvam mTliani brunvis mxolod 9,3%. 2000 welTan SedarebiT Seqmnili produqtis xvedriTi wili Semcirebulia mTeli 10,5%-iT, xolo saqonelbrunva — TiTqmis 3-jer. Tu isev msoflio praqtikas gavaanalizebT, vnaxavT, rom iaponiis samrewvelo produqciis 55% da iaponiis eqsportis 40% mcire da saSualo sididis sa-warmoebze modis3. aSS-Si mcire sawarmoTa xvedriTma wilma erTobliv erovnul produqtSi 40%-s miaRwia4. rodesac aSS-s mcire da saSualo biznesze vsaubrobT, upriani iqneba gavixsenoT pre-zident ronald reiganis cnobili fraza ,,mcire biznesi aris amerika”.

ekonomikis monopolizaciis maRali xarisxi mcire biznesis ganviTarebisaTvis mniSvnelo-vani barieria. saqarTvelos xelisufleba Zalzed inertulad ekideba qarTuli ekonomikis de-mopolizaciis sakiTxs, ris gamoc ferxdeba bazarze konkurentuli garemos Seqmna da araTana-bar pirobebSi dgeba mcire da didi biznesi. demopolizacia unda Seexos Cveni qveynis ganviTare-bis yvela sferos, ris Sedegadac miviRebT diversificirebuli ekonomikuri sistemas, sadac mcire biznesi SeZlebs normalurfunqcionirebas da ganviTarebas.diversifikaciis Sedegad Se-saZlebeli gaxdeba adgilobrivi resursebis maqsimalurad gamoyeneba, mniSvnelovnad gaizrde-boda ekonomikis resursuli baza, rac SesaZlebels gaxdis SevamciroT importis xvedriTi wili ekonomikaSi.es ki Zalzed mniSvnelovania qarTuli ekonomikisTvis, radgan importi dRes samwu-xarod 3-jer metia vidre eqsporti. kembrijis universitetis profesor Sarlota persis azriT ,,dRes ar aris moZvelebuli waroebebi, dRe aris moZvelebuli warmoebis meTodebi”.5

vinaidan mTavroba qveynis institucionaluri sivrcis Semomqmedia, mis mier am sferoSi Seqmnili samarTlebrivi garemo, mniSvnelovan gavlenas axdens mcire biznesis ganviTarebaze. aqedan gamomdinare, umTavresi instrumenti, romliTac saxelmwifom mcire biznesis xelSewyo-

1 http: geostat.ge 2x. beriSvili ,,mcirebiznesisganviTarebismaStabebisazRvargareT da saqarTveloSi, Jurnali ,,inovaciebibiznesSi” 2010. w. gv. 50. 3Разумов И. Мелкие фирма в США, журнал ,,Экономика и управление,, М. Наука 2007 г. 4x. beriSvili ,,mcirebiznesisganviTarebismaStabebisazRvargareTdasaqarTveloSi, Jurnali ,,inovaciebibiznesSi” 2010. w. gv. 50. 5Цуколоев С. Государственная политика модернизации и иновационный процесс в Расии. Журнал ,,Экономические науки,, М. 2010 г.


50

baze SeiZleba zemoqmedeba moaxdinos, aris kanonmdebloba.swored kanonmdeblobis liberali-zacia da xelSewyoba sWirdeba mcire bizness, raTa am sferoSi SesaZlebeli gaxdes axali inves-ticiebis mozidva da mTlianobaSi sainvesticio garemos gaumjobeseba . am mimarTulebiTac sa-qarTveloSi arasaxarbielo mdgomareobaa, 2012 wels sawarmoTa mier ganxorcielebulma inves-ticiebma fiqsirebul aqtivebSi Seadgina 3,2 mln. lari, rac ase nawildeba: msxvili biznesi 81,8%, saSualo — 11,3% da mcire biznesi mxolod 6,9%.1

momqmedi kanonmdeblobiT mcire sawarmoebs miekuTvneba yvela organizaciul-samarTleb-rivi formis sawarmo, romelSic dasaqmebulTa saSualo wliuri raodenoba ar aRemateba 20 da-saqmebuls da saSualo wliuri brunvis moculoba ar aRemateba 0,5 mln. lars.samwuxarod dRes momqmedma sagadasaxado kodeqsma garkveuli SeRavaTi dauwesa ara mTlianad ekonomikis am seq-tors, aramed mxolod mewarme fizikur pirebs. kodeqsis 84 da 88 muxlebis Tanaxmad mikro bizne-sis statusi SeiZleba mieniWos fizikur pirs, romelic ar iyenebs daqiravebul pirTa Sromas da damoukideblad eweva ekonomikur saqmianobas, romlidanac jamuri erToblivi Semosavali wlis ganmavlobaSi ar aRemateba 30000 lars, xolo mcire biznesis SemTxvevaSi ki 100 000 lars.

vfiqrobT aseTi midgoma ar aris samarTliani im mcire da saSualo biznesis sawarmoebisad-mi, romlebic warmoadgenen iuridiul pirebs da aseTi SeRavaTebiT ar sargebloben.

radgan saqarTvelos mTavrobam sagadasaxado mimarTulebiT daiwyo mcire biznesis daxma-reba, saWiroa am mimarTulebiT gagrZeldes Semdgomi mxardaWera. am mxriv unda ganxorcieldes wamaxalisebeli RonisZiebebi, risTvisac aucilebelia fiskaluri TvalsazrisiT xelsayreli garemos Seqmna. Cveni azriT, ufro samarTliani iqneba, nacvlad sagadasaxado tarifebis dakle-bisa, iuridiul pirebs mcire bizneSi,mivceT saSualeba, moaxdinon mogebis, xolo mewarme fizi-kur pirebs,saSemosavlo gadasaxadis reinvestireba sakuTar biznesSi. aseTi midgoma saxelmwi-fos mxridan, erTis mxriv ar daarRvevs qveyanaSi dabegvris samarTlianobis princips da meores mxriv, es iqneba mcire biznesisadmi mniSvnelovani finansuri mxardaWera.

SesaZloa, rom saxelmwifo biujetma dakargos garkveuli Semosavlebi mcire da saSualo biznesidan, magram samagierod mas aRar dasWirdeba am biznesis subsidireba.aranakleb mniSvne-lovania iribi multiplikaciuri efeqti, romelic aseTi xelSewyobis pirobebSi investiciebis zrdis Sedegad aris SesaZlebeli. bevri investorisTvis msgavsi xelSewyoba udaod mniSvnelova-ni iqneba da isini Seecdebian damatebiTi mogebis miRebis mizniT, gazardon sainvesticio aqtiu-roba.

dRes, rodesac saxelmwifo kerZo kapitalTan erTad iRebs Tanamonawileobas mega-proeq-tebis (anakliis proeqti,energetika da a.S.) dafinansebaSi da am mizniT iqmneba sainvesticio da sapartnioro fondebi, udaod mniSvnelovania, am proeqtebSi gaTvaliswinebul iqnas dafinanse-bis garkveuli segmenti, mcire biznesis xelSewyobis RonisZiebebisTvis. aseTma msxvilma insti-tutebma konkursis safuZvelze unda gamoavlinon da daafinanson mcire biznesSi investiciuri proeqtebi, rac momavalSi xels Seuwyobs saqarTveloSi inovaciuri ekonomikis ganviTarebas da konkurentunariani bazris Camoyalibebas. es daxmareba pirvel rigSi unda gulisxobdes am biz-nesisTvis xelmisawvdomi da SeRavaTiani sesxebis micemas. sainvesticio fondebi, rig SemTxve-vebSi SeiZleba iyvnen uSualod kreditorebi da umetes SemTxvevaSi ki, garantorebi komerciul bankebTan finansur urTierTobebSi. aseTi midgoma gaaZlierebs mcire biznesis dakreditebis perspeqtivas da SesaZlebels gaxdis, ekonomikis am segmentSi Semovides ufro meti kerZo kapi-tali.

Sromis anazRaurebis mimarTulebiT mcire biznesi mniSvnelovnad CamorCeba msxvil biz-ness. 2012 wlis statistikis erovnuli samsaxuris monacemebiT saSualo Tviurma xelfasma msxvil biznesSi Seadgina 928,1 lari, maSin rodesac mcire biznesSi misi odenoba ar aRemateba 338,12 lars.dabali anazRaureba amcirebs mosaxleobis interess dasaqmebis am sferosadmi , rac negatiurad aisaxeba samoqalaqo sazogadoebis Camoyalibebis procesze. ganviTarebul qveyneb-Si, swored am sferoSi dasaqmebuli xalxis umravlesoba qmnis samoqalqo sazogadoebis birTvs da aris qveyanebis stabilurobis fundamenti.

mcire biznesi Tavisi imanenturi bunebiT inovaciuria,rac ganpirobebulia sxvadasxva faq-torebiT, maT Soris iseTiT, rogoricaa mcire biznesis unari, iyos Tavisi maStabebidan gamom-dinare moqnili, mobiluri da inovaciuri qmedebisken motivirebuli. mitomaa, rom bevr qveyana-Si misi misiaa, Seasrulos ekonomikis mTavari sayrdenis roli. dRes, rodesac saqarTvelos eko-nomikuri ganviTarebis veqtori xdeba soflis meurneoba da sasoflo sameurneo produqtebis gadamuSaveba, am sferoSi swored mcire biznesi unda gaxdes ekonomikuri ganviTarebis mTavari xerxemali, xolo saxelmwifom ki am bizness xeli unda Seuwyos, ucxo qveynebis bazrebze gasvla-sa da ndobis mopovebaSi.

zemoT Cven visaubreT saxelmwifos rolze mcire biznesis daxmarebis da xelSewyobis mi-marTulebiT, magram amave dros ar SeiZleba mxolod saxelmwifo iyos warmatebis garantori,

1http: geostat.ge 2http: geostat.ge


51

Zalzed mniSvnelovania, TviTon mcire biznesSi dasaqmebulma adamianebma igrZnon pasuxismgeb-loba sakuTar qmedebebTan dakavSirebiT, xolo xelSewyoba saxelmwifos mxridan maT mier ar un-da iqnes gagebuli rogorc maamebloba, isini rogorc nebismieri sameurneo subieqti, saxelmwi-fosa da kreditorebis mimarT unda agebdnen pasuxs qonebiT da sakuTari aqtivebiT.

2006-2011 wlebSi maRalma inflaciam mniSvnelovnad Seamcira sainvesticio aqtiurobis procesi saqarTveloSi. aseT pirobebSi mcire mewarmeebi ver axerxebdnen zustad gaeTvalaT in-vesticiebis efeqtianoba, rac zrdida gaurkvevel molodinebs da aferxebda am segmentSi eko-nomikuri aqtiurobis process. 2008 wlis ruseT saqarTvelos konfliqtma qveyana bevri mimar-TulebiT ukan daxia,rac maRali politikuri riskebis gamo, mcire biznesis ganviTarebis per-speqtivasac Seexo. mcire mewarmeebma dakarges stabilurobis SegrZneba da SesaZlebloba, gaeT-valaT sakuTari finansuri da sainvesticio moqmedebebi,anu is spekulaciuri riskebi, romlis minimalizireba mcire biznesisaTvis umniSvnelovanesi amocanaa, radgan sxva SemTxvevaSi SeuZ-lebeli iqneba investiciebis ganTavsebis TvalsazrisiT momavlis ganWvreta.

kapitalis mozidvis mizniT aseve Zalze mniSvnelovania mcire mewarmeebs gaexsnaT sivrce dakreditebis da dazRvevis TviTorganizaciis mimarTulebiT, romelsac isini ver iReben ama Tu im subieqtur Tu obieqtur mizezTa gamo, verc saxelmwifosgan da verc safinanso bazris insti-tutebidan.

SesaZloa, rogorc bevr postsabWoTa qveyanaSi, CvenTanac Seiqmnas mcire da saSualo biz-nesis dafinansebisa da dakreditebis sazogadoebebi. maT SeeZlebaT mcire bizness pirvel etap-ze aRmouCinon qmediTi daxmareba da xeli Seuwyon mewarmeobis dawyebaSi.

gamoyenebuliliteratura: 1. x. beriSvili `mcire biznesis ganviTarebis maStabebi sazRvargareT da saqarTveloSi, Jurna-

li ìnovaciebi biznesSi” 2010. w. 2. d. vekua, ivekua - `saqarTveloSi socialuri dazRvevis sistemis makroekonomikuri reguli-

rebis gzebi da mimarTulebebi” Tb., 2013 w. 3. Разумов И. Мелкие фирма в США, журнал ,,Экономика и управление,, М. Наука 2007 г. 4. Цуколоев С. Государственная политика модернизации и иновационный процесс в Расии. Журнал

,,Экономическиенауки,, М. 2010 г. 5. Агофонов А. ,,Возможные сценарии развития малого придпринательства в Расийской Федераций,,

,,Экономические науки,, М. 2010 г. 6. http: geostat.ge

daviT vekua

mcire biznesis ganviTarebis SesaZlo perspeqtivebi saqarTveloSi

reziume

statiaSi ganxilulia saqarTveloSi mcire biznesis sferoSi arsebuli mdgomareoba, xelSmSleli garemoebebi da misi ganviTarebis SesaZlo perspeqtivebi. gaanalizirebulia am sfe-roSi 2012 wlis mdgomareoba da gansazRvrulia is riskebi,romelebmac Seaferxes an SezRudes mcire biznesis ganviTareba. Camoyalibebulia is winadadebebi, romelTa SesaZlo ganxorciele-bis Sedegad saqarTveloSi mniSvnelovnad gaumjobesebda mcire biznesis institconaluri da sainvesticio sivrce, rac saboloo jamSi gazrdis qveynis ekonomikur potencials da mosaxleo-bis dasaqmebis dones.


52

David Vekua

POSSIBLE PERSPECTIVES OF SMALL BUSINESS DEVELOPMENT IN GEORGIA

Summary

The article deals with the present situation in the field of small business in Georgia, some hindrances and possible perspectives of its development. In this field the situation of 2012 year is analyzed and the risks which hampered or restricted the development of small business are defined. Institutional and investment area of small business in Georgia will be improved if suggestions formed are implemented which in the end will increaseeconomic potential of the country and the level of employment of the population.


53

amiran (simon) TavarTqilaZe

asocirebis SeTanxmeba dabegvris zogierTi sakiTxis Sesaxeb

saqarTvelosa da evrokavSirs Soris asocirebis Sesaxeb SeTanxmeba e.w. “axali Taobis” Se-

Tanxmebaa, ramdenadac, manamde gaformebuli msgavsi SeTanxmebebisgan gansxvavebiT, is iTvalis-winebs evrokavSirTan, Sesabamisad evropul kanonmdeblobasTan da standartebTan daaxloebis mniSvnelovan da realur meqanizmebs.

asocirebis Sesaxeb SeTanxmeba Caanacvlebs 1996 wels xelmoweril „partniorobisa da Ta-namSromlobis Sesaxeb SeTanxmebas“ (PCA) da Seqmnis saqarTvelosa da evrokavSirs Soris Tanam-Sromlobis axal samarTlebriv CarCos.

udaoa, rom asocirebis Sesaxeb SeTanxmeba yovlismomcveli da politikurad da Sinaarsob-rivad ufro Zlieri dokumentia, romelsac Tvisobrivad axal doneze ahyavs saqarTvelosa da evrokavSirs Soris TanamSromloba yvela prioritetuli mimarTulebiT.

asocirebis Sesaxeb SeTanxmeba ar gulisxmobs evrokavSirSi gawevrianebas, (mag. TurqeTTan asocirebis xelSekruleba jer kidev 1960 wels iqna xelmowerili, magram aRniSnuli qveyana dRemde ar warmoadgens evrokavSiris wevrs). Tumca, asocirebis SeTanxmeba evrokavSiris kanon-mdeblobasTan (acquis) daaxloebis imdenad maRal dones iTvaliswinebs, rom misi efeqtiani gan-xorcieleba faqtobrivad Seuqcevads xdis qveynis evropeizaciis process. amasTan, asocirebis Sesaxeb SeTanxmeba evrokavSirTan politikuri asocirebisa da TandaTanobiTi, etapobrivi eko-nomikuri integraciis realuri meqanizmia.

darwmunebuli var, rom miuxedavad post sabWoTa sivrceSi (ukraina, moldova,)ukanasknel periodSi ruseTis mier inspirirebuli movlenebisa, saqarTvelo msoflio Tanamegobrobis qveynebis daxmarebiT, aucileblad moawers xels SeTanxmebas. magram, kargad unda gaviazroT is, rom SeTanxmeba uamrav xelSemwyob uflebasTan erTad, mraval valdebulebasac warmoSobs. upirvelesad, Zalze mniSvnelovani iqneba SeTanxmebis saTanadod aRsruleba, rac gulisxmobs - daTqmul vadebSi konkretuli valdebulebebis mixedviT saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobis evro-kavSiris kanonmdeblobasTan SesabamisobaSi moyvanas da rac mTavaria, misi ganxorcielebis in-strumentebis evropuli „standartis“ SemoRebasa da damkvidrebas. igi iTvaliswinebs saqar-Tvelos kanonmdeblobis daaxloebas evrokavSiris 300-mde samarTlebriv aqtTan. Sesabamisad, etapobrivad SesamuSavebelia an/da Sesacvlelia sakanonmdeblo, normatiuli (brZaneba, wesi, instruqcia da sxva), qvenormatiuli aqtebis mTeli wyeba, romelmac kanonis aRsrulebis evro-puli implementaciis meqanizmi unda Seqmnas. magram, ramdenadaa saqarTvelos samoqalaqo sazo-gadoeba mzad am cvlilebebisaTvis, roca sul axlaxans antidiskrinimaciuli kanonis miRebas realurad mcire jgufebis, magram xmamaRali, zetmetad aJitirebuli adamianebis vnebaTaRelva moyva. an Tundac, mimdinare adgilobrivi TviTmarTvelobis arCevnebis periodSi, praqtikulad yvela politikuri partiis winasaarCevno kompania gadasaxadebis Semcirebas, maRali Semosav-lebis socialuri da sxva aTasnairi SeRavaTebis (xSirad ararealuri) dapirebebs ukavSirdeba. maT Soris uflebamosilebebTan sruliad Seusabamo. mag. Tbilisis merobis erTerTi kandidati navTobproduqtebze aqcizis gadasaxadis gauqmebiT, benzinis gaiafebas pirdeba amomrCevels, es im dros, roca aqcizi centraluri biujetis Semosavlebis nawils warmoadgens da misi odeno-bis gansazRvra an gauqmeba uflebamosilebiT ara qalaqis TviTmarTvelobis (miTumetes ara me-ris), aramed parlamentis prerogativas warmoadgens. piriqiT, evrokavSirTan asocirebis xel-Sekruleba sawvavis maRal standartebis moTxovnasTan erTad, aqcizis gadasaxadis etapobriv zrdas gamoiwvevs.

swored amitom, asocirebis Sesaxeb SeTanxmebis implementaciis procesSi udidesi mniS-vneloba eniWeba samoqalaqo sazogadoebis sworad informirebasa da CarTulobas.

swored am mizans emsaxureba aRniSnuli publikaciis ZiriTadi Sinaarsi, romelic iTva-liswinebs am SeTanxmebis mxolod erTi Tavis (V) _ ekonomikuri TanamSromlobisa da dabegvris sakiTxebis ganmartebasa da gaazrebas.

am Tavis preambulaSi xazgasmiT aRniSnulia, rom „evrokavSiri da saqarTvelo xels Se-uwyoben ekonomikuri reformebis process TavianTi Sesabamisi ekonomikebis fundamenturi principebis Sesaxeb cnobierebis amaRlebisa, ekonomikuri politikis formulirebisa da imple-mentaciis gziT.“

darwmunebuli var, rom SemTxveviTi ar aris am Canaweris arcerTi strofi. am SemTxvevaSi gamovyofdi - „ ekonomikis fundamenturi principebis Sesaxeb cnobierebis amaRlebisa, ekonomi-kuri politikis formulirebisa da implementaciis miznebs.

amave dros, asocirebis xelSekrulebis es Tavi, praqtikulad, upirvelesad am valdebule-bebs warmoSobs. „saqarTvelo unda miiswrafodes, rom daafuZnos da etapobrivad dauaxlo-os sakuTari ekonomikuri, sagadasaxado da finansuri regulaciebi evrokavSiris regula-ciebs da imavdroulad uzrunvelyos swori sagadasaxado politikis gatareba“.


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dasamali ar aris, rom aTeul welze metia msoflio bankis yovelwliur moxsenebebSi sa-qarTvelos Sesaxeb, TiTqmis ucvleli rCeba formulireba „qveyanaSi jer kidev dabalia samewar-meo da sagadasaxado kulturis done. gadamxdelTa didi nawili gauTviTcnobierebulia gadasa-xadebis gadaxdis, gaangariSebis wesebsa da raobaSi“.

axals arafers vityvi, ganvmartav - Sefaseba realuria, SesaZlebelia ufro mkacric yofi-liyo. samwuxarod, aTeuli wlebia qveyanaSi ver Camoyalibda gadasaxadis gadamxdelsa da gada-saxadis amkrefs Soris ufleba movaleobaTa Tanabarziari urTierTobebi.

asocirebis xelSekrulebis am TavSi, SemdgomSi, xazgasmulia, rom „ mxareebi iTanamSrom-leben sagadasaxado sferoSi kargi mmarTvelobis gaZlierebis kuTxiT“. albaT yvelasaTvis gasagebia, ra igulisxmeba TanamSromloba - „kargi mmarTvelobis gaZlierebis kuTxiT“. es aris sagadasaxado politikisa da administrirebis iseTi klimatisa da meqnizmebis Seqmna, roca gada-saxadis gadamxdeli da gadasaxadis amkrefi Tanaswori subieqtebi arian, erTsac da meoresac Tavis uflebebTan erTad kargad aqvs gaTavisebuli Tavisi movalebebi. rom, gadasaxadis amkre-fi ara mxolod, Casafrebuli damsjeli administraciuli organoa, aramed gadamxdelis damxma-re, momsaxure rgolia.

sagadasaxado urTierTobaTa, regulaciebis aseTi standartia - evropaSi, am donis Tanam-Sromlobis miRwevas seriozuli Zalisxmeva dasWirdeba.

asocirebis xelSekrulebis 280-e muxlis gaTvaliswinebiT, „ mxareebi aRiareben da valde-bulebas iReben, rom Seasruleben sagadasaxado sferos kargi mmarTvelobis principebs, rogo-rebicaa magaliTad, gamWvirvalobis, informaciis gacvlisa da samarTliani sagadasaxado kon-kurenciis principebs, xels Seuwyoben kanonieri sagadasaxado Semosavlebis administrirebas, da miiReben zomebs zemoxsenebuli principebis efeqtiani SesrulebisaTvis.“

iqve 282-e muxli ganmartavs, rom „ mxareebi aseve gaaZliereben da gaaRrmaveben TavianT TanamSromlobas, romelic miznad isaxavs saqarTvelos sagadasaxado sistemisa da administri-rebis ganviTarebas, maT Soris, gadasaxadebis Segrovebisa da kontrolis SesaZleblobis gaZli-erebas, uzrunvelyofen gadasaxadebis efeqtian Segrovebas da gaaqtiureben brZolas sagadasa-xado TaRliTobisa da gadasaxadebisgan Tavis aridebis winaaRmdeg.“

am nawilSi gansakuTrebuli miniSneba keTdeba aqcizur saqonelTan dakavSirebuli TaRli-Tobisa da kontrabandis winaaRmdeg sapasuxo qmedebebis gansaxorcieleblad da mis winaaRmdeg sabrZolvelad. es TanamSromloba moicavs, maT Soris, Tambaqos produqciaze aqcizis tarife-bis, SeZlebisdagvarad, etapobriv daaxloebas, anu zrdas.

amasTan erTad, muxli 285-is mixedviT ,saqarTvelos ekisreba calmxrivi valdebuleba, ro-melic imperatiul normad yalibdeba, rom „moaxdens erovnuli kanonmdeblobis daaxloebas ev-rokavSiris sakanonmdeblo aqtebTan da saerTaSoriso samarTlebriv instrumentebTan, amave xelSekrulebis XXII danarTis debulebebis Sesabamisad.” romelic am xelSekrulebis Semadgenel da ganuyofel nawils warmoadgens.

aRniSnuli danarTi warmoadgens dabegvris erTiani da rig SemTxvevebSi gansxvavebuli reJimebisa da wesebis, zogadad instrumentebis, maT Soris sakanonmdeblo regulaciebis er-Tgvar CamonaTvals, romelic etapobrivd unda ganxorcieldes. maT Soris: damatebiTi Rirebu-lebis gadasaxadis (dRg) saerTo sistemis Sesaxeb. romelic xuTi wlis vadaSi unda amoqmeddes.

saqarTvelo iRebs valdebulebas gansazRvrul vadebSi etapobrivad dauaxloos Tavisi ka-nonmdebloba evrokavSiris kanonmdeblobasa da saerTaSoriso samarTlebriv instrumentebs Semdeg sferoebSi:

gadasaxadebisgan gaTavisufleba; operaciebi evrogaerTianebis SigniT; importi da eqsporti; saerTaSoriso transporti da saerTaSoriso vaWroba; damatebiTi Rirebulebis gadasaxadis (dRg) saerTo sistemis, angariS-faqturis warmoebis,

deklarirebis, CaTvlebisa da aRricxvis wesebi. amasTan, gansazRvrulia valdebulebebi garkveuli saqonlis importsa da eqsportTan da-

kavSirebuli specialuri sqemebi. mag. specialuri sqema eleqtronuli vaWrobisTvis. amave danarTSia moyvanili is gamonaklisebi, romelic dRemde moqmedebs evrokavSiris

wevri garkveuli saxelmwifoebisTvis. amiT imis Tqma da xasgasma gvsurs, rom praqtikulad yvela qveyanas Tavisi erovnuli inte-

resebis gaTvaliswinebiT garkveul daTqmas afiqsirebs saqonlis, romelime saxeobis dabeg-vris reJimTan an kontrolis specialur meqanizmebTan dakavSirebiT.

am mimarTebiT arc saqarTvelo iqneba gamonaklisi. magaliTad, saqarTvelo itovebs ufle-bas, rom aqcizis gadasaxadisgan gaaTavisuflos alkoholuri sasmelebi, romlebic warmoebu-lia kerZo pirebis mier mcire raodenobiT da gaTvlilia saxlSi moxmarebisTvis da ara bazarze gasatanad.

aseve, saqarTvelo itovebs uflebas, dRg-is gadasaxadisgan gaaTavisuflos saqonlisa da momsaxurebis miwodeba, romelic SeTanxmebis ZalaSi Sesvlis


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momentisTvis Tavisufldeba saqarTvelos sagadasaxado kodeqsis safuZvelze. xolo, sa-kiTxi - „mesame qveynebidan mgzavrebis mier Semotanili saqonlis damatebuli Rirebulebis ga-dasaxadisa da aqcizis gadasaxadisgan gaTavisuflebis Sesaxeb“ gamoiyeneba am direqtivis mxo-lod is nawili, romelic mxolod raodenobriv SezRudvebs awesebs. amasTan sayuradReboa, rom am direqtivis es debulebebi unda Sesruldes gansxvavebul vadaSi winamdebare SeTanxmebis Za-laSi Sesvlidan ara xuTi aramed sami wlis ganmavlobaSi. da sxva.

Semdgomi nabiji saqarTvelosa da evrokavSirs Soris Rrma da yovlismomcveli Tavisufa-li vaWrobis sivrcis (Deep and Comprehensive Free Trade Area – DC FTA) Camoyalibeba da Sesatvisi xelSekrulebis gaformebaa.

asocirebis Sesaxeb SeTanxmebaSi, swored DC FTA warmoadgens evrokavSirTan ekonomikuri integraciis realur meqanizms. rac, saqarTvelos aZlevs saSualebas etapobrivad miiRos evro-kavSiris Sida bazris oTxi Tavisuflebidan sami: saqonlis, momsaxurebis da kapitalis Tavisu-fali gadaadgileba.

amasTan, Rrma da yovlismomcveli Tavisufali vaWrobis sivrcis formireba gzas uxsnis sa-qarTvelos saqonelsa da momsaxurebas evrokavSiris Sida bazarze da xels Seuwyobs qveynis sa-investicio mimzidvelobis gazrdas.

Cveulebrivi Tavisufali vaWrobis SeTanxmebisgan (free trade agreement) gansxvavebiT, Rrma da yovlismomcveli savaWro sivrce gulisxmobs rogorc satarifo, aseve arasatarifo barierebis aRmofxvras da aregulirebs vaWrobasTan dakavSirebul sakiTxTa farTo speqtrs magaliTad.: sursaTis uvnebloba, produqtis usafrTxoeba, konkurenciis politika, inteleqtualuri sa-kuTrebis dacva, sabaJo sakiTxebi, saxelmwifo Sesyidvebi, da a.S. sxva vaWrobis SeTanxmebebisgan gansxvavebiT, DC FTA gulisxmobs vaWrobis sferos maregulirebeli kanonmdeblobisa da insti-tutebis Seqmnas an/da saxecvlilebas.

udaoa, rom Tavisufali vaWrobis sivrcis Camoyalibeba xels Seuwyobs: evrokavSiris baz-ris moTxovnebTan Tavsebadi savaWro sistemis formirebas; gamWvirvale, stabiluri biznes ga-remos Camoyalibebas; saqarTvelos sainvesticio mimzidvelobisa da Sesabamisad, ucxouri in-vesticiebis zrdas; axali sawarmoebisa da saeqsporto produqciis Seqmnas; amis paralelurad Tanmdev reJimSi adgilobrivi warmoebis masStabebis zrdis kvalobaze axali samuSao adgilebis Seqmnas; qarTuli produqciis saeqsporto bazrebis diversificirebasa da gafarToebas; qar-Tveli eqsportiorebisTvis eqsportTan dakavSirebuli xarjebis Semcirebas; momxmareblisTvis usafrTxo da uvnebeli produqtis miwodebas; saxelmwifo administrirebis ( maT Soris sagada-saxado) organoebis ganviTarebas evropuli saukeTeso praqtikis Sesabamisad; zogadad, ekono-mikuri zrdis stimulirebasa da qveynis ekonomikur ganviTarebas.

etapobriv daaxloebas evrokavSiris Sesabamis regulaciebTan da administrirebis meqa-nizmebTan. (winaswar SeTanxmebuli ganrigis mixedviT.)

mniSvnelovania, rom am SeTanxmebis ZalaSi Sesvlis TariRidan, mxareebma unda gaauqmon yvela sabaJo gadasaxadi meore mxareSi warmoSobil produqciaze, garda gansazRvruli Sem-Txvevebisa.

am nawilSi gasaTvaliswinebelia da kargad gasaangariSebelia, is Tu ra moculobis Semo-savlebi daakldeba saqarTvelos biujetis Semosavlebis nawils da riT unda moxdes misi konpe-sireba. erTi ram faqtia, biujetis Semosavlebi importidan miRebuli sabaJo gadasaxadebis ga-reSe daaxloebiT mexuTediT Semcirdeba, vfiqrob, misi Sevseba upirvelesad, unda ganxorciel-des sigaretis/Tambaqosa da alkogoluri sasmelebis aqcizis gadasaxadis etapobrivi zrdis xarjze.

„arcerT mxares ar aqvs ufleba, daawesos an SeinarCunos sabaJo an sxva gadasaxadi,“ gar-da amave SeTanxmebiT gaTvaliswinebuli Sida mosakreblebisa, meore mxaris teritoriaze sa-qonlis eqsportTan dakavSirebiT. Tumc Canaweris Sesabamisad, TiToeulma mxarem unda uzrun-velyos, rom yvela saxis gadasaxdeli da mosakrebeli, romlebic dawesebulia an dakavSirebu-lia produqciis eqsportTan an importTan, ar unda aRemateba gaweuli momsaxurebis miaxloe-biT xarjs.

calke aRniSvnisa da analizis sagans warmoadgens am SeTanxmebis II— danarTSi CamoTvlili produqtebis nusxa, romelic satarifo kvotis farglebSi, sabaJo gadasaxadis gareSe unda iq-nas importirebuli evrokavSirSi. bunebrivia daismeba kiTxva, ra xdeba im SemTxvevaSi Tu ama Tu im produqtis importi aWarbebs satarifo kvotas. SeTanxmebis II— danarTi calsaxad ganmartavs am process da ama Tu im saqonlis kvotiT gansazRvruli odenobaze meti moTxovnis/ miwodebis SemTxvevaSi, „gamoyenebuli unda iyos upiratesi xelSewyobis reJimis Sesabamisi/SeRavaTiani sabaJo gadasaxadis ganakveTi.

amasTan, „arcerTma mxarem ar unda daawesos an SeinarCunos akrZalva an SezRudva meore mxaris saqonlis importze an saqonlis eqsportze an eqsportis mizniT gayidvebze, romelic gankuTvnilia meore qveynis teritoriaze gasatanad“.

xelmomweri mxareebi Tanxmdebian, rom maTi Sesabamisi sabaJo, sagadasaxado da vaWrobis maregulirebeli kanonmdebloba unda iyos stabiluri da yovlismomcveli. aseve debulebebi da


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procedurebi unda iyos Tanazomadi, gamWvirvale, prognozirebadi, aradiskriminaciuli, miu-kerZoebeli da sruldebodes efeqturad da erTgvarovnad.

samuSao meTodebis gaumjobesebis, aseve ganxorcielebuli operaciebis aradiskriminaci-ulobis, gamWvirvalobis, efeqtianobis, keTilsindisierebis da angariSvaldebulebis uzrun-velyofis mizniT, mxareebi miiReben zomebs sabaJo da sxva Sesabamisi uwyebebis mier moTxovnili informaciisa da dokumentaciis standartizaciis, gamartivebisa da SemcirebisaTvis; sabaJoze saqonlis swrafi gaSvebisa da gaformebis uzrunvelyofis mizniT SeZlebisdagvarad gaamarti-veben moTxovnebsa da formalobebs; uzrunvelyofen swraf, efeqtian da aradiskriminaciul procedurebs.

bunebrivia aRniSvna - „mxareebi~ upirvelesad qarTuli mxaris valdebulebebs ayalibebs, Torem evrokavSiris mxridan sazRvarze keTilsindisierebisa da angariSvaldebulebis, gamar-tivebuli dokumentaciis standartizaciis, sabaJoze saqonlis swrafi gaSvebisa da gaformebis uzrunvelyofis standartebi bevrad maRalia.

saqarTvelos mxarisaTvis misi geografiuli mdgomareobidan gamomdinare mniSvnelovania - tranzituli gadazidvebis Tema. SeTanxmebaSi, am procesis xelSesawyobad mxareebi valdebu-lebas iReben maT teritoriaze arsebul uwyebebsa da samsaxurebs Soris TanamSromlobis da koordinaciis. tranzitTan mimarTebaSi SesaZleblobis gaTvaliswinebiT evrokavSiris qveynebi Seecdebian maTi progresuli sabaJo tranzitis sistemebis danergvaSi saqarTvelos xelSewyo-bas da urTierTdakavSirebis miRwevas;

mniSvnelovania SeTanxmeba sabaJo Rirebulebis gansazRvrs Taobaze. mxareebs Soris vaW-robaSi, saqonlis sabaJo Rirebulebis gansazRvra moxdeba vaWrobis msoflio organizaciis Se-Tanxmebis mixedviT. mxareebi gaaZliereben TanamSromlobas sabaJo sferoSi raTa efeqtiani kon-trolis, usafrTxoebis da TaRliTobis Tavidan acilebis uzrunvelyofasTan erTad uzrun-velyon am TavSi moyvanili miznebis ganxorcieleba da vaWrobis Semdgomi xelSewyoba. aRniS-nuli miznebisaTvis mxareebi uflebamosilni arian saWiroebisamebr gamoiyenon evrokomisiis sabaJo saxelmZRvanelo rekomendaciebi, rogorc etaloni.

saqarTvelo iRebs valdebulebas, rom gaiziareben sabaJo operaciebTan dakavSirebul sa-ukeTeso praqtikas, kerZod riskis marTvaze dafuZnebuli sabaJo kontrolis sistemebis da in-teleqtualuri sakuTrebis uflebebis dacvis mimarTulebiT, gansakuTrebiT falsificirebul saqonelTan mimarTebaSi da sxva.

mniSvnelovani iqneba xelmoweris Semdgomi 3-5 weli, rodesac Cveni valdebulebebis gan-xorcielebis etapze gadavalT. upirvelesad, mniSvnelovani iqneba igi saqarTvelos evropuli perspeqtivis Seuqcevadobis uzrunvelyofisTvis.

eqspertebis SefasebiT, asocirebis SeTanxmebis/ DCFTA-is gaformebiT 6.5%-iT gaizrdeba qveynis mTliani Sida produqti, xolo pirdapiri ucxouri investiciebis moculoba 2 014.8 aTa-si aSS dolaridan (2007 w.) 11.36 mlrd-s miaRwevs (2020 w.). magaliTisTvis, poloneTSi asocirebis xelSekrulebis xelmoweris Semdeg investiciebis raodenobrivi 4.5 jer gaizarda. garda amisa, 2012 wels kompania Ecorys-is (holandia) da Case-is (poloneTi) mier Sesaxeb Catarebuli erTobli-vi kvlevis mixedviT, mosalodnelia saqarTvelodan evrokavSirSi eqsportis 12%-iT, xolo im-portis 7.5%-iT gazrda.

damoukidebeli kvlevis Tanaxmad, mosalodnelia, rom grZelvadian WrilSi saqarTvelos mTliani Sida produqti SeiZleba gaizardos 4.2%-iT anu 292 milioni evros odenobiT, Tuki xelSekruleba Rrma da yovlismomcveli Tavisufali savaWro zonis Sesaxeb srulfasovnad ga-tardeba da SenarCunebuli iqneba misi Sedegebi.

dRes saqarTvelos swored am WrilSi ganixileba. saqme swored imaSia, Tu ramdenad sworad da droulad gamoviyenebT am SesaZleblobas.

sayuradReboa, rom am procesebis paralelurad saqarTveloSi, rig beWdur da tele media-Si sul ufro da ufro metad warmoCinda im eqspert specialistTa mosazrebebi, romelic mkiT-xvelisa da msmenelisaTvis aCenda kiTxvas, „Tu ramdenad misaRebia msgavsi xelSekruleba iseTi saxiT, rogorsac evrokavSiri moiTxovs? rom evropas mxolod Tavisi interesebi amoZravebs da Tavisi saqonlis bazari sWirdeba“ da sxva. riTac Sefarulad xdeboda sazogadoebrivi az-ris formireba Tavisufali vaWrobis xelSekrulebis sawinaaRmdegod. miT umetes, roca imJams xelisuflebaSi myofma libertarianuli msoflmxedvelobis adamianebma saqarTvelos ekonomi-ka garkveul kalapotSi ukve moaqcies. maTi xedviT, es iyo Ria bazris principi, riTac investi-ciebis mozidvis xelSemwyob SesaZleblobebis damkvidrebas cdilobdnen.

calsaxaa, rom saqarTvelosTan Rrma da yovlismomcemi savaWro xelSekrulebis amoq-medeba evropelTa mxridanac keTilganwyobili da mxolod politikuri gadawyvetilebaa, radgan pragmatuli TvalsazrisiT saqarTvelo Zalze mcire bazaria — evropuli savaWro sivrcis saerTo brunvaSi Cveni wili, albaT, 00,01 procenti Tu iqneba.

Cven viciT, rom vaWrobaSi ZiriTadi barierebi aris ara gadasaxadebi da tarifebi, an Tundac sakanonmdeblo garemo, aramed sazogadoebis mzaoba da Sesatyvisi mentaluri, pro-fesiuli da proceduruli garemo.


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yvelasaTvis gasagebi xdeba, rom evropuli standartebi maRali da momsaxurebas da xaris-xian produqcias gulisxmobs da Tu saqarTvelo am standartebSi Cajdeba misTvis Riaa ara mar-to evropuli aramed yvelaze msyidvelunariani qveynis amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis bazaric. Sesabamisad, bevrad ufro advilad miiRweva aSS-sTan analogiuri Tavisufali vaWrobis SeTan-xmebis gaformeba.

mokled rom vTqvaT, unda gvqondes standartebis ( maT, Soris sagadasaxado kulturis ) iseTi ganviTarebuli sistema, romelic evropul standartebs uaxlovdeba.

swored amitom, saqarTvelos mzaobas didi mniSvneloba eniWeba. asocirebis xelSek-ruleba, rogorc calke aRebuli dokumenti SesaZloa bevrs arafers niSnavdes, Tu mas saTa-nado ganviTareba/implementacia ar mohyva. magram, yvela SemTxvevaSi - es aris gza evropi-saken, gza - Rrma da yovlismomcveli Tavisufali vaWrobis xelSekrulebisaken.

Tavad is faqti, rom evropasTan Tavisufali vaWroba SeiZleba realoba gaxdes, Zalzed dadebiTia, magram jer-jerobiT es yvelaferi misaRwevia.

simon (amiran) TavarTqilaZe

asocirebis SeTanxmeba dabegvris zogierTi sakiTxis Sesaxeb

reziume asocirebis Sesaxeb SeTanxmeba yovlismomcveli da politikurad da Sinaarsobrivad ufro

Zlieri dokumentia, romelsac Tvisobrivad axal doneze ahyavs saqarTvelosa da evrokavSirs Soris TanamSromloba yvela prioritetuli mimarTulebiT.

magram, kargad unda gaviazroT is, rom SeTanxmeba uamrav xelSemwyob uflebasTan erTad, mraval valdebulebasac warmoSobs. upirvelesad, Zalze mniSvnelovani iqneba SeTanxmebis saTa-nadod aRsruleba, rac gulisxmobs - daTqmul vadebSi konkretuli valdebulebebis mixedviT saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobis evrokavSiris kanonmdeblobasTan SesabamisobaSi moyvanas da rac mTavaria, misi ganxorcielebis instrumentebis evropuli „standartis“ SemoRebasa da damkvid-rebas. igi iTvaliswinebs saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobis daaxloebas evrokavSiris 300-mde samar-Tlebriv aqtTan. Sesabamisad, etapobrivad SesamuSavebelia an/da Sesacvlelia sakanonmdeblo, normatiuli (brZaneba, wesi, instruqcia da sxva), qvenormatiuli aqtebis mTeli wyeba, romel-mac kanonis aRsrulebis evropuli implementaciis meqanizmi unda Seqmnas. magram, ramdenadaa saqarTvelos samoqalaqo sazogadoeba mzad am cvlilebebisaTvis ?

swored am mizans emsaxureba aRniSnuli publikaciis ZiriTadi Sinaarsi, romelic iTva-liswinebs am SeTanxmebis mxolod erTi Tavis (V) - ekonomikuri TanamSromlobisa da dabegvris zogierTi sakiTxebis ganmartebasa da gaazrebas.

Simon (Amiran) Tavartkiladze

ASSOCIATION AGREEMENT ON TAXATION

Summary

Association Agreement is an omnibus agreement and from political and content points it is a strong document

elevating cooperation between Georgia and the EU on the new level in all priority directions. However, we should be well cognizant that the Agreement along with numerous facilitating rights

stipulates also many liabilities. First and foremost, it will be very important to execute the Agreement in due manner, meaning that in due timeframe Georgian legislation should be brought in compliance with the European Union legislation and, what is the most important, Georgia should put in force instruments of Euro-pean standards in the implementation and maintenance of this legislation. The Agreement specifies legislation of Georgia which should be brought in line with up to 300 EU legislative acts. Therefore, the whole set of legislative, regulative (decrees, rules, instructions, etc.) acts should create mechanism of European implementation. However, how fit is civil society of Georgia for these changes?

The aim of the contents of this publication is exactly to explain and help to get acquainted with only one chapter (V) of this Agreement - namely, some issues of economic interaction and taxation.


58

sofiko TevdoraZe

saerTaSoriso biznesi globalur sivrceSi

XX saukunis dasasruls gaCnda axali tipis ekonomika globaluri ekonomika. misi ganmasxva-

vebeli Tavisebureba imaSi mdomareobs, rom ekonomikuri saqmianobis yvela ZiriTadi saxe – sa-qonlisa da momsaxurebis warmoeba da moxmareba, marTva, informaciisa da teqnologiebis gav-rceleba, bazrebis funqcionireba – xorcieldeba globaluri masStabiT. m. kastelsi globa-lur ekonomikas gansazRvravs rogorc èkonomikas, romelsac Seswevs unari imuSaos rogorc erTianma sistemam realuri drois reJimSi mTeli planetis masStabiT~. globalizaciis proce-sebi yvelaze farTo gagebiT xasiaTdeba urTierTkavSirebisa da urTierTdamokidebulebebis mkveTri gaZlierebiTa da garTulebiT ekonomikuri, politikuri, sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis ZiriTad sferoebSi, ramac planetaruli masStabebi SeiZina. globalizacia gamoixateba msofli-oSi qveynebis mzard urTierTdamokidebulebebSi saqonlisa da momsaxurebis transasazRvro moZraobis nairsaxeobisa da zrdadi moculobis Sedegad, agreTve teqnologiebis yvela saxeebis swrafi da farTo gavrcelebis gamo.

globalizaciis safuZvlad iTvleba msoflio meurneobis internacionalizaciis procesi. gansakuTrebiT intensiurad es procesi gaiSala XX saukunis 60-iani wlebis Suidan. internacio-nalizacias mivyavarT saerTaSoriso ekonomikuri TanamSromlobis ganviTarebamde, mis gaRrma-vebasa da intensifikaciamde. am procesis mTavari maCvenebelia saxelmwifoebs Soris ekonomiku-ri gacvlis gaZliereba, romlebic eyrdnoba Sromis mzard saerTaSoriso ganawilebas. XX sauku-nis 90-iani wlebis SuaSi am procesma migviyvana planetis ekonomikuri sivrcis mravaljerad Se-kumSvamde, saerTaSoriso ekonomikuri kavSirebis ganviTarebis rTul sistemamde. ekonomikuri cxovrebis internacionalizaciis zrdis yvelaze ufro zogad maCveneblad iTvleba saerTaSo-riso vaWrobisa da saerTaSoriso investiciebis moculobis uprecedento zrda.

me-20 saukunis bolo aTwleulebSi da ocdameerTe saukuneSi saerTaSoriso biznesis zrdam iseTi masStabi miiRo, rom mravali eqspertis azriT eWvs aRar iwvevs globalizaciis eris dadgoma. ukanasknel periodSi saerTaSoriso biznesis zrda yvelasaTvis TvalsaCino da STam-beWdavi gaxda. magram aucileblad ismis kiTxva, Tu ram ganapiroba aseTi ganviTarebis SesaZleb-loba da ratom aris momavalSi saerTaSoriso biznesis kidev ufro metad ganviTarebis maRali albaToba? eqspertTa azriT, arsebobs am movlenis ori ZiriTadi mizezi:

kompaniis strategiuli miznebi, romlebic warmoadgenen globalizaciis procesis gaR-rmavebis motivatorebs;

saerTaSoriso biznesis garemoSi momxdari cvlilebebi, romlebic xels uwyobs globa-lizaciis procesis gaZlierebas.

aRniSnuli ZiriTadi mizezebidan gamomdinare, arsebobs mTeli rigi sabazro mizezebi, romlebic aiZuleben kompaniebs gaxdnen ufro globalurebi rogorc ganviTarebis saerTo kur-sis, ise yovel dRiuri praqtikuli sqmianobis kuTxiT da ganaxorcielon saerTaSoriso biznesi:

gasaRebis gafarToeba (saerTaSoriso gasaReba warmoadgens firmis monawileobis mTa-var motivs saerTaSoriso biznesSi. msxvil firmaTa umravlesoba, Semosavlis naxevarze mets Re-bulobs sazRvargareT warmoebuli gayidvis Sedegad. aseT firmebs miekuTvnebian: germaneli `basf~-i; Sveduri èleqtroluqs~-i; amerikuli àibiem~-i; iaponuri `soni~; holandiuri `filip-si~ dasxva.);

resursebis SeZena (mwarmoebeli firmebi da distributorebi xSirad eZeben nakeToba-Ta da momsaxurebaTa aucilebel saxeebs, aseve naxevarfabrikatebs da saboloo produqcias sxva qveynebSi. rig SemTxvevaSi es keTdeba danaxarjebis Semcirebis mizniT. sxva SemTxvevaSi sazRvar-gareTuli Sesyidvebi SesaZleblobebs iZlevian Sesyidul iqnas unikaluri produqcia anda pi-robebi, romlebic miuRwevelia sakuTar qveyanaSi);

momaragebis da gasaRebis wyaroebis diversifikacia Cveulebrivad kompaniebi cdi-loben ar dauSvan didi gadaxrebi gayidvisa da mogebis doneebSi da am mizniT guldasmiT eZeben Sesaferis sazRvargareTul bazars. bazris moZebnis Semdeg, firmas SeuZlia Seamciros xarjebi, romelime konkretul qveyanaSi fasebis meryeobis an deficitis gamo.

garda zemoT aRniSnulisa, Tanamedrove kompaniebma TavianTi biznesis warmatebiT warmar-TvisaTvis aucilebelia gaiTvaliswinon biznesgaremoSi momxdari is cvlilebebi, romlebic aR-mocenda meore msoflio omis Semdgom periodSi. aseve gasaTvaliswinebelia is mudmivad mimdi-nare cvllebebi, romlebic xdeba biznesis gare garemos ZiriTadi faqtorebis mixedviT. saerTa-Soriso biznesSi am mxriv gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania iseTi faqtorebi, romlebic moqmedeben qveynebis sazRvrebs miRma arsebul makro garemoSi da saerTaSoriso mniSvneloba gaaCniaT. faq-tobrivad, isini saerTaSoriso biznesgaremos faqtorebs warmoadgenen.


59

sxvadasxva kvlevebidan gamomdinare SegviZlia aRvniSnoT, rom 1970-iani wlebis Sua perio-di iyo Semobrunebis wertili saerTaSoriso ekonomikur urTierTobebSi, Tumca aSkara aCqareba globalizaciis tendenciebSi mxolod 80-iani wlebis Sua periodidan aRiniSna. XIX saukunis bo-lo xasiaTdeboda saerTaSoriso vaWrobis mkveTri gafarToebiT. erTi-erTi ukanaskneli Sefa-sebis Tanaxmad msoflio mTlian Sida produqtSi eqsportis xvedriTi wona gaizarda 5 %-dan 1870 wels, 8,7 %-mde 1913 wels. amasTan kapitalis saerTaSoriso nakadebma Seasrules bevrad uf-ro TvalsaCino roli msoflio ekonomikis formirebaSi.

saerTaSoriso savaWro da sainvesticio nakadebi ekonomikuri globalizaciis ZiriTadi mamoZravebeli Zalebia. 1990-2011 wlebSi mTel msoflioS izrdis tendenciiT xasiaTdeba ro-gorc saqonliTa da momsaxurebiT vaWroba, ise pirdapiri ucxouri investiciebi. amasTan, saer-TaSoriso vaWrobasTan SedarebiT, pirdapirma ucxourma investiciebma aCvena ufro maRali zrdis tempi da warmoadgenda ufro dinamikurad ganviTarebad segments. pirdapiri ucxouri in-vesticiebis zrda gansakuTrebiT mkveTri iyo 90-iani wlebis bolos. 2000-2002 wlebSi igi Semci-rebis tendenciiT xasiaTdeboda, ris Semdegac man zrda ganagrZo, 2007-dan daiwyo misi Semcire-ba, Tumca 2009 wlidan man kvlav zrda daiwyo. 2011 wels, 2009 welTan SedarebiT, igi mniSvnelov-nad gaizarda, Tumca jer kidev CamorCeba wina krizisamdel dones. saangariSo periodSi saqon-liTa da momsaxurebiT vaWroba xasiTdeboda ufro stabiluri zrdiT, orive kategoriaSi TiT-qmis Tanabari zrdis tempebiT.

saerTaSoriso savaWro da pirdapiri sainvesticio nakadebis mniSvnelovani zrda SeimCneva saqarTveloSic. 2014 wlisi anvar-TebervalSi saqarTveloSi saqonliT sagareo savaWro brunvam (araorganizebuli vaWrobis gareSe) 1567 mln. aSS dolari Seadgina, rac wina wlis maCvenebelze 17 procentiT metia. aqedan, eqsporti 440 mln. aSS dolari iyo (23 procentiT meti), xolo im-porti 1127 mln. aSS dolari (15 procentiT meti). uaryofiTma savaWro balansma 2014 wlis ian-var-TebervalSi 687 mln. aSS dolari da sagareo savaWro brunvis 44 procenti Seadgina.1

wyaro: www.geostat.ge 2014;

qvemoT mocemuli cxrili aCvenebs saqarTveloSi 2009-2014 wlebis ianvar-TebervalSi eq-

sport-importis, sagareo savaWro brunvisa da saldos mdgomareobas.

1www.geostat.ge 2014;


60

saqarTvelos sagareo vaWroba 2009-2014 ww. (mln. aSSdolari)1

xolo rac Seexeba saqarTveloSi ganxorcielebuli pirdapiri ucxouri investiciebis mo-culobas, winaswari monacemebiT 2013 wels 914 mln. aSS dolari Seadgina, rac 6 procentiT aRe-mateba 2012 wlis winaswar da 0,3 procentiT - amave wlis dazustebul monacemebs.

qvemoT mocemuli diagrama asaxavs saqarTveloSi ganxorcielebuli pirdapiri ucxouri investiciebis dinamikas 2006-2013 wlebSi.

sofiko TevdoraZe

saerTaSoriso biznesi globalur sivrceSi

reziume

globaluri ekonomikis maxasiaTebelia qveynebs Soris ekonomikuri urTierTdamokide-

bulebis arnaxuli zrda. ris Sedegadac, erT qveyanaSi mimdinare ekonomikur cvlilebebs SeuZ-lia mkveTri zegavlenis moxdena sxva qveynebis ekonomikaze. globalizaciis procesi Seuqceva-dia, sul ufro da ufro izrdeba qveynebis ekonomikebis urTierTdamokidebuleba. globaliza-cia, pirvel rigSi, amyarebs industriulad ganviTarebuli qveynebis poziciebs, aZlevs ra maT damatebiT SesaZleblobebsa da upiratesobebs.

saerTaSoriso savaWro da sainvesticio nakadebi ekonomikuri globalizaciis ZiriTadi mamoZravebeli Zalebia. globalurma RirebulebaTa jaWvebma gazardes pidapiri ucxouri inves-ticiebis nakadebi da firmaTSorisi vaWroba, rac TandaTan ufro urTierTdamokidebuli xdeba.

1iqve

weli Tve eqsporti importi brunva saldo2009 ianvari 62 342 404 -280

Tebervali 74 313 387 -239

ianvari-Tebervali 136 655 791 -520 2010 ianvari 106 294 400 -188

Tebervali 109 331 441 -222 ianvari-Tebervali 215 625 841 -410

2011 ianvari 149 451 600 -302 Tebervali 147 424 570 -277 ianvari-Tebervali 296 875 1 171 -580

2012 ianvari 157 501 658 -344 Tebervali 148 557 705 -408 ianvari-Tebervali 305 1 057 1 363 -752

2013* ianvari 196 468 665 -272 Tebervali 162 508 670 -345 ianvari-Tebervali 358 976 1 334 -618

2014* ianvari 224 538 761 -314 Tebervali 216 589 806 -373 ianvari-Tebervali 440 1 127 1 567 -687


61

Sopiko Tevdoradze

INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS IN GLOBAL SPACE

Summary

Incredible increase of economic interdependence of the countries is a distinctive feature of global economy. As a result, economic changes going on in one country can considerably affect the economy of the other. Globalization process is inevitable. Interdependence of the economies of different countries is rapidly increasing. Globalization, in the first place, stabilizes the positions of industrially developed countries, giving them additional possibilities and advantages.

International trade and investments stream are basis moving forces of economic globalization. Global value chains increased the stream of direct foreign investments and intercorporate trade that is becoming increasingly interdepended.


62

lia ToTlaZe

winmswrebi, Tanamdevi da laguri indikatorebi

winmswreb da Tanamdev indikatorTa analizi mniSvnelovania ekonomikuri politikis gam-

tarebelTaTvis moklevadiani gadawyvetilebebis miRebis dros. mravali wlis ganmavlobaSi win-mswrebi, Tanamdevi da laguri indikatorebis meSveobiT ekonomikuri kvlevebis erovnuli biu-ros (NBER) mier warmatebiT xorcieldeba biznes-ciklebis Sefaseba. ukanasknel periodSi ekonomikuri ganviTarebisa da TanamSromlobis organizaciis (OECD) mier monawile qveynebis-Tvisac tardeba amgvari tipis analizi. saqarTvelos ekonomikis, rogorc transformirebadi ekonomikis volatiluri bunebidan gamomdinare mniSvnelovania amgvari midgomis gamoyeneba. igi Rirebuli iqneba rogorc samTavrobo wreebis, aseve biznesis warmomadgenlebisaTvis.

meTodologiuri TvalsazrisiT am midgomis gamoyeneba biznes-ciklebis Sfasebis da zoga-dad prognozirebisaTvis dakavSirebulia stokisa da vatsonis (James H. Stock and Mark W. Watson) saxelebTan. maT SemogvTavazes gamoyofa `latenturi winmswrebi indikatorebisa` da gamoiyenes es meTodi aSS ekonomikis magaliTze. kombi-mendesis mier ki SemoTavazebuli iqna avtomaturi winmswrebi indikatorebis (ALI _ Automatic Leading Indicators) meTodi, romelic teqnikuri Tval-sazrisiT stokisa da vatsonis meTodis msgavsia.

winmswrebi indikatorebis meTodis praqtikaSi gamoyenebam aCvena, rom es ufro srulyo-fili meTodia da misi prognostuli Rirebuleba gacilebiT maRalia, vidre tradiciuli veqto-ruli avtoregresiuli modelebisa. Tumca unda aRiniSnos, rom veqtoruli avtoregresiuli modelebis msgavsad es meTodic Zalze mgrZnobiarea cvladebis SerCevis mimarT. igi iZleva gan-saxilveli faqtorebis ricxvis gafarToebis saSualebas. ZiriTadi amocana ki im maCvenebelTa gamovlenaa, romlebis gviCveneben krizisis SesaZleblobas 24 Tvis ganmavlobaSi. indikatorebi ganzogadebuli ekonomikuri maCveneblebia, romelTa cvlilebas moaswavebs sxva maCvenebelTa da zogadad ekonomikuri klimatis cvlilebas.

amasTan unda aRiniSnos, rom calkeuli indikatori ar iZleva srul informacias, magram maTi erToblioba SesaZlebelia gamoviyenoT saimedo Sedegebis misaRebad. amitom adreuli in-dikatorebis formirebisas mizani unda iyos maTi ganzogadeba, magram es indikatorebi obieqtu-ri unda iyos. mizanSewonili SeiZleba iyos agreTve raodenobrivi informaciis garda gaTvalis-winebul iqnes analitikosTa da eqspertTa mosazrebebi.

indikatorTa sistemis agebisas praqtikaSi gamoiyeneba ori erTmaneTisagan gansxvavebuli ekonomikuri dinamika. erTi aqcents akeTebs ekonomikis ganviTarebis mimarTulebaze (zeviT-qveviT, zrda-dacema), xolo meore ki moZraobis siCqareze. pirveli Seesabameba saqmiani aqtivo-bis ciklis klasikur gagebas, meore - zrdis ciklebis cnebas. aSS-Si gardatexis wertilebis ana-lizi warmoebs zrdisa da dacemis terminebiT. OECD-Si (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development) ki piriqiT daCqarebuli zrdidan Senelebuli zrdisaken da piriqiT (iTvleba, rom msoflioSi adgili aqvs metnaklebad mdgrad ekonomikur, maSin rodesac zrdas xangrZlivoba da klasikuri krizisebis siRrme mcirdeba).

ekonomikur movlenaTa da procesTa analizis dros ganisazRvreba winmswrebi, Tanamdevi da laguri indikatorebi. Tu winmswrebi indikatorebi farTod gamoiyeneba prognozirebaSi, laguri indikatorebi gamoiyeneba mTliani Sida produqtis winaswari monacemebis (romlebic rogorc wesi aramdgradia) SemowmebisaTvis.

meTods zogjer barometrul meTodsac uwodeben. barometuli meTodi emyareba win-mswrebi indikatorebis gamoyenebas ekonomikuri aqtivobis gardatexis wertilebis prognozi-rebas.

Tanamdevi indikatorebi: esaa ekonomikur indikatorTa mwkrivi, romelic icvleba (izrde-ba da klebulobs) erTobliv ekonomikasTan erTad da Sesabamisad zomavs mimdinare ekonomikur aqtivobas. am indikatorebs ganekuTvneba: erToblivi erovnuli produqti, sacalo gayidvebi, industriuli produqcia.

laguri indikatorebi: esaa ekonomikur indikatorTa seria, romelTa cvlileba Tan sdevs erToblivi ekonomikis cvlilebas. lagur indikatorebs ZiriTadad ganekuTvneba eqvsi indika-tori: umuSevrobis done, biznesis danaxarjebi, SromiTi danaxarjebi produqciis erTeulze, daufaravi sesxi, sabanko ganakveTebi, samrewvelo produqciis sabalanso Rirebuleba.

winmswrebi indikatorebi: ufro zustad ki winmswrebi indikatorebis indeqsi (Index of Leading Economic Indicators -LEI) ekonomikur indikatorTa mwkrivia, romelic gansazRvravs ekono-mikuri aqtivobis samomavlo cvlilebebs. mas 10 winmswrebi indikatoris kompozitur indeqssac uwodeben. igi mTavrobis mniSvnelovani barometia biznes trendis prognozirebisaTvis. indeqsi iZleva ekonomikuri aqtivobis eqvsidan cxra Tvemde prognozs. Teoriulad winswreb indikato-rebs ganekuTvneba: saprocento ganakveTebi, biznes da momxmarebelTa ndoba, samomxmareblo


63

kreditebis moculoba, samrewvelo SekveTebis moculoba da sxva. Tumca unda aRiniSnis, rom yvela qveyana vinc iyenebs aRniSnul meTodologias, Tavad gansazRvravs indikatorebis kom-pleqss, qveynis ekonomikuri ganviTarebis Taviseburebebidan gamomdinare.

1960-iani wlebidan amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi regularulad qveyndeba informacia Se-sabamis maxasiaTebelTa Sesaxeb. sayovelTaod miRebul indeqsebTan erTad qveyndeba `saavto-ro` maCveneblebic, romlebic garkveuli niuansebiT gansxvavdeba gavcelebuli maCveneblebisa-gan. magaliTad aSS-Si krizisuli movlenebis prognozirebisaTvis gamoiyeneba ekonomikuri kvlevebis erovnuli biuros (NBER) saSualo Sewonili indeqsi, romelic moicavs aT winmswreb indikators:

• samuSo kviris xangrZlivoba; • umuSevrobis daxmarebaze ganacxadebi; • ZiriTadi aqciebis sabazro Rirebuleba; • SekveTebi manqana-danadgarebze; • sacxovrebeli farTis mSeneblobaze gacemuli licenziebi; • sabiTumo vaWrobis maCveneblebi; • xangrZlivi moxmarebis sagnebze moTxovnis moculoba; • fasebi nedleulze; • fulis miwodebis moculoba; • samomxmareblo ndobis indeqsi. (samomxmareblo ndobis indeqsi-Consumer confidence index momxmarebelTa ndobis Sefasebaa,

romelic efuZneba erovnul ganwyobas mimdinare situaciisadmi da momxmarebelTa imedebs moma-valTan mimarTebaSi. igi dgeba 5000 ojaxis yovelTviuri gamokiTxvis Sedegebis mixedviT. tra-diciulad gamoiyeneba mosaxleobis dasaqmebis tendenciis gamovlenisa da ekonomikis saerTo mdgomareobis prognozirebisaTvis. am indikatoris zrda dadebiTi faqtoria erovnuli valu-tisaTvis. maTematikurad esaa dadebiTi da uaryofiTi pasuxebis Tanafardoba gamoxatuli pro-centebSi).

SveicariaSi ki ganixilaven Semdeg winmswreb indikatorebs: • winmswreb indikatorTa indeqsi Kof; • gadamamuSavebeli mrewvelobis momaragebis menejerTa indeqsi; • samomxmareblo fasebis indeqsi; • mwarmoebelTa fasebis indeqsi; • ekonomikuri molodinis indeqsi; • mSp nazardi; • samrewvelo warmoeba; • Sveicariis erovnuli bankis gadawyvetileba saprocento ganakveTTan mimarTebaSi; • sacalo gayidvebi; • savaWro balansi; • umuSevrobis done. etalonuri indikatoris SerCeva (gardatexis wertilebis gansazRvra). gardatexis, wer-

tilebis gansazRvrisaTvis gamoiyeneba rogorc formaluri, aseve araformaluri meTodebi. aSS-Si gamoiyeneba araformaluri midgoma. ekonomikuri kvlevebis erovnul biuroSi arsebobs specialuri komiteti, romelic axdens ekonomikuri ciklebis gansazRvras. masSi Sedian cnobi-li ekonomistebi. recesia komitetis mixedviT ganisazRvreba rogorc `warmoebis, Semosavle-bis, dasaqmebis da vaWrobis Semcireba`. morigi pikis Tu dacemis TariRis gansazRvra xdeba komi-tetis sxdomaze arsebuli informaciis analizis safuZvelze. ar arsebobs romelime erTi maCve-nebeli, romlis dinamikac orientiri iqneboda komitetisaTvis. OECD-s meTodika ki efuZneba etalonuri indikatoris ideas, amasTan idealur etalonur indikatorad iTvleba Tviuri mSp (iTvleba, rom ekonomikuri cikli adekvaturad aisaxeba am maCveneblis dinamikaSi da aranairi sxva informacia gardatexis wertilebis gansazRvrisaTvis saWiro aRaraa). magram mSp-s yovel-Tviuri maCveneblis gansazRvra ar xdeba, amitom saWiroa sxva maCveneblis SerCeva, romlis dina-mikac axlosaa mSp-s dinamikasTan. praqtikaSi etalonur indikatorad gamoiyeneba samrewvelo-warmoebis indeqsi. swored misTvis ganisazRvreba pikebi da dacemis wertilebi da swored masTan mimarTebaSi igeba winswrebi indikatorebis mTeli sistema. unda aRiniSnos, rom gardatexis wer-tilebis TariRebis gansazRvris procedura sakmaod formaluri xasiaTisaa. igi dafuZnebulia samrewvelo warmoebis indeqsis faqtiuri da trenduli mniSvnelobebis Sepirispirebaze. werti-li sadac miiRweva lokaluri maqsimumi Tanafardobisa faqtiuri/trendi iTvleba pikad, xolo lokaluri minimumis wertili ki - dacemis wertilad.


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etalonuri indikatoris rolSi bunebrivia samrewvelo warmoebis sezonurad mosworebu-li indeqsi gamoiyeneba. lokaluri maqsimumebi am rigisa SeiZleba CaiTvalos pikebad, lokalu-ri minimumebi - dacemad. logikuria davuSvaT, rom pikebi da dacemis wertilebi monacvleobs xolo maT Soris dro metia 6 Tveze.

sawyis winswreb indikatorebad SesaZlebelia ama Tu im maCveneblis ganxilva, Tu igi: iwvevs ekonomikuri dinamikis cvlilebas moTxovnisa da miwodebaze zegavlenis gziT; asaxavs ekonomikuri agentebis molodinebs; mTlianad ekonomikaze adre reagirebs ekonomikuri aqtivobis cvlilebebze; amgvar xarisxSi warmatebiT gamoiyeneba sxva qveynebSi.

praqtikuli TvalsazrisiT maCveneblebi unda akmayofilebdnen Semdeg pirobebs: maT meryeobas unda hqondes cikluri xasiaTi; rigebi sakmarisad saimedo unda iyos mTeli analizirebadi periodis ganmavlobaSi; informacia unda axldebodes operatiulad.

nebismieri maCveneblisaTvis, romelic akmayofilebs zemoTaRniSnul pirobebs, aucilebe-lia gardatexis wertilebis moZebna da maTi Sedareba saerTo ekonomikuri ciklis gardatexis wertilebTan. msoflio praqtika gviCvenebs, rom ramdenime winswrebi indikatorisagan Semdga-ri sistema sakmaod `Wrel` suraTs xatavs. amitom mizanSewonilia ganzogadebuli indikatore-bis ageba. rogorc wesi gaiangariSeba ori: kompozituri winswrebi indikatori da difuzuri winswrebi indikatori. difuzuri indikatoris mniSvneloba drois momentSi tolia im mwkrivTa ricxvis Tanafardobisa, romlebis icvleba ùkeTesisken` mwkrivTa saerTo ricxvTan, romlebic Sedis sistemaSi gamoxatuli procentebSi. difuzuri indeqsi gviCvenebs, ramdenad moicavs zrda an dacema `mTel ekonomikas`.winmswreb indikatorTa kompozituri indeqsisagan gansxvavebiT, difuzuri indeqsi gviCvenebs procentul cvlilebas. magaliTad 50 procentze meti zrda win-mswrebi indikatorisa SesaZloa metyvelebdes erToblivi ekonomikuri aqtivobis gazrdas. di-fuzuri indeqsi aseve exmareba ekonomikuri mdgomareobis recesiis an gamococxlebis intensi-vobis Sefasebisa da interpretirebisaTvis , biznesmenTa mxriv optimizmis an pesimizmis xarisxi-saTvis.

ekonometrikuli modeli.ekonomikur cvladTa Soris damokidebulebis maTematikuri sa-xiT gamoxatuli gantolebebi emyareba statistikur monacemebs. ekonometrikul imodeli Se-saZlebelia sakmaod martivic iyos - erTi gantolebiT mocemuli, romelic gamoxatavs damoki-debul cvlads, rogorc sxva cvladebis funqcias. magaliTad, mTliani Sida produqti GDP Se-saZlebelia gamoisaxos rogorc wina periodis mTliani Sida produqtis (GDP-t), samSeneblo saq-mianobis aqtivobis (C), umuSevrobis donis cvlilebis (ΔU) da saprocento ganakveTis donis (I) funqcia.

am damokidebulebis wrfiv models aqvs saxe: GDP = a + bGDP-t + cC + dΔU + eI. zogierTi modeli SesaZlebelia gamoxatavdes mTeli qveynis ekonomikas da Seicavdes ase-

ulobiT gantolebas. unda aRiniSnos, rom amgvar gantolebaTa sistemis ageba rTuli da Zviria. rogorc wesi winswrebi indikatorebis indeqsi axasiaTebs ekonomikis ganviTarebas Semdegi

eqvsi Tvis ganmavlobaSi. empiriuli kanonebis mixedviT, indeqsis mniSvnelobis uaryofiToba ze-dized sami Tvis ganmavlobaSi warmoadgens qveynis ekonomikis ganviTarebis SeCerebis indika-tors. indeqsi ukeT muSaobs ekonomikuri aqtivobis maqsimumebSi. indeqsis gardatexa xdeba sa-Sualod ekonomikis aRmavlobidan dacemisken gadasvlamde 10 TviT adre. 1952 wlidan 1998 wlam-de winswrebi indikatorebis indeqsma ìwinaswarmetyvela` 10 recesia, romelTagan sinamdvileSi moxda _ 7.


1. Clements M.P., Hendry D.F. Forecasting Economic Time Series. Cambridge, MA.: Cambridge University Press, 1998.

2. Clements M. P. , Hendry D. F.Macro-Economic Forecasting and Modelling. Nuffield College, Oxford. 2008. 3. Estimating Indexes of Coincident and Leading Indicators: An Application to Jordan.IMF Working Paper.

byJoannesMongardini and TahsinSaadi-Sedik.2003, 4. SoderlindP.Macroeconomic and FinancialForecasting. Lecture Notes. University of St. Gallen. St.

Gallen,Switzerland. 5. Makridakis S. G, Wheelwright S. C. , Hyndman R. J.Forecasting: Methods and Applications. 2008.


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lia ToTlaZe

winmswrebi, Tanamdevi da laguri indikatorebi

reziume statiaSi gadmocemulia winmswrebi, Tanmdevi da laguri indikatorebis meTodologiuri

sakiTxebi. am indikatorTa gaangariSeba warmatebiT warmoebs rogorc amerikis SeerTebul Sta-tebSi, aseve evropis ganviTarebul qveynebSi. aRniSnuli meTodi gamoiyeneba biznes-ciklebis prognozirebisaTvis da gansakuTrebiT aqtualuria transformirebadi qveynebisaTvis (maT ricxvs ganekuTvneba mcire zomis ekonomikis mqone saqarTveloc), romelTa ekonomikac, uaRre-sad mgrZnobiarea rogorc ekonomikuri, aseve araekonomikuri faqtorebis zegavlenis mimarT.

Lia Totladze

Leading, Coincident and Lagged Indicators

Summary

For many years a system of leading, coincident, and lagging economic indicators, has been widely used in the United States to appraise the state of the business cycle. This type of analysis is used by most of the member Europe Union countries. Georgia is a need for businesses and government agencies to have access to an accurate leading indicator of transformed economic performance (in particular for Georgia).


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mamuka Toria

Sromis anazRaurebis diferenciaciis problemebi saqarTveloSi

Tanamedrove periodSi qveynis socialur—ekonomikuri ganviTarebis erT—erT umniSvne-

lovanes prioritets siRaribis daZleva da mosaxleobis cxovrebis donis gaumjobeseba warmo-adgens, romelic bolo aTwleulebis manZilze mosaxleobis sxvadasxva fenebis warmomadgenle-bisaTvis mniSvnelovnad CamorCeba ganviTarebuli qveynebisaTvis damaxasiaTebel standartebs.

SeiZleba aRvniSnoT, rom qveyanaSi siRaribis donis zrda uaryofiTad aisaxeba ara marto calkeuli pirovnebebis, aramed konkretuli ojaxebisa da zogadad sazogadoebis ganviTareba-ze. amis mizezi mravali SeiZleba iyos, romelTa Soris SeiZleba gamovyoT: dabali konkurentu-narianobis Sedegad qveynis ekonomikis CamorCena mwarmoeblurobis saerTaSoriso standarte-bis mixedviT, aseve xelfasis dabali donis samuSao adgilebis siWarbe, romlebic ver uzrun-velyofen momuSaveebisa da maTi ojaxis wevrebis Sromis unaris normalur aRwarmoebas.

im faqtorebs Soris, romlebic gadamwyvet gavlenas axdenen mosaxleobis Semosavlebis formirebasa da Sesabamisad siRaribis doneze, gansakuTrebuli adgili ukavia xelfass anu Sro-mis anazRaurebas. warmodgenili statiis kvelevis obieqts swored Sromis anazRaurebis sfero-Si arsebuli problemebis ganxilva warmoadgens.

xelfasi gaweuli Sromis anazRurebis ZiriTad formas warmoadgens. misi sididis gansaz-Rvras obieqturi safuZveli unda gaaCndes da es aris daqiravebuli momuSavisa da misi ojaxis sasicocxlo unaris aRwarmoebis realuri Rirebuleba.

Cvens qveyanaSi mimdinare reformebis pirobebSi momuSaveTa Sromis anazRaurebis sferoSi mimdinare cvlilebebi samwuxarod Soris aris civilizebuli Sromis bazrisaTvis damaxasiaTe-beli niSnisagan, rodesac Sromis anazRaureba imis nacvlad, rom uzrunvelyofdes misi erT—er-Ti fundamenturi funqciis — samuSao Zalis aRwarmoebis srulfasovan Sesrulebas, faqtiurad socialur Semweobad iqca. gansakuTrebiT es exeba ekonomikis iseT umniSvnelovanes dargebSi, rogoricaa ganaTleba, jandacva da a.S. yovelive amis Sedegia mosaxleobis calkeuli fenebi-saTvis cxovrebis donis mkveTri daqveiTeba, socialuri daZabulobis zrda sazogadoebaSi, rac saboloo jamSi uaryofiT damokidebulebas aCens arsebuli saxelmwifo institutebis mimarT.

aRniSnulidan gamomdinare, metad mniSvnelovnad migvaCnia xelfasis, rogorc daqiravebu-li momuSaveebis ekonomikuri interesebis realizaciis ZiriTadi formis problemebis kvleva.

saqarTveloSi daqiravebiT dasaqmebulTa saSualo

Tviuri nominaluri xelfasi 2000—20012 wlebSi cxrili 1

2000 2003 2005 2008 2010 2012 სულ 72.3 125.9 204.2 534.9 597.6 712.5 სოფლის მეურნეობა, ნადირობა და სატყეო მეურნ. 19.7 47.6 128.9 299.3 279.2 424.6 თევზჭერა, მეთევზეობა 22.1 46.2 93.0 211.1 341.4 388.9 სამთომოპოვებითი მრეწველობა 119.3 218.7 210.8 808.9 812.3 874.5 დამამუშავებელი მრეწველობა 99.3 152.5 212.1 510.5 510.6 623.0 ელექტროენეგიის, აირისა და წყლის წარმოება და განაწილება

137.0 250.2 341.5 738.3 822.9 919.9

მშენებლობა 132.4 206.2 296.4 597.3 671.0 890.8 ვაჭრობა, ავტომობილების, საყიფაცხოვრებო ნაწარმისა და პირადი მოხმარების საგების რემონტი

47.0 85.5 173.6 510.6 583.6 650.0

სასტუმროები და რესტორნები 40.4 56.6 108.2 333.6 377.5 397.5 ტრანსპორტი და კავშირგაბმულობა 125.3 191.1 265.7 667.7 787.6 943.4 საფინანსო საქმიანობა 513.4 530.5 1049.2 1343.5 1276.7 1402.3 ოპერაციები უძრავი ქონებით, იჯარა და მომხმარებლისათვის მომსახურების გაწევა

76.6 110.3 210.8 540.1 596.5 843.5

სახელმწიფო მმართველობა 88.5 132.0 342.4 869.5 973.0 1031.2 განათლება 45.5 68.5 92.5 243.7 305.1 355.1 ჯანმრთელობის დაცვა და სოციალური დახმარება 32.1 76.8 99.5 305.8 446.8 599.5 კომუნალური, სოციალური და პერსონალური მომსახურების გაწევა

66.9 72.2 113.4 408.7 460.1 602.1

wyaro:gaangariSebulia saqarTvelos statistikis erovnuli samsaxuris monecenebis sa-fuZvelze.


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saqarTvelos Sromis bazarze Camoyalibebuli mdgomareoba, gansakuTrebiT mosaxleobis Semosavlebis done da diferenciaciis maCvenebelebi, garkveuli specifikurobiT xasiaTdebian da mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdebian mrewvelurad ganviTarebul qveynebSi Semosavlebis struqtu-risagan. ase magaliTad, Cvens qveyanaSi SedarebiT maRali donis Semosavlebi gaaCniaT sabanko sferosa da vaWrobaSi dasaqmebulebs. aseve, nomenklaturis muSakebs, romlebsac SeuZliaT sa-xelmwifo saxsrebis sakuTari interesebis mizniT gamoyeneba. maSin rodesac maTi Semosavlebi, vinc realurad awarmoebs materialur dovlaTs an imaTi Semosavlebi, viszec realuradaa da-mokidebuli sazogadoebis socialur-ekonomikuri da mecnierul-teqnikuri progresi, mniSvne-lovnad CamorCeba zomoT aRniSnuli kategoriis pirebis Semosavlebs.

monacemebidan Cans, rom sakvlevi periodis ganmavlobaSi saqarTveloSi daqiravebiT da-saqmebulTa saSualo Tviuri nominaluri xelfasi 9.8—jer gaizarda. maT Soris e.w. ,,vardebis revoluciis“ Semdgom periodSi (2003—20012 wlebSi) es maCvenebeli 5,6—jer gaizarda. aRsaniSna-via is garemoeba, rom zrdis maCvenebeli mniSvnelovnadaa diferencirebuli calkeuli dargebis mixedviT. kerZod, saxelmwifo mmarTvelobaSi saSualo Tviuri nominaluri xelfasi 11.6—jer gaizarda, maSin rodesac ganaTlebasa da janmrTelobis dacvis sferoSi xelfasi Sesabamisad 5.1—jer da 7.8—jer gaizarda. miuxedavad amisa, ganaTlebaSi daqiravebiT dasaqmebulTa saSualo xelfasi yvelaze dabalia qveynis masStabiT da 2012 wlis moncemebiT man 355.1 lari Seadgina. swored es faqtori axdens erT—erT gadamwyvet gavlenas imaze, rom dasaqmebulTa ricxovnoba sistematurad mcirdeba ganaTlebis sferoSi, saidanac SedarebiT maRalkvalificiuri kadrebi an sxva sferoSi agrZeleben saqmianobas an toveben qveyanas. es raTqma unda uaryofiTad aisaxeba qveynis saganmanaTleblo potencialis Semdgom ganviTarebaze.

2012 wlisaTvis saqarTveloSi, absolutur maCveneblebSi saSualo xelfasis yvelze maRali done axasiaTebda iyo safinanso saqmianobas (1402.3 lari) da saxelmwifo mmarTvelobas (1031.2 la-ri). am maCveneblebs mniSvnelovnad CamorCeba materialuri warmoebis sferos dargebi. kerZod, damamuSavebeli mrewveloba (623.0 lari), samTomompovebeli mrewveloba (874.5 lari), soflis me-urneoba, nadiroba da satyeo meurneoba (424.6 lari), mSenebloba (890.8 lari). es ukanaskneli Ziri-Tad warmodgenilia sabinao mSeneblobiT da masSi sakmaod mwiria axali sawarmoo simZlavrebis (fabrikebi, qarxnebi da sxva sawarmoo daniSnulebis obieqtebi) mwyobrSi Seyvanis wili.

cxadia, rom xelfasis diferenciacia nebismieri sazogadoebisaTvis gardauval da kanon-zomier movlenas warmoadgens, romelsac kidev ufro aRrmavebs arasrulyofili konkurenciis Sromis bazris arseboba. bolo aTwleulebis ganmavlobaSi saqarTveloSi xelfasis diferencia-ciis intensiuri zrda SeimCneva daqiravebul momuSaveebSi. amasTan, saqme exeba ara imdenad eko-nomikurad dasaSveb da gamarTlebul diferenciacias, aramed mis metad saSiS formebs. amasTan, saxelmwifos mier xelfasis regulirebis qmediTi meqanizmebis, momuSaveTa interesebis damcve-li Zlieri profkavSiruli organizaciebis ar arseboba da sxva faqtorebis moqmedebam mniSvne-lovnad ganapirobes daqiravebulTa Sromis anazRaurebis disproporciis gaRrmaveba.

daqiravebiT dasaqmebulTa saSualo Tviuri nominaluri xelfasis diferenciacia kidev ufro TvalsaCinod vlindeba misi seqtorebis an sqesobrivi niSniT analizis Semdeg. ase magali-Tad, saxelmwifo seqtorSi xelfasis maRali donea damaxasiaTebeli safinanso saqmianobisa (3085,8 lari) da vaWroba, avtomobilebis, sayofacxovrebo nawarmisa da piradi moxmarebis sagne-bis remonti (1297.0 lari) dargisaTvis, sadac es maCvenebeli arasaxelmwifo seqtoris Sesabamisi dargis maCvenebelebs Sesabamisad 2,2—jer da 1.7—jer aRemateba. aRsaniSnavia is garemoeba, rom am ukanasknel dargSi xelfasis mkveTri gadidebis faqtori gaxda ara warmoebis efeqtianobis an Sromis mwarmoeblurobis amaRleba, aramed struqturuli cvlileba, roca 2009 wels erT—erTi msxvili sawarmom icvala saqmianobis sfero, gadavida vaWrobaSi da mniSvnelovnad ganapiroba am dargSi xelfafis saSualo donis amaRleba. analogiuri situacia iyo damaxasiaTebeli samTo-mompovebeli mrewvelobisaTvisac, sadac xelfasis done 2006—2007 wlebSi mkveTrad gaizarda (3.4—jer) da Semdgom periodSi mudmiv zrdas gancdida. is, aseve struqturuli cvlilebebis Se-degi gaxldaT, rodesac ramdenime sawarmos Serwymisa da momuSaveTa mniSvnelovani gamoTavi-suflebis anu dasaqmebulTa Semcirebis paralelurad arsebiTad moxda xelfsis saSualo donis zrda. Sedegad, 2012 wels saqarTveloSi samTomompovebel mrewvelobaSi saSualo Tviuri xel-fasis done materialuri warmoebis dargSi yvelaze maRali iyo (2507.3 lari) da igi am sferos sxva dargebs mniSvnelovnad aRemateboda. kerZod, damamuSavebel mrewvelobas — 3.7—jer, sof-lis meurneobas, nadirobasa da satyeo meurnrobas — 4.7—jer, mSeneblobas — 2.5—jer.

aRsaniSnavia is garemoeba, rom saxelmwifo seqtorSi daqiravebiT dasaqmebulTa saSualo Tviuri xelfasis done gacilebiT metia arasaxelmwifo seqtoris Sesabamis dargebTan Sedare-biT soflis meurneoba, nadiroba da satyeo meurneobaSi — 30.5 %—iT, damamuSavebel mrewvelo-baSi — 7.3 %—iT, mSeneblobaSi — 8.6 %—iT, samTomompovebel mrewvelobaSi — 3—jer.

msgavsi tendenciaa SenarCunebuli momsaxurebis sferoSi, sadac saxelmwifo seqtoris dar-gebSi saSualo xelfasis done arasaxelmwifo sferos Sesabamisi dargebis maCvenebls aseve aRema-teba. kerZod, safinanso saqmianoba (2.2—jer), vaWroba, avtomobilebis, sayofacxovrebo nawarmisa da piradi moxmarebis sagnebis remonti (2.0—jer); sastumroebi da restornebi (10.0 %—iT).


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es kidev erTxel iZleva imaze dafiqrebis aucileblobas Tu ramdenad efeqturad funqci-onirebs Cvens qveyanaSi kerZo biznesi da ra institucionaluri xasiaTis RonisZiebebi unda ga-tardes imisaTvis rom kerZo biznesis funqcionirebis efeqtianoba mniSvnelovnad gaizardos. mxolod imis konstatireba, rom Cvens qveyanaSi biznesis dawyebis pirobebi samagaliToa mTels msoflioSi ar kmara sasurveli Sedegebis misaRebad, aucilebelia Semdgom biznesis ganviTare-bis xelsayreli garemos Seqmna da misi dacva sxvadasxva xasiaTis Carevebisagan.

am mimarTulebiT gamonaklis warmoadgens ganaTleba; janmrTelobis dacva da socialuri daxmareba; komunaluri, socialuri da personaluri momsaxurebis gaweva, sadac arasaxelmwifo seqtorSi, saSualo Tviuri nominaluri xelfasis maCvenebeli saxelmwifosTan seqtoris dar-gebs Sesabamisad 33.5, 19.6 da 45.3 %—iT aRemateba.

xelfasis diferenciacia kidev ufro TvalSi sacemia sqesobrivi niSnis mixedviT. ase maga-liTad, 2003 wels mTlianad qveynis masStabiT mamakacebis xelfasi qalebisas — 1.9—jer aRemate-boda. amasTan, absoluturad yvela dargis mixedviT mamakacebis xelfasi mniSvnelovnad aRema-tebolda qalebis xelfass. analogiuri mdgomareoba SenarCunebulia 2012 wlis monacemebSi. Tumca, am droisaTvis mamkacebisa da qalebis saSualo Tviur xelfass Soris gansxvavebam 65.9%—i Seadgina anu gansxvaveba qalebisa da mamakacebis xelfasis doneebs Soris Semcirda.

fulad Semosavlebs Soris arsebul diferenciaciis dones gamorCeul yuradrebas vaq-cevT imis gamo, rom igi arsebiT gavlenas axdens mosaxleobis calkeuli fenebis cxovrebis do-neze da maT ekonomikur aqtiurobaze, da rac mumniSvnelovanesia, sazogadoebaSi socialur stabilurobaze.

mosaxleobis calkeul fenebs Soris Semosavlebis ganawilebis analizis sayovelTaod mi-Rebul saSualebas lorencis koeficienti warmoadgens, romelic gviCvenebs SefardebiT uTa-nabrobas mosaxleobis Semosavlebis ganawilebaSi da igi aseve xSirad gamoiyeneba Semosavlebis regionaluri diferenciaciis Sefa—sebisaTvis.

Semosavlebis ganawilebis SefarebiTi uTanabroba SeiZleba davaxasiaToT aseve jinis koe-ficientis saSualebiT. igi mosaxleobis sxvadasxva fenebis Semosavlebs Soris uTanabrobis ga-zomvis yvelaze gavrcelebuli sazomia.

jinis koeficientis mixedviT, saqarTvelo im qveynebis jgufSi Sedis, romelTa mosaxleo-bis saSualo fena ar arsebobs an mcirericxovani saSualo klasia, - amis Sesaxeb naTqvamia ekono-mikuri politikis kvlevis centrisa da fond "Ria sazogadoeba-saqarTvelos" 2011 wlis pirve-li naxevris saqarTvelos ekonomikis mimoxilvaSi.(2. gv. 9)

msoflio bankis monacemebis mixedviT, saqarTvelos jinis koeficienti (42), yofil sabWo-Ta respublikebs Soris erT-erTi yvelaze maRalia, rac niSnavs, rom Semosavlebis/samomxmareb-lo xarjebis mosaxleobaSi gadanawileba Cvens qveyanaSi yvelaze uTanasworoa yofili sabWoTa kavSiris sxva respublikebTan SedarebiT.

amgvarad, Catarebuli analizis Sedegad miRebuli Sedegebi naTlad miuTiTeben imaze, rom saqarTveloSi xelfasis diferenciaciis sferoSi bolo aTwleulebis manZilze Camoyalibebu-li tendenciebi metad sagangaSoa. igi pirdapiri Sedegia qveynis ekonomikaSi monopolizebuli dargebis arsebobis, Sromis bazris arafeqturobis, profkavSiruli organizaciebi sisustis, rac saboloo jamSi iwvevs mosaxleobis calkeuli fenebis mixedviT Semosavlebis diferencia-ciis gaRrmavebas, socialuri daZabulobis zrdas, SedarebiT maRalkvalificiuri momuSaveebis qveynidan gadinebas.

obieqturoba moiTxovs aRvniSnoT, rom mosaxleobis calkeuli fenebis mixeviT Semosav-lebis araTanabari ganawileba evropis mravali qveynisTvis iyo damaxasiaTebeli, magram am problemis warmatebiT gadaWra aRniSnul qceynebSi ganxorcielda saxelmwifos mizanmimarTu-li socialuri politikis Sedegad, romelic mimarTuli iyo sazogadoebrivi warmoebis efeqti-anobis amaRlebisa da ekonomikaSi realuri struqturuli da teqnologiuri cvlilebebis, aseve siRaribis daZlevis programebis ganxorcielebisaken. aqedan gamomdinare, Cvens qveyanaSi am sferoSi arsebuli problemebis gadaWrisas miznaSwonili iqneba evropis wamyvani qveynebis ga-mocdilebis gaziareba Cveni qveynis specifikurobebisa da Taviseburebebis gaTvaliswinebiT.


1. statistikis erovnuli samsaxuris monacemebi; 2. ,,saqarTvelos ekonomikuri perspeqtiva, 2011 wlis pirveli naxevari. ekonomikuri politikis

kvlevebisa da fond ,,Ria—sazogadoeba saqarTvelos“ erToblivi kvleva. Tb. 2011 weli. 3. В. В. Антропов, Социальная рыночная экономика: путь германии. ,,экономика”, М. 2003. 4. Глобализация, рост и бедность. Пер. с англ. ,,Весь Мир “. М. 2004.


69

mamuka Toria

Sromis anazRaurebis diferenciaciis problemebi saqarTveloSi

reziume

saqarTvelos Sromis bazarze Camoyalibebuli mdgomareoba, gansakuTrebiT mosaxleobis Semosavlebis done da diferenciaciis maCvenebelebi, garkveuli specifikurobiT xasiaTdebian da mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdebian mrewvelurad ganviTarebul qveynebSi Semosavlebis struqtu-risagan.

bolo aTwleulebis ganmavlobaSi saqarTveloSi xelfasis diferenciaciis intensiuri zrda SeimCneva daqiravebul momuSaveebSi. amasTan, saqme exeba ara imdenad ekonomikurad dasaS-veb da gamarTlebul diferenciacias, aramed mis metad saSiS formebs.

Catarebuli analizis Sedegad miRebuli Sedegebi naTlad miuTiTeben imaze, rom saqarTve-loSi xelfasis diferenciaciis sferoSi bolo aTwleulebis manZilze Camoyalibebuli tenden-ciebi metad sagangaSoa. igi pirdapiri Sedegia qveynis ekonomikaSi monopolizebuli dargebis arsebobis, Sromis bazris arafeqturobis, profkavSiruli organizaciebi sisustis, rac sabo-loo jamSi iwvevs mosaxleobis calkeuli fenebis mixedviT Semosavlebis diferenciaciis gaR-rmavebas, socialuri daZabulobis zrdas, SedarebiT maRalkvalificiuri momuSaveebis qveyni-dan gadinebas.

Mamuka Toria

LABOR REMUNERATION DIFFERENTIATION PROBLEMS IN GEORGIA

Summary

Conditions, formatted in Georgian labor market, especially the level of population income and differentiation features, are characterized with certain specifications and are extremely different from the income structures of industrially developed countries.

During the last decades, is observed the intensive growth of wage differentiation of hired employees. hereon it mostly concerns not the economically acceptable and justifiable differentiation but its dangerous forms.

The received results from the conducted analysis make visible that in the field of wage differentiation in Georgia, tendencies formed during the last decade are most alarming. It is the direct result of existence of monopolized fields, non-effective labor market, trade-union organization weakness, that finally causes the deepening of particular population levels income differentiation, increasing the social tension, withdrawal of relatively high-skilled workers from the country.


70

daviT kbilaZe

statistikis rogorc mecnierebis Camoyalibebis istoriuli

aspeqtebi da Tanamedroveoba

statistikas ganviTarebis mravalsaukunovani istoria aqvs. ase magaliTad, CineTSi jer kidev Cven welTaRricxvamde 2000 wlis win iTvlidnen mosaxleobas sqesisa da asakis mixedviT. aseve agrovebdnen monacemebs mrewvelobisa da soflis meurneobis mdgomareobis Sesaxeb. Zvel bibliur CanawerebSi aseve vxvdebiT miniSnebebs statistikur dakvirvebebze. evropaSi IX sauku-nidan moyolebuli atarebdnen samefo mamulebis aRwerebs, agreTve mosaxleobis aRricxvas sam-xedro samsaxurisaTvis, Tumca imdroindel qveynebSi cifrobrivi monacemebis Segroveba ar iyo srulyofili da isini mainc ZiriTadad saomar an finansur sferoebs miekuTvneboda. mosaxleo-bis zrdas, sazogadoebrivi warmoebis ganviTarebas da qveynebSi saSinao da sagareo vaWrobis ga-mococxlebas Tan axlda statistikur informaciaze moTxovnilebis zrda. swored am garemoe-bam gamoiwvia ukve Segrovebuli informaciis damuSavebisa da analizis saWiroeba da statisti-kis rogorc mecnierebis Camoyalibeba.

statistikis rogorc mecnierebis pirveli mimarTuleba iwodeba aRwerilobiT skolad. igi warmoiSva germaniaSi XVII saukunis meore naxevarSi da iwodeboda saxelmwifomcodneobad. mocemuli skolis damaarseblad iTvleba germaneli mecnieri german konringi (1606-1681), ro-melmac daamuSava saxelmwifo mowyobis aRwerilobiTi sistema. german konringma SemoiRo umaR-les saswavleblebSi saxelmwifomcodneobis rogorc samecniero disciplinis swavleba. moce-mulma skolam iarseba 150 welze meti, romelsac faqtobrivad ar gaaCnda Teoriuli safuZvle-bi. aseve ar iyo mkveTrad gamokveTili mocemuli mecnierebis sagani da meTodi. mocemuli sko-lis mimdevrebi TavianT naSromebSi aSuqebdnen saxelmwifoTa aRwerilobas, maT mowyobas, mo-saxleobis yofa-cxovrebis sakiTxebs, bunebriv pirobebs, klimats, finansebs, jars. aseT Sro-mebs zemoaRniSnuli avtorebi miiCnevdnen statistikur Sromebad, rasac dRevandeli gadasaxe-didan Znelia daeTanxmo, radgan saxelmwifos RirsSesaniSnaobebs isini aRwerdnen sityvierad. aseT aRwerilobebs ZiriTadad hqonda eTnografiuli xasiaTi.

aRwerilobiTi skolis Semdgomi ganviTarebisaTvis bevri gaakeTa filosofiisa da samar-Tlis profesorma gotfrid axenvalma (1719 _ 1772), romelmac marburgis da Semdeg gotingenis universitetebSi daiwyo axali saswavlo disciplinis, statistikis wakiTxva. mocemuli kursis ZiriTad Sinaarss warmoadgenda saxelmwifos politikuri mdgomareobisa da RirsSesaniSnaobe-bis aRwera. Tavad termini statistika warmoSvebulia laTinuri sityva ,,Status’’-isagan, rac im droisaTvis saxelmwifos politikur mdgomareobas niSnavda.

statistikis rogorc mecnierebis ganviTarebis meore mimarTuleba warmoiSva inglisSi da igi cnobilia, rogorc politikur ariTmetikosTa skolad. mocemuli mimarTuleba 100 wliT adre warmoiSva vidre germanuli aRwerilobiTi skola da igi gacilebiT axlosaa statistikis amJamindel gagebasTan. mocemuli skolis mesveurni aRwerilobiTi skolis warmomadgenlebTan SedarebiT TavianT amocanad Tvlidnen dakvirvebis didi ricxvis pirobebSi sxvadasxva saxis ka-nonzomierebebis gamovlenas, agreTve sxvadasxva movlenebis urTierTkavSiris Seswavlas. moce-muli skolis damaarsebeli iyo uiliam peti (1623-1678). igi cnobili ingliseli politekonomiis warmomadgeneli iyo da miCneulia, rom man Cauyara safuZveli statistikis Camoyalibebas iseTi naSromebis gamoqveynebiT, rogoricaa: ,,politikuri ariTmetika’’ da ,,sxvadasxva Sexedulebebi fulis Taobaze’’. k.marqsma am naSromebis avtors uwoda politekonomiis mama da garkveul wilad statistikis gamomgonebeli.

uiliam petis mier statistikaze gamoqveynebuli naSromebidan yuradRebas imsaxurebs misi didi daintereseba sameurneo procesebiT, sazogadoebrivi da ekonomikuri cxovrebis kanonzo-mierebebiT. man pirvelma gamoiyena iribi Sefasebebi gaangariSebebSi, Seecada gaezoma qveynis erovnuli simdidre da erovnuli Semosavali. man 1671 _ 1676 wlebSi dawera naSromi ,,politiku-ri ariTmetika’’, anu msjeloba miwis, mosaxleobis, soflis meurneobis, manufaqturebis, vaWro-bis, TevzWeris da qveynebis zRvaSi Zlevamosilebis Sesaxeb.

uiliam petis saqmianobis gamgrZeleblebi iyvnen jon graunti (1620 _ 1674) da e.gallei (1656 _ 1742). maT naSromebSi Warbobda demografiuli mimarTulebis publikaciebi cxovrebis dazRvevis ganxriT. jon grauntma pirvelma gamoikvlia mosaxleobis kvlavwarmoebis problemebi, rasac igi axerxebda mravali pirveladi monacemebis damuSavebiTa da analiziT. man daadgina, rom londonSi dabadebuli biWebisa da gogonebis Tanafardoba Seadgenda 14:13. dabadebulTagan im droisaTvis 6 wlamde aRwevda londonSi dabadebulTa 64%, 16 wlamde - 40%. 63 gardacvlilidan 52 modioda axal-dabadebulze. man pirvelad Seadgina stacionaluri mosaxleobis mokvdavobis cxrili da gaiangari-Sa mosaxleobis sicocxlis xangrZlivobis mrudi. jon grauntma mis mier Catarebuli kvlevebi ga-mosca 1662 wels, romelSic Tavi mouyara bunebriv da politikur dakvirvebebs. igi daurTo mokvda-


71

vobis biuletenebs Semdeg sakiTxebze: mmarTveloba, religia, vaWroba, daavadebebi da a.S. es iyo po-litikuri ariTmetikosebis pirveli samecniero naSromi.

cnobilma ingliselma astronomma a.galleim gaagrZela ra mokvdavobis problemebis Teo-riuli damuSaveba, wamoayena idea did ricxvTa kanonis Sesaxeb da gamoiyena statistikur er-TobliobebSi SemTxveviT gadaxraTa aRmofxvris meTodebi. mravali wlebis gamocdilebam gviC-vena, rom politikuri ariTmetikosebis skola warmoadgenda Tanamedrove statistikis rogorc mecnierebis saTaves. politikur ariTmetikosTa skolis ideebis gamgrZeleblebi gamoCndnen sxva evropul saxelmwifoebSic. kerZod, safrangeTsa da holandiaSi.

politikur ariTmetikosTa skolis damsaxureba iyo is, rom ama Tu im kanonzomierebis ga-mosavlenad iyenebdnen masobriv monacemebs, agreTve monacemTa Segrovebisa da analizisas iye-nebdnen dajgufebis meTods, saSualo da SefardebiT maCveneblebs, cdilobdnen bevri maCvene-beli ganexilaT urTierTkavSirSi, aucilebeli monacemebis arsebobisas iyenebdnen irib Sefase-bebs da a.S. politikur ariTmetikosTa skolam gansakuTrebuli ganviTareba XVII da XVIII sauku-neebSi hpova. me -19 saukunis pirvel naxevarSi warmoiSva statistikuri mecnierebis mesame, sta-tistikur - maTematikuri mimarTuleba. mocemuli mimarTulebis winamorbedebi saxelmwifom-codneobisa da politikur ariTmetikosTa skolidan statistikis Teoriis Camoyalibebamde mi-vidnen saaRricxvo - statistikuri samuSaoebis praqtikis Teoriuli ganzogadebiT. mocemuli mimarTulebis Camoyalibeba - damkvidrebaSi didi wvlili miuZRvis belgiel statistikoss, ga-naTlebiT maTematikoss adolf ketles (1796 _ 1874 ). igi mravali wlis manZilze xelmZRvane-lobda belgiis erovnul statistikas. mis saxels ukavSirdeba moZRvreba saSualo sidideebze. misi damsaxurebaa statistikis sagnis gansazRvra (sazogadoebisa da saxelmwifos cxovrebasTan dakavSirebuli masobrivi movlenebi), aseve statistikur maCvenebelTa mdgradobis Teoriis Se-muSaveba, manve moaxerxa ganesazRvra statistikis meTodebis arsi.

statistikis maTematikurma mimarTulebam ganviTareba hpova f.galtonis (1822 _ 1911), k. pirsonis (1857 _ 1936), v.gossetis (1876 _ 1936), r.fiSeris (1890 _ 1962) da sxvaTa naSromebSi.

f. galtonma statistikur Teoriasa da praqtikaSi SemoiRo percentilis cneba. k.pirsonma f. galtonTan erTad mniSvnelovani wili Seitana kavSiris (korelaciis Teoria)

raodenobrivi Sefasebis TeoriaSi. v. gosseti werda ra stiudentis fsevdonimiT SeimuSava mci-re SerCevis Teoria.

statistikuri mecniereba ganaviTares rusma mecnier - statistikosebma k.germanma (1755 _ 1815), d. Juravskim (1810 _ 1856), p.semionov - tiaSanskim (1827 _ 1914), i. iansonma (1827 _ 1914 ), s.trumilinma (1877 _ 1977), v. nemCinovma, a. boiarskim da sxva.

statistikuri mecnierebis ganviTarebaSi aseve didi wvlili Seitanes qarTvelma ekonomist - statistikosebma: filipe gogiCaiSvilma (1905 _ 1988), gia gamyreliZem (1902 _ 1953), SoTa beraZem (1908 _ 1980) da sxvebma. Tanamedrove statistikuri mecnierebis ganviTarebaSi gansakuTrebuli wvlili miuZRvis profesor bikenti gabiZaSvils, romelmac bevri mecnieri da praqtikosi ekono-mist - statistikosi aRuzarda Cvens qveyanas. batono bikenti gabiZaSvili 30 wlis manZilze xel-mZRvanelobda ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis statistikis ka-Tedras. samwuxarod, 2013 wlis ivlisSi gardaicvala 79 wels miRweuli Rvawlmosili mecnieri.

Cven mimovixileT statistikis rogorc mecnierebis Camoyalibebis istoriuli aspeqtebi. statistika fasdaudebel wvlils asrulebda da asrulebs saxelmwifo organoebis, mecnierebis, Sinameurneobebis, biznes wreebis da statistikuri informaciis sxva momxmarebelTa yoveldRi-ur cxovrebaSi. amasTan, misi roli da mniSvneloba gansakuTrebiT gaizarda msoflio globali-zaciis Tanamedrove, maRali tempebis pirobebSi. aqedan gamomdinare, SemTxveviTi araa, rom msoflios qveynebis meTaurebi da saerTaSoriso organizaciebi didi interesiT ixilaven eko-nomikuri zrdisa da socialuri progresis inovaciur indikatorebs, romlebsac pretenzia eq-neba Seafasos qveynebSi Seqmnili realuri socialur - ekonomikuri situacia da saWiroebis Sem-TxvevaSi moaxdinos finansuri da ekonomikuri krizisis dadgomis prevencia.

guram TavarTqilaZis saswavlo universitetis ekonomikisa da biznesis kaTedrebis profe-sor maswavleblebi gamovidnen iniciativiT SeimuSaon xalxis cxovrebis xarisxis inovaciuri in-dikatorebi, rac daexmareba Cveni qveynis mTavrobas mocemul sferoSi swori mmarTvelobiTi gadawyvetilebebis miRebaSi.


1. b. gabiZaSvili. statistika ekonomikaSi, biznessa da menejmentSi, Tbilisi, 2008 2. d. kbilaZe, S.metreveli. statistika, gamomcemloba universali, Tbilisi, 2012 3. Теория статистики: Учебник под ред. проф. Р. Шмойловой. М. 2007. 4. Newbold Paul, Carlson L. William, Throne Betty _ Statistics for Business and Economics, 2007


72

daviT kbilaZe

statistikis rogorc mecnierebis Camoyalibebis istoriuli aspeqtebi da Tanamedroveoba

reziume

statistikas ganviTarebis mravalsaukunovani istoria aqvs, magram rogorc mecniereba igi

XVII saukunis meore naxevarSi germaniaSi Camoyalibda. swored am droidan iwodeboda igi statis-tikis, rogorc mecnierebis pirvel mimarTulebad - aRwerilobiT skolad. meore mimarTuleba warmoiSva inglisSi da igi iwodeboda politikur ariTmetikosTa skolad. XIX saukunis I naxevarSi warmoiSva statistikuri mecnierebis mesame, statistikur-maTematikuri mimarTuleba.

statistikas fasdaudebeli wvlili Sehqonda da Seaqvs saxelmwifo organoebis, mecniere-bis, Sinameurneobebisa da statistikuri informaciis sxva momxmarebelTa yoveldRiur cxovre-baSi.

David Kbiladze

HISTORICAL ASPECTS OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF STATISTICS AS A SCIENCE AND CONTEMPORANETY

Summary

Statistics has a long history of development, but as a science it was formed in Germany in the second half of

XVII century. From that time it is called as a first direction of statistics as a science _ descriptive school. The second direction was originated in England and was called as a political school of arithmetic. Third direction of statistical science called as statistical - mathematical direction was formed in the first half of XIX century.

Statistics is an invaluable contributor for state organs, science, households and other consumers of statistical information in everyday life.


73

lela koWlamazaSvili

Temur yandaSvili

saqarTvelos evrokavSiris bazarze gasvlis perspeqtivebi

qveynis ekonomikis ganviTarebis xelSemwyobi faqtoria saeqsporto saqmianobis gafarTo-

eba, amitom saxelmwifo daintersebulia sagareo savaWro brunvaSi misi wilis zrdiT. am mxriv, saqarTvelom ukanasknel wlebSi marTalia mcire, magram mainc winsvlas miaRwia, razec metyve-lebs saqstatis masalebi.

(mln aSS dolari)

2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

2014 w. ianvar-aprili

sagareo savaWro brunva 5634 6935 9247 10220 10784 3441 saqonlis registrirebuli eqspor-ti (FOB) 1134 1677 2189 2377 2909 933

saqonlis registrirebuli importi (CIF) 4500 5257 7058 7842 7874 2508

sagareo vaWrobis saldo -3367 -3580 -4869 -5465 -4965 -1576 wyaro: http://www.geostat.ge/ aRniSnuli miuTiTebs eqsportis ganviTarebis did mniSvnelobaze, rac saqarTvelos sinam-

dvileSi aucileblobas warmoadgens, ramdenadac gaizrdeba warmoeba, dasaqmeba, sagareo vaWro-bisagan Semosavlebi; Sesabamisad, saqarTvelos nawarmi msoflio bazarze gava, rac stimuls mis-cems qarTul warmoebas konkurentunariani saqonlis warmoebisaTvis. es yvelaferi ki saboloo jamSi qvyenis aRorZinebasa da mosaxleobis cxovrebis donis amaRlebas gamoiwvevs. amdenad, qveynis saeqsporto potencialis srulad gamoyeneba da erovnul meurneobaSi warmoebuli pro-duqciis konkurentunarianobis donis amaRleba msoflio meurneobaSi srulfasovani integra-ciis upirvelesi safuZvelTagania. amitomac, aqvs gamorCeuli mniSvneloba saeqsporto poten-cialis Sefasebas, analizs, prognozs, am umniSvnelovanes sferoSi prioritetebisa da moqmede-bebis strategiis gansazRvras.

Cvens qveyanas gaaCnia sakmaod mniSvnelovani ekonomikuri, sawarmoo—teqnikuri da Sromi-Ti potenciali, romelic uzrunvelyofs sakmaod maRali masStatebisa da donis saeqsporto po-tencials. saTanado muSaobiT, mecnierTa da praqtikosTa erToblivi ZalisxmeviT SeiZleba se-riozuli progresis miRweva saeqsporto politikaSi. miT umetes, rom msoflio masStabiT, Ti-Toeuli qveyana, Tavisi geopolitikuri mdebareobiT, bunebriv—klimaturi pirobebiT, istori-ulad Camoyalibebuli sameurneo saqmianobis kulturiT, adaT—wesebiT. zneobrivi normebiT, saqonlis warmoebisa, gacvla—ganawilebisa da moxmarebis TaviseburebebiT gansxvavebul ad-gils ikavebs saerTaSoriso biznesis sivrceSi.

samxreT kavkasiis qveynebs Soris saqarTvelo gamoirCeva mravalferovani bunebrivi piro-bebiT, rac ganipirobebulia misi specifikuri geografiuli adgilmdebareobiT, rTuli relie-fiT da Savi zRvis siaxloviT.

saqarTvelos bunebriv—klimaturi pirobebi, agrosamrewvelo seqtorSi arsebuli tradi-ciebi da samrewvelo simZlavreebi farTo speqtris sasoflo—sameurneo kulturebis moyvanisa da gadamuSavebis saSualebas iZleva. kerZod, saqarTvelos sasoflo—sameurneo warmoebis raci-onaluri teritoriuli organizaciisaTvis maqsimalurad unda iqnes gamoyenebuli agroklima-turi resursebi, romlebic gamoixateba siTbos, sinaTlisa da sinotivis maragis arsebobaSi.

aRniSnuli agroklimaturi resursebis gamo postsabWoTa sivrceSi Cai mxolod mcire rao-denobiT moyavT krasnodaris mxareSi da azerbaijanSi, amdenad saqarTvelos am mxriv priorite-tuli mdgomareoba ukavia. rac Seexeba citrusebis moyvanas, mxolod saqarTvelos klimatur pi-robebSia SesaZlebeli. aRsaniSnavia, rom jer-jerobiT mxolod Txili, mwvanili da dafna Sedis evrokavSiris teritoriaze, romlebic sargebloben “jiespi+” reJimiT.

saqarTvelo uZvelesi mexileobisa da mevenaxeobis qveyanaa. adgilobrivi Rvinis nawarms msoflioSi saxeli gauTqva kaxeTis regionis unikalurma bunebam. marTalia, saqarTvelos sxva raionebSic moyavT yurZeni da Sesabamisad Rvinosac amzadeben, magram kaxur Rvinoebs analogi ar hyavT msoflio masaviT. qarTuli Rvinis konkurentunarianobaze da msoflio bazarze gasv-lis Sesaxeb movitanT citatas: “saqarTveloSi saerTaSoriso bazrisaTvis konkurentunariani Rvinoebis warmoeba SesaZlebelia mxolod Semdegi gziT: daculi unda iyos yurZnis moyvanis ag-


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rowesebis optimaluri pirobebi. gamoyenebuli teqnologia unda pasuxobdes saWiro moTxov-nebs da Cven Tavisuflad SegviZlia gavideT msoflio bazarze konkurentunariani RvinoebiT”1.

Sromis saerTaSoriso danawilebis principebidan gamomdinare, saqarTvelo daspecialebu-lia iseTi dargebis ganviTarebaze (meRvineoba, meCaieoba, mecitruseoba, meTambaqoeoba da sxv.), romelTa gavrcelebis arealic metad SezRudulia, magram isini iZlevian saukeTeso Sedegebs adgilobrivi bunebriv pirobebSi da mowodebuli arian warmoebuli produqciis sagareo bazris moTxovnaze.

marTalia, saqarTvelo ar miekuTvneba im qveynebis ricxvs, romlebsac msoflio mniSvne-lobis sabadoebi gaaCniaT, rogorebicaa, magaliTad, avstralia, bolivia, samxreTi amerika, kana-da, ruseTi uzbekeTi, magram saqarTvelos SeuZlia daakmayofilos mrewvelobis moTxovnileba-ni mineraluri nedleulis ZiriTad saxeobebSi, xolo mTel rig SemTxvevaSi mas Seswevs unari mo-agvaros mineraluri nedleulisa da misi gadamuSavebis produqtebis eqsporti sazRvargareTis qveynebSi.

saqarTvelos teritoriaze aRricxulia 2000-mde mineraluri wyaro, romelTagan 1700-s bunebrivi gamosasvleli gaaCnia. maTi jamuri dReRamuri debitia 130 aTasi m3. gansakuTrebiT gavrcelebulia naxSirmJava tipis wyaroebi, romelTa dReRamuri debiti 60 aTas m3-s aRwevs.2 mi-neraluri wylebi farTod gamoiyeneba samkurnalo miznebisaTvis. cnobilia borjomis, sairmis, nabeRlavis, javis squris, zvares, lugelas ZuRuris da sxva sasmeli mineraluri wylebi. aranak-leb cnobilia wyaltubos uxvdebetiani radonuli Termuli wylebi. am uZvirfasesi wylis didi nawili — 8 aTasi m3 dRe—RameSi, jer ar gamoiyeneba da uqmad iRvreba.

saqarTvelos marganecis sami auzis maragi Sefasebulia rogorc 222,5 mln.t., romlis 90% WiaTuris auzSia.3 madanSi metalis maRali Semcveloba, mavne minarevebis arqona, misi ganlagebis xelsayreli pirobebi da moxerxebuli geografiuli pirobebi (Savi zRvis portebTan siaxlove) gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas aniWebs WiaTuris marganecs.

saeqsporto mniSvnelobisaa dariSxanis sabado, romlis maragi 41. aT. tonaa,4 misi damuSave-ba amJamad naklebad mimdinareobs, es ki eqsportis wilze uaryofiTad moqmedebs.

dariSxanis ori unikaluri sabado mTian raWaSi (luxumis — 11 aT. t. dariSxani da canis — 55 aT. t. dariSxani) uzrunvelyofen saqarTvelos saWiroebas daaxloebiT 100 wliT, mosalodneli eqsportis CaTvliT. amasTan, luxumis sabadoze dariSxani gavrcelebulia metaluri (da ara me-taloiduri) saxiT, rac sruliad uCveuloa am tipis madnebisaTvis da mkveTrad zrdis maT sam-rewvelo xarisxs.

zofxitos sabados stibiumis maragebi (41 aT. t.) saqarTvelos mrewvelobis saWiroebebs 150 wliT daakmayofilebs, amdenad SesaZlebelia misi saeqsporto gamoyenebac.

Sua saukuneebSi qarTuli oqro ganTqmuli iyo axlo da Sua aziaSi Tavisi sisufTaviTa da maRali xarisxiT. magram mas Semdeg, rac ruseTma saqarTvelo daipyro, qarTuli oqros mrewve-loba TandaTan Caqra, vinaidan ver gauZlo konkurencias uralisa da cimbiris oqros mwarmoeb-lebTan.

gasuli saukunis daswyisidan meore msoflio omis dawyebamde aWaraSi merisis sabadoze oqros mcire warmoeba iyo organizebuli, magram oqrosa da vercxlis pirvelad madnebis mniS-vnelovani maragebi aRmoCenilia mxolod ukanasknel aTwleulSi. ZiriTadad bolnisis madnian raionSi da nawilobriv mTian raWaSi ganlagebuli es sabadoebi oqro-polimetalur, barit-oq-ro-spilenZis, oqro-dariSxanis kompleqsuri tipebs miekuTvneba. oqros maragebis 90% bolni-sis madnian raionSia gavrcelebuli.

saqarTveloSi cnobilia 15 spilenZisa da polimetaluri sabado sakmaod didi maragebiT, magram samTamadno samuSaoebi dRes mxolod madneulis sabadoze warmoebs. qvvaisis sabadoze tyviisa da TuTiis warmoeba SeCerebulia samaCabloSi warmoqmnili rTuli politikuri situa-ciis gamo.

dRes saqarTveloSi oqros mopoveba xorcieldeba mxolod madneulis sabadoSi, sadac ba-lanszea aRebuli 37,8 t. oqro. swored madneulis oqros meSveobiT gaxda SesaZlebeli londo-nis oqros birJaze saqarTvelos warmoCena.

arsebobs prognozirebuli maragi, ris Tanaxmadac bolnisis raionSi daaxloebiT 160 t. oq-roa, raWaSi — 80 t., aWara-TrialeTSi — 15 t., xolo svaneTSi — 25 t. specialistebis gaangariSe-biT saqarTveloSi oqros maragi 2-jer metia, vidre miTiTebuli. vercxlis maragebi ki daaxloe-biT 520 tonas Seadgens.

saqarTveloSi navTobiani raionebi gvxvdeba Tbilisis maxloblad, ivris zeganze, kolxe-Tis dablobze. qarTul navTobs aqvs dadebiTi Tvisebebi: ar Seicavs gogirdis minarevebs da

1 g. miqelaZe, m. gamTenaZe. msoflio bazarze konkurentunariani qarTuli Rvinis warmoebis gzebi. marketingis aqtualu-ri sakiTxebi. (samecniero naSromTa krebuli).Tb.1999. gv. 20. 2 saqarTvelos geografia. naw. I. fizikuri geografia. Tb. 2000. gv. 126.. 3 T. yandaSvili. saqarTvelos saeqsporto potenciali. ekonomikis aqtualuri sakiTxebi. Tb. 2000. gv. 123. 4 T. yandaSvili. saqarTvelos saeqsporto potenciali. ekonomikis aqtualuri sakiTxebi. Tb. 2000. gv. 123.


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farTod gamoiyeneba navTobqimiaSi; metad xelsayrelia yinvagamZle transmisiuri zeTebis miRe-bisaTvis, romelzec didi moTxovnilebaa CrdiloeT rusetis arqtikul zonaSi; saqarTveloSi mopovebuli navTobi SeiZleba gamoyenebuli iqnes proteinis sakvebis warmoebisaTvis — safua-ris cila saqonlisaTvis, romlis 1 t. 7 tona marcvlis eqvivalentia.

sul saqarTveloSi cnobilia 15 navTobis da 2 gazis sabado. aramadneuli wiaRiseulidan aRsaniSnavia bariti (6,9 mln.t.), bentonituri Tixebi (15,5

mln.t.), ceoliti (32 mln.t.), diatomiti (8 mln.t.), andeziti (4,5 mln.t.), mosapirkeTebeli qvebi (196 mln. kub.m.), perliti (13,5 mln.t.).1

madsorbirebeli Tixebis ori didi sabadoa: subbentonituri Tixebis gumbrSi da bentoni-turi Tixebisa — askanaSi. dadgenilia, rom qarTuli gumbariani bevrad xarisxiania, vidre flo-ridis Tixa, romelic yofili sabWoTa kavSiris respublikebSi SemohqondaT. gumbrini, rogorc bunebrivi, ise gadamuSavebuli saxiT gamoiyeneba navTobproduqtebis da zeTebis gasawmendad.

italiisa da saberZneTis msgavsad, Sua saukuneebidan moyolebuli, saqarTvelo cnobili iyo rogorc qveyana, sadac gavrcelebulia mosapirkeTebeli masalebis mravalnairi mdidari sa-badoebi. saqarTvelos marmariloTi da rufebiT mopirkeTebulia kremlis yrilobaTa sasaxle, saerTaSoriso vaWrobis centri da mravali sxva nageboba moskovSi, sankt-peterburgsa da ruse-Tis mraval sxva qalaqSi.

dRes saqarTveloSi cnobilia marmariloebisa da gamarmariloebuli kirqvebis 13-ze didi sabado (dizis, Wuberis, Woluris, Wogranis, yanCaveTis, moliTis da sxv.), romelTa saerTo mara-gi 42 mln m3 Seadgens, maTi samrewvelo aTvisebis xarisxi 30%-s ar aRemateba.

miuxedavad zemoT aRniSnulisa, saqrTvelos sagareo bazarze gasvlis mravali Semaferxe-beli faqtori arsebobs romelTagan aRniSvnis Rirsia:

- samamulo warmoebis produqciis, gansakuTrebiT samrewvelo produqciis dabali konku-rentunarianoba;

- sawarmoTa umravlesobis mZime finansuri mdgomareoba, rac praqtikulad SeuZlebels xdis Sida resursebis investirebas perspeqtiul, eqsportze orientirebul samewarmeo proeq-tebSi;

- saeqsporto produqciis sertificirebis da produqciis xarisxis kontrolis sistemis ganuviTarebloba, maSin, rodesac ganviTarebuli qveynebis bazrebze mniSvnelovnad gaZlierda moTxovnebi produqciis samomxmareblo da ekologiuri maxasiaTeblebis, agreTve usafrTxoe-bis mimarT.

- arasrulyofili satransporto infrastruqtura; - mewarmeTa moumzadebloba da gamocdilebis uqonloba eqsportis sferoSi; - tradiciuli sawarmoo kavSirebis moSla postsabWoTa sivrceSi da aRmosavleT evropis

qveynebTan; saqarTveloSi saimedoobis jer kidev dabali saerTaSoriso reitingia, ris gamoc gaZnele-

bulia ucxouri kreditebisa da investiciebis mozidva eqsportis ganviTarebis mizniT. Tumca imedi unda viqonioT, rom evrokavSirTan asocirebis xelSekrulebis parafirebis Semdeg aRniS-nuli problemebi nel-nela daregulirdeba

gamoyenebuli literatura: 1. T. beruCaSvili. qarTuli eqsportis perspeqtivebi gafarToebuli ek-is bazarze. J. “saqarTve-

los ekonomikis mimarTulebebi”. 2004 w. 2. a. griSikaSvili. gza evrokavSirisaken. Tbilisi 2003 3. l. koWlamazaSvili, T. yandaSvili. saqarTvelos perspeqtivebi sagareo bazrebze 4. T. yandaSvili. saqarTvelos saeqsporto potenciali. ekonomikis aqtualuri sakiTxebi. Tb.

2000. 5. g. miqelaZe, m. gamTenaZe. msoflio bazarze konkurentunariani qarTuli Rvinis warmoebis gze-

bi. marketingis aqtualuri sakiTxebi. (samecniero naSromTa krebuli).Tb.1999.1 6. saqarTvelos geografia. naw. I. fizikuri geografia. Tb. 2000. 7. saqarTvelos ekonomikisa da mdgradi ganviTarebis saministros masalebi; 8. saqstatis masalebi

1 T. yandaSvili. saqarTvelos saeqsporto potenciali. ekonomikis aqtualuri sakiTxebi. Tb. 2000. gv. 123.


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lela koWlamazaSvili Temur yandaSvili

saqarTvelos evrokavSiris bazarze gasvlis perspeqtivebi

reziume

saqarTvelos gaaCnia sakmaod mniSvnelovani ekonomikuri, sawarmoo—teqnikuri da SromiTi

potenciali, romelic uzrunvelyofs sakmaod maRali masStatebisa da donis saeqsporto po-tencials. naSromSi ganxilulia saqarTveloSi arsebuli nedleulis maragebi, romlis efeqtia-ni gamoyenebac qveyanas evrokavSiris bazarze gasvlis saSualebas miscems.

Lela Kochlamazashvili Temur Kandashvili

PERSPECTIVES OF GEORGIA IN THE MARKET OF EUROPEAN UNION

Summary

Georgia has an important economical, technical and labor potential which is a quarantine for a high level of

export potential. In the thesis the author makes focus on existing reserves of raw materials in Georgia and mentions that effective

use of above mentioned material gives Georgia opportunity to find its place in the market of European Union.


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manana maridaSvili

farmacevtuli biznesis momgebianobisa da marketingis

urTierTkavSiris sakiTxi

Sesavali

farmacevtuli kompaniebi asruleben biznes saqmianobas rogorc kvlevisa da ganviTare-bis, aseve marketingul sferoSi, rac miznad isaxavs pacientTa keTildReobis gaumjobesebas. farmacevtuli biznesi sazogadoebis sakeTildReod ori mniSvnelovan mizans emsaxureba. pir-veli, farmacevtul bazarze konkurentunariani garemos gaumjobesebaa konkurentuli fasebis SenarCunebis mizniT. meore, sazogadoebis saukeTeso interesia is, rom industriaSi teqnolo-giebis ganviTareba xdebodes swrafad. Tu gadavxedavT farmacevtuli industriis istorias am ori miznis miRweva xSirad konfliqtSi Sedis erTmaneTTan. farmacevtul kompaniebs brals sde-ben imaSi, rom isini TavianTi resursebis didi nawils xarjaven ara samecniero aRmoCenebSi, ara-med ukve arsebuli medikamentebis sxvadasxva variantebis ganviTarebasa da marketingul aqti-vobebSi. momxmarebelTa uflebebis damcveli advokatTa jgufi `fabliq citizeni` Public citizen (2011) gvimtkicebs, rom farmacevtuli firmebi TavianTi Semosavlis did nawils xarjaven marke-tingze. rac kvlevebis xarjebs bevrad aRemateba [1. gv. 53-54]. .

grafiki 1

aSS farmacevtuli firmebis mier 2010 wels marketingze da samecniero kvlevebze gaweuli xarjebi

wyaro: PublicCitizen (2011) grafiki 1 gviCvenebs, rom 2010 wels marketingze gaweuli xarjebi aSS farmacevtuli kom-

paniebis mTliani Semosavlis 35%-ia, im dros rodesac samecniero kvlevebze Semosavlis mxo-lod 14%-ia daxarjuli. kritikosebi xSirad aRniSnaven farmacevtuli biznesis maRali mogebis Sesaxeb, rac ekonomikis saSualo mogebas bevrad aRemateba. media saSualebebi xSirad adanaSau-leben farmacevtul firmebs imaSi, rom isini ufro met Zalisxmevas sdeben marketingSi, vidre mecnierul kvlevebSi da rom isini TavinT mogebas unda umadlodnen mcired modificerebuli da ara inovaciuri medikamentebis warmoeba-gayidvas. industrias aseve adanaSauleben wamlebis fasebis zrdaSi, Zvir, agresiul da dezinformaciul samomxmareblo sareklamo kampaniebis war-moebaSi, agreTve eqimebis mosyidvaSi.


78

grafiki 2

msoflios 500 yvelaze mdidari farmacevtuli kompaniisa da 500 yvelaze mdidari kompaniisa momgebianoba (1978-2012)

wyaro: Public Citizen (20013)

grafiki 2 gviCvenebs, rom farmacevtuli firmebis momgebianoba sxva industriebis moge-bis saSualo maCvenebelze maRalia.

farmacevtuli firmebi Tavs imarTleben im argumentiT, rom medikamentebis maRali fasebi mxolod sabazro ZalauflebiT ar aris ganpirobebuli, aramed isini gamowveulia teqnologiu-ri ganviTarebis fonze gazrdili mudmivi danaxarjebiT. maTi azriT fasebis zrdas receptu-rul wamlebze reklamis SezRudvis politikac iwvevs, vinaidan pacientebsa da eqimebs informa-cia SezRudviT miewodebaT. Tumca, sanam mkacr ganaCens gamovitandeT, mizanSewonili da auci-lebelia am fenomenis ekonomikuri gageba, am mizniT CavataroT farmacevtuli biznesis analizi wamlis seqtorSi, ganvixiloT Semdeg sakiTxebi: farmacevtuli bazris moTxovnisa da miwodebis ZiriTadi pirobebi; Zalebi, romlebic gavlenas axdenen konkurenciaze da maSasadame, momgebia-nobaze; ramdenime firmis strategia, romelsac isini mimarTavdnen warsulSi generikuli kompa-niebis xelisSeSlis mizniT; industriis funqcionireba inovaciurobisa da momgebianobis Tval-sazrisiT.

moTxovnisa da miwodebis pirobebi

moTxovna farmacevtul produqtze. tipuri bazrisagan gansxvavebiT farmacevtuli baz-

ris moTxovnis mxare Sedgeba sami sxvadasxva nawilisagan, rogoricaa momxmarebelebi (paciente-bi), gadawyvetilebis mimRebni (eqimebi) da moTamaSeebi (sadazRvevo kompaniebi). es gancalkeveba asustebs fasis, rogorc Rirebulebis maCveneblis funqcionirebas. pacientebs aqvT mwiri in-formacia medikamentebis Sesaxeb, eqimebi ki daniSnulebis micemis dros ZiriTadad fiqroben wamlis xarisxze da ara maT fasze. farmacevtuli firmebis mier mowodebuli informacia wamlis promociisa da reklamis saxiT moqmedebs, rogorc eqimebze aseve pacientebze. amas garda, medi-kamentebis Rirebulebis didi nawili ifareba sadazRvevo kompaniebis mier, rac agreTve xels uwyobs imas, rom fasis mimarT did mgrZnobelobas ver avlenen pacientebi da eqimebi. es arae-lastiuri moTxovna xSirad asocirdeba iseT movlenebTan, rogoricaa produqciaze gadaWarbe-buli faswarmoqmna, romelic marginalur Rirebulebaze bevrad maRalia; resursebis araswori gadanawileba da mcire sargebeli sazogadoebosaTvis [2. gv. 22-23].

farmacevtuli produqtis miwodeba. sazogadoebis SeSfoTebis mizezi, romelic farma-cevtul industriaSi maRali momgebianobiTaa gamowveuli, aris didi gansxvaveba medikamentebis TviTRirebulebasa da fass Soris. medikamentis Rirebuleba Sedgeba ori nawilisagan: damzade-bisa da ganviTarebis Rirebuleba. maSin rodesac erTi damatebiTi flakonis warmoebis Rirebu-leba Zalian mcirea, axali wamlis Sesaqmnelad samecniero kvlevebze gaweuli xarjebi ukidure-sad maRalia. amrigad, rogorc wesi, samkurnalo saSualebis fasi gacilebiT maRalia, vidre me-dikamentis damatebiTi erTi erTeulis damzadebis Rirebuleba, vinaidan firma darwmunebuli unda iyos, rom miRebuli Semosavali dafaravs samecniero kvlevebis maRal fiqsirebul fasebs .


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SedarebiT maRali fasebis dawesebis SesaZleblobas iZleva patentiT daculi gansazRvruli pe-riodi, rac stimuls aZlevs firmebs, rom investireba moaxdinon samecniero kvlevebSi. am ke-TilSobiluri miznis miuxedavad, patentebis sistemas xSirad SevyavarT konfliqtSi sazogado-ebis keTildReobasTan. amis mizezi SeiZleba gaxdes is orazrovani punqtebi, romlebsac paten-ti Seicavs da romlebic arakeTilsinisierad SeiZleba iqnes gamoyenebuli firmebi mier.

aSS kongresis sabiujeto ofisis (CBO) kvleva amtkicebs, rom farmacevtul bazarze pa-tentis mopoveba ar aris monopolisturi mdgomareobis garantia. amis mizezi SeiZleba iyos ima-ve Terapiul bazarze sxva brendebis arseboba [3. gv. 34-37].

Zalebi, romlebic ganapirobeben momgebianobas farmacevtul bazarze.

Zalebi, romlebic ganapirobeben momgebianobas farmacevtul bazarze xuTi elementisagan

Sedgeba: Sida metoqeoba, Sesvlis barieri, Semcvlelebi da Semavseblebi, mimwodeblisa da myid-velis Zalaufleba.

Sida metoqeoba. Sida metoqeoba gulisxmobs konkurentunarianobis xarisxs industriaSi, razedac gavlenas axdens iseTi faqtorebi, rogoricaa fasTan dakavSirebuli da fasTan daukav-Sirebeli konkurencia, sabazro koncentracia, potenciuri moTxovna da produqtis homogenu-robis xarisxi bazarze. bazarze Sesvlis barieri moicavs bazarze Sesvlis sirTulis xarisxs axal moTamaSeTaTvis, rac iTvaliswinebs iseT faqtorebs, rogoricaa brendis mimarT erTgule-ba, masStabis ekonomia, patentis sistemebi, Zveli moTamaSeebis qceva axal SemsvlelTa mimarT. Semcvlelebisa da Semavseblebis analizi ganixilavs, Tu industriis garedan mowodebuli pro-duqtisa da teqnologiebis ra moculoba uqmnis safrTxes idustriis momgebianobas. mimwodeb-lisa da myidvelis Zalaufleba Seexeba mimwodeblis an myidvelis unars ivaWros fasze, rode-sac isini garigebas deben farmacevtul kompaniebTan.

Sida metoqeobis Zala maRalia, rodesac firmebi SedarebiT bevria, produqti aRiqmeba ro-gorc homogenuri, momxmarebels aqvs amomwuravi informacia da sxva produqtze gadarTvis xar-ji nulis tolia . arsebul farmacevtul firmebs ZiriTadad Sida metoqeobis dabali xarisxi gaaCniaT. farmacevtuli bazari dabali sabazro koncentraciiT gamoirCeva da masSi dominirebs ramdenime wamyvani firma, romlebsac Tavis mxriv maRaldiferencirebuli samkurnalo saSuale-ba- produqti gaaCniaT. amas garda, avadmyofebic da eqimebic ar cvlian wamlebs advilad, maSi-nac ki, rodesac bazarze ufro iafi alternativa gamoCndeba.

inovaciur wamlebTan mimarTebaSi konkurenciis mamoZravebeli Zala xSirad teqnologiur miRwevebia, xolo generikuli konkurentebi ibrZvian safaso politikiT. generikuli versia Se-iZleba 80%-iT da ufro iafic ki iyos mis original brend konkurentTan SedarebiT. Tumca, ro-gorc ukve vaxseneT, fasze damyarebuli konkurencia SedarebiT nakleb safrTxes Seicavs. miu-xedavad amisa, generikuli wamlebis arseboba bazarze ganapirobebs SedarebiT dabal saSualo fasebs, fasebis es Semcireba xSirad mxolod generikebis bazarze aRiniSneba. xSirad, brend kon-kurents jer kidev aqvs unari SeinarCunos bevrad ufro maRalia fasi maSinac ki rodesac gene-rikuli alternativebi xelmisawvdomia bazarze. miuxedavad imisa, rom fasebis strategia Se-darebiT araefeqturia, inovaciuri kompaniebi mas iyeneben, Tumca isini, rogorc wesi, Serwymu-lia sxva strategiebTan, rogoricaa reklama da produqtis diferenciacia. industriaSi moge-bis kidev erTi wyaroa farmacevtuli produqtis arahomogenuri buneba. farmacevtuli pro-duqtebi SeiZleba diferencirenul iqnas sxvadasxva niSnis mixedviT, esenia axali Cveneba, axali dozireba, axali kombinacia, axali formula da a.S. diferenciaciis stimuli didia, vinaidan uk-ve arsebuli produqtis axali versiis Seqmna ara mxolod aZlierebs Sesvlis bariers, aramed mas SeuZlia moipovos marketinguli eqskluziurobac ki.

farmacevtuli bazrebze arsebobs optimisturi molodini mogebasTan dakavSirebiT, vina-idan wamlebze moTxovna mzardia. msoflios yovelTvis eqneba jandacvis saWiroeba da sul uf-ro metad izrdeba ganviTarebuli qveynebis mosaxleobaSi xandazmulTa wili, xolo ganviTare-badi qveynebis mosaxleoba swrafi tempiT izrdeba. dgeba ra maRali potenciuri moTxovnis pi-rispir, reklamirebas aqvs friad mniSvnelovani roli, gansakuTrebiT wamlis garkveuli kate-goriisaTvis. magaliTad, intensiurma pirdapirma reklamam iseT SedarebiT axal bazrebze, ro-goricaa saZile saSualebebisa da ereqciuli disfunqciis bazrebi, mniSvnelovani warmatebebi moutana farmacevtul firmebs [4. gv. 138-139]

Sesvlis barieri. axal mewarmeTaTvis, romlebsac axali inovaciuri samkurnalo saSuale-bebis warmoeba aqvT gamiznuli, Sesvlis barierebi bevrad ufro rTuli gadasalaxia, vidre ukve poziciagamyarebul firmebisaTvis.

samecniero kvlevebis Zalian maRali xarjebi ukiduresad arTulebs bazarze Sesvlas. uax-lesi monacemebiT, axali produqtis ganviTarebis Rirebuleba daaxloebiT 800 milioni aSS do-laris tolia [5. gv. 12-13].


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samecniero kvlevebisa da ganviTarebis maRal Rirebulebas SeuZlia Seaferxos samkurna-lo saSualebis bazarze Sesvla minimum sami meqanizmis meSveobiT; mas SeuZlia Seqmnas masStabis ekonomia, warmoqmnili gaziarebuli mudmivi xarjebisagan; mas SeuZlia Seqmnas moqmedebis sfe-ros ekonomia, warmoqmnili firmis SigniT arsebuli gamocdilebisa da codnis safuZvelze mi-Rebuli SesaZleblobebiT, igi aumjobesebs Sinagani da garegani zedmeti nakadebis STanTqmis SesaZleblobas.

garda amisa, arsebuli firmebis sareklamo kampaniebi da e.w. codnis da gamocdilebis efeqti aseve uqmnian bariers axalbedebs. reklamis efeqti ar muSaobs mxolod axlandel droSi, aramed axalbedebma unda gaiTvaliswinon reklamis akumulirebuli efeqti. es safrTxe gansa-kuTrebiT sayuradReboa, vinaidan farmacevtulma firmebma mniSvnelovnad gazardes TavianTi marketinguli xarjebi bolo wlebis ganmavlobaSi . amas garda, teqnologiurma miRwevebma didi wvlili Seiatanes firmebis ganviTarebaSi. magaliTad, dResdReobiT, mkvlevars SeuZlia awar-moos aTasobiT naerTi weliwadSi. SedarebisaTvis, 15 wlis win mas mxolod 50-100 axali naerTis warmoeba SeeZlo weliwadSi.garda amisa, skriningis teqnologis gaumjobesebam gazarda siCqare, romliTac naerTebi SeiZleba Semowmdes yvelaze perspeqtiul molekulebis gamovlenisaTvis. bazarze generikuli medikamentebis Semosvlas ukve damkvidrebuli firmebi aferxeben Sesvlis barieris gaZlierebiT, rasac reklamirebisa da produqtis diferenciaciis saSualebiT axexe-ben. amas garda, dReisaTvis moqmed patentis sistemaSi arsebuli Savi xvrelebi aZlevs saSuale-bas am firmebs daicvan Tavi generikuli konkurentebis bazarze Semosvlisagan. ukve damkvidre-buli firmebi xSirad agresiul qcevasac ar eridebian TavianTi sabazro wilis dasacavad. maSi-nac ki, rodesac generikuli alternativebi ukve xelmisawvdomia, momxmareblebisa da eqimebis daniSnulebis Cvevebi xels uSlis generikuli versiebis gamoyenebas). es Cveva savaraudod Camo-yalibda firmebis intensiuri marketinguli strategiebis gavleniT, romelic moicavs rogorc gayidvebis stimulirebas eqimebTan, aseve momxmarebelze gaTvlil pirdapir reklamas.

produqtis diferenciaciis maRali done aseve aZlevs saSualebas inovaciur kompaniebs, ra-Ta ukeT moaxdinon TavianTi produqtis pozicionireba bazarze da amiT SezRudon konkurencia.

vinaidan farmacevtuli kompaniebis gayidvebi didwilad aris damokidebuli maT bloqbas-ter wamlebze da bevri bloqbasteris patentis vada iwureba uaxloes momavalSi, generikebis Se-mosvlis safrTxe aSkaraa.

miwodeba da myidvelis Zalaufleba. sazogadod, farmacevtuli produqtis fasis cvli-lebas myidvelebisaTvis gadamwyveti mniSvneloba ar gaaCnia, vinaidan am produqtze fasi arae-lastiuria, rogorc ukve aRvniSneT zemoT. miuxedavad amisa, janmrTelobis dazRvevis organi-zaciebis mxridan ukve izrdeba zewola fasebis zrdis limitTan dakavSirebiT]. rac Seexeba mi-wodebis mxares, farmacevtuli firmebi ZiriTadad sargebloben xelmisawvdomi nedleuliT, teqnologiebiTa da maRalkvalificiuri muSaxeliT. dResdReobiT, wamyvan farmacevtul fir-mebs samecniero kvlevis farglebSi SeuZliaT weliwadSi aTasobiT naerTis Seqmna da maTi Ses-wavla perspeqtiuli qimiuri formulis gamovlenis mizniT. garda amisa, teqnologiebis momwo-deblebis rgoli umetesad danawilebulia da Sedgeba iseTi danayofebisagan, rogoricaa bio-teqnologiuri firmebi, universitetebi da sxva mcire zomis kerZo firmebi, romlebic uzrun-velyofen farmacevtul firmebs sxvadasxva saxis saSualebiT, rogoricaa licenzireba, erTob-livi sawarmo, an Sesyidvebi. amas garda, ZiriTadi kvlevebis sajaro dafinansebam xeli Seuwyo kompetenturi mkvlevarebis Camoyalibebas.

produqtis diferenciaciis strategia

bevri inovaciuri kompania cdilobs arsebuli wamlebis sabazro eqskluziurobis perio-

dis gaxangrZlivebas. es strategia savaraudod yvelaze xSirad gamoiyeneba. imaze damokidebu-lebiT, Tu ra tipis patents flobs, inovaciur kompaniebs SeuZliaT moipovon damatebiTi sa-bazro eqskluziuroba 6 Tvidan 7 wlamde xangrZlivobiT. ukve arsebuli xazis gafarToebasaTan dakavSirebuli saqmianoba gacilebiT iafia, vidre sruliad axali qimiuri Semadgenlobis pro-duqtis danergva. amitom ukve arsebuli xazis gafarToeba popularobiT sargeblobs originali brendebis mwarmoebel kompaniebs Soris, gansakuTrebiT maSin, rodesac maTi romelime bloqbas-ter medikaments ewureba patentis vada.

Zalian xSirad inovaciuri kompaniebi TavianTi qmedebiT axerxeben imas, rom ar SeuSvan ge-nerikuli konkurentebi bazarze, risi daxmarebiTac mniSvnelovani wvlili SeaqvT TavianTi fi-nansuri sargeblis gazrdaSi. dRiTidRe izrdeba kritika farmacevtuli kompaniebis mimarT ka-nonmdeblobis borotad gamoyenebis gamo. amis pasuxad aSS senatma miiRo aqti iafi farmacevtu-li saSualebebis xelmisawvdomobis Sesaxeb. es aqti miznad isaxavda Savi xvrelebis daxurvas wamlis patentis kanonSi. es debuleba zRudavs brendi kompaniebs 30 Tviani yofnas generiuli konkurentebis gareSe da krZalavs inovaciur da generikul kompaniebs Soris arakonkurentuli


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usamarTlo garigebebis dadebas, Tumva federaluri savaWro komisiis kvlevebma aCvenes, rom es aqti auaresebs konkurencias da sazogadoebis sargebelsac [6. gv. 177-178].

inovaciuroba da momgebianoba

am nawilSi warmovadgenT inovaciurobis maCveneblebs, kerZod Tu axali qimiuri Semadgen-

lobis ramdeni wamalia wardgenili da samecniero kvlevebze daxarjul erT dolarze ramdeni aseTi produqti modis da konkurentunarianobis maCveneblebs sabazro Rirebulebis saxiT.

modificirebuli da generikuli medikamentebis raodenoba izrdeba da mniSvnelovnad us-wrebs axali qimiuri formulis mqone medikamentebis raodenobis maCvenebels. axali generiku-li wamlebis raodenoba 1970-ian wlebamde gaizarda, magram mniSvnelovnad Semcirda 1980-iani wlebis bolosaTvis, ris Semdegac, generikuli wamlebis raodenoba kvlav gaizarda da moaRwia imaze maRal maCvenebelsac ki, vidre es 2005 wlisaTvis fiqsirdeba. agreTve gamoikveTa modifi-cirebuli medikamentebis zrdis dinamikac, magram ara iseTi swrafi tempiT, rogoric es generi-kebs axasiaTebT [7. gv. 186-187]. .

mogebisa da Semosavlebisagan gansxvavebiT sabazro Rirebuleba asaxavs firmebis rogorc materialur, aseve aramaterialuri aqtivebs. aramaterialuri aqtivebi mniSvnelovan rols Ta-maSoben farmacevtul industriaSi samecniero kvlevebis maRali danaxarjebisa da brendebis Rirebulebis gamo.

cxrili 3

farmacevtuli kompaniebis sabazro Rirebuleba yvela sxva kompaniebTan SedarebiT (1965-2012)

wyaro: PublicCitizen (2011) axali medikamentebis wardgenis srulmasStabian monacemTa bazis (1950-2012) safuZvelze


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cxrili 3 gviCvenebs, rom farmacevtul biznesSi kompaniebis sabazro Rirebuleba ufro maRalia, vidre yvela danarCeni kompaniebis sabazro Rirebuleba yvela drois ganmavlobaSi. bo-lo oci wlis ganmavlobaSi gansxvaveba kidev ufro gaizarda. es maCveneblebi kidev erTxel adasturebs gavrcelebul azrs, rom farmacevtuli biznesi maRali momgebianobiT gamoirCeva. rac Seexeba ukugebas, farmacevtuli kompaniebi sul ufro mets da mets gamoimuSavenen yoveli axali wamlis warmoeba-gayidvaze nebarTvis miRebis Semdeg.

sxva pirobebi: dinamikuri efeqturoba. Cveni zemoTaRniSnuli daskvnebi rogorc Cans emTxveva farmacevtuli kompaniebis mimarT arsebuli kritikul SeniSvnebs. pirveli, ukve Cata-rebuli kvlevebis safuZvelze, vaCveneT, rom yvelaze inovaciuri farmacevtuli produqtis fardobiTi maCvenebeli yovelwliurad mcirdeba. amave dros, bazarze Cndeba bevri axali pro-duqti, Tumca samwuxarod ara inovaciuri. meore, samecniero kvlevebze daxarjul yovel do-larze yovelwliurad sul ufro da ufro naklebi medikamentis bazarze daSvebis nebarTva mo-dis. rac Seexeba momgebianobas, farmacevtuli produqtis bazarze daSvebis nebarTvis ukugeba TiTqmis 50 jer gaizarda bolo 50 wlis ganmavlobaSi. miuxedavad amisa, zemoaRniSnuli xedva exeba statikuri efeqturobas da dinamikur efeqturobas SeuZlia warmogvidginos ufro daba-lansebuli xedva am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT. statikuri efeqturoba Seiswavlis produqtis fass da grZelvadian saSualo Rirebulebas, agreTve imas, udris Tu ara fasi zRvrul Rirebu-lebas, xolo dinamikuri efeqturoba moiTxovs moiTxovs grZelvadiani ganxilvis teqnologiu-ri miRwevebis gaTvaliswinebiT[7. gv. 88-90]. .

daskvna

maRali ukugeba akompensirebs kapitalis maRali Rirebulebas .farmacevtuli biznesis

praqtika aRwerilia rogorc mogebaze orientirebuli qcevis virtuozuli nimuSi, rac imas niSnavs, rom warmodgenili medikamentebis mxolod mcire nawils SeuZlia samecniero kvlevebis xarjebis dafarva da mTeli farmacevtuli industriis ukugeba odnav metia industriis kapita-lis Rirebulebaze. zogierT Terapiul bazrebze mimzidveli mogebis Sansi ubiZgebs farmacev-tul firmebs , raTa maT kidev ufro meti saxsrebi Cadon samecniero kvlevebSi konkurentuli upiratesobis mopovebis mizniT. es procesi grZeldeba vidre mogebis cifrebi ar Semcirdeba da ar dakargavs mimzidvelobas. farmacevtuli industriaSi maRali momgebianobis SenarCuneba SeiZleba ubralod asaxavs kapitalis maRali Rirebulebas am industriaSi. samkurnalo saSua-lebis Seqmnisa da ganviTarebis xangrZlivi da gaurkveveli procesi farmacevtuli industri-is unikaluri maxasiaTebelia da xdis mas ufro sariskos vidre es nebismieri sxva industriaa. Sedegad, am seqtorSi finansebis garedan mozidva ufro Znelia, vidre sxva sferoSi. axali pro-duqtis ganviTarebas mzardi Rirebuleba da maRali riski unda anazRaurdes SedarebiT maRa-li ukugebis xarjze.

gamoyenebuli literatura: 1.Public Citizen annual report, Vashington, 2011. 2. The Economist, 2008, N 17 3. CBO (Congressional Budget Office) Research report , Vashington, 2006 4. Currie and Park, The price of innovation; HealthEcon., 2002 5. Waldman and Jensen, Lifecycleof a blockbusterdrug; MolInterv., 2001 6. FTC (Federal Trade Commission) Research report, Vashington, 2007. 7. Craig and Malek, Managing innovationin a globalized economy, HealthEcon, 1995;


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manana maridaSvili

farmacevtuli biznesis momgebianobisa da marketingis urTierTkavSiris sakiTxi

reziume

kritikosebi xSirad aRniSnaven farmacevtuli biznesis maRali mogebis Sesaxeb, rac ekono-

mikis saSualo mogebas bevrad aRemateba. sazogadoebis SeSfoTebis mizezi aris medikamentebis TviTRirebulebasa da fass Soris didi gansxvaveba.

statiaSi Sefasebulia farmacevtuli biznesis funqcionireba momgebianobisa da inovaci-urobis TvalsazrisiT; ganxilulia farmacevtuli bazris moTxovnisa da miwodebis araelasti-kuri buneba, agreTve patentebis sitema, konkurenciis pirobebi, bazarze Sesvlis barierebi da a.S. daskvnis saxiT mocemulia rekomendacia farmacevtuli biznesis funqcionirebis xelSewyo-bisaTvis.

Manana Maridashvili

THE ISSUE OF RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PHARMACEUTICAL BUSINESS PROFITABILITY AND MARKETING

Summary

Critics often point out the high profits of the pharmaceutical business, which are much higher than average

profits in Economy. Cause of the anxiety of society is a big difference between the prices and costs of medicines. The article assesses the performance of pharmaceutical firms in terms of innovativeness and profitability. It is

discussed some issues, such are the nature of the pharmaceutical market demand and supply, which is inelastic, the patent system, competitive conditions, market entry barriers, etc. It is given the recommendation for the impruvenevt of pharmaceutical business performance.


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manana maridaSvili

farmacevtuli produqtis fasis formirebisa da regulaciis

tendenciebi saqarTvelosa da dsT-s qveynebSi

qarTuli farmacevtuli seqtoris ganviTareba daiwyo1990-iani wlebis SuaSi, rodesac ba-zari jer kidev savse iyo aralegaluri, uxarisxo da iafi medikamentebiT. 1997 wels mTavrobis mier ratificirebul iqna mTeli rigi sakanonmdeblo cvlilebebi da Seiqmna saqarTvelos wam-lis saagento. es uwyeba 2008 wlis ianvarSi samedicino saqmianobis saxelmwifo kontrolis saa-gentos SeuerTda, romelic dRemde adgilobrivi farmacevtuli industriis mTavar sazedam-xedvelo organod gvevlineba. mas Semdeg, falsificirebuli da uxarisxo medikamentebis rao-denoba mkveTrad Semcirda da amJamad farmacevtuli bazaris umniSvnelo nawili ukavia.

2007 wels recepturuli samkurnalo saSualebebis qarTuli bazris zomam miRwia 177 milion amerikuli dolaris eqvivalents, izrdeboada ra weliwadSi daaxloebiT 34%-iT 1995 wlidan dawye-buli. am wlebis ganmavlobaSi farmacevtul industriaSi adgili hqonda sagadasaxado stimulire-bas, ramac xeli Seuwyo am seqtoris zrdas. Sinameurneobebis mzardma Semosavlebma da agreTve, ojaxis xarjebSi jandacvaze gaweuli xarjebis wilis zrdam (2003 wels jandacvaze gaweuli xarjebi iyo ojaxis sufTa Semosavlis 6% da gaxda 9.5% 20013 wels) kidev ufro daaCqara seqtoris ganvi-Tareba. 2013 wels farmacevtuli bazris Rirebulebam saqarTveloSi 230 milion dolaris eqviva-lents gadaaWarba. kanonmdeblobis gamkacrebam da Zlierma konkurenciam gacxrila bazari.

dReisaTvis saqarTveloSi 2000-ze meti farmacevtuli firmaa registrirebuli, romelTa-gan 76 kompania awarmoebs sxvadasxva farmacevtul produqts qveyanaSi.

medikamentebis wili saqarTvelos eqsportis 2%-s, xolo importis 3%-s Seadgens (2013w). qarTuli farmacevtuli produqciis eqsportireba ZiriTadad xdeba iseT qveynebSi, rogoricaa yirgizeTi, yazaxeTi, uzbekeTi, azerbaijani da TurqeTi. Semdeg modis ukraina da somxeTi. miu-xedavad imisa, rom adgilobrivi warmoebis medikamentebi importuli medikamentebis mimzidvel Semcvlelebs warmoadgens maTi ufro dabali fasebisa da konkurentuli xarisxis gamo, adgi-lobrivi warmoebis medikamentebi s moxmareba mainc dabalia da saqarTveloSi moxmarebuli me-dikamentebis saerTo raodenobis 10-dan 14 %-mde meryeobs.amis ZiriTadi mizezi asortimentis naklebobaa. saqarTveloSi registrirebuli 50 000 saxeobis medikamentidan mxolod 100-150 ti-pi iwarmoeba adgilobrivad. Tumca, qarTuli farmacevtuli kompaniebis SesaZleblobis gaTva-liswinebiT, igegmeba am wilis 30%-mde gazrda.sagadasaxado SeRavaTebi importul produqcia-ze, romelic erT dros misasalmebeli iyo, amJamad mniSvnelovan safrTxes uqmnis medikamente-bis adgilobriv warmoebas.

qarTuli farmacevtuli industriis liderebi. aversi farma, PSP jgufi da GPC aris qar-Tuli farmacevtuli industriis sami lideri kompania. romlebsac dominanturi pozicia uWi-ravT medikamentebis importis/distribuciis, warmoebisa da sacalo gayidvebis seqtorebSi. isini jamSi akontroleben adgilobrivi farmacevtuli bazris daaxloebiT 75 %-s. es kompaniebi dakave-bul arian rogorc medikamentebis distribuciiT, aseve sakuTari produqciis warmoebiTa da im-portiT. bazarze arsebuli situacia iwvevs maRali fasnamatebis arsebobas da farmacevtul pro-duqtebze gaweuli danaxarjebis zrdas. 2013 wels, farmacevtuli produqtebis SeZenis xarjebi TiToeuli ojaxis mier jandacvaze gaweuli saerTo danaxarjebis 60%_s Seadgenda.

farmacevtul bazarTan mimarTebaSi sazogadoebisTvis mTavar problemas medikamente-bis siZvire warmoedgens. Tu im faqts gaviTvaliswinebT, rom qarTul farmacevtul bazarze safaso konkurencia faqtobrivad ar arsebobs, Sesabamisad Cndeba kiTxva Tu ra saprocento marJaze muSaoben kompaniebi? ~afba~-m Semosavlebis samsaxuridan mowodebuli masalebis sa-fuZvelze ramdenime medikamentze fasnamati gamoikvlia. aRsaniSnavia, rom sabaJoze dafiq-sirebul fassa da sarealizacio fass Soris zog SemTxvevaSi gansxvaveba 200%-s da metsac aRwevs. miuxedavad imisa, rom sabaJoze medikamentis fasi ukve yvela procedura gavlili fiqsirdeba da kompanias am wamlis sabolood momxmareblamde misatanad, moxlod transpor-tirebis xarjebi aqvs gasawevi.

aversi farma 1994 wels Seiqmna. mas qarTuli farmacevtuli bazris 35 % ukavia. kompaniasve ekuTvnis umsxvilesi afTiaqebis qseli, rac 140 afTiaqs moicavs qveynis masStabiT. aversi aris farmacevtuli produqciis sididis mixedviT rigiT meore mwarmoebeli saqarTveloSi da flobs ISO-s 9001sertifikats. aversi racionalis qarxana awarmoebs medikamentis 65 tips.PSP jgufi, romelic aseve 1994 wels Seiqmna, amJamad 114 afTiaqis mflobelia, akontrolebs adgi-lobrivi bazris 30%-s. yovelwliurad uSvebs 500 mln tabletsa da 200 mln kafsulas. GMP, PSP jgufis wevri, aris farmacevtuli produqciis udidesi mwarmoebeli amierkavkasiaSi. igi Seiq-mna 2000 wels da awarmoebs medikamentis 100-ze met saxeobas. 2004 wels kompania dajildoebul iqna ISO 9001-2000 sertifikatiT, xolo 2007 wels GMP (good manufacturing practice) sertifikatiT. GPC am kompaniebze erTi wliT gvian, 1995 wels Seiqmna, mas sabazro wilis daaxloebiT 10 % uka-


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via, aris 39 saafTiaqo maRaziis mflobeli.farmacevtuli produqciis ucxoeli mwarmoeblebi xSirad medikamentebs ufro dabal fasebSi uTmoben averssa da PSP-s, vidre sxva adgilobriv sa-biTumo movaWreebs. SedarebiT dabali fasebi, momsaxurebis maRali xarisxi, kargi reputacia da momxmarebelTa ndoba exmareba am kompaniebs sxva adgilobriv kompaniebTan SedarebiT mniSvne-lovani konkurentuli upiratesobis SenarCunebaSi. sakuTari farmacevtuli produqcia kidev ufro aZlierebs maT sabazro Zalauflebas.

qarTul farmacevtul bazarze arsebuli faswarmowmnis praqtika. 2004 wlamde arse-buli Zlieri konkurencia medikamentebis fasebis Semcirebas uwyobda xels. Tumca mas Semdeg, rac wamyvanma farmacevtulma firmebma moipoves reputacia da ndoba, maT gadawyvites, rom Ta-vidan aecilebinaT fasebis omebi da TavianTi Zalisxmeva miemarTaT marketingis, qselis gafar-Toebis, momsaxurebis xarisxis amaRlebis da sxva mimarTulebiT.

fasi aris produqtis Rirebulebis monetaruli gamoxatuleba. momxmareblis fasi, produq-tis ganviTarebisa da danaxarjebis, agreTve marketingisa da promociis danaxarjebis garda, aseve moicavs fasnamats, romelic warmoiqmneba sadistribucio qselsa da savaWro obieqtebSi. sabazro ekonomikaSi fasi aris produqtis erT-erTi yvelaze mniSvnelovani maxasiaTebeli da sabazro situ-aciis sakvanZo elementi, romelic moqmedebs rogorc miwodebaze, aseve moTxovnaze.

produqti aris saqonlis specifikuri klasi, romelic Semdegi TaviseburebebiT xasiaT-deba: socialuri mniSvneloba, moTxovnis fasis araelastikuroba medikamentebis mravali jgu-fisaTvis, specialistebis (eqimebisa da farmacevtebis) gavlena arCevanze/gadawyvetilebaze me-dikamentis yidvis Sesaxeb.

saboloo (momxmareblis)fasis formirebaze gavlenas axdens sawarmoo, sabazro, sakanon-mdeblo da finansuri faqtorebi .

qvemoT CamoTvlili faqtorebis garda, medikamentis fasi Seicavs agreTve marketingisa da promociis xarjebs.

farmacevtul bazarze faswarmoqmnaze moqmedi faqtorebis jgufebi: sawarmoo faqtorebi: produqtis ganviTareba,kvlevebi (preklinikuri, klinikuri, post-

marketinguli), produqcia, registracia. sabazro faqtorebi: sadistribucio jaWvi (mwarmoeblidan momxmareblamde), sadistribu-

cio jaWvis monawileTa statusi da raodenoba , konkurencia, miwodebis raodenoba,areceptu-ruli da recepturuli wamlebis Tanafardoba.

sakanonmdeblo da finansuri faqtorebi: jandacvis sistema da xarjebi, sakanonmdeblo aqtebi da SezRudvebi,samkurnalo saSualebebis kategoriebi da siebi, Semcvlelebis importis politika da adgilobrivi mewarmeebis mxardaWera, medikamentebis gayidvis arxebi, anazRaure-bis sistema, sagadasaxado politika,farmacevtuli bazris urTierTqmedeba erovnuli ekonomi-kis sxva seqtorebTan, ucxouri ekonomikuri aqtivobebi.

1990-ian wlebamde mosaxleobis farmacevtuli produqciiT momarageba xorcieldeboda organizebulad kanonmdeblobis farglebSi, rac xasiaTdeboda saxelmwifo qarxnebSi farmacev-tuli produqciis mkacri centralizaciiT. qveynis gareT medikamentebis Sesyidva aseve centra-lizebuli iyo. erovnuli farmacevtuli industria akmayofilebda sabWoTa kavSiris jandacvis sistemis moTxovnis daaxloebiT 75%-s. sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis Semdeg misi Semadgenlobasi Sema-valma yvela qveyanam, maT Soris saqarTvelomac, gaiara e.w. Sokuri Terapia. vinaidan farmacevtu-li seqtoris muSaoba dakavSirebulia ekonomikis sxva seqtorebTanac, saxelmwifos regulaciebis roli TandaTan Semcirda mis ganviTarebaSi. optimaluri fasebis sistemis Ziebis procesi dRemde grZeldeba, rac pirdapir kavSirSia qveynis ekonomikur da politikur mdgomareobasTan.

qvemoT mocemulia cxrilebis saxiT farmacevtuli bazris zoma , adgilobrivi medikamen-tebis wili, medikamentebis moxmareba erT sul mosaxleze, erTeuli medikamentis saSualo fasi saqarTvelosa da dsT-s qveynebisaTvis.


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wyaro: http://ick.ge/ka/jinvestigation/371-2010-02-22-07-46-27

amgvarad, faswarmoqmnis procesi farmacevtul bazarze asaxavs sistemis mdgomareobas da xels uwyobs industriis Semdgom ganviTarebas. vajamebT, ra zemoTmoyvanil monacemebs, vas-kvniT, rom samkurnalo saSualebebis moxmarebaze gavlenas axdens socialuri pasuxismgebloba da agreTve, mwarmoeblisa da sadistribucio jaWvis ekonomikuri interesebi. faswarmoqmnis sistema asaxavs am faqtorebis balanss.


1. http://www.nplg.gov.ge/gsdl/cgi-bin/library.exe 2. http://ick.ge/ka/jinvestigation/371-2010-02-22-07-46-27 3. saqarTvelos jandacvis saministros monacemebi - www.moh.gov.ge 5.farmacevtuli kompaniebi - ~aversi~, ~psp~, GPC-is mowodebuli masalebi 6.axalgazrda biznesmenTa da finansisTa asociaciis kvleva 7.saqarTvelos kanoni `wamlisa da farmacevtuli saqmianobis Sesaxeb~ 8.How to develop and implement a national drug policy. WHO. Second Edition. P.65 9.Pharmaceutical Pricing Policy in Global Market. OECD Health Policy Studies 10.World Health Report 2013.

manana maridaSvili

farmacevtuli produqtis fasis formirebisa da regulaciis tendenciebi saqarTvelosa da dsT-s qveynebSi

reziume

farmacevtuli produqti aris saqonlis specifikuri klasi, romelic Semdegi Tavisebure-

bebiT xasiaTdeba: socialuri mniSvneloba, moTxovnis fasis araelastikuroba medikamentebis mravali jgufisaTvis, specialistebis (eqimebisa da farmacevtebis) gavlena arCevanze/gadaw-yvetilebaze medikamentis yidvis Sesaxeb. saboloo (momxmareblis)fasis formirebaze gavlenas axdens sawarmoo, sabazro, sakanonmdeblo da finansuri faqtorebi .

faswarmoqmnis procesi farmacevtul bazarze asaxavs sistemis mdgomareobas da xels uw-yobs industriis Semdgom ganviTarebas. samkurnalo saSualebebis moxmarebaze gavlenas axdens socialuri pasuxismgebloba da agreTve, mwarmoeblisa da sadistribucio jaWvis ekonomikuri interesebi. faswarmoqmnis sistema asaxavs am faqtorebis balanss.

farmacevtuli seqtoris muSaoba dakavSirebulia ekonomikis sxva seqtorebTanac, saxel-mwifos regulaciebis roli TandaTan Semcirda mis ganviTarebaSi. optimaluri fasebis siste-mis Ziebis procesi dRemde grZeldeba, rac pirdapir kavSirSia qveynis ekonomikur da politi-kur mdgomareobasTan.


87

Manana Maridashvili

PHARMACEUTICAL PRODUCT PRICE FORMATION AND REGULATION TRENDS IN GEORGIA AND CIS COUNTRIES

Summary

Pharmaceutical product is a specific class of goods that is characterized by the following features: social

importance, inelasticity of demand price for many groups of medicine, the influence of specialists (doctors and pharmaceutics) on the choice of decision about purchasing the medicine. The formation of final (consumer) price are influenced by industrial, market and financial factors.

Pricing processes in the pharma market reflect the state of the system and encourage further development of the industry. Drug consumption is affected by social responsibility of the state and the economic interests of the manufacturer and distribution chain. The system of drug pricing reflects the balance of those factors.

Performance of pharmaceutical sector is related with other sectors of economic. The role of state regulations of its development is gradually decreased. Processes of change in search of an optimal pricing system continue even at this time, subject to country-specific economic and political conditions.


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Taliko Jvania

ana kobiaSvili

eleqtronuli swavlebis zogierTi aspeqti

eleqtronuli swavleba warmoadgens saganmanaTleblo saSualebas, romelic efuZneba TviT-

motivacias, komunikacias, aqtivobasa da teqnologias. socialuri interaqciis SezRudulobis gamo msmenelebi unda inarCunebdnen motivacias. izolacia, romelic damaxasiaTebelia eleqtro-nuli swavlebisaTvis, davalebebis Sesrulebis procesSi msmenelebisagan saWiroebs xSir komuni-kacias erTmaneTTan da instruqtorebTan. eleqtronuli swavleba efeqturia, radganac aq ar aris manZilis cneba. amas ganapirobebs is, rom eleqtronuli swavlebis kontenti Seqmnilia eleqtro-nuli mediis saSualebiT, romelic SeiZleba xelmisawvdomi iyos saTanadod aRWurvili kompiute-ruli terminalebidan uSualod da internetis teqnologiebis gamoyenebiT.

eleqtronuli swavlebis sxvadasxva saxeobebi efuZneba: • komunikaciis saSualebebs; • swavlebis grafiks; • eleqtronuli swavlebis klasis struqturas; • gamoyenebul teqnologiebs. msmenelebs Soris da maTi instruqtorTan komunikaciisaTvis arsebobs sxvadasxva saSua-

lebebi. eleqtronuli swavlebis marTva SeiZleba warimarTos mxolod onlain saSualebebis meS-veobiT. zogierT SemTxvevaSi, Tu manZili ar warmoadgens mniSvnelovan faqtors, Sereuli eleq-tronuli swavlebis Sesaqmnelad SeiZleba swavlebis procesSi CairTos pirispir komunikaciac. Sereuli eleqtronuli swavleba Seicavs veb-interaqciisa da pirovnebaTSorisi interaqciis elementebs. teqnologiebi afarToebs adamianTa pirispir interaqciis gansazRvrebas, radganac iyenebs ormxriv video da ormxriv audio komunikaciebs. am elementebis Tanaarseboba qmnis Se-reuli eleqtronuli swavlebis ufro farTo SesaZleblobas.

eleqtronuli swavleba SeiZleba iyos sinqronuli an asinqronuli. sinqronuli niSnavs, rom komunikacia xorcieldeba realur droSi, rogoricaa konferencia, telekonferencia da onlain Catis programebi. asinqronuli niSnavs, rom gamoiyeneba komunikaciis sxva saSualebebi, romlebic ar saWiroebs pasuxs realur droSi. asinqronuli eleqtronuli swavlebis magaliTe-bia: eleqtronuli fosta, blogebi, onlain forumebi da sxva.

eleqtronuli swavlebis klasis struqturas gansazRvravs is, Tu rogor xdeba saswavlo ma-salis-instruqciis administrireba. eleqtronuli swavleba SeiZleba iyos damoukidebeli, in-struqtoris mier warmarTvadi an TviTSemswavleli eqspertTan erTad. damoukidebeli swavlis instruqciebis administrireba xdeba msmenelisaTvis im masalis miwodebiT, romelic mas esaWiro-eba treining-instruqciis Sesasruleblad. instruqtoris mier warmarTvadi treiningi sTavazobs msmenels instruqciis Sesasruleblad saWiro miTiTebebs. TviTSeswavla eqspertTan erTad war-moadgens damoukidebeli da instruqtoris mier warmarTvadi administrirebis kombinacias.

instruqciisaTvis gamoyenebuli teqnologia ar aris SemosazRvruli veb-masalebiT. eleq-tronuli swavleba SeiZleba miRweul iqnes nebismieri im teqnologiis gamoyenebiT, romelic efuZneba moqnil eleqtronul media saSualebebs. miuxedavad imisa, rom video/audio kavSiri moZvelebuli teqnologiaa, is mainc warmoadgens sicocxlisunarian saSualebas instruqciebi-saTvis. Tanamedrove teqnologiebi gvexmareba swavlebisTvis aucilebeli gamocdilebis miRe-baSi, radganac arsebobs informaciis gadacemis ufro meti saSualeba. teqnologia yvelaze cva-lebadi elementia eleqtronul swavlebaSi. rac ufro mowinave xdeba teqnologia, miT ufro me-tia im saSualebebis arCevani, romlebic ganapirobeben eleqtronuli swavlebis ganviTarebas. rac ufro izrdeba internetis siCqare, mcirdeba mowyobilobebis zomebi da xdeba mobiluri, eleqtronuli swavleba xdeba ufro moqnili, rac ganapirobebs swavlebis am formisadmi moT-xovnis zrdasa da popularobas. mowinave teqnologiis pirobebSi eleqtronul swavlebas aqvs SeuzRudavi zrdadi potenciali.

efeqtiani swavleba iwyeba efeqtiani dagegmviT. dagegmva gulisxmobs gamoyenebuli in-struqciuli strategiis gansazRvras. gansazRvrebis Tanaxmad, instruqciuli strategiebi gu-lisxmobs im midgomas, romelic SeuZlia gamoiyenos maswavlebelma swavlebis miznebis misaRwe-vad da moicavs pre-instruqciul aqtivobebs, informaciis prezentacias, msmenelTa aqtivo-bebs, testirebasa da mTlianad saswavlo kursis realizacias. strategiebi, Cveulebriv, dakav-Sirebulia swavlebis procesSi CarTuli msmenelebis moTxovnebTan da interesebTan. is efuZne-ba swavlebis garkveul stils. miuxedavad imisa, rom eleqtronuli swavlebis forma SedarebiT axali da gansxvavebulia, tradiciul saklaso oTaxebSi arsebuli swavlebis strategiebi SeiZ-leba gamoyenebul iqnes efeqturi da dinamikuri onlain swavlebis garemos Sesaqmnelad.

onlain swavleba unda Seicavdes iseT aqtivobebs, romlebic msmenelebs axali codnis ZvelTan dakavSirebis, srulfasovani codnis miRebis da maTi metakognituri SesaZleblobis


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ukeT gamoyenebis saSualebas miscems [1]. Sesabamisad, am tipis swavlebaSi intruqciuli strate-gia ufro mniSvnelovania da met gavlenas axdens swavlis Sedegebze, vidre - gamoyenebuli teq-nologia.

onlain swavleba iZleva moqnili, droisa da sivrcisagan damoukidebeli saswavlo procesis Seqmnis SesaZleblobas. saswavlo masala unda iyos Camoyalibebuli sworad, raTa moxdes msmene-lis daintereseba da CarTva saswavlo procesSi. onlain swavlebas bevri dadebiTi mxare gaaCnia, magram mas sWirdeba didi Zalisxmeva da resursebi, raTa saswavlo kursi sworad iqnes Sedgenili. „sworad Sedgena“ niSnavs saswavlo masalis ise konstruirebas, rom yuradRebis centrSi iyos msmeneli da swavlis procesi. aseve SesaZlebeli unda iyos yvelanairi teqnologiuri mxardaWe-ris SeTavazeba. amasTan, onlain swavleba unda iyos interaqtiuli da kolaboraciuli.

adreuli kompiuteruli saswavlo sistemebi bihevioristul Teoriaze dayrdnobiT igebo-da. bihevioristebi ambobdnen, rom swavla aris cvlileba qcevaSi, gamowveuli garemos zemoqme-debiT. maTi azriT, mxolod msmenelis qmedeba gamoxatavs imas, iswavla raime msmenelma Tu ara, da ara is, rac mimdinareobs msmenelis TavSi. amis sapasuxod, sxva mecnierebi ambobdnen, rom mxo-lod qmedeba ar aris imis gamoxatuleba, Tu ra Seiswavla msmenelma da swavleba aris gacilebiT ufro meti, vidre cvlileba qmedebaSi. Sesabamisad, moxda gadanacvleba bihevioristulidan kognituri Teoriisaken.

swavlebis kognituri Teoriis mixedviT, swavlis procesi moicavs mexsierebis gamoyenebas. am Teoriis mimdevrebis azriT, motivacias, azrovnebasa da aRqmas aqvs mniSvnelovani roli swav-lis procesSi. isini swavlas uyureben, rogorc Sinagan process da amtkiceben, rom Seswavlili masalis raodenoba damokidebulia msmenelis SesaZleblobaze, mis Zalisxmevaze, imaze, Tu ram-denad Rrmad moxda masalis damuSaveba [2].

bolo dros kognituri Teoriidan gadanacvleba moxda konstruqcionizmze. am Teoriis fuZemdeblebi amtkiceben, rom msmenelebi informaciisa da samyaros interpretirebas axdenen TavianTi personaluri TvalTaxedvidan. isini swavloben dakvirvebis, damuSavebisa da inter-pretaciis meSveobiT da Semdeg axdenen am informaciis personalizebas sakuTar codnad [3].

msmenelebi saukeTesod swavloben maSin, rodesac SeuZliaT imisi konteqstualizacia, anu realobaSi danaxva, rasac swavloben (miRebuli codnis dauyovneblad praqtikaSi gamoyenebisa da sakuTari Sexedulebis Camoyalibebis gziT).

arsebobs instruqciuli strategiebis mravali tipi, romlebic SeiZleba gamoyenebul iq-nes onlain garemoSi: mentoroba, forumebi, mcire jgufebad muSaoba, proeqtebi, erToblivi swavleba, saswavlo magaliTebi, saswavlo kontraqtebi, diskusia, leqcia da TviTwarmarTuli swavleba.

mentoroba warmoadgens personalur saswavlo urTierTobas studentsa da sferos eq-sperts Soris specifikur Temaze an disciplinaSi swavlebisa da ganviTarebis uzrunvelsayo-fad. mentori uzrunvelyofs ganuwyvetel mxardaWeras, rCevebsa da miTiTebebs msmenelTaTvis. mentors SeuZlia agreTve Tavis Tavze aiRos msmenelis swavlebis gaumjobesebis roli. sxvadas-xva dros mentors SeuZlia iyos rolis modeli, advokati, sponsori, mrCeveli, gzamkvlevi, una-rebisa da inteleqtis developeri, msmeneli, mwvrTneli, bralmdebeli, asistenti da resurse-bis provaideri.

eleqtronul swavlebaSi mentoroba aris erToblivi da urTierTswavleba mentorsa da students Soris. mentorebs teqnologiebis Tanamedrove epoqa sTavazobs studentebisaTvis, rogorc teqnologiuri instrumentebis, programuli uzrunvelyofisa da saganmanaTleblo ma-salebis mravalferovani nakrebis miwodebis, aseve maTTan komunikaciis mraval saSualebas, ro-goricaa eleqtronuli fosta, swrafi Setyobinebebi, konferenciebi da sxva. studentebsa da mentorebs SeuZliaT komunikaciis ganxorcieleba moxerxebulad da swrafad maTi adgilmdeba-reobisa da drois miuxedavad. unda aRiniSnos, rom mentoroba gansakuTrebiT mnivnelovania SezRuduli unaris mqone pirebisaTvis.

forumi aris erTi an meti adamianisa da adamianTa mTeli jgufis mier warmoebuli Ria diskusia. es instruqciuli strategia gulisxmobs moderatorisa da auditoriis gamoyenebas. moderatori svams warmmarTvel SekiTxvebs da frTxilad ikvlevs pasuxebs, auditoria wamoW-ris da ganixilavs sakiTxebs, akeTebs komentarebs, sTavazobs informacias, usvams SekiTxvebs resurspirs an erTmaneTs. arsebobs forumis ori sxvadasxva tipi: paneluri da simpoziumi.

paneluri forumi SeiZleba mivamsgavsoT onlain konferencias, sadac sazogadod samidan xuTamde adamianisagan Sedgenili jgufi wardgeba auditoriis winaSe, raTa warmarTos miznob-rivi saubari raime Temaze. forumis es tipi SeiZleba gadaices videokonferenciis, sadiskusio dafis an eleqtronuli fostis saSualebiT. panelur formatSi moderatori warmarTavs sau-bars mcire auditoriis monawileobiT. am dros midgoma aris araformaluri.

forumis meore tipi, simpoziumi, Sedgeba mravali monawilisagan, romlebic ikribebian au-ditoriis winaSe, raTa SesTavazon msmenelebs specifikuri Temis sxvadasxva aspeqti. formati aris formaluri da xdeba auditoriis SekiTxvebis mxardaWera. onlain simpoziumis upirateso-ba mis simartiveSia. Cveulebrivi simpoziumisgan gansxvavebiT, damswreebs gadaadgilebis gareSe


90

SeuZliaT monawileoba miiRon sxvadasxva sesiaSi nebismieri adgilidan (Tundac saxlidan). sim-poziumis organizatorebma SeiZleba CarTon virtualuri turebi im qalaqSi, romelSic tarde-ba onlainsimpoziumi, daurTon videoklipebi, romlebic Seicavs maTi monawileebis biografiul monacemebs, gamoiyenon virtualuri kafeebi, sadac yvela monawiles SeuZlia isaubros, daagzav-non onlain safosto baraTebi dasaTvaliereblad da sxva.

onlainplatformaSi mcire jgufebSi muSaoba SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnes, rogorc korpo-raciuli, ise saganmanaTleblo situaciisaTvis. es instruqciuli strategia onlaingaremoSi qmnis Cveulebrivi saklaso oTaxis analogs. aq msmenelTa mcire jgufebi erTad muSaobis piro-bebSi asruleben raime amocanas. maT eZlevaT SesaZlebloba, Caataron kvlevebi sakuTar tempSi. jgufis wevrebs SeuZliaT gamoxaton sakuTari Tvalsazrisi da gamoiyenon sxvadasxva scenari. onlainkursebisTvis arsebul mraval programaSi mcire jgufebSi muSaobisaTvis aqtiurad ga-moiyeneba teqsturi Cati.

davalebaTa proeqtebi aris mniSvnelovani instruqciuli strategia. am strategiis dros msmenelebs eZlevaT maTi interesebis Sesabamisi individualuri kvlevis proeqtebi. Sesabami-sad msenelis daintereseba didia, radgan is, rasac is ikvlevs da wers, misTvis sainteresoa. amasTan, is iRebs dokumentis Seqmnis mniSvnelovan gamocdilebas. amitom es strategia Zalian efeqturia saintereso samuSao garemos Sesaqmnelad.

proeqtebi jgufur atmosferoSi efeqturia dinamikuri saswavlo garemos Sesaqmnelad. roca dasruldeba individualuri proeqtebi, instruqtors aqvs saSualeba, Seinaxos isini pri-vatulad da ar aCvenos jgufis danarCen wevrebs. Tumca es strategia metad efeqturia, roca msmenelebi uziareben TavianTi kvlevebis Sedegebs sxva wevrebs. es uzrunvelyofs ukukavSirs ara marto instruqtoris mxridan, aramed maTi jgufis wevrebis mxridanac. am dros msmenelebi swavloben erTmaneTTan TanamSromlobas da erTmaneTs uziareben TavianT sakuTar xedvas saer-To gadawyvetilebis misaRebad.

erToblivi swavleba dinamikuri onlainswavlebis garemos Seqmnis Zalian gavrcelebuli strategiaa. es strategia gulisxmobs interaqcias or an met msmenels Soris calkeul jgufeb-Si. erToblivi swavlebis realizaciis yvelaze efeqturi gzaa sxvadasxva donis unarebis mqone msmenelebis jgufebis Seqmna. gansxvavebuli donis jgufebis SeqmniT msmenelebi swavloben Ta-vianTi Tanamonawileebisagan. TanatolebTan urTierTTanamSromloba, rogorc swavlebis ara-formaluri instrumenti, Zalian sasargebloa. am dros msmenelebs axali informaciis gaziare-biT SeuZliaT daexmaron erTmaneTs. erToblivi swavlebisas msmenels uviTardeba jgufur ga-remoSi muSaobis, komunikaciisa da kritikuli azrovnebis unari.

urTierTTanamSromloba moicavs interaqcias, magram onlainswavlebis yvela interaqcia ar aris ormxrivi. erToblivi swavlebis garemoSi formirebuli urTierTobebi Zalian mniSvne-lovania jgufis dinamikisa da progresisaTvis. meti codnisa da Zlieri unarebis mqone msmene-lebs danarCenebze metad SeuZliaT gadawyviton jgufis muSaobis xarisxi. Tu isini airCeven Ta-namSromlobas da TavianT unarebs gauziareben im wevrebs, romlebsac esaWiroebaT daxmareba, maSin erToblivi swavlebis dadebiTi mxareebi gaZlierdeba da jgufi iqneba ufro warmatebuli. meore mxriv, Tu ufro Zlieri unarebis mqone msmenelebi ar daexmarebian sxvebs, es imoqmedebs jgufze da gauaresdeba muSaobis xarisxi. amrigad, interaqcia gadamwyvetia erToblivi swavle-bis onlainstrategiis efeqturobisaTvis.

saswavlo magaliTebis gamoyenebis strategia gulisxmobs swavlebis procesSi ukve gadaw-yvetili saswavlo magaliTebis gamoyenebas. saswavlo magaliTebi Zalian efeqturia dinamikuri saswavlo garemos SeqmnisaTvis. amasTan msmenelebisaTvis mniSvnelovania, hqondeT wvdoma maT mi-er gadasawyveti problemisadmi da ara — misi amoxsnisadmi. mas Semdeg ki, roca msmenelebi mivlen sakuTar daskvnebamde, maT unda SeeZloT, Seadaron miRebuli Sedegebi saswavlo magaliTebSi ar-sebul realur gadawyvetebs. saswavlo magaliTebis Seswavla aZlierebs msmenelebis praqtikul azrovnebas da uviTarebs miRebuli codnis gamoyenebis unars axali situaciebisaTvis.

saswavlo kontraqtebi SeiZleba iyos Zalian efeqturi instrumenti eleqtronuli swavle-bis garemoSi. saswavlo kontraqti aris SeTanxmeba msmenelsa da instruqtors Soris, romelic detalizebas ukeTebs swavlebis mizans iseve, rogorc imas, Tu rogor unda iyos es mizani miRwe-uli. swavlebis kontraqtis moTxovnebma, misi bunebidan gamomdinare, gazarda rogorc in-struqtoris, aseve msmenelis pasuxismgebloba. msmeneli pasuxismgebelia kontraqtis aqtiuri kontentis dawerasa da Sesrulebaze.

instruqciuli strategiis am formas onlainswavlebaSi mravali upiratesoba gaaCnia. sas-wavlo kontraqti uzrunvelyofs gansxvavebuli adamianebisaTvis mravalferovani instruqciu-li moTxovnebis ganxorcielebis SesaZleblobas. miuxedavad imisa, rom mizani msmenelTa mTeli klasisaTvis SeiZleba iyos myari, miznis miRwevis gzebi SeiZleba iyos iseTive unikaluri, ro-gori unikaluric arian TviTon msmenelebi. msmenels SeuZlia gadawyvitos, instruqciebis ra tempi SearCios da aseve SearCios instruqtoris miznebis misaRwevad yvelaze saintereso gza. imis gamo, rom msmenelebi qmnian TviTnakarnaxev normativebs, isini dasawyisidanve naTlad ic-noben kontraqtis momaval molodinebs. cxadi molodinebi arsebiTia nebismieri msmenelis war-


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matebisaTvis. amis gamo es instruqciuli strategia gansakuTrebiT motivirebulia da warmo-adgens mniSvnelovan instruments.

diskusiis, rogorc instruqciuli strategiis, gamoyeneba onlaingaremoSi gansakuTre-biT aqtualuria bevri msmenelisaTvis. igi instruqciul strategiebs Soris yvelaze popula-rulia imitom, rom is aris interaqtiuri da wamaxalisebeli aqtivoba. diskusiis modelis warma-tebisaTvis gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania puxismgeblobis Tanabrad ganawileba instruqtorsa da msmenels Soris.

radganac msmenelebi xSirad izolirebuli arian onlain swavlebis garemoSi, nebismieri formatis diskusia exmareba jgufis wevrad yofnis SegrZnebas, rac xSirad warmatebis gasaRebia ganaTlebaSi. diskusiebi msmenelebs saSualebas aZlevT, daeyrdnon ara mxolod instruqtors, aramed iswavlon erTmaneTisagan.

saleqcio strategia warmoadgens models, rac diskusiis modelisgan gansxvavebiT, metad saWiroebs instruqtors eleqtronuli swavlebis garemoSi. es strategia gulisxmobs, rom in-struqtori unda iyos sagnis sferos mcodne eqsperti. leqciebi qmnis sagnis codnis safuZvels, razec SeiZleba aigos sxva codna, rogoricaa deklaraciuli, proceduruli da pirobiTi cod-na. es ar aris advili. leqtorma unda icodes, rogor gaukeTos diferencireba saleqcio masa-lebs imisaTvis, rom daakmayofilos msmenelTa individualuri moTxovnebi.

imisaTvis, rom moxdes msmenelis stimulireba da swavlebis sxvadasxva formiT daintere-seba, leqciebma SeiZleba miiRos sxvadasxva forma virtualur garemoSi. leqciis konspeqtis sruli nakrebi SeiZleba warmodgenil iqnes rogorc vebgverdi an SeTavazebul iqnes rogorc, PDF, Microsoft Word, PowerPoint, flash, video da sxva failebis saxiT. saleqcio masalaze wvdoma Se-iZleba ganxorcieldes pirdapir an SeTavazebul iqnes msmenelisaTvis CamosatvirTad.

TviTwarmarTuli swavleba gansazRvrulia, rogorc msmenelis mier inicirebuli da war-marTuli swavleba. es strategia SeiZleba iyos Zalian efeqturi, radganac is mTlianad agebu-lia msmenelis iniciativasa da motivaciaze. rogorc wesi, am instruqciuli strategiis dros miiRweva codnis maRali done.

eleqtronuli swavleba, Tavisi bunebidan gamomdinare, warmoadgens did forums, romel-Sic SeiZleba adgili hqondes TviTwarmarTul swavlebas. asinqronuli klasebi, romlebic msme-nelebs sTavazoben saxelmZRvaneloebs, maT saSualebas aZleven, imuSaon sakuTari tempis Sesa-bamisad sakuTar garemoSi, im resursebis gamoyenebiT, romlebic moipoveba TviTwarmarTul kvlevaSi. msmenelebs SeuZliaT imuSaon damoukideblad, estumron virtualur biblioTekebs, muzeumebsa da gazeTebs da es yvelaferi miiRon komfortul garemoSi maTs sakuTar saxlebSi.

eleqtronuli swavlebis sistemebi, rogoricaa BlackBoard, WebCT da sxva, msmenelebs sTa-vazobs SesaZleblobaTa mravalferovan nakrebs TviTwarmarTuli swavlebisaTvis. veb-ze da-fuZnebul saklaso oTaxebSi tendencia Sorsaa msmenelis, rogorc codnis pasiuri mimRebisagan da mimarTulia msmenelisaken, rogorc saswavlo procesSi CarTuli aqtiuri TviTwarmmarTveli monawilisaken.

onlainsaklaso oTaxSi gamosayeneblad SesaZlebeli aTeulobiT instruqciuli strategi-idan instruqtoris gadasawyvetia informaciis miwodebis meTodebis SerCeva. es gadawyvetile-ba dafuZnebuli unda iyos gadasacem informaciaze, TviTon msmenelebsa da teqnologiis xel-misawvdomobaze. Tumca, eleqtronuli swavlebis procesSi CarTuli yvela adamianisaTvis mniS-vnelovania is, rom Sesabamisi pedagogikis gareSe maRali moculobis mqone komunikaciis servi-sebis gamoyeneba ver uzrunvelyofs mniSvnelovan gaumjobesebebs swavlebis SedegebSi.


1. 50 cool things you can do in your courses besides lecture. (2006) Suny Learning Network. Retrieved April 25, 2006 from http://sln.suny.edu/sln/public/slnhome.nsf/d0f42cc6c1f8b6f7852563a400016098/8f9845f753c4955a85256b83004d0587?OpenDocument

2. Brookfield, Stephen. Preskill, Stephen. (1999) Discussion in the classroom. San Francisco, California: Jossey-Bass. 3. Clark, Anne & Pitt, Tina Joy. (2001, March 4) Creating powerful online courses using multiple instructional

strategies. eModerators. Retrieved April 25, 2006, from http://www.emoderators.com/moderators/pitt.html


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Taliko Jvania ana kobiaSvili

eleqtronuli swavlebis zogierTi aspeqti

reziume

warmodgenil statiaSi ganxilulia swavlebis is meTodologia da misi praqtikuli rea-

lizacia, romelic gamoiyeneba efeqturi eleqtronuli saswavlo garemos Seqmnis procesSi. in-struqciuli strategiebi gansazRvravs im midgomas, romelic unda gamoiyenos maswavlebelma swavlebis miznebis misaRwevad. statiaSi ganxilulia onlainswavlebis iseTi aqtivobebi, romle-bic msmenelebs axali codnis ZvelTan dakavSirebis, miRebuli informaciis gaazrebisa da maTi metakognituri SesaZleblobis ukeT gamoyenebis saSualebas miscems. es aqtivobebia: mentoroba, forumebi, mcire jgufebad muSaoba, proeqtebi, erToblivi swavleba, saswavlo magaliTebi, sas-wavlo kontraqtebi, diskusia, leqcia da TviTwarmarTuli swavleba. statiaSi naCvenebia, rom onlainswavleba iZleva moqnili, droisa da sivrcisagan damoukidebeli saswavlo procesis Seq-mnis SesaZleblobas.

Taliko Zhvania Ana Kobiashvili

CERTAIN ASPECTS OF ELECTRONIC LEARNING

Summary

In the presented article it is discussed the learning methodology and its practical implementation which is used in the process of creation the effective electronic learning environment. Instructional strategies define the approach, which should be used by a teacher to achieve the learning objectives. In the article there are considered activities of online learning which allow the learners connecting the new knowledge with the old one, reasoning received information, and using their metacognitive possibilities in a better way. These activities are: mentoring, forums, working in small groups, projects, joint learning, case study, learning contracts, discussions, lectures, and self-guided learning. In the article it is shown that online learning allows creating flexible, independent from time and space process of learning.


93

giorgi saxokia

auditoruli kontroli da efeqtianobis

auditis perspeqtivebi

ganviTarebuli sabazro ekonomikis qveynebSi sawarmoebis, organizaciebisa da dawesebu-lebebis safinanso-sameurneo saqmianobis finansuri kontrolis ganxorcielebisas saxelmwifo kontrolis garda gamoiyeneba iseTi forma, rogoricaa auditoruli safinanso kontroli.

àuditoruli saqmianobis Sesaxeb” saqarTvelos kanoniT gansazRvrulia, rom àudito-rul Semowmebas (audits) axorcieleben auditorebi da audituri firmebi subieqtis samewarmeo saqmianobis, sajaro buRaltruli aRricxvisa da angariSgebis, dabegvrisa da sameurneo-safi-nanso saqmianobisa da sawesdebo moTxovnebis utyuarobis, sisrulis, moqmed kanonmdeblobas-Tan da normativebTan Sesabamisobis dadgenis mizniT”.

auditoruli safinanso kontrolis daniSnulebaa auditis damkveTTa moTxovnilebebis dakmayofileba Sesamowmebeli obieqtis finansuri mdgomareobis Sesaxeb obieqturi da samar-Tliani informaciiT. auditoruli safinanso kontrolis mizania, agreTve, organizaciis fi-nansuri mdgomareobis Sefaseba.

auditorTa moqmedeba SeiZleba mimarTul iqnes organizaciaSi finansuri darRvevebis aR-sakveTad.

auditorul Semowmebas atarebs specializirebuli auditoruli firmebi an kerZo profe-sionali auditorebi xelSekrulebis safuZvelze. auditi warmoadgens finansuri angariSgebis damoukidebel, miukerZoebel Semowmebas misi utyuarobis dadgenis mizniT.

auditori ar aris valdebuli danaklisebisa da darRvevebis gamovlenis SemTxvevaSi mii-Ros raime sanqciebi sameurneo subieqtis xelmZRvanelobis winaaRmdeg. Semowmebis Sedegi, ro-gorc wesi, formdeba auditoruli daskvniT, romelic warmoadgens finansuri angariSgebis ut-yuarobis damadasturebel dokuments. maqsimumi, rac SeiZleba gaakeTos auditorma finansur angariSgebaSi aRmoCenili darRvevebis faqtze reagirebis Sesaxeb, es aris uaryofiTi daskvnis gacema.

yvelaferi es ganasxvavebs audits reviziisagan. revizia — es aris finansuri kontrolis ganxorcielebis sxva meTodi. kontrolis es meTodi (revizia) damaxasiaTebelia organoebisaT-vis,romlebic axorcieleben saxelmwifo zedamxedvelobas sameurneo subieqtis safinanso saq-mianobaze.

auditisagan gansxvavebiT, revizia tardeba Sesamowmebeli obieqtis xelmZRvanelobis ne-ba-survilisagan damoukideblad da miznad isaxavs ganxorcielebuli sameurneo operaciebis marTebulobis, kanonierebis, mizanSewonilobisa da efeqtianobis dadgenas. reviziis Sedegebis mixedviT SeiZleba daisvas xelmZRvaneli pirebis pasuxismgeblobis sakiTxi da maT mimarT gamo-yenebul iqnes sanqciebi.

auditi tardeba saxelmwifo mmarTvelobiTi struqturebisagan damoukideblad, xolo reviziis damkveTad saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis organoebi gamodian. miuxedavad reviziasa da audits Soris aseTi gansxvavebisa, maT aqvT saerTo damaxasiaTebeli niSnebi, rogorc organi-zaciul midgomebSi, aseve gamoyenebul xerxebsa da meTodebSi:

_ auditsa da revizias aqvs Tanmxvedri miznebi: sameurneo subieqtebis safinanso saqmia-nobaSi darRvevebis gamovlena, lokalizeba da Sefaseba;

_ TavianT saqmianobaSi auditorebi da revizorebi eyrdnobian saerTo normatiul-samar-Tlebriv safinanso safuZvels da kontrolis gansaxorcieleblad iyeneben saerTo bazas—finan-sur dokumentacias;

_ auditi da revizia SeiZleba Catardes, rogorc gare auditorebis (gare revizorebis), ise Sida auditorebis (Sida revizorebis) mier;

_ auditis Catarebis dros SeiZleba gamoyenebuli iqnes dokumenturi da faqtiuri sare-vizio kontrolis xerxebi da meTodebi (eqspertuli Sefasebebi, analizis meTodebi), xolo revi-ziis Catarebisas SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnes (garkveulwilad) auditis wesebi da standartebi.

miznebis Tanxvedra auditsa da revizias Soris ganapirobebs im wesebisa da meTodikis Tan-xvedras, romlebic gamoiyeneba reviziisa da auditis dros. es saSualebas iZleva kontrolis am sferoSi Semowmebis xerxebis, wesebis, standartebisa da meTodikis dagrovili gamocdileba ga-moyenebul iqnes rogorc auditis, ise reviziis Catarebisas.

auditis ZiriTadi damkveTebia mewarme subieqtebi (komerciuli bankebi, sadazRvevo orga-nizaciebi, birJebi, fondebi), agreTve mesakuTreebi (damfuZneblebi, aqcionerebi), xolo Semow-mebis obieqts warmoadgens aqcionerebisa da investorebis qoneba (sakuTreba).

sazRvargareTis qveynebis praqtikaSi xSiria SemTxvevebi, roca auditoruli kontrolis damkveTad saxelmwifo gamodis; aseT kontrols axorcieleben damoukidebeli auditoruli firmebi, romlebic atareben saxelmwifo programebis, saxelmwifo subsidiebis da sxva audits.


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auditoruli kontroli xorcieldeba agreTve im SemTxvevaSi, roca amas saxelmwifo mmarTve-lobis organoebi miiCneven mizanSewonilad.

saxelmwifos winaSe warmoiSoba dilema: komerciul organizaciebze gadacemuli fuladi saxsrebis xarjvis mizanSewoniloba da efeqtianoba Seamowmos savaldebulo saxelmwifo kon-troliT, Tu endos dadebiT auditorul daskvnas. savaldebulo saxelmwifo kontroli moiT-xovs revizorebis saStato erTeulebis gazrdas da damatebiT saxsrebs maTi SenaxvisaTvis. da-moukidebeli auditoruli daskvnis Taobaze ibadeba kiTxva: ramdenad saimedoa igi?

ganviTarebuli sabazro ekonomikis qveynebSi am mxriv mWidro kavSiri da TanamSromlobaa saxelmwifo safinanso da auditorul kontrols Soris; saxelmwifo aqtiurad iyenebs audito-ruli firmebis momsaxurebas saxelmwifo safinanso kontrolis iseTi calkeuli funqciebis Se-sasruleblad, rogoricaa saxelmwifo sawarmoebis finansuri mdgomareobis kontroli, saxel-mwifo programebis, subsidiebis, kontraqtebis efeqtianobis kontroli.

saxelmwifo safinanso kontrolis organoebi damoukidebel auditorul firmebs ar gani-xilaven rogorc konkurentebs, piriqiT, mWidrod TanamSromloben maTTan.

praqtikulad, yvela ganviTarebul qveyanaSi saxelmwifo safinanso kontrolis organoebi warmatebiT TanamSromloben damoukidebel auditorTan. maT ekisrebaT pasuxismgebloba er-Toblivi saqmianobis koordinaciaze.

amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi auditorebi federaluri mTavrobisa da xelisuflebis ad-gilobrivi organoebis doneze atareben maTi programebis, funqciebisa da miRweuli Sedegebis Semowmebas.

auditoruli firmebi, romlebic muSaoben saxelmwifosaTvis, ufrTxildebian TavianT re-putacias da samuSaoebs asruleben maRal doneze.

auditoruli Semowmebis dawyebamde auditorebi(an audituri firma) atareben Semdeg au-cilebel winaswar RonisZiebebs:

_Sesamowmebeli obieqtis irgvliv arsebuli materialuri da organizaciuli informaci-ebis Segroveba da auditis amocanebisa da saqmianobis masStabis gansazRvra;

_winaswari analizis Catareba Semdgomi Casatarebeli gamokvlevebis xasiaTisa da masSta-bis dadgenisa da gansakuTrebuli mniSvnelobis problemebis gamoyofis mizniT;

_auditis Camtarebeli jgufisa da Sesabamisi samsaxurebis gamoyofis mdgomareobis gan-sazRvra, auditis amocanebisa da Sefasebis kriteriumebis Sesaxeb Sesamowmebeli obieqtis in-formireba da a.S.

auditis Sedegebi da Sesabamisi rekomendaciebi, rogorc damoukidebeli, obieqturi, sa-marTliani da konstruqciuli, warmodgenili unda iqnes werilobiTi mosazrebisa an angariSis saxiT, romelic Tavisufalia yovelgvari orazrovnebisagan da gaurkvevlobisagan da dadastu-rebulia kompetenturi auditoruli mtkicebulebebi; gamovlenili seriozuli saxis darRveve-bis SemTxvevaSi saboloo gadawyvetilebas kontrolis palata iRebs.

auditoruli mosazrebebi da angariSgebis forma unda efuZnebodes Semdeg principebs: sa-Tauri, xelmowera da TariRi, miznebi da farglebi, srulyofileba, adresati, sakiTxis gansaz-Rvra, iuridiuli safuZveli, standartebis Sesabamisoba da auditoruli mosazreba.

auditoruli mosazrebis an angariSis Camoyalibebisas auditorma yuradReba unda gaamax-vilos ara marto finansuri, aramed programuli auditis, anu auditoruli saqmianobis obieq-tis bunebaze da saqmianobaze.

auditis standartebiT gaSuqebulia, agreTve, auditoruli Semowmebis amocanebis Sesru-lebisa da auditoruli samuSaos xarisxis uzrunvelyofis zedamxedvelobis da kontrolis sa-kiTxebi, sadac ganmartebulia, rom auditis Catarebis procesSi, auditoruli Semowmebis nebis-mier doneze da nebismier fazaSi, auditorTa muSaobaze unda dawesdes zedamxedveloba, rac ga-moixateba auditis jgufis ufrosi TanamSromlis mier dokumenturi saxiT warmodgenili samu-Saos SemowmebaSi; e.i. yvela auditoruli samuSaos, auditoruli daskvnebisa da angariSebis das-rulebamde, amowmebs ufrosi auditori, Tanac auditis TiToeuli etapis ganxorcielebis Sesa-bamisad, rac moiTxovs maRal gamocdilebasa da kvalifikacias.

auditis standartebis mixedviT auditorebma Semowmebisas unda SearCion da ganaxorcie-lon auditis is procedurebi da etapebi, romlebic konkretul garemoebebs moergeba da Seesa-bameba, radgan amiT SesaZlebelia sakmarisi, kompetenturi da saTanado materialuri masalebis miReba, rac audituri daskvnebisa da mosazrebebis safuZveli xdeba.

zemoaRniSnulTan dakavSirebiT, aucilebelia Sida kontrolis efeqturi sistemis Seqmna, riTac SesaZlebelia daculi iqnes sakanonmdeblo normebTan Sesabamisoba.

auditoruli mokvlevebi, daskvnebi da rekomendaciebi unda daefuZnos faqtobriv mtki-cebulebebs, amasTan, arsebiTi mniSvneloba eniWeba monacemTa mopovebisa da Sesadarebeli teq-nikuri saSualebebis sistemis SerCevas; kompiuterizebul monacemTa sistemebis da maTi mona-cemTa sandooba arsebiT rols TamaSobs.

msoflio ekonomikurma globalizaciam da sagareo ekonomikuri kavSirebis gaRrmavebam dRis wesrigSi daayena moqmedi safinanso-ekonomikuri saqmianobis kontrolis formebisa da me-


95

Todebis unificirebis aucilebloba; amasTan, Seqmnilia iseTi saerTaSoriso da regionaluri kontrolis organizaciebi, rogoricaa: - umaRlesi makontrolebeli organoebis saerTaSoriso organizacia (INTOSAI), umaRlesi makontrolebeli organoebis evropis organizacia (EVROSAI), umaRlesi makontrolebeli organoebis aziis organizacia (ASOSAI), umaRlesi makontrolebeli organoebis saerTaSoriso kongresi da dsT-s wevrebi qveynebis umaRlesi auditoruli insti-tutebis xelmZRvanelTa sabWo (ВОФКСНГ) da a.S.

unda aRiniSnos, rom dReisaTvis safinanso-ekonomikuri kontrolis yvelaze ufro efeqtian da saerTaSoriso doneze aprobirebul formad miCneulia zogadi auditi da misi calkeuli saxeobebi, rogoricaa:

_finansuri auditi, romliTac dgindeba buRaltruli aRricxvis sayovelTaod dadge-nil principebTan finansuri angariSgebis Sesabamisoba;

_Sesabamisobis auditi, romliTac mowmdeba kerZo biznesSi sabuRaltro aRricxvis per-sonalis mier administraciis mxridan dadgenili procedurebis dacva, bankebTan da sxva kredi-torebTan dadebul kontraqtebSi iuridiuli normebis dacvis mdgomareoba da sxv. igi logiku-ri xasiaTisaa da misi Sedegebi miewodeba mxolod Semowmebas daqvemdebarebul struqturul qvedanayofs;

_efeqtianobis auditi, romliTac mowmdeba organizaciis (firmis) funqcionirebisa da marTvis procedurebi mwarmoeblurobisa da efeqtianobis Sefasebisa da Sesabamisi rekomenda-ciebis SemuSavebis mizniT; igi moicavs xarjTanusxis Sesrulebis, efeqtianobisa da miznobrivi programebis Semowmebas, gansazRvravs, kanonmdeblobiT an Sesabamisi organoebis mier dawesebu-li mogebis an sasurveli Sedegebis miRwevis xarisxs, organizaciis funqcionirebis efeqtiano-bas da mocemuli programis mimarT gamoyenebuli kanonebis da wesebis dacvas firmis mier.

unda aRiniSnos, rom am etapze aucilebelia yuradReba gamaxvildes finansuri kontro-lis, ara rogorc momxdar sameurneo kanondarRvevaTa gamovlenis funqciaze, aramed am kanon-darRvevaTa Tavidan acilebis RonisZiebaTa SemuSavebaze, rac sruli finansuri wesrigis-TviT damyarebis erT-erTi safuZvelia; srul finansur kontrols ki unda hqondes uwyveti da mudmivi xasiaTi, romelic, bunebrivia, ver Sesruldeba mxolod gare kontrolis formiT, ami-tom saxelmwifo finansuri kontrolis uwyvetobisa da efeqtianobis amaRlebisaTvis aucilebe-lia Sida da gare kontrolis formebis SeTanawyoba, Tumca ar unda gamoiricxos prioriteti ga-re finansuri kontrolis organoebisa, romlebsac TavianT saqmianobaSi SeuZliaT gamoiyenon da daeyrdnon Sida kontrolis masalebs da amiT ganTavisufldnen organizaciis finansuri an-gariSgebis detaluri Semowmebisagan, xolo TavianTi saqmianoba ufro srulad mimarTon saxel-mwifo saxsrebisa da qonebis marTvis efeqtianobis gansazRvrisaken.

efeqtianobis auditi, romelic ukve aprobirebulia msoflios ganviTarebul qveynebSi da finansuri kontrolis axali da progresuli formaa, warmoadgens CvenSi tradiciulad dam-kvidrebuli formebisa da meTodebisagan radikalurad gansxvavebuli formas, romelic moi-cavs Sesaswavl sakiTxTa farTo da araerTgvarovan wres, rac gulisxmobs ara marto aRricxvisa da finansebis siRrmiseul codnas, aramed iTvaliswinebs ekonomikur-iuridiuli codnis far-To masStabebs da sainJinro-teqnologiuri da Sesabamisi dargebis maRal profesiul doneze dauflebas;

garda amisa, CvenSi efeqtianobis auditis farTod danergvisaTvis bevri sxva xelSemSleli pirobebic arsebobda, kerZod, _ aramdgradi sabiujeto sistema da arajansaRi finansur-eko-nomikuri mdgomareoba, arasrulyofili sagadasaxado da sabaJo sistemebi, saxelmwifo investi-ciuri politikisa da ekonomikis realuri seqtoris ganviTarebis dabali done da rac mTavaria, jer kidev ar arsebobda efeqtianobis auditis samarTlebriv-meToduri safuZvlebi; amasTan, efeqtianobis auditis praqtikaSi danergva unda moxdes sabiujeto procesis programul dafi-nansebaze srulad gadasvlis Semdeg da saxelmwifo biujetSi aisaxos calkeuli saxelmwifo programebis Sedegebis indikaturi maCveneblebi.

q.limaSi (peru) gamarTul safinanso kontrolis umaRlesi organoebis saerTaSoriso or-ganizaciis (INTOSAI) IX kongresze miiRes safinanso kontrolis saxelmZRvanelo principebis Se-saxeb deklaracia, romelmac dRis wesrigSi daayena safinanso kontrolis umaRlesi organoebis saqmianobis praqtikaSi efeqtianobis auditis SemoReba da damkvidreba.

intosais standartebis Sesabamisad, qveynis saxelmwifo safinanso kontrolis umaRles organos SeuZlia Caataros efeqtianobis Semowmebebi da gaakeTos daskvnebi imis Sesaxeb, Tu ram-denad efeqturad gamoiyeneba sabiujeto saxsrebi.

saxelmwifo safinanso kontrolis praqtikaSi efeqtianobis auditisSemoReba ganpiro-bebulia Semdegi garemoebebiT:

_saxelmwifo safinanso kontrolis qmediTunarianobis, Sedegianobisa da efeqtianobis amaRlebis aucileblobiT;

_aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebisa da sxva organizaciebis saqmianobis arsebiTi gaumjobe-sebis aucileblobiT;


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_saxelmwifo saxsrebis mimRebi organizaciebis saqmianobis gamWirvalobis gaumjobese-biT;

_saqmianobis Sedegebis mixedviT biujetidan TviTdafinansebaze gadasvlis perspeqti-viT.

efeqtianobis auditi, tradiciul finansur auditTan SedarebiT, moicavs axal amocanebs da mniSvnelovnad afarToebs saxelmwifo safinanso kontrolis sagansa da miznebs.

saxelmwifo finansuri kontrolis sistemaSi efeqtianobis auditis adgili ganisazRvreba misi miznebidan gamomdinare.

efeqtianobis auditis miznebs warmoadgens: _saxelmwifo biujetisa da sxva saxelmwifo resursebis gamoyenebis efeqtianobis Sefase-

ba da analizi; _aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis organoTa saqmianobis optimizaciis Sesaxeb rekomenda-

ciebisa da winadadebebis SemuSaveba; _saxelmwifo resursebis gamoyenebis efeqtianobis amaRleba. aRniSnuli miznebidan gamomdinare, efeqtianobis auditis amocanebi SeiZleba Semdegnai-

rad CamovayaliboT: _mxarjavi dawesebulebebisaTvis sabiujeti resursebis gamoyofis mizanSewonilobis ana-

lizi; _sabiujeto saxsrebis gamoyenebis Tavisdroulobisa da sisrulis Sefaseba; _sabiujeto saxsrebisa da sxva resursebis ekonomikurad gamoyenebis Sefaseba da anali-

zi; _sabiujeto saxsrebis miznobrivi gamoyenebis Sefaseba da analizi; _sabiujeto saxsrebis araefeqturad gamoyenebis miznobriv-Sedegobrivi analizi; _sabiujeto saxsrebis gamoyenebis efeqtianobis amaRlebis rekomendaciis damuSaveba; _aRniSnuli rekomendaciebisa da winadadebebis realizaciis Sedegebis Sefaseba. efeqtianobis auditis cneba gamomdinareobs safinanso kontrolis sferoSi misi adgili-

dan, igi SeiZleba ganisazRvros Semdegnairad: efeqtianobis auditi aris aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis organoTa saqmianobis efeqtia-

nobis Sefaseba saxelmwifo resursebis gamoyenebis sferoSi maT mier saxelmwifo funqciebis Sesrulebisas, agreTve rekomendaciebis SemuSaveba maTi saqmianobis srulyofisaTvis.

efeqtianobis auditis saxeebi SeiZleba Semdegnairad warmovidginoT: _aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis organoTa calkeuli saxelmwifo funqciebis Sesrulebis

efeqtianobis auditi; _saxelmwifo biujetis Sesrulebis efeqtianobis auditi; _saxelmwifo miznobrivi programebis efeqtianobis auditi; _saxelmwifo sainvesticio programebis efeqtianobis auditi; _saxelmwifo-sabiujeti saxsrebis gamoyenebis efeqtianobis auditi; _saxelmwifo sakuTrebis gamoyenebis efeqtianobis auditi; _saxelmwifo arasabiujeto fondebis saxsrebis gamoyenebis efeqtianobis auditi; _ samewarmeo saqmianobis efeqtianobis auditi. efeqtianobis auditis principebma unda uzrunvelyon misi Sedegianoba, qmediToba da

ekonomiuroba; amasTan dakavSirebiT aucilebelia iseTi principebis dacva, rogoricaa siste-muroba, mecnieruloba, obieqturoba, damoukidebloba, sajarooba.

efeqtianobis auditis kriteriumebi — es aris maCvenebelTa erToblioba, romlebic asa-xaven auditis obieqtis saqmianobis sxvadasxva mxareebs.

efeqtianobis kriteriumebad mizanSewonilia gamoviyenoT Semdegi maSveneblebi: Sedegianoba _ kriteriumi, romlebic saSualebas iZleva ganisazRvros ama Tu im saqmia-

nobis Sedegi. igi gamoiyeneba miznobrivi programebis, finansuri da materialuri resursebis gamoyenebis, marTvis sistemis efeqtianobis Sesafaseblad.

ekonomiuroba — kriteriumi, romelic gansazRvravs danaxarjebs dasaxuli miznebis mi-saRwevad. es danaxarjebi meiZleba iyos normatiuli, zenormatiuli da ekonomikuri.

efeqtianobis auditis maCveneblebi SeiZleba klasificirdes Semdegnairad: -efeqtianobis absoluturi maCveneblebi; -efeqtianobis xarisxobrivi maCveneblebi; -efeqtianobis SedarebiTi maCveneblebi. efeqtianobis zemoaRniSnuli maCveneblebis erTobliobis sistemuri analizi saSualebas

iZleva, warmovadginoT ama Tu im organos saqmianobis an saxelmwifo resursebis gamoyenebis efeqtianobis sruli suraTi.

efeqtianobis auditis kriteriumebisa da maCveneblebis gaangariSebis sainformacio wya-ros warmoadgens Sesamowmebeli obieqtis statistikuri, operatiuli da buRaltruli aRricxva-angariSgebis monacemebi, xarjTanusxebi, resursebi, gamoyenebis normativebi, sxvadasxva xelSek-rulebebi, brZanebebi, sagadasaxado, sabaJo da sxva fiskaluri organoebis monacemebi da a.S.


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efeqtianobis auditis ganxorcielebis procesi SeiZleba oTx etapad daiyos: _mosamzadebeli etapi; _kontrolis etapi; _analizis etapi; _sinTezis etapi. mosamzadebeli etapi moicavs; efeqtianobis auditis sagnisa da obieqtis gansazRvras;

efeqtianobis auditis kriteriumebisa da maCveneblebis damuSavebas; Semowmebis programasa da samuSao gegmis SemuSvebas.

am mizniT misaRwevad aucilebelia Semdegi samuSaoebis Sesruleba: _sakanonmdeblo normatiuli dokumentebis gamokvleva; _efeqtianobis auditis obieqtis saqmianobis Sedegebis analizi; _Sesamowmebeli obieqtis sistemisa da organizaciuli struqturis analizi; _wina Semowmebebis masalebis analizi; _Sesamowmebeli obieqtebis saqmianobis efeqtianobis amsaxveli kriteriumebisa da maC-

vneblebis damuSaveba. am etapis daskvniTi dokumentebi aris Semowmebis programa da samuSao gegma, sadac naT-

lad unda iyos formirebuli Semowmebis mizani da amocanebi, Semowmebis sagani, Semowmebis vade-bi, masStabebi, meTodika, efeqtianobis kriteriumebi da maCveneblebi.

uSualod,kontrolis ganxorcielebis etapi warmoadgens Sesamowmebeli obieqtis saqmi-anobis efeqtianobis gansazRvras programiT dadgenili kriteriumis mixedviT, am etapis das-kvniT nawils warmoadgens aqtis proeqtis momzadeba, sadac asaxuli iqneba obieqtis saqmianobis naklovanebebi da Sefasebul iqneba misi efeqtianoba.

Semowmebis analitikur etapze xorcieldeba obieqtis saqmianobis Sedegebis faqtoruli analizi, moqmedi kanonmdeblobis darRvevis gamovlena, efeqtianobis Sefaseba da masze faqto-rebis analizi.

am etapis daskvniTi dokumentebi aris Semowmebis aqti Sesamowmebeli obieqtis saqmianobis efeqtianobis Sesaxeb dasabuTebuli daskvnebiT.

sinTezuri etapi warmoadgens Sesamowmebeli obieqtis saqmianobis efeqtianobis amaRle-bis Sesaxeb konkretuli, mecnierulad dasabuTebuli rekomendaciebisa da winadadebebis Semu-Savebebis process. rekomendaciebis SemuSavebisas mizanSewonilia maTi klasifikacia Semdegi mimarTulebiT:

-socialuri; -organizaciuli; -ekonomikuri; -samarTlebrivi; -informaciuli; da -teqnologiuri. daskvniTi dokumenti am etapisaTvis SeiZleba iyos analitikuri moxseneba. efeqtianobis auditis Sedegebis mixedviT Semowmebis aqtis safuZvelze mzaddeba anga-

riSgeba, romelSic asaxul unda iqnes Semowmebis programis yvela sakiTxi, agreTve saqmianobis gaumjobesebis winadadebebi da rekomendaciebi. angariSgeba unda iyos sruli, obieqturi da la-konuri.

efeqtianobis auditis Sedegebis realizaciaSeiZleba ganxorcieldes Semdegi formiT: -wardgineba; -analitikuri moxseneba; -sakanonmdeblo iniciativa; da -werili. aRsaniSnavia is garemoeba, rom saqarTvelos kontrolis palata, rogorc saxelmwifo sa-

finanso-ekonomikuri kontrolis umaRlesi organo, 2008 wlis 26 dekembridan-“saqarTvelos kontrolis palatis Sesaxeb” axali kanonisamoqmedebidan, aRiarebs ra umaRlesi auditoru-li da makontrolebeli organoebis saerTaSoriso organizaciebis wesdebebs da xelmZRvane-lobs maT mier deklarirebuli ZiriTadi principebiT, amJamad, finansuri da Sesabamisobis au-ditebTan erTad, atarebs efeqtianobis auditsac. kontrolis palatis saqmianobis am mimarTu-lebiT warmarTva britaneTis saerTaSoriso ganviTarebis fondis (GTZ), gaero-s ganviTarebis programis (UNDP) da sxva RonisZiebaTa xelSewyobiT SemuSavebuli “saqarTvelos kontrolis palatis ganviTarebis 5-wliani gegmis”(2010 wlamde), romlis mizani iyo kontrolis palatis Camoyalibeba sajaro seqtoris Tanamedrove damoukidebel auditorul samsaxurad,realizaci-is Sedegia. zemoaRniSnuli 5-wliani gegmis realizacia niSnavs imas, rom man, rogorc damouki-debelma auditorulma samsaxurma, damoukideblad Seamowmos sazogadoebrivi seqtoris fun-qcionirebis efeqtianoba da pasuxismgebloba, ufro Rirebuli gaxados sajaro seqtoris saqmi-anoba da mis upirveles amocanad gadaiqces saqarTvelos sajaro seqtoris angariSgebis admi-nistrirebis, kontrolisa da angariSvaldebulebis damoukideblobis garantiebis uzrunvel-


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hyofa; amasTan, kontrolis palata xels Seuwyobs sajaro administrirebis gaumjobesebas saja-ro seqtoris saqmianobis efeqtianobis Sefasebisa da saTanado rekomendaciebis SemuSavebis sa-fuZvelze.

“kontrolis palatisSesaxeb”saqarTvelos kanonis Tanaxmad, efeqtianobis auditis Cata-rebisas auditorma unda Seamowmos obieqtis saqmianobis ekonomiuroba, Sedegobrioba da mi-zanSewoniloba; auditis mizani ki saxelmwifosa da adgilobrivi TviTmarTvelobebis qonebisa marTvisa da resursebis momsaxurebaze informaciis uzrunvelhyofaa.

ekonomiurobis, Sedegobriobis da mizanSewonilobis analizi da Sefaseba moicavs: -administraciuli RonisZiebebis ekonomiurobis audits administraciuli principebisa

da arsebuli standartebis da menejmentis politikis Sesabamisad; -adamianuri, finansuri da sxva resursebis Sedegobriobis audits, moicavs informaciul

sistemebis, organizaciis saqmianobis, kontrolis meqanizmebisa da procedurebis Seswavlas imisaTvis, rom aRmofxvras arsebuli naklovanebebi;

-auditis obieqtis saqmianobis mizanSewonilobis audits, miRweul miznebTan mimarTebaSi da mis mier ganxorcielebuli RonisZiebebis faqtiuri Sedegis auditi, mosalodnel SedegTan SedarebiT.


1. melqaZe o. safinanso kontroli evropul qveynebSi, Tb., 1999 w.; 2. mesxia i. saxelmwifo finansuri kontroli. ganviTarebis koncefcia, Tb., 2006 w. 3. miliCempi a.h. auditi, Tb., 2002 w.; 4. saxokia g.a.,zaqariaZe i.,mujiriSvili v. finansuri kontrolis safuZvlebi, meTodologiuri

saxelmZRvanelo, gaero-s ganviTarebis programisa da saqarTvelos kontrolis palatis pro-eqti-„saxelmwifo kontrolis sistemis qmedunarianobis gaZliereba“, undp, Tb., 2006 w.;

5. saxokia g.a.,ivanaSvili S., saxokia g.g. sasamarTlo-sabuRaltro eqspertiza, saxelmZRvanelo, Tb.,2010 w.;

6. saxokia g.a., ananiZe j., saxokia g.g. buRaltruli aRricxva da auditi, damxmare saxelmZRvane-lo, Tb., 2010 w.;

7. saqarTvelos kanoni „saqarTvelos kontrolis palatis Sesaxeb“; 8. saqarTvelos kanoni „auditoruli saqmianobis Sesaxeb“; 9. limas (peru) deklaracia safinanso kontrolis direqtivebis Sesaxeb.

giorgi saxokia

auditoruli kontroli da efeqtianobis auditis perspeqtivebi

reziume

cnobilia, rom auditoruli kontrolis daniSnulebaa Sesamowmebeli obieqtis finansuri

mdgomareobis Sesaxeb obieqturi da samarTliani informaciiT uzrunvelyofa, organizaciis finansuri mdgomareobis Sefasebada auditis damkveTTa moTxovnilebebis dakmayofileba; audi-toruli kontrolis gamoyenebis praqtika aprobirebulia da miRebulia sazRvargareTis qvey-nebSi - am dros auditoruli kontrolis damkveTi saxelmwifoa; ganviTarebuli sabazro ekono-mikis qveynebSi mWidro kavSiri da TanamSromlobaa saxelmwifo safinanso da auditorul kon-trols Soris, rac vlindeba saxelmwifos mier auditoruli firmebis momsaxurebis gamoyenebiT iseTi, calkeuli saxelmwifo-safinanso funqciebis Sesasruleblad, rogoricaa saxelmwifo programebis, subsidiebis, kontraqtebis efeqtianobis kontroli.

efeqtianobis auditi, romelsac ukve saqarTvelos kontrolis palata, xelmZRvanelobs ra saerTaSoriso makontrolebeli organizaciebis deklarirebuli ZiriTadi principebiT, 2008 wlis 26 dekembridan-„saqarTvelos kontrolis palatis Sesaxeb“ axali kanonis amoqmedebidan, atarebs finansuri da Sesabamisobis auditebTan erTad, dRevandel etapze metad saWiro da aq-tualuria saxelmwifo kontrolis qmediTunarianobis, Sedegianobisa da efeqtianobis amaRle-bisaTvis.


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George Sakhokia

AUDITING CONTROL AND EFFICIENCY AUDIT PERSPECTIVES

Summary

It is known that the purpose of auditing is to provide objective and fair information and financial status of the verification unit, also assessment of the organization's financial condition and satisfaction of audit clients’ needs.

Auditing practice is approved and accepted in foreign countries, where the client of auditing service is the state. In the countries with developed market economy there is a close relationship and cooperation between state financial control and private audit companies. Usually it is revealed by using auditing firms’ services by the state to fulfill some state-financial functions such as control of state programs, subsidies and effectiveness of contracts. Georgia’s Chamber of Control declares the basic principles of international controlling organizations and also a new law of `Georgian Chamber of Control~ adopted on December 26, 2008. On this basis, Georgia’s Chamber of Control conducts efficiency audit together with financial and compliance audits. This isvery necessary and relevant for improve-ment the capacity and efficiency of the state control.


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maia seTuri

brendis Seqmnis zogierTi aspeqti

brendiorganizaciis Zlieri aqtivia, romelsac ganviTareba da marTva Wirdeba. brendebi

erTmaneTisagan gansxvavdebian sabazro sivrceSi TavianTi Zalisa da faseulobis mixed-viT.brendis Zalauflebis SenarCuneba bazarze rTulia,Sesabamisad, kompanias mkafiod unda hqondes warmodgenilibrendingis sferoSi ra aris misTvis metad mniSvnelovani, ra RonisZie-bebs mimarTos, rom am sferoSi misi muSaoba iyos warmatebuli.

nebismieri qmedeba dakavSirebuli brendis Seqmnasa da ganviTarebasTan moiTxovs grZelva-dian midgomas.Tavad kompaniis realuri Rirebuleba ki bevrad aris damokidebuli mis brendeb-ze. es aqtivebi kompaniis grZelvadiani Semosavlebis mamoZravebeli Zalaa.warmatebul brends aqvs unari gazardos sxvaoba saqonlis TviTRirebulebasa da fass Soris.

mravali menejeri brendingis Zalas kompaniaSi muSaobis pirveli wlebidanve grZnobs. kom-pana `mersedes benc~-is brend-menejerma (j.Snaideri) aRniSna, rom`mersedes benci~ esaa brend-simbolo daarsebis momentidan dRemde. Tumca brendis marTva moiTxovs swavlas da praqtikaSi gamocdilebas. brendingis procesi garemoculia daxelovnebis atmosferoTi, romelic kompa-niis warmatebas uzrunvelyofs.magram calkeuli brendis ayvanas warmatebis mwvervalze SesaZ-lebelia didi dro daWirdes. am sferoSi warmateba miiRweva didi Sromis Sedegad.

Svedi mecnieris t. gedis Tanaxmad, brendi viTardeba oTxi mimarTulebiT, mas oTxi ganzo-mileba aqvs: funqcionaluri, socialuri, mentaluri da sulieri.yoveli maTgani mWidrod aris dakavSirebuli momxmareblis aRqmasTan.

vin unda iyos brendis Seqmnis da ganviTrebis RonisZiebebis iniciatori?am mxriv arsebobs sxvadasxva midgoma. zogierT kompaniaSi es valdebuleba dakisrebuli aqvs marketingis ganyofi-lebas, xolo calkeul kompaniebSi ki_ Tavad kompaniis umaRles xelmZRvanelobas: generalur direqtors, direqtorTa sabWos.es axasiaTebT im organizaciebs, romlebSic brendingi saqmia-nobis mTavari RerZia. isini msoflio aRiarebisaTvis arian momarTulni. brendingis ideiT ixel-mZRvaneles iseTi kompaniebis damfuZneblebma, rogorebicaa: Microsoft, IBM, GE, Intel da sxv. amiT maT TavianTi organizaciebi mowinave poziciebze gaiyvanes.

brendis marTva da xangrZlivi drois manZilze brendis warmatebis SenarCuneba rTuli amocanaa. brendis Seqmnas, ganviTarebas da gafarToebas unda axasiaTebdes simkveTre (mkafioo-ba), mudmivoba da lideroba. is unda iyos adaptirebuli garemo pirobebTan. gansakuTrebuli yuradReba unda mieqces imasac, rom erTi saxelis qveS sxvadasxva produqciis Tanaarseboba iyos gamarTlebuli. magaliTad, NokiaaerTianebs telesakomunikacio sistemebs da mobilur te-lefonebs, Rolls-Royce ZviradRirebul avtomobilebs da saaviacio Zravebs.

brendingisSemdegi principebi ganapirobeben brendis grZelvadian warmatebas: • Tanmimdevruloba, • gasagebadoba, • mudmivoba, • aRqmadoba, • realuroba. Tanmimdevruloba brendingis erT-erTi mTavari wesia. jer kidev arsebobs mravali kompa-

nia, romelic ver uzrunvelyofs Tanmimdevrulobas kontaqtis yvela mTavar wertilSi. Tanmim-devruloba aucilebelia ara marto saqonelTan dakavSirebul aspeqtebSi, aramed marketingul arxebSi, imaSic, Tu kompaniis muSakebi rogor pasuxoben satelefono zarebs da rogor reagire-ben momxmarebelTa saCivrebze. es agreTve, Seexeba socialur pasuxismgeblobas. magram Tanmim-devruloba ar iqneba efeqturi, Tu ar Sesrulda brendingis sxva principebi.

gasagebadoba brendingSi metad mniSvnelovania. mis gareSe SeuZlebelia namdvili brendis arseboba. momxmarebelsa da miznobriv auditorias unda hqondes saSualeba naTlad gaigon, Tu ras warmoadgens kompania da misi brendi. brendis gasagebadoba damyarebulia mis xedvasa da fa-seulobebze, romelic advilad gasagebi da misaRebia. is unikaluria da aqtualuria imaTTvis, vinc iRebs gadawyvetilebas, momxmareblebisaTvis, zogjer ki farTo sazogadoebisTvis.

mudmivoba niSnavs imas, rom kompaniam ar unda Secvalos brendis arsi, is, rasac igi warmo-adgens. adamianebi endobian wamyvan brendebs, radgan mtkiced sjeraT maTi da ician isic, Tu ras unda moelodnen maTgan.

brendi unda iyos kargad SesamCnevi miznobrivi auditoriisaTvis. brendis aRqmadoba mas SesamCnevs xdis momxmareblTa TvalSi. brendis aRqmadoba mTavar rols TamaSobs misi damaxsov-rebisaTvis, zrdis am brendis mcodne adamianTa ricxvs. marketinguli xarjebiunda iyos mimar-Tuli informaciis gavrcelebis saukeTeso arxebisken. reklama unda iyos ganTavsebuli im saSu-alebebSi, sadac mosalodnelia momxmareblis maRali yuradReba.


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realurobadakavSirebulia kompaniis TiToeuli TanamSromlis qcevasTan, romelic mimar-Tulia brendis unikalurobis da originalurobis Seqmnisaken.agreTve, imisaken, rom momxmare-bels SeuqmnanbrendTan mimarTebiT saukeTeso STabeWdileba da grZnoba imisa, rom is flobs gansakuTrebul nivTs. Tumca es SesaZloa qvecnobierad xdebodes.

brendebma unda imuSaon mraval doneze. upirvelesadTavad saqoneli unda iyos saukeTeso, gansakuTrebuli xarisxiT, romelic mas saerTo fonze yvelasgan gamoarCevs. aranakleb mniSvne-lovania brendis SeqmnasTan dakavSirebuli ìstoria~, romlis moyolac SesaZlebelia. esaRi-beWdeba xalxis gonebaSi. miTi brendze “atyvevebs” adamianebs.magrambrendi SesaZloa, ar ganvi-Tardes iseTi mimarTulebiT, rasac misi Semqmnelebi varaudobdnen. radgan realurad brends ayalibeben ZiriTadad momxmareblebi.

Zlier brends gaaCnia didi brendis kapitali. brendis kapitali warmoadgens pozitiur, ganmasxvavebel efeqts, romelic brendis codnis SemTxvevaSi gavlenas axdens produqtisa Tu momsaxurebis Sesaxeb momxmareblis gamoxmaurebaze. brendis kapitali ganisazRvreba momxma-reblis mzadyofniT, rom gadaixados ufro meti sasurveli brendisaTvis. brendi, romelsac gaaCnia Zlieri brendis kapitali, faseuli aqtivia. brendis Sefaseba es aris procesi, rom-lis mizania daadginos brendis finansuri faseuloba.

didi brendis kapitali kompanias upiratesobebs aniWebs. Zlieri brendi ganapirobebs maRal cnobadobas da momxmarebelTa loialobas. brendismaRali cnobadoba kompanias ga-damyidvelebTan SevaWrebisas did upiratesobas aZlevs. garda amisa, kompanias SeuZlia ufro advilad ganavrcos produqciis seria da brendi. fundamenturi aqtivi, romelic brendis Rirebulebas usvams xazs, aris momxmareblis kapitali — momxmarebelTa urTierTobebis fase-uloba, romelsac brendi ayalibebs. Zlieri brendi mniSvnelovania, magram sinamdvileSi is loialuri momxmareblebis wyebas warmoadgens. marketingSi ZiriTadi yuradReba momxmareb-lis kapitalis Seqmnas eniWeba, romelSic brendis menejmenti erT-erTi mTavari iaraRia.

brendis ganviTarebasTan dakavSirebiT kompanias SeuZlia Tavisi arCevani gaakeTos Semdeg oTx strategiaze:

- seriis gafarToebis strategia gulisxmobs mocemuli produqtis kategoriisaTvis axa-li maxasiaTeblebis damatebas imave brendis saxelis qveS. es maxasiaTeblebi SeiZleba iyos axali surneli,forma, feri, damatebiTi ingredientebi. axali produqtebis umravlesoba war-moadgens seriis gafarToebas. kompania seriis gafarToebis strategias irCevs, rodesac is warmoadgens axali produqtis bazarze Setanis dabalfasian da naklebad sarisko gzas. an rodesac seriis gafaraToeba akmayofilebs momxmareblis mravalferovan survilebs, an rode-sac kompanias gadamyidvelisagan ufro meti sivrcisdakavebasurs.

produqciis seriis gafarToebis strategia garkveul riskTanaa dakavSirebuli. zedme-tad gafarToebulma brendis saxelma SeiZleba gamoiwvios momxmareblis imedgacrueba, an mom-xmareblis dabneva da gaRizianeba. seriis gafarToebasTan dakavSirebuli riskia isic, rom erTi produqtis gayidvebis zrda SeiZleba seriaSi sxva produqtis gayidvebis Semcirebis xar-jze moxdes. produqciis seriis gafarToeba Tavis daniSnulebas saukeTesod maSin asrulebs, rodesac is gayidvebs konkurenti brendis xarjze zrdis da ara maSin, rodesac is kompaniis sxva produqtebis Seviwrovebas axdens.

- brendis ganvrcobis strategia moicavs produqtis axal kategoriaSi modificirebuli an axali produqtis gamoSvebas warmatebuli brendis saxelis gamoyenebiT. aRniSnuli strate-gia axal produqts swrafi aRiarebisa da ufro swrafi gavrcelebis saSualebas aZlevs. is zo-gavs sareklamo xarjebsac, romelic axali brendis saxelis Semnisas aris saWiro. brendis gan-vrcobis strategiac riskis Semcvelia, brendis ganvrcobam SesaZloa mTavari brendis imiji da-azianos. Tu brendis ganvrcoba warumatebeli aRmoCnda, es Crdils miayenebs imave brendis sa-xelis mqone sxva produqtebisadmi momxmareblis damokidebulebas. garda amisa, brendis saxe-li miuxedavad misi warmatebulobisa calkeuli produqtisaTvis SesaZloa ar iyos Sesabamisi. xSiri gamoyenebis Sedegad, momxmarebels gonebaSi gansakuTrebuli aRqma gaaCnia TiToeul bren-disadmi, amitom kompaniebma, romlebic brendis ganvrcobas cdiloben, kargad unda gamoikvli-on da gansazRvron, Tu ramdenad asocirdeba axali produqcia am aRqmasTan.

- mravali brendis strategiis mTavari uaryofiTi mxare aris is, rom TiToeulma bren-dma SesaZloa bazris mxolod mcire nawili daikavos da arcerTi maTgani didad momgebiani ar iyos. kompania, SesaZloa, iZulebuli gaxdes mraval brendebze daxarjos Tavisi resursebi, imis magivrad rom ramdenime Zlieri maRalmomgebiani brendi Seqmnas. am SemTxvevaSi kompani-ebma unda Seamciron mocemul kategoriaSi arsebuli brendebis ricxvi da axali brendis Se-sarCevad ufro mkacr procedurebs mimarTon.

-kompaniam SesaZloa daadginos, rom misi brendis saxeli fermkrTaldeba da axali bren-dis strategiaa saWiro. an kompaniam SesaZloa axali brendis saxeli Seqmnas, rodesac is pro-duqciis axal kategoriaSi Sedis, romelsac arc erTi arsebuli brendissaxeli ar Seesaba-meba. iseve rogorc mravali brendis strategia, axali brendis strategiis SeTavazebac kom-paniis resursebis did danaxarjebs iTxovs.


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brendebis Sesaxeb informacia mudmivad unda miewodebodes momxmarebels. marketolo-gebi xSirad did Tanxas xarjaven reklamaze, raTa TavianTi brendi metad cnobadi gaxadon da momxmareblis loialoba daimsaxuron. Tumca brendi popularuli xdeba ara mxolod rekla-miT, aramed masTan dakavSirebuli gamocdilebiT.rac reklamasTan erTad moicavs brendis piradad gamocdas.

kompaniis TanamSromlebi yovelTvis orientirebulebi unda iyvnen momxmarebelze. kom-paniam Tavis momsaxure personalSi unda danergos sakuTari produqciisa da momsaxurebisad-mi pativiscema. kompaniebs SeuZliaT TavianTi personalis dasaxmareblad seminarebi Caataron, raTa maT ukeT gaigon da gaaTviTcnobieron, Tu raSi mdgomareobs brendis ZiriTadi arsi. kompaniis brendebis marTva mxolod brendis menejeris kompetencia ar aris. brendis meneje-ri xSirad yuradRebas amaxvilebs moklevadian Sedegebze, maSin rodesac brendis menejmenti, rogorc kompaniis aqtivi, grZelvadian strategias moiTxovs. zogierTi kompania axla mTavari brendebis samarTavad brendis menejmentis gundebs qmnis.

brendingis mizani grZelvadiani Sedegis miRwevaa. amitom brendis dagegmvisas ZiriTadi sakiTxia balansis miRweva mudmivobasa da CarTulobas Soris. brendis seriozuli cvlileba ar xdeba erT dReSi. kompaniam unda ixelmZRvanelos etapobrivi procesebiT. mudmivobisa da Car-Tulobis misaRwevad aucilebelia organizaciis farglebSi Semdegi procedurebis realizacia:

I. mudmivi cvlilebebis atmosferos Seqmna. drouli onformaciis miReba Zlieri da susti mxareebis Sesaxeb, SesaZleblobebisa da saSiSroebebis Sesaxeb, brendis poziciis Sesaxeb, mis-Tvis damaxasiaTebeli gansakuTrebulobebis Sesaxeb;

II. procedurebis momzadeba swarfi `garRvevis~ dagegmvisaTvis, romelic damyarebuli iq-neba arsebuli situaciis mravalmxriv analizze. yuradRebis gamaxvilebas iseT sakiTxebze, ro-goricaa: bazris moculoba, zrdis potenciali, distribuciis arxebi, bazris dinamika da ten-denciebi, konkurencia, mogebis miRebis perspeqtiva;

III. brendis cvlilebebisgamokvleva.brendis cvlilebebisaTvis rekomendebulia specia-luri formebis gamoyeneba, romlebic saSualebas gvaZlevs gamovikvlioT da gamovavlinoT axa-li problemebi;

IV. gegmisrealizaciis efeqturi procesebis arseboba.unda tardebodesRonisZiebebi yve-la mimarTulebebiT.brendingis programa Tavis TavSi moicavs arsebul da axal brendebs, maT etapobriv zrdas da gafarToebas. strategiis ganxorcielebaSi moqmedebis es gegma gulisxmobs TandaTanobiT ganviTarebasgrZelvadian perspeqtivaSi;

V. brendis dagegmvaSi yvelas da TiToeulis CarTva. xSiradbrendis gegmis realizaciis wa-rumateblobiserT-erTi ZiriTadi mizezi aris mis damuSavebaSi adamianTa mxolod gansazRvru-li jgufis CarTva. yvelas CarTva stimuls aZlevs mimxrobas brendis mimarT. miT umetes, rom XXI saukuneSi arsebobs iseTi saSualebebi, romelTa daxmarebiT SesaZlebelia informaciis swrafi gavrceleba.

maia seTuri

brendis Seqmnis zogierTi aspeqti

reziume

brendi organizaciis Zlieri aqtivia, romelsac ganviTareba da marTva Wirdeba. brendebi

erTmaneTisagan gansxvavdebian sabazro sivrceSi TavianTi Zalisa da faseulobis mixedviT. brendis Zalauflebis SenarCuneba bazarze rTulia, Sesabamisad, kompanias mkafiod unda hqon-des warmodgenili brendingis sferoSi ra aris misTvis metad mniSvnelovani, ra RonisZiebebs mimarTos, rom am sferoSi misi muSaoba iyos warmatebuli.

nebismieri qmedeba dakavSirebuli brendis Seqmnasa da ganviTarebasTan moiTxovs grZelva-dian midgomas. Tavad kompaniis realuri Rirebuleba ki bevrad aris damokidebuli mis brendeb-ze. es aqtivebi kompaniis grZelvadiani Semosavlebis mamoZravebeli Zalaa. warmatebul brends aqvs unari gazardos sxvaoba saqonlis TviTRirebulebasa da fass Soris.

brendis marTva da xangrZlivi drois manZilze brendis warmatebis SenarCuneba rTuli amocanaa. brendis Seqmnas, ganviTarebas da gafarToebas unda axasiaTebdes simkveTre (mkafioo-ba), mudmivoba da lideroba. is unda iyos adaptirebuli garemo pirobebTan. kompaniis Tanam-Sromlebi yovelTvis orientirebulebi unda iyvnen momxmarebelze. kompaniam Tavis momsaxu-re personalSi unda danergos sakuTari produqciisa da momsaxurebisadmi pativiscema.


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Maia Seturi

SOME ASPECTS OF BRAND CREATION

Summary

Brand of the strongest assets of the development and management needs. Brands differ in their strength and value of the market space.Power to keep the brand in the market is difficult, therefore, the company should have a clear field of branding is very important to him, what measures to apply to this area of his work to be successful. Any action related to brand creation and development of a long-term approach. The company's real value is much dependent on its brands.The assets of the company's long-term revenue driving force. Successful brands havethe ability to increase the production cost and the price difference between the goods.

Brand management and the long-term success of the brand to maintain a difficult task. Brand creation, development and expansion should have sharpness (sharpness), permanence and leadership. It should be adapted to the environment.The company's employees should always be customer-oriented. The company has its ownproducts and services respect for the staff to implement.


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GHARLES M. STROMME

EU SANCTIONS POLICIES

Sanctions are becoming one of the European Union’s favourite foreign-policy tools. For a political entity that (with a few exceptions) lacks the capacity to project military power, is devoid of a consistent and binding foreign policy, and is generally considered a `soft power~, the EU has, over the last two decades, engaged in a surprisingly active policy of use of sanctions. As of June 2012, it had in force sanctions directed at 26 states including North Korea and the United States, one no longer existing country (Yugoslavia), and a host of different terrorist organisations, from al-Qaeda to the relatively lesser known Movement for Islamic Reform in Arabia, as well as some 20 other entities and dozens of individuals such as Milica Gajić-Milošević, the daughter-in-law of the deceased former Serbian president Slobodan Milošević.1

The use of sanctions by the EU has increased sharply in the last few years from 22 decisions in 2010 to 69 one year later.2 Though most focused on a small group of outlaw countries such as Iran, Syria and, until recently, Libya and Burma, they target an increasing number of countries, from 16 in 2002 to 28 nine years on. Stefan Lehne is of the reasonable opinion that this increase is due to a growing self-perception by the EU as an active agent on the international scene, and to its tendency to add new sanctions if old ones seem not to work.

Over the last two decades, the EU has engaged in a surprisingly active policy of use of sanctions. In particular, it sanctions countries in response to particularly egregious human rights violations or democratic backsliding or to deter countries from actions that have negative security consequences for the EU. However, although such sanctions seem to be applied with increasing frequency, it is extremely hard to tell how effective they are. Inadequate monitoring means we do not know how far member states implement EU sanctions. Nor do we know whether sanctions contribute to reaching the desired objectives. In short, it is like shooting in the dark.

Above all, there is an urgent need for better monitoring of the implementation and impact of EU sanctions. However, short of war, sanctions are the only coercive foreign-policy instrument the EU has at its disposal. This means they will continue being used, regardless of criticism of their implementation and questions about their effectiveness. The EU should therefore apply sanctions as smartly as possible. In particular, it should set limited, achievable goals when imposing sanctions; be realistic about its own capacity to impose sanctions and about what they can achieve; loosen or suspend sanctions as a reward for compliance; and communicate effectively with the public and, in particular, the opposition in the target country.

But other factors, such as disillusionment with problem countries’ capacity to mend their ways through internal reform probably also play a role.

This sharp increase in the use of sanctions decisions is rather remarkable, for sanctions are not a `soft~ policy act. Rather, they are coercive measures, designed to cause damage to the targeted party, in order to force it to undertake, or prevent it from undertaking, certain behaviour.3 In particular, the EU sanctions countries for directly violating political values the EU considers central to its identity or to deter them from acts it considers a security threat. However, although such sanctions seem to be applied with increasing frequency, it is extremely hard to tell how effective they are.4 The term `sanctions~ refers to a range of different policy instruments, which makes their systematic study extremely difficult. While effectiveness studies have become quite common in academia (as a sub-section of peace studies), little research has been done within the EU institutions.

The Stockholm Process of 2001, which focused on the effectiveness of targeted sanctions, led to the publication in 2003 of a report that recommended `measures to enhance the planning, monitoring, reporting and coordination among sanctions committees and monitoring bodies~ and èstablishing a sanctions coordinator, or a special adviser, to further improve and support the coordination among sanctions committees, expert panels and monitoring mechanisms~. However, the EU essentially ignored these recommendations.5 Monitoring of sanctions is usually left to the general law-enforcement agencies of the member states. Thus we do not really know to what degree they are implemented, or whether they in fact contribute to reaching the desired objectives. In short, it is like shooting in the dark: we know the target is out there somewhere, and with enough firepower we may be relatively sure we have inflicted some damage, but it would help a great deal if we knew whether our bullets were flying in the right direction _ or, indeed, whether we were firing live ammunition, or just blanks.

This brief looks in more detail at two kinds of EU sanctions: those connected with political demands and those connected with security threats.6 First, the EU sanctions countries in response to particularly egregious human rights violations (for example, the sanctions following the Andijan massacre in Uzbekistan) or to punish democratic backsliding and encourage a movement towards more democratic governance _ what might be called `democracy sanctions~. Second, the EU imposes sanctions in order to deter countries from actions that have, or may have, seriously negative security consequences for the EU and/or the international community _ what might be called `security sanctions~. In particular, this brief will focus on democracy sanctions against Burma and Belarus and security sanctions against Libya. On the basis of these three cases, the brief draws conclusions about how the EU can apply sanctions smartly.

The EU first imposed sanctions on Belarus in 1996 _ two years after President Alyaksandr Lukashenka took power and started transforming the country into Èurope’s last dictatorship~. Sanctions were suspended in 1999, after a


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confrontation over diplomatic residences was seemingly solved, but then re-imposed after Minsk refused to grant visas to EU monitors. New sanctions in the form of a visa blacklist and asset freezes followed the intensification of political repression in subsequent years. Yet in 2008 most targeted sanctions were temporarily suspended again, following the Russo-Georgian war and signals from Minsk that it willing to start cooperating with the West. Expectations were dashed, however, when the regime brutally cracked down on marchers protesting electoral fraud in 2010. Since then, sanctions have gradually been expanded. Belarus is exceptional in being the only Eastern Partnership (EaP) country subject to EU sanctions. In fact, Belarus was invited to join the EaP while being under sanctions.

The sanctions on Belarus are specific and targeted, with 243 individuals from the innermost circles of the regime barred from entering the EU and having their assets frozen, while the 32 companies linked to three tycoons closely connected with the president are under trade sanctions. Furthermore, sanctions were temporarily suspended in 1998 and again in 2008 as a positive reaction to real or anticipated political changes inside Belarus _ and re-imposed as hopes turned to disappointment. These are, therefore, very fine-tuned policy instruments _ and yet, on the face of it, they have failed to bring about the intended political results _ that is, a liberalisation of the regime and an end to repression.

However, the impact of sanctions against Belarus is difficult to assess. The relative political thaw of 2008_2010, exemplified by the release of political prisoners, has been quoted as proof of the effectiveness of sanctions. Yet one can plausibly argue that sanctions were, at best, only one among many factors influencing Belarus at that time.

In extreme cases, sanctions can create widespread economic havoc and even mass deaths (e.g. as many as 5 million in Iraq during the 1990s, according to UNICEF). At the same time, sanctions affect not only the target party, but also those who impose them (e.g. Latvia assesses that EU sanctions on Belarus cost it €500m a year, or 2_3 percent of GNP). Even if the assessments quoted might have been inflated for political reasons, there is no doubt that sanctions are a very powerful policy instrument. Their critics routinely call them `war by other means~ or the `nuclear option~, to underscore their impact.

In the classical Peterson Institute study of 115 sanctions imposed between 1914 and 2006, the rate of even partial success was 34 percent. See the Peterson Institute for International Economics, Summary of economic sanctions episodes, 1914_2006, available at http://www.iie.com/research/topics/sanctions/sanctions-timeline.cfm.

For a systematic overview of EU sanctions policy, see Clara Portela, European Union Sanctions and Foreign Policy: When and Why do they Work? (London: Routledge, 2010).

Transnistria, a separatist territory of Moldova, is under EU sanctions for its separatism, and Armenia and Azerbaijan are under an EU-respected OSCE arms embargo due to the Karabakh conflict of 1988_94.

Polish Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Èastern Partnership~, available at http://www. msz.gov.pl/en/foreign_-policy/europe/eastern_partnership/partnership. 9 See Jana Kobzova, `Much Ado about Minsk, Too Little about Baku~, New Eastern Europe, 7 May 2012, available at http://www.neweasterneurope.eu/node/308.

relations with Moscow, due to issues unrelated to sanctions, made the regime more vulnerable, while the deteriorating economic situation forced it to apply for an IMF loan _ which it would not have obtained had political prisoners remained in jail. This illustrates the difficulty of establishing a causal relationship between sanctions and policy change, or the lack of it, in the target country.

The official position in Minsk is that sanctions have no impact on Belarusian policy and should be dropped. Lukashenka has called them a `road to nowhere~.10 Some civil-society activists support the sanctions. For example, in March the families of political prisoners published an appeal for sanctions in order to `bankrupt~ the regime.11 However, others suspect that sanctions may have made the situation worse, because Lukashenka sees them as a challenge and needs to show that he has not caved in.12 In particular, they see the execution of the two alleged perpetrators of the metro bombing in Minsk in 2010 as a consequence of the new sanctions. Lukashenka has confirmed that he might increase repression in response to sanctions.13 He also threatened to retaliate against the West as well and, in particular, to ease controls on people leaving Belarus and thus facilitating an influx to the West of illegal immigrants.14 The case of Belarus illustrates the importance of a clear and unanimous opposition constituency inside the country that supports sanctions policy and actively contributes to it.

There must also be an acceptable political perspective for forces supporting the regime if it complies with demands. This means not only that sanctions need to be calibrated, rather than being of the all-or-nothing variety, but also their goal, stated or implied, cannot just be regime change. Some opposition activists argue that sanctions should be intensified in order to `break~ the regime. But not only would it be very difficult to `break~ a regime that has commercial alternatives to trading with the EU, but also the cost to the population would necessarily have to be huge _ Saddam Hussein succeeded in clinging to power even under such a sanctions regime. The formulation of a sanctions goal policy that would not be unacceptable to the regime or alienate the opposition is clearly the most important _ and the most tricky _ aspect of this method of bringing about political change. This would necessarily imply trade-offs: lifting a predetermined number of restrictions (e.g. on the visa

blacklist) in return for the regime meeting a precise target (e.g. the release of all political prisoners, with the proviso that the restrictions will be automatically reinstated in case of backsliding).

The case of Belarus also shows that sanctions can be undermined if the regime has a viable alternative to the ways and means that sanctions are supposed to deny it. Russia and Ukraine, which have repeatedly condemned the EU sanctions, give the regime in Minsk substantial economic breathing space. In particular, a trade embargo would not work, as Belarus has access to alternative trade routes via Russia _ and Russia has a political interest in bringing


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Belarus closer. But this also means that the sanctions themselves should not contain loopholes that defeat their purpose. If implementation is discretionary, effectiveness will be limited. For example, Slovenia tried to block the new round of EU sanctions against Belarus in the spring of 2012, as Slovenian company Riko Group was heavily involved in a €100 million hotel venture with Belarus tycoon Yuri Chizh, one of the three businessmen close to Lukashenka who were to be blacklisted.

While Slovenian resistance was finally overcome, Latvia made no secret of its opposition. `The effectiveness of these proposed sanctions is what worries Latvia the most. We have on many occasions asked our EU partners what they believe these sanctions will lead to and what we will achieve,~ said economy minister Daniels Pavluts. Ìt would be very sad if these sanctions harm the people of Belarus, businessmen not associated with the ruling regime, as well as EU members themselves, including Latvia,~ he added.16 Latvia does not have a system for monitoring compliance with EU sanctions, nor does it have the money to set one up; it does, however, as noted, expect to incur heavy losses because of them. It seems reasonable to predict that its compliance might therefore be less than complete.

Other member states have also played fast and loose with other aspects of sanctions policy. In January 2012, the Belarusian interior minister, Anatoly Kulyashou, was allowed to travel to France for a conference at Interpol in Lyon, even though he is on an EU visa ban list because of his role in the crushing of the Minsk demonstrations in late 2011. EU law does allow member states to grant visas for the goal of `participating in meetings of international organizations~, but this does not mean that such exemptions should be automatic. Neither France nor Interpol, however, have seen fit to explain why it was in the interest of the common good to have the Belarusian interior minister hone his professional skills.

Kamil Kłysiński and Rafał Sadowski, `Belarus’s diplomatic war with the European Union~, Eastweek, Center for Eastern Studies, 9 February 2012, available at http:// www.osw.waw.pl/en/publikacje/eastweek/2012-02-29/belaruss-diplomatic-war-european-union.

Nina Kolyako, `Daniels Pavluts doubts whether sanctions against Belarus will achieve their purpose~, the Baltic Course, 3 March 2012, available at http://www.baltic-course.com/eng/analytics/?doc=54005&ins_print.

`Lukashenko believes EU understands that sanctions have no prospects~, Kyiv Post, 26 April 2012, available at http://www.kyivpost.com/content/russia-and-former-soviet-union/lukashenko-believes-eu-understands-that-sanctions--126670.html.

The petition was published on the `Belaruski partisan~ website. It stated: `We call … for the support of all sanctions which will lead to the rapid bankruptcy of this system~.

During a GMF seminar in Warsaw, two opposition voices argued that the strength of the sanctions is in their threat, not their implementation. Aleh Hulak (Belarusian Helsinki Committee) and Aleh Bahucki (Belarus Social-Democratic Community) both stated that sanctions may [make the regime] refrain from repression if they were used as a threat, and not as reality. If sanctions were to become a reality, the Belarusian authorities may increase repressions regarding Èurope’s agents~ inside the country (i.e. against civil society).

In short, while sanctions imposed on Belarus clearly are hurting some elements of the regime, give comfort to some of its opponents, and are proof that the EU is `doing something~ in reaction to the egregious human-rights violations of the Lukashenka regime, there is little evidence that they produce the desired effects _ that is, a revision of the regime’s policies, ultimately leading to regime change. One can be more optimistic about their usefulness in obtaining limited policy goals such as the release of political prisoners, assuming other circumstances are favourable. However, given the heavy political investment the EU has made in its sanctions policy, any major lifting of sanctions without the desired goals being achieved would be seen as a major defeat.

Be realistic The EU should also be realistic about its own capacity to impose sanctions and about what they can achieve. It should acknowledge that some member states will suffer (in real or percentage terms) more than others from the imposition of sanctions and will therefore attempt to evade them or allow their companies to do so. It is better to introduce a diversified sanctions-imposition regime, with timeouts for particularly affected states, than to see them internally undermined from the very beginning.

The EU should also recognise that no regime will commit suicide in order to get sanctions lifted. There are certain behaviours, like massive political repression of credible political threats to a regime’s survival, which, while morally and politically reprehensible, are simply not very amenable to modification through economic sanctions. In such cases, political sanctions, even if often perceived as desultory, will have to suffice. (In such a case, however, the EU should clearly show that it is reluctant to introduce economic sanctions because they will not work rather than because it is protecting its own economic interests.)Loosen or suspend sanctions as a reward for compliance Even where it is possible to modify a regime’s behaviour through sanctions, the threat of introducing more sanctions seems to be markedly less effective than the promise of reducing or suspending existing ones. Thus, although it may be politically easier for the EU to start small, an incremental increase in sanctions is unlikely to be effective. It is better to start with a rather heavy package of sanctions, and loosen or suspend them if the regime complies in tangible ways with the EU’s demands. The EU should therefore be clear about what it expects from the regime. Sanctions should come

with clear descriptions of conditions for their lifting, which should be publicly described to the regime. Communicate Just as importantly, the EU should communicate with the public and, in particular, the opposition

in the target country. In particular, it should inform the public of the reasons and nature of sanctions and the conditions attached. It is of crucial importance to coordinate sanctions policy with the country’s opposition (if a credible one


107

exists), both to be able to fine-tune and target, and to empower the opposition with the capacity of having sanctions suspended, if the conditions are met.

Sanctions, and the threat of them, are the basic staple of diplomacy: if you will not do this, then we will not do that. Recent cases of EU sanctions suggest that, the more limited their scope, and the more fine-tuned their implementation, the bigger the chances of their success. But even such custom-made sanctions need their implementation monitored and their effects assessed. Lacking such data, both on the member state and EU level, it is all but impossible to assess the effectiveness of European sanctions policy. This is neither an original nor a new conclusion; the fact that no such systematic mechanism exists seems indicative of a wilful blindness on the part of the European institutions.

The European Council on Foreign Relations (ECFR) is the first pan-European think-tank. Launched in October 2007, its objective is to conduct research and promote informed debate across Europe on the development of coherent, effective and values-based European foreign policy.

ECFR has developed a strategy with three distinctive elements that define its activities: • A pan-European Council. ECFR has brought together a distinguished Council of over one hundred Members -

politicians, decision makers, thinkers and business people from the EU’s member states and candidate countries - which meets once a year as a full body. Through geographical and thematic task forces, members provide ECFR staff with advice and feedback on policy ideas and help with ECFR’s activities within their own countries. The Council is chaired by Martti Ahtisaari, Joschka Fischer and Mabel van Oranje.

• A physical presence in the main EU member states. ECFR, uniquely among European think-tanks, has offices in Berlin, London, Madrid, Paris, Rome, Sofia and

Warsaw. In the future ECFR plans to open an office in Brussels. Our offices are platforms for research, debate, advocacy and communications.

• A distinctive research and policy development process. ECFR has brought together a team of distinguished researchers and practitioners from all over Europe to advance its objectives through innovative projects with a pan-European focus. ECFR’s activities include primary research, publication of policy reports, private meetings and public debates, ‘friends of ECFR’ gatherings in EU capitals and outreach to strategic media outlets. ECFR is backed by the Soros Foundations Network, the Spanish foundation FRIDE (La Fundación para las Relaciones Internacionales y el Diálogo Exterior), the Bulgarian Communitas Foundation, the Italian UniCredit group, the Stiftung Mercator and Steven Heinz. ECFR works in partnership with other organisations but does not make grants to individuals or institutions.

Gharles M. Stromme

EU SANCTIONS POLICIES

Summary

Sanctions are becoming one of the European Union’s favourite foreign-policy tools. For a political entity that (with a few exceptions) lacks the capacity to project military power, is devoid of a consistent and binding foreign policy, and is generally considered a `soft power~, the EU has, over the last two decades, engaged in a surprisingly active policy of use of sanctions. As of June 2012, it had in force sanctions directed at 26 states including North Korea and the United States, one no longer existing country (Yugoslavia), and a host of different terrorist organisations, from al-Qaeda to the relatively lesser known Movement for Islamic Reform in Arabia, as well as some 20 other entities and dozens of individuals such as Milica Gajić-Milošević, the daughter-in-law of the deceased former Serbian president Slobodan Milošević.1

The use of sanctions by the EU has increased sharply in the last few years from 22 decisions in 2010 to 69 one year later.2 Though most focused on a small group of outlaw countries such as Iran, Syria and, until recently, Libya and Burma, they target an increasing number of countries. is of the reasonable opinion that this increase is due to a growing self-perception by the EU as an active agent on the international scene, and to its tendency to add new sanctions if old ones seem not to work.


108

Carlz morgan strome

evrokavSiris sanqciebis politika

reziume

sanqciebi evropis kavSiris saerTaSoriso politikis sasurveli iaraRi xdeba. politikuri gaerTianebisaTvis, romelsac (ramodenime gamonaklisis garda) samxedro Zalis demonstrire-bis momxre ar aris, Tanmimdevruli da mtkice saerTaSoriso politika gaaCnia da mTlianobaSi, erTi SexedviT, TiTqosda `rbili Zalis` saxis mqoned ganixileba.

amave dros, 2014 wlis gazafxulze evrokavSiri sanqciebis gamoyenebis aqtiuri politi-kis ganxorcielebaSi ebmeba. warsulSi, 2012 wlis ivnisisaTvis mas mxolod 26 saxelmwifos wina-aRmdeg hqonda sanqciebi miRebuli, maT Soris CrdiloeT korea da aw ukve ararsebuli qveyana (iugoslavia). agreTve mTeli wyeba (20-mde) teroristuli organizaciebis mimarT, àl-kaeda`-dan dawyebuli SedarebiT naklebad cnobili àrabeTSi islamuri reformebis moZraobi`-T dam-Tavrebuli. ekonomikuri da finansuri sanqciebi miRebulia konktretul pirTa mimarTac, mag. rogoricaa milica gajiC-miloSeviCi - serbeTis gardacvlili yofili prezidentis, slobodan miloSeviCis rZali.

bolo ramdenime wlis ganmavlobaSi evrokavSiris mier sanqciebis politika sul ufro aq-tiurad gamoiyeneba. Tu 2010 wels, sul 22 gadawyvetileba iqna miRebuli sanqciebis Taobaze , erTi wlis Semdgom, mkveTrad gaizarda da 69 miaRwia. sanqciebi sul ufro mzardi raodenobis qveynebis mimarT gamoiyeneba, Tumca ukrainis movlenebamde ,maTi umravlesoba SedarebiT `pa-tara qveynebs` exeboda, rogoricaa irani, siria , bolo dromde - libia da birma.

safuZvlianad mimaCnia azri, rom evrokavSiris ekonomikuri sanqciebis zrdis politika (ganaviTaros/daamatos axali sanqciebi maSin, rodesac Zveli aRar muSaobs), es aris am gaerTi-anebis sul ufro mzardi moTxovnis Sedegi - saerTaSoriso arenaze iyos aqtiuri agenti da `msoflio wesrigis` erTerTi ZiriTadi maregulirebeli rgoli.


109

laSa tabataZe

saqarTvelos agraruli seqtori _ realoba da

realuri perspeqtivebi

dRes qveyanaSi seriozuli msjeloba mimdinareobs imaze, gaaCnia Tu ara qveyanas agraruli potenciali da ra dargebis ganviTareba unda iyos ufro metad prioritetuli. sazogadoebis nawilis ukmayofilebas iwvevsis faqti, rom qarTuli agraruli bazris udidesi nawili swored ucxour saqonels upyria. sazogadoebaSi xSirad keTdeba aqcenti imaze, rom xelisufleba ufro aqtiurad unda Caerios agraruli seqtoris ganviTarebaSi da am sferos ufro meti subsidireba unda ganaxorcielos, iseve rogorc es TurqeTsa da evropis bevr qveyanaSi xdeba. Zalian mniS-vnelovania sworad iqnes gaanalizebuli, Tu ratom moxda saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi damo-ukideblobis mopovebis Semdeg sasoflo-sameurneo produqciis warmoebis mniSvnelovani Sem-cireba, ram gamoiwvia misi konkurentunarianobis mkveTri dacema.

aRsaniSnavia, rom 2004 wlidan saqarTveloSi tardeboda sakmaod gulubryvilo sabazro liberalizaciis politika, rac qarTvel fermerebs ayenebda umZimes mdgomareobaSi, radgan maT uwevdaT konkurentuli brZola, erTi mxriv kargad ganviTarebul, xolo meore mxriv, sakmaod kargad subsidirebul feremerebTan, rogorc evrokavSirSi, aseve TurqeTSi, ukrainasa da ru-seTSi. am midgomam sakmaod didi ziani miyena sasoflo-sameurneo produqciis warmoebas. aseve ar SeiZleba ar aRiniSnos ruseTis federaciis mier 2006 wels gamocxadebuli embargo, romelic gansakuTrebiT mZime dartyma iyo qarTuli meRvine kompaniebisaTvis. ruseTis federaciis msoflio savaWro organizaciaSi gawevrianeba qmnis obieqtur safuZvels qarTuli sasoflo-sa-meurneo produqciis dasabruneblad ruseTis federaciaSi. amavdroulad, saqarTvelo eswraf-vis xeli moaweros Rrma da yovlismomcveli Tavisufali vaWrobis SeTanxmebas evrokavSirTan. amdenad evrokavSiri yalibdeba, rogorc qarTuli sasoflo-sameurneo produqciis ZiriTadi saeqsporto bazari. evrokavSiris sasoflo-sameurneo saimporto bazari udidesia msoflioSi, romelzec modis aRniSnuli produqciis msoflio importis 50%-zemeti. 1 amavdroulad am ba-zarze aseve Zalian maRalia zrdis tempi. cxadia, saWiroa, Zaliankargad iqnes gaTvlili yvela is sabazro niSa da is sasaqonlo jgufebi, romlebic avlenen yvelaze maRal mimzidvelobas. amis gamosavlenad, saWiroa, erTi mxriv, ganvsazRvroT bazris is maxasiaTeblebi romlebic ganapi-robeben sasaqonlo jgufebis konkurentunarianobas, meoremxriv, unda ganisazRvros amave sasa-qonlo jgufebis arsebuli saeqsporto mdgomareobac. am mizniT harmonizebuli sistemis oT-xniSna doneze ganisazRvreba is sasaqonlo jgufebi, romlebic am etapze avlenen saukeTeso sa-eqsporto potencials, meore mxriv, ganisazRvreba evrokavSiris saimporto bazarze is sasaqon-lo jgufebi, romlebic aCveneben yvelaze maRal sabazro zrdis temps. amis Semdeg aucilebeli iyo konkurentunarianobis indeqsis ageba. konkurentunarianobis indeqsi efuZneba evrokavSi-ris saimporto bazriszrdis temps (aRniSnuli procentuli maCvenebeli mravldeba 5-ze). aseve ganisazRvreba evrokavSiris saimporto bazarze ara evrokavSiris wevri saxelmwifoebis sabaz-ro wili (procentuli maCvenebeli mravldeba 5-ze) da aseve emateba raodenobrivi maCvenebeli (eqsportis SesaZleblobis raodenobrivi Sefaseba). eqsportis SesaZleblobis raodenobrivi Sefaseba ganisazRvreba 1-dan 5-mde. evrokavSiris saimporto bazris zrdis tempi daTvlili iqna 2009-2013 wlebisaTvis, xolo evrokavSiris saimporto bazris gaxsniloba (anu arawevri saxel-mwifoebis wili ganisazRvra 2013 wlisaTvis). qarTuli eqsportis potencialis raodenobrivi Sefaseba moxda ori subindikatoris safuZvelze. pirveli gansazRvravda arsebul eqsports ev-rokavSirSi. Sefaseba 2 eniWeboda im sasaqonlo jgufebs, romlebsac qondaT stabiluri saeq-sporto maCveneblebi 2011-2013 wlebSi, xolo Sefaseba 1 Tu igive periodSi arsebobda am sasaqon-lo jgufis eqsporti, Tundac erTi wlis ganmavlobaSi. meore subindikatori asaxavs konkretu-li sasaqonlo jgufis eqsportis mdgomareobas agroproduqciis eqsportis saerTo maCvenebel-Si. am mizniT ganisazRvra konkretuli sasaqonlo jgufis wili mTliani agroproduqciis eq-sportSi 2012 wlisaTvis. Sefaseba 1 eniWeboda im sasaqonlo jgufebs romlebsac qondaT wili 5%- mde; Sefaseba 2 im sasaqonlo jgufebs, romelTa wili aRemateba 5%-s da aRwevs 10%-mde, xo-lo Sefaseba 3 im sasaqonlo jgufebs, romelTa wili aRemateba 10%-s. (ix. cxrili 1).

1http://www.intracen.org/tradstat


110

cxrili 11

yvelaze maRali zrdis tempis mqone bazrebi ev-rokavSirSi 2013 wlis mixedviT.

%

SvedeTi 46%

fineTi 44%

poloneTi 51%

niderlandebi 47%

litva 44%

germania 61%

calsaxad SeiZleba iTqvas, rom 2008 wlis safinanso krizisisSemdeg aRdgeniTi zrda evro-

kavSiris saimporto bazarze mimdinareobs ufro neli tempiT, vidre msoflioSi. es faqti naT-lad dasturdeba imiT, rom msoflioSi 2008-12 wlebSi saimporto bazris zrdis tempi ufro ma-Ralia, vidre evrokavSirSi. es faqti sainteresoa, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom 2003-2008 wlebSi evrokavSiris saimporto bazris zrdis tempi ufro maRali iyo, vidre analogiuri maCvenebeli msoflioSi. miuxedavad am faqtisa, evrokavSiris agroproduqciis saimporto bazari yvelaze didia msoflioSi da calsaxad warmoadgens strategiuli mniSvnelobis mqone bazars qarTuli agroproduqciisaTvis. saqarTvelos da evrokavSirs Soris arsebuli manZilebisa da satran-sporto infrastruqturis gaTvaliswinebiT, saqarTvelom aSkarad unda aiRos gezi gadamuSave-bul agroproduqciaze, romelsac aqvs Senaxvis xangrZlivi vada. saqarTvelos praqtikulad ara aqvs SesaZlebloba konkurencia gauwios gadaumaSevebeli produqciis eqsportSi iseT regio-nebs, rogoricaa CrdiloeT afrika. im faqtis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom saqarTvelo imyofeba evro-kavSiridan samxreT aRmosavleTiT, mniSvnelovania ganisazRvrosis produqcia, romlis mosav-lis aRebis periodi ramdenadme ufro adrea, vidre evrokavSirSi amave produqciis mosavlis aReba. aseTi upiratesoba, cxadia droSi iqneba sakmaod xanmokle, samagierod, aSkarad kveTavs sabazro niSas. qarTuli saeqsporto produqciis aseve seriozul problemad miiCneva mcire ra-odenoba, rac mniSvnelovnad amcirebs konkurentul upiratesobas. aseve unda aRiniSnos, rom im sasaqonlo jgufebSi, sadac saqarTvelo aCvenebs yvelaze maRal konkurentul SesaZleblobebs, rogorc wesi, Zalian maRalia konkurentuli brZola. aseve, zedmetad ar unda iqnes Sefasebuli Rrma da yovlismomcveli Tavisufali vaWrobis SeTanxmebis mniSvneloba. saqme isaa, rom qarTu-li saeqsporto produqciisaTvis daSveba evrokavSiris bazarze ar warmoadgens ZiriTad bari-ers. amdenad, Tavisufali vaWrobis SeTanxmeba ar gamoiwvevs saeqsporto potencialis dauyov-nebliv zrdas. saqarTvelom unda gaiTvaliswinos evrokavSiris fermerebis Zalian Zlieri kon-kurentuli poziciebi da Seqmnas qarTvel fermerTa daxmarebis kargad gaazrebuli sqemebi. al-baT, mizanSewonilia maqsimaluri koncentracia moxdes im sasaqonlo poziciebis mixedviT, rom-lebsac aqvT yvelaze maRali saeqsporto potenciali evrokavSiris bazarze. am mizniT mizanSe-wonilia im sasaqonlo jgufebis gamoyofa, sadac maRalia ara evrokavSiris wevri saxelmwifoe-bidan eqsporti. am SemTxvevaSi qarTveli mwarmoeblebi Sevlen konkurentul brZolaSi araev-rokavSiris wevri saxelmwifoebis mwarmoeblebTan. es ki, Tavis mxriv, niSnavs, rom Tavisufali vaWrobis SeTanxmeba evrokavSirsa da saqarTvelos Soris SesaZlebelia gaxdes konkurentuli upiratesobis miRwevis realuri iaraRi. saqarTvelom aseve unda gansazRvros, evropel inves-torTa dacvis specialuri meqanizmebi, Tu isini dainteresdebian agroproduqciis warmoebiT saqarTveloSi. calke unda gaanalizdes qarTuli produqciis dabali cnobadoba evrokavSirSi, am mizniT, albaT, garkveuli sabaziso aqtivobebi, rogoricaa saeqsporto saxlebi, specialuri savaWro gamofenebi sakmaod intensiurad iqneba gasatarebeli. yuradReba unda mieqces specia-luri vebgverdebis formirebas, romlebic gazrdian qarTuli produqciis cnobadobas. albaT, mizanSewonili iqneba eleqtronuli vaWrobis wamyvani evropuli kompaniebis daintereseba qar-Tuli produqciis ganTavsebiT. Zalian mniSvnelovania sakmaod detalurad ganisazRvros saeq-sporto bazrebis SerCevisa da maTze Sesvlis formebi. aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom qarTuli kompa-niebi limitirebuli arian saeqsporto strategiebis SerCevaSi. qarTuli kompaniebisaTvis nak-lebad SesaZlebelia e.w. ùpsalas modelis” gamoyeneba. am modelis mixedviT kompaniebi Zlier-debian Siga bazarze da mxolod amis Semdeg iwyeben eqsportirebas uaxloes mezoblebSi. samwu-



111

xarod, saqarTvelos Siga bazris zoma rTuls xdis qarTuli kompaniebisaTvis am modeliT eq-sportis ganviTarebas. amdenad, qarTuli kompaniebi Tavidanve unda iyvnen eqsportorientire-bulebi, cxadia, am midgomis yvela dadebiTi da uaryofiTi mxaris gaTvaliswinebiT. unda aRiniS-nos is faqti, rom saqarTvelos kompaniebis mier dsT-s bazrebze dagrovili gamocdileba SeuZ-lebelia gamoyenebuli iqnese vrokavSirSi. evrokavSiris bazrebze yvelaze mimzidveli bazrebis aRmosaCenad aucilebelia ganvsazRvroT ZiriTadi indikatorebi, romelTa mixedviTac unda ga-nisazRvros bazrebis mimzidveloba. pirvel rigSi unda ganisazRvros is bazrebi, romlebsac aq-vT yvelaze maRali zrdis tempi. zrdis tempi ganisazRvreba 2008-2012 wlebis safuZvelze. gaan-gariSebebi Catarebulia saerTaSoriso savaWro centris monacemebis safuZvelze, harmonizebu-lisi stemis oTxniSna doneze. amis Sesabamisad viRebT Semdeg lider qveynebs Sesabamisi sasaqon-lo jgufebis mixedviT. bazris zrdis tempi, rasakvirvelia, warmoadgens mniSvnelovan indika-tors, magram ar SeiZleba gadawyvetileba iqnes miRebuli erTi maCveneblis mixedviT. aseve, Za-lian mniSvnelovania bazris zoma, anu misi tevadoba. saeqsporto strategiis arCevisas kompanie-bis umetesoba orientirebuli arian swored bazris zomaze, es meTodi sakmaod gulubriyviloa, vinaidan aseTi logikiT iqceva praqtikulad yvela kompania. amdenad, yvelaze didi zomis baz-rebze amavdroulad aris yvelaze mZafri konkurencia, vinaidan yvela sxva arsebul ianpotenci-uri eqsportiori orientirebulia igive bazrebze. yvelaze mimzidveli da didi bazari ganisaz-Rvreba, rogorc 2008-2012 wlebSi yvelaze didi bazari saSualo mniSvnelobiT, (ix. cxrili 2).

cxrili 21

yvelaze mimzidveli bazrebi sabazro tevadobisa da zrdis tempis mixedviT. 2013 wlis statistika. %

germania 81%

italia 66%

espaneTi 56%

didibritaneTi 75%

belgia 58%

safrangeTi 77%

sabolooangariSiTSesaZlebeliaCamovayaliboTSemdegirekomendaciebi: mizanSewonilia:

• undaSeimuSavdesZiriTadadagroproduqciissavaWrokompaniebismozidvisaTvisspecialuri-RonisZiebebi;

• maqsimaluradintensiuriundagaxdeskomunikaciaevropelpartniorebTan, raTasruladdaa-momwuravadmiawodosinformaciasaqarTveloSiarsebuliupiratesobebisSesaxeb;

• sagadasaxadokodeqsSiSevidescvlilebadaamoqmeddesmogebisdabegvrisregresiulimodeli-eqsportirebulisawarmoebisaTvis;

• upiratesobaundamieniWosbiTumadmovaWrekompaniebs; • undaCatardesspecialuriqarTulikvireulebisamiznebazrebzemag.Tukompaniebibaltiissa-

xelmwifoebidandaiwyebenqarTuliproduqciisgatanasskandinaviaSi, mizanSewoniliaaseTikvi-reulisorganizebaskandinaviissaxelmwifoebSi;

• undamieniWosupiratesobaagroturizmisganviTarebas, racxelsSeuwyobsqarTuliproduqci-iscnobadobisgazrdas;

• undamoxdesspecialurivebgverdebisformireba, racxelsSeuwyobsqarTuliproduqciiscno-badobisgazrdas.



112

laSa tabataZe

saqarTvelos agraruli seqtori _ realoba da realuri perspeqtivebi

reziume

winamdebare statiaSi ganxilulia saqarTvelos agraruli seqtoris susti da Zlieri mxare-ebi, ganxilulia aseve is mizezebi rac xels uSlis aRniSnuli seqtoris ganviTarebas da konku-rentunarianobas, gaanalizebulia seqtoris SesaZleblobebi da warmodgenilia konkretuli rekomendaciebi.

Lasha Tabatadze

GEORGIAN AGRICULTURAL SECTOR- REALITY AND REAL PROSPECTIVE

Summary

The Georgian Agricultural Sector strengths and weaknesses are reviewed in the article below. There are

discussed the reasons that breaks the sector development and its competitiveness. There is analyzed agricultural sector opportunities and presented recommendations, too.


113

lali CageliSvili-aglaZe

saqarTvelos liberaluri sagareo savaWro

politikis paradigmebi

kiTxvebi, Tu ratom rCeba dRemde saqarTelos savaWro balansi uaryofiTi, ratom ar Cans

eqsportis nawilSi realuri seqtoris aqtivobis mateba? dRemde Ria rCeba da, es imis fonze, rom saqarTvelompirvelma, yofili sabWoTa kavSiris qveynebidan, mso-Si gawevrianebis Semdeg miiRo upiratesi xelSewyobis reJimebiT vaWrobis ufleba. mivyveT qronollogias da davina-xavT, Tu rogor warimarTa saqarTvelos liberaluri sagareo savaWro politika ukanaslneli 15 wlis ganmavlobaSi.

saerTaSoriso vaWrobis ganviTarebas Tan sdevda misi maregulirebeli meqanizmis SemuSa-veba. swored am mizniT, 1947 wlis 30 oqtombers havanaSi miRweul iqna SeTanxmeba msoflios 23 saxelmwifos, maTSoris: aSS-is, kanadas, didbritaneTs, safrangeTs, indoeTs, brazilias da sxva qveynebs Soris. qartia moicavda savaWro-politikur wesebs urTierTSemxvedri vaWrobis Sesa-xeb, romelic aucileblad unda daecvaT wevr qveynebs. am wesebis krebulma TandarTuli sata-rifo daTmobebis siiT miiRo vaWrobasa da tarifebze generaluri SeTanxmebis (GATT – The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade) saxeli, romelic ZalaSi Sevida 1948 wlis ianvarSi. is „adgenda wesebs saerTaSoriso vaWrobis samarTlianad warmarTvisaTvis. igi gamoiyeneboda, rogorc sa-erTaSoriso forumi savaWro barierebis gauqmebis Sesaxeb, rac moicavda importisa da eqspor-tis qvotirebis gauqmebas da tarifebis mniSvnelovan Semcirebas. Tumca misi ratificireba zo-gierT sakanonmdeblo xelisuflebis organoebSi SeuZlebeli aRmoCnda. yvelaze Zlieri opozi-cia iyo amerikis kongresze, miuxedavad imisa, rom amerika iyo forumis erT-erTi mamoZravebeli Zala. 1950 wels SeerTebulma Statebma ganacxada, rom kongresi ver moaxdens „havanas qartiis“ ratificirebas, ris Sedegadac saerTaSoriso savaWro organizacia faqtiurad veRar amoqmed-da“.

GATT-is ZiriTadi mizani iyo vaWrobis liberalizacia, savaWro barierebis Semcirebis, maT Soris proteqcionisturi tarifebis donis dawevis gziT. misi arsebobis manZilze Catarda mra-valmxriv savaWro molaparakebaTa rva raundi, romelTagan ukanaskneli, romelic urugvais ra-undis saxelwodebiTaa cnobili, safuZvlad daedo vaWrobis msoflio organizaciis Camoyali-bebas. organizaciis dafuZnebasTan dakavSirebiT xelSekrulebas xeli 1994 wlis 15 aprils mara-keSSi (maroko) 123 saxelmwifom moawera.

vaWrobis msoflio organizaciis safuZvels warmoadgens is SeTanxmebebi, romlebic mola-parakebuli, SeTanxmebuli da ratificirebulia wevri qveynebis parlamentebis mier. es doku-mentacia Seicavs saerTaSoriso vaWrobis ZiriTad wesebs, esenia kontraqtebi, romlebic aval-debulebs mTavrobebs, SeinarCunon savaWro politika SeTanxmebuli limitis farglebSi. ker-Zod, vmo marTavs Semdeg savaWro SeTanxmebebs: TT (tarifebisa da vaWrobis ZiriTadi xelSekru-leba), TS (generaluri SeTanxmeba momsaxurebiT vaWrobaze) da TRIPS (inteleqtualuri sakuTre-biT vaWroba), moicavs iseT sakiTxebs, rogoric aris saavtoro ufleba, savaWro niSnebi, paten-tebi, samrewvelo konstruqciebi da savaWro saidumloebebi. SeTanxmebebi ZalaSi Sevida 1996wlis 1 ianvars.

„vmo-s sistema iTvaliswinebs wevri qveynebis oTx jgufs: ganviTarebuli, ganviTarebadi, naklebad ganviTarebuli da gardamavali qveynebi. 1998 wlis Jenevis ministrTa konferenciaze pirvelad iqna moxsenebuli „mcire ekonomikis qveynebi“ ganviTarebadi qveynebis saerTo jgufSi.

yvela qveyana, romelic gaerTianebuli erebis sistemis mier dadgenilia „nakleb ganviTa-rebulad“, aseve aris miRebuli vmo-s sistemaSi. ar arsebobs araviTari SeTanxmebuli da zusti gansazRvreba imis dasadgenad, Tu romel jgufSi Sedian darCenili qveynebi. imis garkveva, aris Tu ara qveyana „ganviTarebadi“, xorcieldeba „sakuTari arCevanis“ principis Tanaxmad. qveynebi, romlebsac warsulSi gaaCndaT gegmuri ekonomika (qveynebi, romlebic miekuTvnebian ZiriTadad aRmosavleT da centralur evropas da yofil sabWoTa kavSirs) da romlebic ayalibeben Tavisu-fal sabazro principebze da demokratiaze dafuZnebul sistemas, iTvlebian gardamavali eko-nomikis qveynebad. danarCeni wevri qveynebi warmoadgenen ganviTarebul qveynebs“ .

vaWrobis msoflio organizacia adgens savaWro politikis struqturas. vmo-s sistemis farglebSi saqonliT vaWrobis sakiTxebisadmi midgoma ganisazRvreba sami ZiriTadi principiT: aradiskriminaciuloba, urTierTSeTanxmeba, bazarze SeRweva.

aradiskriminaciulobis principis CarCoebSi xorcieldeba wevri qveynebisaTvis ori reJi-mis daweseba: upiratesi xelSewyobis reJimi (Most-Favored-Nation (MFN) da erovnuli reJimi (National Treatment (NT).

„upiratesi xelSewyobis reJimi saqonelTan mimarTebaSi niSnavs, rom nebismieri saxis upi-ratesoba, privilegia an prioriteti, romelsac romelime xelSemkvreli mxare aniWebs nebismie-


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ri saxis produqcias, romelic warmoebuli iqneba am xelSemkvreli mxaris teritoriaze an gan-kuTvnilia nebismieri sxva qveynisaTvis, dauyovnebliv da upirobod mieniWeba msgavs produqci-as, romelic warmoebuli iqneba an gankuTvnilia yvela danarCeni xelSemkvreli teritoriebi-saTvis. es mdgomareoba vrceldeba eqsportze, importsa da satranzito savaWro operaciebze, aseve, saeqsporto da saimporto operaciebis saerTaSoriso gadaxdebze. swored aRniSnuli formulireba metad mimzideveli aRmoCnda saqarTvelosaTvis, imisaTvis, rom mieRo vaWrobis msoflio organizaciaSi gawevrianebis gadawyvetileba.es procesi ise swrafad warimarTa, rom xelisuflebas arc ki gaukeTebi Rrma, safuZvliani analizi im dros arsebul SesaZleblo-bebsa da am nabijis Sedegebis Taobaze.

arada, 1998-2001 wlebSi mravalmxrivi Sexvedrebi, molaparakebebi da farTo diskusiebi mimdinareobda saqarTvelos vmo-Si gwevrianebis Taobaze. mraval problemur sakiTxTa Soris iyo iseTebi, rogrorebicaa: saqarTvelos statusi, satarifo ganakveTebi, inteleqtualuri sakuTrebis uflebebi, subsidiebi da ucxoeTis daxmarebis roli. rac ar unda paradoqsulad mogveCvenos, 2000 wels saqarTvelo vmo-s SeuerTda rogorc ganviTarebuli qveyana da es, mxo-lod da mxolod sasoflo sameurneo produqciis gamo. sxvagvarad mas gardamavali periodis qveynis statusi eqneboda, rac gawevrianebis procesisaTvis mxolod xelSemSleli faqtori iq-neboda. da ai pirveli Sedcdomac, romelic xelisuflebam dauSva.is ki ar gaiTvaliswina, rom ganviTarebuli qveynebis mier moTxovnebi mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdeba ganviTarebadi da dabal ganviTarebuli qveynebis moTxovnebisagan.maTi sivrce ufro Ria unda iyos par-tniorisaTvis. diskriminaciuli faqtorebic saqonlisa da momsaxurebiT vaWrobaSic ufro maRali niSiT sargeblobs am SemTxvevaSi. xom ar moyveboda am nabijs ekonomikuri damouki-deblobis nacvlad ekonomikuri damokidebuleba? es sakiTxebi imxanad Ria darCa. arada, Tu gargad SeviswavliT sakiTxs, liberaluri savaWro politika upiratesi xelSewyobis da erovnu-li xelSewyobis reJimebTan mimarTebaSi moicavs horizontalur, vertikalur da specifikur valdebulebebs. es ukanaskneli dakavSirebulia, rogorc erovnuli xelSewyobis reJimTan, aseve bazarze daSvebasTan. b. hoekmanis meTodologiis mixedviT, saqarTvelos specifikuri valdebu-lebebis absoluturi done 315 tolia, rac sakmaod maRalia ara marto dabali da saSualo Semo-savlebis qveynebTan, araamed iseT ganviTarebul qveynebTan SedarebiTac, rogorebic aria bul-gareTi -308; slovakeTi -306; CexeTi 304. aRniSnuli ki niSnavs, rom saqarTvelos momsaxurebasTan dakavSirebuli valdebulebebi sakmaod liberaluria. yovelive es ki mraval kiTxvas badebs. mag: qonda ki saqarTvelos amis SesaZleblobebi 2001 wlisaTvis?; xom ar iqneboda saqarTve-losTan mimarTebaSi vmo-s reglamentebi diskriminaciuli?; moutanda ki, raime sargebels politikur da ekonomikur kolafsSi Cavardnil qveyanas aseTi gadawyvetilebebi dadebiT Sedegs? da sxva. miuxedavad vmo-Si gawevrianebis momxreTa didi armiisa, vmo-Si gawevrianebis pirvelive wlebSi naTeli iyo, rom sasikeTo cvlilebebi saqarTvelos vaWrobaSi ar momxdara. statistikuri monacemebis mixedviT, 2000 wels savaWro saldo Tu -359 aTasi aSS dol. Seadgenda 2002 wels is -384.4 aTasi aSS dol, xolo 2003 wels -613.7 aTas aSS dolars miaRwia. eqsportis im-portiT gadafarvis koeficienti ki amave periodisaTvis 42%-ia. suraTi saimedo arc dReisaTvi-saa. saldo kvlav uaryofiTia da -4 065 aTas aSS-is dolars Seadgens. arsasikeToa isic, rom 2013 wels saqarTvelos eqsportis struqturaSi umsxvilesi sasaqonlo pozicia - 24 % ,isev msubuq avtomobilebs ikavia (sur.1).

umsxvilesi sasaqonlo poziciebi saqarTvelos eqsportSi sur.1


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mocemuli suraTi namdvilad ar metyvelebs saqerTvelos ekonomikis realuri seqtoris

zrdaze; am SedegebzemniSvnelovan zegavlenas dempinguri fasebi axdenen, romlis regulaciac Tavidanve arasworad warimarTa. 2001 wlisaTvis saqarTvelos mTavrobam ganacxada, rom anti-dempingi, sakompencasio baJi da usafrTxoebis zomebi gamoyenebul iqneboda vmo-is debule-bebTan srul SesbamisobisobaSi mosvlamde. ,,arakeTilsindisier’’ konkurenciasTan brZolis ZiriTad meqanizmad miCneul iyo ufro zogadi xasiaTis usafrTxoebis zomebi. isini ar saWi-roebdnen ufro daxvewil sakanonmdeblo bazas da martivi iyo gamosayeneblad. am mosazre-biT, mravali ganviTarebadi qveyana adgilobrivi mwarmoeblis dasacavad mxolod usafrTxe-bis zomebs iyenebda. es ki iseTi saxis Secdomaa, romelic, axalfexadgmuls welSi texs.

morigi, mesame Secdoma, soflis meurneobaSi ganxorcielebuli subsidiebi iyo. romelic pirvel etapze fermerebze gaica Caisa da yurZnisaTvis. es subsidiebi ganekuTvneboda ,,de minimize’’ kategorias. ganviTarebuli qveynis SemTxvevaSi daxmareba ar aRemateba Rirebulebis 5 procents- (yuradReba misaqcevia aq is faqti, rom rogorc zeviT zRvniSneT, vmo-Si saqarTvelo ganviTarebuli qveynis statusiT Sevida). Cveulebriv pirobebSi ki SeTanxmeba iTvaliswinebs ufro farTomasStabian daxmarebas. am SemTxvevaSic aSkaraa vmo-is interesebis gaTvaliswineba, misi regu-laciebisa da wesebis dacva. aqac kiTxvis niSniT Cndeba is, Tu sadaa saqarTvelos interesebi? raSi gamoixateba ormxrivi daintereseba? ,,de minimize’’ xom is sakmarisi moculoba ara aris, rac aucile-beli iyo im periodisaTis saqarTvelos soflis meurneobis reabilitaciisaTvis.

amis dasturs warmoadgens 2007-2013 wlebis eqsportis struqtuli dinamika(sur.2), sadac Cans, rom sasoflo sameurneo produqciis zrda dResac mcire tempebiT midinareobs.

eqsportis donamika struqturul WrilSi 2007-2013ww. (mln. aSS dol) sur.2

2013 wels saqarTvelos sasflo sameurneo produqciis eqsportma 774.2 mln. aSS dolari Se-adgina. misi maCvenebeli 2012 welTan SedarebiT 261.7 aSS. dolariTaa gazrdili. yuradsaRebia is faqti, rom eqsportis kleba aRiniSna iseT produqciaze, rogorebicaa: xorbali, xilisa da bos-tneulis wvenebi; cocxali cxvari, cxvris xorci; eqsportis zrdis tempebs soflis meurneobaSi arsebuli gadasaxadebic aferxebs.

rogorc vxedavT, miuxedavad vaWrobis msoflio organizaciaSi saqarTvelos gawevria-nebisa, misi saeqsporto produqcia jer kidev srulad ar aris damkvidrebuli donori qveyne-bis samomxmareblo bazarze da, saerTaSoriso organizaciebis mxsnelad movlineba miTaddar-Ceba, romelic realobas iqneba moklebuli, Tu saRad ar iqneba gazrebuli politika da naCqa-revad miviRebT gadawyvetilebebs.

ra Tqma unda dasavleTsa da msoflios Tavis mizezebi gaaCniaT ekonomikuri da politi-kuri blokebis swrafi da farTod SeqmnisaTvis. es upirveles yovlisa kaspiis zRvisa da cen-traluri aziis resursebiT dainteresebaa. meores mxriv, msoflios surs ruseTis gavlenis Semcireba yofil sabWoTa qveynebSi. am mxriv ki, saqarTvelos xelsayreli geo-politikuri mdebareoba gaaCnia energomimwodeblelbsa da dasavleTs Soris. am miznis efeqtiani realiza-ciisaTvis ki dasavleTs misTvis misaRebi savaWro-ekonomikuri urTierTobebis ganxorcie-leba surs, rasac raRa Tqma unda yvela saxis xelSekrulebaSi asaxavs ise, rom sakuTar ekono-mikur intersebs safrTxe ar Seuqmnas. saqrTvelosaTvis ki mniSvnelovania, rom Tanasworuf-


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lebiani partniori iyos dasavleTis. dRes ukve, rodesac sakuTarma gamocdilebam dagvanaxa yvela Secdoma, daufiqrebeli nabijebis gadadgma aRar SeiZleba. miTumetes maSin, rodesac saqarTvelos winaSe axali gamowvevaa ,,evropis asocirebis xelsSkrulebis’’ saxiT. ra Tqma unda kargia saxvadasxva sarTaSoriso xelSekrulebisa da integraciul gaerTianebebSi Ses-vlis SeTavazebebi, magram es sulac ar niSnavs imas, rom saqarTvelom aseTi SemoTavazebebi myiseulad unda miiRos. nebismieri saerTaSoriso SemoTavazeba Rrma da jansaRi diskusiis sagani unda iyos, romlis drosac unda aiwonos yvela dadebiTi da uaryofiTi Tanmdevi efeq-ti. jer unda momzaddes baza da Seiqmnas safuZveli qveyanaSi saerTSoriso xelSekrulebebis, am etapze ki ,,evropis asocirebis xelSekrulebis’’, orive mxarisaTvis efeqtianad ganxorcie-lebisaTvis da mxolod amis Semdeg moeweros mas xeli da amoqmeddes xelSekruleba, raTa dis-kriminaciul mdgomareobaSi arcerTi mxare ar aRmoCndes.

lali CageliSvili-aglaZe

saqarTvelos liberaluri sagareo savaWro politikis paradigmebi

reziume kiTxvebi, Tu ratom rCeba dRemde saqarTelos savaWro balansi uaryofiTi, ratom ar Cans

eqsportis nawilSi realuri seqtoris aqtivobis mateba? dRemde Ria rCeba da es imis fonze, rom saqarTvelom erTaderTma, yofili sabWoTa kavSiris qveynebidan, mso-Si gawevrianebis Semdeg miiRo upiratesi xelSewyobis reJimebiT vaWrobis ufleba.

naSromSi ganxilulia msoflio savaWro ognizaciis ZiriTadi aspeqtebi da saqarTvlos vaWrobis potenciali ukanaskneli 15 wlis ganmavlobaSi.

gaanalizebula mso-Si gawevrianebis dadebiTi da uaryfiTi mxareebi da SemoTavazebulia rekomendaciebi ,,evropis asocirebis xelSekrulebis’’ganxorcielebis Taobaze.

Lali Chagelishvili-Agladze

THE LIBERAL FOREIGN TRADE POLITIC’S PARADIGMS OF GEORGIA

Summary

Questions why Georgian trading balance still remains negative and why there is no sign of expanding the activity of real sector in export,are still open. And this exists on the background when only Georgia , from the countries of forma Soviet union, got the right of trading under the regime of support.

In the work author canalizes main aspects of world trading organization and the potential of Georgia trading during the last 15 years.

She also emphasizes and discusses positive and negative sides of world partnership and gives recommendations for “Europe associate contract”.


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socialuri da humanitaruli mecnierebebi

mildred kalandariSvili

uflis saxeliT daTrgunuli siyvaruli

kolin makalous romanSi `kvrinCxis buCqebSi momReralni` wamoWrilia religiurobis, ro-

gorc socialuri zneobrivi orientaciis Sejaxeba, romelic ewinaaRmdegeba gmiris Sinagan moT-xovnilebas amqveyniuri cxovrebisadmi, TviT gmiri, nebis gamoxatulebis TavisuflebiT Sep-yrobili, arCevanis winaSe dgas: saeklesio asketizmi Tu sakuTari buneba, romelsac mihyavs is kaTolikuri moralis pirobiTobisgan ganTavisuflebisaken.

k. makalou cdilobs wamoWrili sakiTxi, filosofia-Teologiis TvalsazrisiT, cnobiere-baSi Rrmad Cawvdomis saSualebiT gadaWras. man kargad icis Tanamedrove kaTolicizmis mdgo-mareoba, sruliad ar pasuxobs im amocanebs, romelic mas avtoriseuli daniSnulebiT unda ga-daeWra. kaTolikuri eklesiis fanatizmi da TviTangareba araviTar imeds ar utovebs axal su-lier aRmafrenas, riskenac ase iswrafvis mwerali.

amis Sedegad, RmerTi megisa da ralfisTvis gaxda ara mxolod uzenaesi Zala, aramed umaR-lesi msajulic, romlis winaSe mudmiv SiSs ganicdis Cveulebrivi mokvdavi, Cadenili codvebis gamo. diax, es erTaderTia im arsebuli cnebebidan, romelic asabuTebs adamianis uZlurebasa da araraobas umaRlesi, yovlismmarTveli Zalis winaSe.

kaTolikuri ideologiis Caketiloba, azris siaxliT ar itacebs, Tumca grZnobaTa did Ta-visuflebas moicavs, rac gamoixata kidec gmirebis xasiaTsa da gancdebSi da am gancdebis mo-revSi gamoCnda avtoris subieqtivizmic.

romanis ZiriTadi filosofiuri arsi sikeTesa da borotebas Soris brZolaa. kaTolikuri mrwamsis adamianisaTvis sikeTe da religia obieqturad ver uTavsdeba erTmaneTs. amasTanave, adamiani, rogorc bunebis nawili mis kanonebs unda emorCilebodes, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi isi-ni Surs iZieben masze, igi kargavs bednierebisaken mimaval gzas da sulier simSvides da uazro arsebobisaTvis rCeba ganwiruli.

eklesiis mier pirovnebis daTrgunvis winaaRmdeg protestis gamomxatvelia megi, romel-mac SeigrZno eklesiis STanmTqmeli Zala, magram ver SeeWida mas, Tumca mis unarSi, SeuTavsos adamianis siyvaruli RmerTis siyvaruls, gamoCnda Tvisuflebisaken swrafva, rac xelmiuwvdo-meli aRmoCnda ralfisaTvis.

makalous megi eqstraordinalur, gansakuTrebul naturad hyavs gamoyvanili. mis dasaxa-siaTeblad avtori araCveulebrivi sizustiT iyenebs fsiqologiur analizs da yuradRebis ga-reSe ar tovebs mis sulSi momxdar mcireoden gansxvavebas, umalve amcnobs xasiaTis odnav cvlilebasac, azrebis wyobas, wamierad gamomkrTal impulsur gamoZaxils, rac mTlianad moi-cavs am vnebian naturas. magaliTisTvis SeiZleba moviyvanoT megis naZaladevi qorwineba liuk onilTan, Svilis dabadebis molodini, ralfTan Sexvedra matlokze da sxva mravali calkeuli siuJeti, romlebic klasikurad erwymis romanis saerTo wyobas.

megi sakuTari uflebebis dasacavad amboxebuli qalia da amave dros RvTis morwmune ka-Tolikec. ralfTan Sexvedris erT-erT ukanasknel epizodSi mwuxarebisa da sasowarkveTilebis miuxedavad, igi icavs etikets da eamboreba kardinal ralfis beWeds da imave wuTs moiTxovs misgan gandgomas. ralfi arRvevs RvTisadmi micemul aRTqmas, tovebs yvelafers da Svilis sa-Zebnelad miiCqaris, Svilisa, romlis arsebobac ar icoda.

SeuZlia Wabuks, romelsac jer ar Seucvnia miwieri cxovrebis saidumloeba, uari Tqvas yovelive amqveyniurze? iqneb es qvecnobieri dualizmia? romelia dasaZraxi_ droxedis samrev-lo mama ralfi Tu wminda, ucodveli, Seuryvneli sulisa da xorcis 28 wlis axalgazrda, rome-lic darwmunebulia Tavisi arCevanis sisworeSi. iqneb es arCevani, ojaxur tradiciebze damya-rebuli da sakuTari nebis gareSe gakeTebuli, naadrevia? yvelas Tavisi bedi aqvs, uzenaesma ralfs misTvis samsaxuri daakisra, maSin rodesac ufros Zmas arCevanis Tavisufleba mieca. sam-wuxarod, ralfs sxva gza ar hqonda, da rac ar unda imarTlos Tavi arqiepiskopos da kontini- verCebesTan, mainc igrZnoba, rom gulis siRrmeSi igi aucileblad Seicvlida arCevans. mZimea ka-Tolicizmis kanonebis nawili, magram Cveni azriT adamians mxolod mowifulobis xanaSi, roca yovelive miwieri ukve gancdili aqvs, SeuZlia uaryos amqveyniuri cxovreba sruliad gacnobie-rebulad. roca mas yvela Tavis qmedebaze SeuZlia agos pasuxi, SeuZlia emsaxuros RmerTs da RvTiuri kanonis darRvevisTvis miiRos umkacresi sasjelic. ralfs uyvars RmerTi, misi er-Tgulia da axalgazrdobis miuxedavad, asketur cxovrebas eweva, pirnaTlad icavs yvela wess,


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magram... ` adamiani rom wodebas miiRebs, ukan dasaxevi gza aRar aqvs.` pedi cdilobda aexsna qa-liSvilisTvis ralfis wminda movaleobebi, magram megi sxvagvarad fiqrobda: gamoucdeli, sak-marisi ganaTlebis ar mqone gogos gonebaSi yvelaferi primitiulia da bavSvuri gulubryvilo-biT airekleba. mravali wlis ganmavlobaSi igi infantilur bavSvad rCeba, romlisTvisac samya-ro erTi kuTxiT ixsneba. dedas naklebad ainteresebda Svilis ganaTleba da miTumetes momava-li. iseve rogorc ar aRelvebs megis Tavisi qaliSvilis momavali. akrZaluli xili yovelTvis tkbilia, rac ar unda xanmokle iyos siamovneba. ase moxda fiasa da frenks Sorisac. ase iqneba megisa da dens Soris. es karmis kanonia, gadacemuli babuidan SviliSvilze, mSoblebidan Svileb-ze. amqveynad yvelaferi urTierTkavSirSia_ sikeTe da boroteba, ubedureba da sixaruli, aRqma da gandgoma, samyaros sayovelTao kanoni gamudmebiT mtrulad ganwyobili mowinaaRmdege Za-lebis arsebobaa, urTierTCanacvlebiTi da urTerTganuyofeli. winaprebma icodnen ras toveb-dnen. es aris ori sawyisi, ra araadamianuri ZaliT unda iyos suli moculi, rom bolomde aRud-ges win sakuTar bunebas.

ras warmoidgenda ralfi rom es patara gogona isev dabrundeboda mis cxovrebaSi. es rom scodnoda, miscemda RmerTs morCilebis aRTqmas? magram aravis SeuZlia momavlis ganWvreta da arc ralfma ar icoda, maSinac ki, roca gamudmebiT megis ubrundeboda fiqrebiT.

TandaTan, siuJetis gaSlasTan erTad, garemoebaTa simZimis qveS rogor iqceva mama ralfi episkoposad, Semdeg arqiepiskopisad da bolos kardinal de brikasarad, sinamdvileSi ki Cveu-lebriv mokvdavad, miwieri moTxovnilebebis dakmayofilebis surviliT. avtors gmiris gaore-bul samyaroSi SevyavarT. erTi mxriv garegan, iq, romelSic yvela etiketia daculi, da meore- SeuRwevadi, romelic mxolod megisTvisaa gaxsnili. rogor icvleba gareSe movlenebis fonze ralfis moraluri samyaros araordinaluri Tvisebebi.

makalou didi xniT ar Cerdeba gmirebis saqcielis fsiqologiur analizze, magram TiToe-uli maTganis eklian gzaze mkiTxvelic Tan mihyavs. avtori ganixilavs `codvis` cnebas da mas-Tan dakavSirebul humanizmis ideas, romelic religiuri cnobierebiTaa Semofargluli, rac ai-Zulebs mas religiuri movaleobis gamo adamiani gawiros. siyvarulis codvad aRiareba saSua-lebas uspobs ralfs srulfasovnad, dramatizirebis gareSe mieces grZnobas. masSi kaToliku-ri Sexedulebebi imarjvebs, romelic siyvaruls codvad aRiqvams, xolo misgan ganwmendas ga-darCenis erTaderT gzad.

yvela mokvdavi erTxel mainc ganicdis meryeobis wuTebs, siyvarulsa da bednierebas So-ris. saWiroa mxolod gadaabijo zRvars, magram ra dgas am bariers miRma? gaurkvevelia.

meri karsonis wyevla Tan sdevs megis sicocxlis bolomde. man Tavidanve SeamCnia ralf de brikaseris WeSmariti grZnoba patara Zmiswulisadmi. SeeZlo ki yovlisSemZle meris, romelmac samadlod Seifara Zmis ojaxi, Segueboda im azrs, rom Tavisi sulieri mamis gayofa mouxdeboda sakuTar ZmisSvilTan.

meris mier wamoyenebuli piroba ralfisaTvis Zlier macdunebeli aRmoCnda: erTis mxriv SesaSuri memkvidreoba da meores mxriv megi. ralfs ocnebac ki ar SeeZlo aseT momavalze. pata-ra soflis mcire mrevli da uecrad horizontze gamoikveTa mRvdlis ubralo samosis kardina-lis Zvirfas samosze gacvlis SesaZlebloba, cameti milioni funtis memkvidreoba da vatikanSi prestiJuli samsaxuri. sasworze devs es yvelaferi da megis siyvaruli. meri ar Semcdara roca ralfi dilemis winaSe daayena, mas kargad hqonda Seswavlili misi buneba da winaswar iyo dar-wmunebuli, rom kaTolikuri Sexeduleba ubralo, adamianur grZnobaze maRla dadgeboda.

siyvaruli yvela asakSi tanjvaa. Taviseburad itanjeba meri karsonic. Suaxnis qalbatoni ver malavs axalgazrda mRvdlis mimarT gaCenil grZnobas, magram axalgazrdoba imarjvebs, ralfi samudamod megis siyvarulis mona xdeba, surs es meris Tu ara.

romanSi originalur gadawyvetas iRebs sakuTari Tavisgan gaqcevis, siyvarulisgan gaqce-vis tradiciuli motivi. Sedegi? bedi TiToeul mokvdavs Tan dasdevs. yvelaferi cikluria. ralfi megis ubrundeba. es albaT is qorwinebaa, romelic RmerTis surviliT xdeba da romel-sac TviTon akurTxebs da dalocavs. bedisweras ar surda megis da onilis dakavSireba, magram aseve mizanSeuwonelia ralfTan daqorwinebac. megis bavSvurad wrfeli guli pirveli danaxvi-danve misken iwevda, msubuqad da Tavisuflad grZnobda Tavs roca sulier mamas Tavis saidum-los andobda. umwikvlo iyo misi kocna da saocari simsubuqiT miendo megi ralfs da yovelgva-ri akrZalivis gadalaxviT mxolod de brikaseri unda yofiliyo misi Svilis mama. es mwvaved Se-igrZno megim maSinac, roca arSemdgari qorwinebiT gamowveul tkivils, damcirebas, wyenas ik-lavda gulSi. maSinac ki, roca mis Tanabar sunTqvas usmenda. suli umaRles kanonebs emorCile-ba, sxeuli ki umdablesi survilebis msxverpli xdeba. suli da sxeuli ebrZvis erTmaneTs, xolo rodesac Seerwymis myardeba harmonia da mas veraviTari sxva kanoni ver daarRvevs.

matlokze gancdilma bednierebam megis usazRvro sixaruli da sinaze moutana uimedobis mZime wlebis Semdeg. kunZulis epizodidan TiTqos axali Tavi iwyeba romanSi. is siyvaruls, ro-gorc umSvenieres, uZvirfases grZobas gamohyofs adamianis bunebaSi. magram sazogadoeba, sa-dac megi da ralfi cxovroben, amaxinjebs, winaaRmdegobas uwevs am grZnobas da saboloo trage-diamde mihyavs gmirebi.


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kunZuli matloki..... yvelaferi sulis simSvidesa da harmonias uwyobs xels. icoda ki ral-fma ra eloda mas kunZulze? SeZlebda gaeZlo am vnebisTvis? vera, ver gauwia winaaRmdegoba wlobiT gulSi Camarxul survils. misTvis ucxo iyo sulieri da fizikuri siyvarulis harmonia, aseve ucxo iyo megi, rogorc qali misTvis. kunZulze ki yvelaferi erT wamSi gadatrialda da ralfi mixvda ramdeni netarebis wami daukargavs da ra gariyuli da sasowarkveTili iyo megi. es sizmari, cxadi Tu dabinduli gonebis miraJia? SeiZleba gaeqce sakuTar Tavs, siyvaruls, yove-live sanukvars rasac zeca gigzavnis? megi mixvda rom nanatri bednierebis Jami dadga. ramdeni siTbo, sinaze da alersi aCuqes maT erTmaneTs, rogori netarebiT miecnen ukidegano grZnobas. magram ralfi ixsenebs wminda movaleobas da yvelafers daasrulebs miuxedavad imisa rom pir-velad dainaxa WeSmariti samyaro.

ùgono siyvaruli RvTis winaSe codvaa`_ magram aris ki WeSmariti siyvaruli gonieri? al-baT es ukanaskneli ufro garigebaa, SiSveli racionalizmi. ralfi gaurbis siyvaruls, raTa sa-kuTari rwmenis bunagSi dabrundes, rom araferma gaaxsenos is rac iyo, aris da iqneba. magram aravin icis ra xdeba misi sulis siRrmeSi, garda kardinal de kontini-verCezesa. man isic ki Se-amCnia rac Tavad ralfs darCa SeumCneveli, Tumca deni ralfs usazRvrod uyvarda, imaze meta-dac vidre sakuTari Svili eyvareboda. kardinalma SeamCnia mama- Svilis saocari msgavseba.

ralfma sakuTari Svilis arsebobis Sesaxeb maSin gaigo, roca megim mas mosTxova daeviwye-bina RmerTi da wasuliyvnen sakuTari gardacvlili Svilis mosaZebnad. ralfi yvelafers mia-tovebs da gahyveba megis, magram mas ar SeuZlia codvaSi cxovreba da sabolood igi Tavisi Svi-lis beds gaiziarebs.

sasowarkveTa nawarmoebs laitmotivad gasdevs. fia, megi, ralfi maradiuli tanjvisTvis arian ganwirulebi, Tumca yvela maTgani Rirsia bednierebis. TiToeuli maTganis tragedia ga-remoebiT aris ganpirobebuli, magram es ar aTavisuflebs maT pasuxismgeblobisgan. iqneb ami-tomac SeuZlebelia maTi bedniereba. da araviTar gaelvebas ar ZaluZs bedisgan miRebuli tki-vilis daCrdilva. yvelaferi rac viciT gmirebis Sesaxeb calmxrivadaa ganxiluli da ukavSir-deba megisa da ralfis urTierTobas. romanisTvis damaxasiaTebelia, rom megi ar kicxavs saku-Tar Tavs, igi Svilis momavliT cxovrobs, is amayi da Tavisuflebis moyvare pirovnebaa, ganwi-ruli mxolod imitom, rom Tavisi umanko suli droxedis samrevlos mamas arguna. swored dro-xedSi sruldeba maTi ambavi Svilis tragikuli dasasruliTa da dasaflavebiT. iRupeba ralfic da masTan erTad qreba megis ukanaskneli sixarulic. is martoa da bolos ixsenebs qaliSvils, romelic ucxo iyo misTvis da arc hgavda mas, Tumc ubedurebam daaaxlova deda-Svili.

mTeli nawarmoebi eklesiis sadidebeli simReraa. sakurTxevelTan mitanilia silamaze, mSveniereba, siyvaruli. Tuki axali literaturis erT-erT devizs warmoadgens sikvdilze yo-fierebis TviTaRorZinebis motivi, aq mkiTxvels eZleva saSualeba ifiqros sicocxlis arsebiT mniSvnelobaze. epigrafi kvrinCxis totze momRerali Citis Sesaxeb gvafiqrebinebs, rom dasas-rulisgan kargs arafers unda velodoT. Citi gulSi kvrinCxis ekliT, bunebis aucilebel ka-nons emorCileba. man TviTonac ar icis ra aiZulebs daerWos isars da simReriT mokvdes. im wams, rodesac isari guls useravs, is moaxloebul sikvdilze ar fiqrobs da mReris vidre xma ar Ca-uwydeba da sunTqva ar SeuCerdeba. Cven ki, rodesac eklian kvrinCxze vecemiT, viciT, vgrZnobT, gvesmis, da mainc viswrafviT tanjvisken da albaT ase iqneba mudam.

mildred kalandariSvili

uflis saxeliT daTrgunuli siyvaruli

reziume

kolin makalous romani exeba religiurobis, rogorc socialur-moraluri orientaciis, miwieri cxovrebis moTxovnilebasTan dapirispirebas.

sakuTari protestis gamosaxatavad avtori iyenebs mTavari personaJis, megis portrets, romelic acnobierebs eklesiis yovlismomcvel gavlenas, magram ver axerxebs misgan Tavis daR-wevas. avtori aseve ikvlevs `codvis` gagebas da masTan dakavSirebul humanizmis ideas, romlis saxeliT religiuri cnobierebiT SezRuduli ralfi Tavis cxovrebas eklesiis samsxverploze miitans.

warsulis gavlena imdenad didia orive maTganis, megisa da ralfis cxovrebaze, rom ver-cerTi ver axerxebs misgan Tavis daRwevas, razec metyvelebs maTi usasrulo da mtanjveli dro-ebiTi Sexvedrebi.


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sagulisxmoa, rom mTeli romani, Tavisi mravalplaniani siuJetiT warmoadgens epigrafis arsis tragikul ganxorcielebas. ori drois sivrceSi, awmyosa da warsulSi, personaJebis arse-boba gardauvali ubedurebisaTvis aris ganwiruli.

Mildred Kalandarishvili

LOVE SUPPRESSED IN THE NAME OF GOD

Summary

Colleen McCullough’s `The Thorn Birds~ describes the problem concerning the main hero’s religious and

secular life. Maggie’s image is the author’s protest towards restraining the personality by the almighty church. The author

explores the understanding of `sin~ and the idea of humanism connected with it, which is limited by Ralph’s religious consciousness making him sacrifice due to his feelings for religion.

The power of their past fully spreads over their fortune disabling them to alter their lives that is even more complicated by temporary meetings. Indeed the epigraph to the novel about a bird singing in the thorns prepares us for nothing joyful. Virtually, the whole multilayered plot represents the realization of the epigraph’s idea. Maggie and Ralph live in two time spaces, past and present, causing their tragedy and leading to inevitable death.


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sofiko kvantaliani

cifruli teqnologiebi, rogorc fotoJurnalistikis

transformirebis faqtori

gasuli saukunis 80-iani wlebidan dawyebuli analoguri meqanikuri da eleqtronuli teq-

nologiebis cifrulze gadasvlis procesi, romelmac me-20 saukunis meore naxevarSi kompiute-ruli da sakomunikacio teqnologiebis gavrcelebasTan erTad informaciuli revoluciis wi-napirobis funqcia Seasrula, media landSaftis fundamenturi transformaciis maprovocire-beli gaxda. gardatexa, pirvel rigSi, masmediuri komunikaciebis linearulobis principis rRveviT gamoixata. msoflio sainformacio garemos Zireulma cvlilebebma Secvales mTeli me-diuri ekosistema. komunikaciis naxtomiseburad ganviTarebam moulodneli socialur-kultu-ruli fenomenebi Seqmna, radikalurad Secvala ukve arsebuli mimarTulebebi da masStabebi am sferoSi. swrafi Zvrebi Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi Zlier fsiqologiur cvlilebebs iwvevs, rasac amerikeli sociologi da futurologi e. tofleri „futuroSoks anu momavlis Soks` uwodebs, rac gulisxmobs kacobriobis ganadgurebis mimarT SiSs, romelsac safuZvlad udevs, ara bunebrivi kataklizmebi, resursebis amowurva an atomuri energiis kontrolidan gamosvla, aramed es aris informaciul teqnologiaTa ganviTarebis ukiduresi siswrafis mimarT panikuri damokidebuleba (Elvin Toffler, Future Shock, 1970:18).

im ZiriTad procesebs Soris, romlebic Tanamedrove mediis modifikacias udevs safuZ-vlad, erT-erTi mniSvnelovania digitalizacia (digitalisation) _ masmediis yvela tipis _ teqstu-ris, grafikulis, xmovanis cifrul formatze gadasvla, aRniSnuli masalis uswrafesi `tran-sportireba` eleqtronuli komunikaciis nebismier arxSi. am SemTxvevaSi interneti gansakuTre-bul sainformacio da sakomunikacio velad iqca, sadac mediaproduqtebs, TavianTi cifruli formatis meSveobiT, nebismieri sazRvris daZleva SeuZliaT. swored digitalizacia aris feno-meni, romelic Slis zRvars mediis saxeobebs Soris, aerTmniSvnelianebs maT da mihyavs konver-genciisken (convergere), rac ukve mediasaSualebebis sxvadasxva arxis erTian multimediur dine-bad gardaqmnis saboloo fazaa. konvergencia Tanamedrove mediis transformaciis meore mniS-vnelovani procesia, romelic sxvadasxva teqnologiur matareblebs _ sakabelo an satelefono qselebs, ukabelo Tanamgzavrul kavSirebs saSualebas aZlevs informacia miawodos momxmare-bels. meores mxriv, konvergencia, es aris adre damoukidebeli mediis sxvadasxva saSualebaTa Serwyma, sadac SesaZlebelia radiosa da televiziis gaerTianeba internetSi, videofilmebisa kompaqt-diskebze da a.S. Sedegad momxmarebels SesaZlebloba aqvs miiRos erTnairi sainforma-cio produqti sxvadasxva arxis meSveobiT. es Serwyma ki ganapirobebs axali integrirebuli Jan-rebis warmoSobas (magaliTad rogoricaa satelevizio epoqis axali produqti infoteinmenti (information + entertainment), aseve internetma Seqmna ediuteinmenti (education + entertainment), Tanamedrove individualizebulma sainformacio arxebma Seqmnes infortoriali (information + editorial). konvergencia profesionalur JurnalistikaSic ramdenime formaSi vlindeba, rac imas niSnavs, rom Jurnalistma Tavisi masala SeuZlia SesTavazos rogorc gazeTs, eleqtronul ga-mocemas an televizias. meore mxriv ki, moTxovnebic icvleba Jurnalistis mimarT. Tanamedrove profesional Jurnalists moeTxoveba multimediuri siaxleebis codna, mediis nebismieri saSu-alebisTvis masalis momzadeba. aseve, konvergenciis Sedegia cnebaTa Serevac. magaliTad, dRes ukve cnebebs `fotodokumentalistikas`, `fotoJurnalistikasa` da `pres-fotografias` So-ris sazRvrebi waSlilia da mudmivad xdeba maTi erTmaneTSi gadadineba. anu, konvergencia is procesia, romelsac uaxloes aTwleulSi SeuZlia srulad Secvalos ara mxolod masobrivi in-formaciis saSualebebi, aramed masTan dakavSirebuli industriebic ki. es aris globalizaciis Riaobis manifestacia, rac niSnavs imas, rom Tu adre masmediis funqcionirebis masStabi gansaz-Rvruli iyo, dRes es nacionaluri sazRvrebi waSlilia, rasac metyvelebs kidec 1960-ian wlebSi m. makluenis `globaluri soflis` metaforac.

analoguridan cifrulze gadasvlis process axlavs dadebiTi da uaryofiTi faqtore-bic, romelTa siRrmuli kvlevebiTac dakavebulni arian mediafilosofosebi. sakiTxis racio-nalizeba saSualebas gvaZlevs SevafasoT realuri Sedegebi da riskebi, rac aRniSnuli proce-sis Sedegia. Cveni kvlevis sagans warmoadgens Jurnalistikis erT-erTi dargi _ fotoJurnalis-tika, sadac aRniSnulma teqnologiurma Zvrebma misi mniSvnelovnad Secvla ganapiroa. swored es dargi gaxda erT-erTi, romelic cifruli teqnologiebis da maskomunikaciuri saSualebebis transformaciisas deformirda da Tanamedrove media landSaftze sruliad axali saxe miiRo. aseve, gamoikveTa misi krizisuli niSnebic.

globalur qselze nawilobrivi an sruli gadasvlis gamo media dRes sul ufro da ufro kargavs Tavis tradiciul iersaxes, rac ar SeiZleba ar aisaxos fotoJurnalistis namuSevar-zec. es movlena daaxlovebiT SegviZlia SevadaroT XIX saukunis meore naxevarSi da XX saukunis


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dasawyisSi klasikuri ferweris avangardze gadasvlis fenomens. cifruli teqnologiebis da-nergvam gazeTebisa da Jurnalebis warmoebaSi analoguri fotografiis epoqa daasrula. inter-netis gaCenam ki gazeTebisa da Jurnalebis komunikaciuri procesebidan TandaTanobiTi gamo-devnis safrTxe Seqmna. marTalia, sabolood isini mainc ver gaaZeva, Tumca mediabazarze mniS-vnelovnad Seaviwrova. beWduri gamocemebi bevri sxvadasxva niSniT CamorCebian mravalricxovan eleqtronul Jurnalebsa da gazeTebs, magram isini mainc rCebian bazarze da maTi darCenis erT-erTi ZiriTadi faqtori ki swored analitikuri masalaa, aseve analitikuri fotopublikaciebi da fotoilustraciebi, romelsac mkiTxveli mudam eyoleba (gasaTvalswinebelia isic, rom beWdur gamocemaSi ilustraciis aRqmis tradiciuli meTodi fsiqologiurad aqtiur bevr sxva Rirsebas Seicavs, xolo eleqtronuli gamocema ar Seicavs), radgan fotoJurnalistikis mim-zidveloba mdgomareobs imaSi, rom miRweulia gamosaxulebisa da sityvis proprciuli sinTezi, rac adamianis fsiqikaze srulyofil aRqmas ganapirobebs. aseve misi unikaluri prioritetebia: simarTle, obieqturoba da dokumenturoba.

fotoJurnalistikis krizisis niSnebi gasuli saukunis 90-iani wlebidan gaCnda. pirveli faqtori iyo televizia, romelic reklamis xarjze mopovebuli didi biujetis wyalobiT mizan-mimarTulad viTardeboda da pirvel rigSi, cvlida axali ambebis miwodebis formebs, ramac beW-duri gamocemebis, feradi ilustrirebuli Jurnalebis tiraJebis vardna gamoiwvia. isini, pir-vel rigSi, operatiulobis TvalsazrisiT, konkurencias ver uwevdnen televizias. Semdgomma faqtorma _ msoflio ekonomikurma krizisma ki sagrZnoblad daaziana msoflio fotoJurnalis-turi saagentoebis umravlesoba, rasac mohyva saavtoro uflebebis nawilobrivi dakargva, fo-tografebze xelfasebis Semcireba da a.S. samma Zlierma msoflio sainformacio saagentom Associated Press-ma, Agence France Press-ma da Reuters-ma am periodSi radikalurad Secvala medi-abazare adgilis SesanarCuneblad SemuSavebuli strategia da maT fiqsirebul xelfasze daiqi-raves maRali klasis profesionali fotografebi. Sesabamisad, axali ambebis fotoproduqcia-ze xarisxic mkveTrad gaizarda. es erTi mxriv sasargeblo movlena, sxva mxriv damRupveli aR-moCnda wvrili da naklebadcnobili fotosaagentoebisTvis, romelTac ar hqondaT saSualeba aseTi dempinguri pirobebi SeeTavazebinaT fotografebisTvis. Sedegi ki katastrofuli iyo, radgan isini saerTod gaqrnen bazridan da rac yvelaze mniSvnelovani iyo _ fotoJurnalisti-kaSi gaqra saSualo done, iyvnen mxolod mcire raodenobis profesionali fotoJurnalistebi, romlebic muSaobdnen e.w. maRali klasis JurnalebSi da meore mxriv, e.w. frilanserebi, romle-bic sinaTlis siCqariT avsebdnen eleqtronul mediabankebs dabalxarisxiani fotoproduqciiT. am drosve media bazarze gamoCnda e.w. Royalty-free fotoebi, romelTa gamoyenebac ufaso iyo. am faqtorebma kidev ufro gaaRrmaves krizisi, radgan Jurnal-gazeTebma daiwyes samoyvarulo fotoebis masobrivi gamoyeneba, interneti ki gajerebuli aRmoCnda amgvari vizualuri infor-mciiT. XXI saukunis dasawyisSi, saqarTveloSic normad iqca fotografebis saavtoro uflebe-bis darRveva da beWdur mediaSi gamosaqveynebeli fotoebis internetidan `moparva`. saqarTve-loSi fotoJurnalistika (miuxedavad saintereso fotoJurnalisturi warsulisa) isedac nak-lebad gaanalizebuli da gacnobierebuli fenomeni iyo, (risi erT-erTi naTeli dadastureba iyo (da aris) is, rom mas sustad ganviTarebuli definitiuri aparati aqvs). am krizisul fonze ara mxolod saqarTveloSi, aramed postsabWoTa qveynebSi da nawilobriv evropaSic, Tavis ga-darCenis mizniT, bevr profesional reportaJis fotografs komerciul fotoze gadasvla mo-uwia. zemoTaRniSnul faqtorebs sxva mTavari faqtoric daerTo, romlebmac arsebul tenden-cias totaluri elferi SesZines. pirvel rigSi, es iyo fotografirebis yvelasTvis xelmisaw-vdomobis faqtori, radgan cifrulma revoluciam fotografia yvelasTvis xelmisawvdomi ga-daxada, internetma ki milionebTan urTierTobis SesaZlebloba misca. dRes ukve aravin davobs imaze, rom Tanamedrove cifrulma teqnologiebma safuZvlianad Secvales fotografirebis procesi, SesaZleblobis sazRvrebi, magram amis paralelurad saxezea negatiuri tendenciebic, rac upirvelesac fotoJurnalistis profesionalizmis donis vardnam gamoiwvia. ase rom, saxe-zea mizezebi, romlebmac Jurnalistikis es mniSvnelovani dargi sagrZnoblad daaziana, ufro metic, fotoJurnalistika dRes msoflio krizisSia, romlis pirveli faqtori, aris is, rom fo-tografia yvelasTvis xelmisawvdomi gaxda. dRes fotogadaRebisTvis eqsponometriis codna ar aris aucilebeli. operatiulobis xarisxis gazrda, misi myisieri transportireba da reali-zeba xSir SemTxvevaSi pirdapirproporciulad gulisxmobs xarixis vardnas. negatiur faqto-rebs Soris aRsaniSnavia fotoJurnalistikaSi fotografebis profesionalizmis saSualo do-nis vardnac; dabalxarisxiani fotoilustraciebis masobrivi tiraJireba mediaSi; globalur qselSi ganTavsebul xarisxian da uxarisxo produqciaTa aRreva; teqnikurad da mxatvruli TvalsazrisiT dabali Rirebulebis meTodebis popularoba; aseve, internetidan fotoebis uka-nono gamoyenebis sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT, gansakuTrebulad mZafria moralur-samarTlebrivi sakiTxebi: saavtoro uflebebis darRveva, fotoebis arakoreqtuli konteqsturi gamoyeneba.

calke saubris Temaa fotokadris mimarT ndobis faqtoris daqveiTebac. cifruli foto kargavs Tavis ZiriTad funqcias _ dokumentis statuss, radgan fotos kompiuteruli damuSave-


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bis teqnologiebs ZaluZT Secvalon ara mxolod teqnikuri maxasiaTeblebi, aramed Secvalon fotoze mocemuli realobac. gacifrulebis Sedegad miRebul ukidegano SesaZleblobebis da komfortulobis (cifruli fotoinformacia Zalian mosaxerxebelia sistematizaciisa da aseve swrafi aqtualizaciisTvis) gverdiT ki Cndeba gamosaxulebis Senaxvis aspeqti, rogorc prob-lema. swored es aspeqti Seicavs safrTxis farul lakunebs da specialistebisgan gansakuTre-bul gulisyurs moiTxovs, radgan arsebobs didi moculobis informaciis dakargvis realuri saSiSroeba. (iaffasian CD da DVD matricebze Cawerili informaciis Senaxvis vada 2-3 welia, mxolod ZviradRirebuli CD da DVD matricebi inaxaven informacias xangrZlivi droiT, Tumca Senaxvis vada am SemTxvevaSic sasrulia. praqtikaSi miRebulia informaciis matarebeli myari diski (HDD), Tumca gafuWebis SemTxvevaSi aris safrTxe arqivis sruli ganadgurebisa).

dabolos, digitaluri teqnologiebis uxilavi, magram yvelaze mtkivneuli _ Semoqmede-bis fsiqologiuri aspeqti. is, rom cifrulma, maqsimalurad moqnilma SesaZleblobebma gaaqro fotoJurnalistis Semoqmedebis mTavari fenomeni _ e.w. `gadamwyveti momenti`, radgan fotog-rafs wuTSi aTobiT sxvadasxva kadris gadaReba SeuZlia da is mTavari SemoqmedebiTi koncepti ugulvebelyofilia, razec fundamenturad msjelobs cnobili frangi fotoJurnalisti, XX saukunis realisturi fotos didostati anri kartie-bresoni wignSi `gadamwyveti momenti` (Henri Cartier-Bresson, The decisive moment, 1952).

nebisemieri gamocema gansazRvravs mkiTxveli auditoriis orientirebs, romelTa Sorisac unda dasaxeldes esTetikuri orientiri. am SemTxvevaSi, fotoilustraciis xarisxis vardna iw-vevs mkiTxveli sazogadoebis gemovnebis degradacias, rac globaluri kulturuli fenomenis (rasac permanentulad enacvleba masobrivi pop kulturuli fenomeni), gamrudebis winapirobaa.

dRes fotoJurnalistikaSi iseve rogorc dasavleTSi, saqarTveloSic SeimCneva susti, magram mainc gamoxatuli dineba siyviTlisa da sensaciisken, riTic is cdilobs SeinarCunos po-ziciebi mediabazarze. amitomac fotoJurnalistebi prioritets aniWeben omis, konfliqtebis, katastrofebis amsaxvel reportaJebs. naTelia, rom profesionalur fotoJurnalistikasa da fotoilustrirebas Soris udidesi gansxvavebaa, fotoJurnalistika gacilebiT rTuli da siR-rmuli movlenaa, xolo ilustrireba SedarebiT zedapiruli Janria, xolo CvenTn ukve faqtob-rivad yvela beWduri gamocema TiTqmis swored am ukanasknels iyenebs. am mxriv, fotoJurnalis-tikis aranairi dasavluri kriteriumi ar muSaobs _ profesionaluri fotoJurnalistika re-daqciebs ar sWirdebaT, isini mxolod ilustrirebiT kmayofildebain. saqarTveloSi arsebul ZiriTad sazogadoebrivi-politikuri tipis ramdeneme gamocemas Tu Tvals gadavavlebT, zeda-piruli analiziTac advilad davaskvniT, rom fotoreportaJi, rogorc Janri qreba da mis ad-gils fotoilustracia ikavebs. reducirebas ganicdis fotoseria, fotoopusic, sadac klasi-kuri fotoJurnalistikisTvis damaxasiaTebeli unikaluri Tviseba _ naraciaa wamyvani.

dro cvlis teqnologiebs, maT Soris media qonTenTis Seqmnis teqnologiebsac. cvlile-bebTan erTad mediis sferoSi icvleba fotogamosaxulebis amocanebic. Tu adre gazeTSi an JurnalSi ganTavsebuli foto vizualuri informaciis miRebis erT-erTi ZiriTadi wyaro iyo, dRes igi ufro gasaformebel elementad iqca, radgan prioriteti, momentaluri publikacie-bis gamo, internets gadaeca. Tanamedrove televiziam da internetma faqtobrivad gaanadgures klasikuri fotoJurnalistika. (Getty Images mixedviT, yovel dRe momxmarebeli 300 milion fo-tos tvirTavs facebook-ze, xolo Instagram-ze ukve daaxlovebiT 16 miliardi fotoa atvirTu-li). Tanamedrove mediamasalis siCqaris xarisxma fotoJurnalistis muSaobis droiTi faqto-ris sakiTxic gamokveTa. SeuZlebelia fotoJurnalisturi masala srulyofilad momzaddes ramdenime saaTSi, maSin roca zogjer erTi Tvec ki sWirdeba fotoreportaJis gakeTebas. ase rom, Tanamedrove gamocemebSi fotos vizualur-semantikuri SigTavsi kompleqsur samecnie-ro-Teoriul gaazrebas moiTxovs. unda moxdes xelaxali gadaazreba fotoJurnalistikis fun-qciisa da arsis. fotoJurnalisturi produqti unda ganvixiloT filosofiis, filologiis, xelovnebaTmcodneobis, semiotikis, hermenevtikis WrilSi, raTa moxdes Tanamedrove foto-Jurnalistikis axali stategiisa da tendenciis Camoyalibeba, rac TvalnaTliv aisaxeba Tana-medrove Jurnalistikis arsze.

redaqciebSi sagrZnoblad SeizRuda fotoJurnalistis SemoqmedebiTi uflebebic. xSir SemTxvevaSi fotoJurnalists ùfleba ara aqvs` saboloo saxiT Tavisi foto moaxvedros pub-likaciaSi. fotoebi, romlebsac gazeTebsa da JurnalebSi vxedavT Sedegia bildredaqtoris, redaqtoris, mediis mflobelis, yvelaze bolos ki Tavad fotoJurnalistis survilisa. SesaZ-loa esec iyos maprovocirebeli, rom dRes bevri fotoJurnalisti aqtiurad mimarTavs inter-nets, raTa Seqmnas sakuTari mediasivrce, blogi, portali, sadac qonTenTi mxolod masze iqneba damokidebuli. amgvari lokalizaciiT ki fotoJurnalistika, rogorc Jurnalistikis mTavari da aucilebeli komponenti SeinarCunebs ganviTarebisTvis sasicocxlo impulsebs, moxdeba im `swori gzis` regeneracia, romelsac cnobili amerikeli kinoreJisori da fotograf-dokumen-talisti pol strendi `swori fotografiis`(Straight photography), koncenfciaSi gulisxmobs.


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swored àxali obieqturoba` da namdvili fotografia SeinarCunebs im unikalur kods, riTic igi miemagreba Tanamedrove `xarisxian` presas da iqneba realuri samyaros yvelaze efeqturi vizualur-semantikuri saSualeba, romlis gareSec Tanamedrove Jurnalistika warmoudgene-lia.

gamoyenebbuli literatura: 1. Elvin Toffler, Future Shock. 1971 2. Антология Медиафилософии, Санкт-Петербург, 2013

sofiko kvantaliani

cifruli teqnologiebi, rogorc fotoJurnalistikis transformirebis faqtori

reziume

statiaSi ganxilulia digitalizaciis procesis fonze ganviTarebuli cvlilebebi media-

Si, zogadad da konkretulad ki fotoJurnalistikaSi; cifruli teqnologiebis SesaZleblobe-bis fonze ganviTarebulma faqtorebma fotoJurnalistika, rogorc Jurnalistikis mniSvnelo-vani Semadgeneli, media bazarze sagrZnoblad Seaviwrova. miuxedavad krizisuli niSnebisa, fo-toJurnalistika cdilobs ipovos sakuTari adgili ukve cifrul samyaroSi. fotoJurnaliste-bi qmnian sakuTar blogebs, portalebs, sadac qonTenTi bazris kanonebisgan Tavisufalia da safrTxe ar emuqreba.

Sopho Kvantaliani

DUGITAL TECHOLOGIES AS A TRANSFORMING FACTOR OF PHOTOJOURNALISM

Summary

In this article there is a discussion about the changes developped on the background of the digitalization process in the media generally and in the photojournalism concretly. The developped factors on the background of the potenceies of the digital technologies made the photojournalism, as an important part of the journalism, quite weak in the media market. In spite of the signs of the crisis, the photojournalism is trying to find its space now in the digital world. Photojournalists are creating their own blogs, portals, where the content is free from the market rules and is not endangered.


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laura kutubiZe-zubaSvili

vaJa zubaSvili

reklamis gavlena cxovrebis stilsa da Rirebulebebze

reklamis roli momxmareblamde produqtis - komerciulis Tu politikuris, misaRwevi

umoklesi gzis gaWraSi sayovelTaod cnobilia; magram, amasTan igi mZlavri socialuri instru-mentia, romelic, erTi mxriv, asaxavs im sazogadoebis, sociumis wes-Cveulebebsa da gemovnebas, romelSic funqcionirebs; meore mxriv, integrirebuli marketinguli komunikaciebis es mZlav-ri Senakadi xels uwyobs cxovrebis wesis formirebas, aqtiurad cvlis Rirebulebebsa da cxov-rebis stils.

`bolo sami Taobis cxovrebaSi mniSvnelovnad Sesustda ojaxis institutis, religiisa da ganaTlebis roli. msoflio ki ufro rTuli gaxda. tradiciuli avtoritetebis ararsebobis pi-robebSi reklama garkveuli socialuri megzuri gaxda. reklama uamrav iseT situaciaSi warmog-vadgens, romelSic SesaZlebelia sakuTari nebiT aRmovCndeT. igi gvawvdis ideebs stilis, mora-lisa da qcevis Sesaxeb`. [1:741] reklamis socialuri da kulturuli Sedegebis es Sefaseba `rek-lamisa da promociis` Sesaxeb Seqmnil uaxles amerikul wignSi gvxvdeba; Tumca aqvea moxmobili reklamis kritikosTa mosazrebac, rom reklama materializms waaxalisebs, es ki momxmareblis faseulobebze uaryofiT gavlenas axdens. reklamis istoria da Tanamedrove praqtika marTlac iZleva diametralurad gansxvavebuli mosazrebebisa da daskvnebis gakeTebis saSualebas, mag-ram amjerad yuradRebas SevaCerebT reklamis, rogorc `socialuri megzuris` rolze.

axla Zneli warmosadgenia, rom me-20 saukunis damdegs amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi erTje-radi Wiqebis, qaRaldis pirsaxocebisa da tualetis qaRaldis reklamireba ara mxolod marketin-guli aqtivoba, aramed sasicocxlod aucilebeli nabiji iyo demografiuli bumis, antisanitari-isa da epidemiebis gavrcelebis pirobebSi; reklamam maSin fasdaudebeli samsaxuri gauwia fede-ralur mTavrobasa da samedicino dawesebulebebs mdgomareobis gamosworebisTvis. gadauWarbeb-lad SeiZleba iTqvas, rom reklamam erTgvarad aRmzrdelobiTi funqciac Seasrula higienis dac-vis Cvevebis gamomuSavebisa da infeqciuri daavadebebis gavrcelebis safrTxis SemcirebisaTvis. saukunis winaT iseTi pirveladi aucileblobis sagani, rogoric tualetis qaRaldia, Znelad mkvidrdeboda amerikis mosaxleobis SemecnebaSi da Zneladac iyideboda, adamianebs, ubralod, rcxvenodaT maRaziaSi tualetis qaRaldi moekiTxaT. maSin àbazanis qaRaldis` mwarmoebelma `Clarens Scott`-ma Seucvala qaRalds SefuTva, daarqva `skotis qaRaldi` da reklamis meSveobiT mo-uwoda momxmarebels - `nu ikiTxavT tualetis qaRalds, ubralod, moiTxoveT skotis qaRaldi`. skotis maxvilgonivruli reklamebis wyalobiT amerikeli momxmarebeli mieCvia ara mxolod tua-letis qaRaldis, aramed erTjeradi Wiqebisa da pirsaxocebis gamoyenebas.

aq aucileblad unda vaxsenoT mereklame alber laskeri, romelmac Semoikriba axalgaz-rda Jurnalistebi da Seqmna Zlieri SemoqmedebiTi jgufi. man ara mxolod Tvisebrivad sxva do-neze aiyvana me-20 saukunis amerikis informaciuli xasiaTis reklama, aramed efeqturi sarekla-mo kampaniebiT àmerikelebis cxovrebis yaidac ki Secvala.` [4:50] magaliTad: radio-Sou `pepso-denti` rva wlis ganmavlobaSi yoveldRe gadioda eTerSi. sareklamo kampaniis ZiriTadi sloga-ni iyo `moixmare `pepsodenti` dReSi orjer da miakiTxe kbilis eqims weliwadSi orjer`. kampa-niam arnaxuli Sedegi gamoiRo da bevri amerikelisTvis marTlac cxovrebis wesad iqca preven-ciuli vizitebi stomatologTan.

pirveli msoflio omis dros gamogonebuli bambis Semcvleli celukotonisgan damzade-buli qalis safeni `koteqsi` higienis dacvis araCveulebrivisaSualeba iyo, magram misi moxma-rebis Cvevis danergvaerTi SexedviT martivma, magram gonivrulad mofiqrebulma sareklamo svlam ganapiroba; radgan qalebs eridebodaT afTiaqSi am safenebis mokiTxva, laskerma daamuSa-va `koteqsis` qaTqaTa TeTri SefuTva, yovelgvari warweris gareSe da ganaTavsa reklama gaze-TebSi, rogor SeeZinaT es safenebi. afTiaqSi salaros gverdiT moTavsebuli iyo ori kalaTa: er-TSi ewyo `koteqsi`, xolo meoreSi yuTi, sadac myidveli agdebda safenebis safasurs, 50 cents, ise rom arc axsenebda produqciis dasaxelebas. Sedegad, `koteqsis` gayidvebma arnaxul maCvene-bels miaRwia. amave firmis da laskeris saxels ukavSirdeba erTjeradi cxvirsaxocebis Seqmna da misi gamoyenebis Cvevis danergva aseve reklamis efeqturi gamoyenebiT.

meoce saukunis aTiani wlebidan erTmaneTis miyolebiT Cndeba eleqtronuli xelsawyoebi - uTo, mtversasruti, sarecxi manqana, tosterebi, yavis safqvavi, Tmis saSrobi fenebi... pirvel etapze mosaxleoba SiSiT da undoblobiT ekideboda am siaxleebs da reklamas am mimarTulebi-Tac mouxda aRmzrdelobiTi rolis Sesruleba. `jeneral eleqtrikis` reklamebi arwmunebda momxmarebels, rom sadenebiT usafrTxo deni modis; rom eleqtrooba aTavisuflebs amerikel qals tyveobidan.

meore msoflio omis periodis ekonomikuri krizisis pirobebSi sxvadasxva qveynis mTavro-bebs mouxdaT reklamis SesaZleblobebisTvis miemarTaT, rom mosaxleobas sasursaTo da ener-


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getikuli resursebis momWirneobis Cveva gamomuSaveboda. erT-erTi sareklamo plakati, maga-liTad, mouwodebda mierTvaT Tevzi, radgan igi TavisiT ikvebeba da, Sesabamisad, misi gamoz-rdisTvis fuli ar ixarjeba.

saerTod, meore msoflio omis periodSi reklamam mniSvnelovani roli Seasrulamoqalaqe-Ta Segnebis amaRlebaSi, cxovrebis wesis SecvlaSi saomari viTarebis Sesabamisad. magaliTad, in-glisSi reklama sainformacio usafrTxoebisTvisac gamoiyenes. 1940 wels dizainerma s.berdma (fsevdonimiT `fugasi`) iumoristuli xasiaTis plakatebis seria Seqmna, saerTo sloganiT - àr iy-bedo, Tu sicocxle SenTvis Zvirfasia!`. sxvadasxva siuJeti asaxavda ori adamianis saubars `Cvens Soris` (matarebelSi, maRaziaSi, barSi...), romelsac saidumlod usmenda figura - an germanelis samxedro formiani, an hitleris varcxnilobiTa da ulvaSiT; qvemoT warwera ki afrTxilebda mo-qalaqeebs - `Tqven verasdros gaigebT, vin gismenT`. daaxloebiT am tipis plakati inglisSi `civi omis` periodSic gamoCnda, sloganiT - `saidumlod Seinaxe Cveni saidumlo!`. [5:27-28]

omma Secvala modac. qsovilis ekonomiis gamo mamakacis grZeli da orbortiani pijakebi Seicvala ufro mokle da erTbortiani pijakiT; qalis gaSlili da farTonakecebiani kabebis nacvlad modaSi Semovida Semotkecili, mokle kaba.

me-20 saukunis 60-ian wlebSimereklameebisTvis sagangebo interesis obieqti gaxdaferad-kaniani mosaxleoba. Tu aqamde feradkanianebi mxolod mosamsaxureebad da mzareulebad figu-rirebdnen reklamebSi, axla sagangebod daiwyo maTTvis gamiznuli sareklamo mimarTvebis Semu-Saveba da reklamebis Seqmna maTi interesebis dasakmayofileblad. 1956 wels Savkanianmajorj salivanmagaxsna `Savi saagento` afroamerikeli feradkaniani momxmareblebisTvis. Tanamedrove liberaluri standartebiT es diskriminaciad CaiTvleboda, maSin ki progresuli nabiji iyo sa-reklamo industriis mier feradkaniani momxmareblis sruli ignorirebis fonze.

Tu 50-60 wlis winaT reklama (gansakuTrebiT amerikuli) orientirebuli iyo upiratesad TeTrkanian mosaxleobaze, saSualo fenaze da kadrs miRma tovebda gansxvavebuli rasisa Tu so-cialuri fenebis warmomadgenlebs, momdevno etapebze reklama ara mxolod icvleboda sazoga-doebis ganviTarebis kvaldakval, aramed mniSvnelovani wvlili Sehqonda sazogadoebaSi arsebu-li mravalferovnebisa da gansxvavebulobis mimarT tolerantuli ganwyobebis CamoyalibebaSi.

1980-iani wlebis bolos da 1990-iani wlebis dasawyisSi aSS-Si ramdenime kvleva Catarda reklamaSi umciresobaTa jgufebis warmomadgenlebis warmoCenis Sesaswavlad. 1987 wels Cata-rebulma kvlevam aCvena, rom reklamaSi monawileTa mxolod 11% iyo afrikeli amerikeli, ori wlis Semdeg Catarebuli kvlevis mixedviT ki es cifri 26%-mde gaizarda. 2003 wlis kvlevis mi-xedviT, afrikeli amerikelebi èm-ti-vize` gasuli reklamebis 33%-Si monawileobdnen. [1:745]

amerikis SeerTebuli Statebisa da, saerTod, dasavluri samyarosagan gansxvavebiT, sabWo-Ta epoqaSi ufro didi yuradReba eTmoboda e.w. socialur reklamas,1 vidre komerciuls, radga-nac bazarze samomxmareblo produqtis mudmivi deficiti iyo, deficituri saqoneli ki rekla-mas aRar saWiroebs. sabWoTa saxelmwifoSi reklamac saxelmwifo politikas gamoxatavda da ko-munistur faseulobaTa xotbisa da propagandis funqcia ekisreboda, magram àxali adamianis` Camoyalibebisken mimarTul politikur plakatebs Soris mravlad vxvdebiT socialur plaka-tebsac; maTiTemebi mravalferovania da sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis yvela niuanss asaxavs: jan-saRi cxovrebis wesis damkvidreba, uwignurobisa da sizarmacis daZleva, piradi higienis dacva, garemos sanitaruli mdgomareoba, prostituciasTan brZola...

Tanamedroved gamoiyurebagasuli saukunis 20-iani wlebis, nepi-s periodisplakatebi,mi-marTuli antialkoholuri da, saerTod, jansaRi cxovrebis wesis propagandisaken (àxalgaz-rdoba stadionebze!`; ìyavi turisti!`, `gamosasvlel dReebSi-turistuli gaseirneba`),emansi-paciisaken(`Zirs monoba samzareuloSi!`) da a.S. magaliTad, erT-erTi aseTi antialkoholuri plakati: dafaze weria `spirti`, pioneri am warweraSi aso bgera ì`-s cvlis asobgera ò`-Ti - `sporti`. qvemoT ki vkiTxulobT: àso bgera o-Ti (sporti) - Zalaa!`, àso bgera i-T (spirti) - saflavi!`.[7]

am periodSi vladimer maiakovskim, Tavis TanamoazreebTan erTad, axali stili Semoitana reklamaSi; am gundma TavisTavs `reklam-konstruqtorebi` Searqva dasareklamo plakatebis se-riebis meSveobiT brZola gamoucxada cxovrebis biurokratiul, kancelariul, mosawyen stils.

1957 wels, praRaSi socialisturi qveynebis reklamis muSakTa saerTaSoriso konferencia-ze, socialisturi reklamis ZiriTadi amocanebi dasaxes, romelTa Soris erT-erTi upirvelesi iyo adamianTa gemovnebis Camoyalibeba.[2]

1 termini socialuri reklama sabWoTa da postsabWoTa sivrceSi ixmareba, sazogadod ki miRebulia termini arakomer-ciuli an sazogadoebrivi reklama (public advertising); aSS-Si misi analogia `pi-es-ei` (PSA - public service announcements).


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80-iani wlebidan sabWoTa kavSirSi socialuri kinoreklamac Cndeba, romelsac kinoTeat-rebis garda, televiziiTac aCvenebdnen. didi yuradReba eqceoda sagzao moZraobis da usaf-rTxoebis wesebis dacvas, energoresursebis da wylis yairaTian xarjvas. am Temaze gadaRebul sxvadasxva sareklamo rgolSi popularuli multfilmis àba, damacade`-s gmirebi - mgeli da kurdReli monawileoben. [8]

gasuli saukunis 90-ian wlebSi, postsabWoTa saqarTveloSi, reklama iyo xidi Cveni sazoga-doebisTvis ucxo da saocnebo samyaros cxovrebis wesisaken. erTis mxriv, sareklamo rgolebSi aqtiurad gamoyenebuli holivudis varskvlavTa kinogmirebi Tu caTambrjenebi da, meores mxriv, elementaruli higienis manamde uCveulo atributebis - `tampeqsebisa` da òlveisebis` Tamami SemoWra jer sareklamo sivrceSi da mere TandaTanobiT yoveldRiur yofaSi,efeqturad cvlida cxovrebis wessa da mentalobas.

gadauWarbeblad SeiZleba iTqvas, rom reklamas didi wvlilis Setana SeuZlia sazogadoe-bis faseulobebisa da cxovrebis stilis CamoyalibebaSi. reklama, garkveulwilad, sazogadoe-bis saxea. amas adasturebs amerikeli istorikosisa da publicistis deniel burstinis ((Daniel Joseph Boorstin)) gamonaTqvamic: maCveneT ama Tu im qveynis reklama da me yvelafers mogiyvebiT am qveynis Sesaxeb.[3]

gamoyenebuli literatura: 1. belCi m., belCi, j., (2013).reklamadapromocia; integrirebulimarketingulikomunikaciebis-

xedva. Tbilisi: diogene 2. zubaSvili, v., (2012). reklama saqarTvelos televiziaSi: wanamZRvrebi da satelevizio rekla-

ma me-20 saukunis 80-ian wlebSi. `saxelovnebo mecnierebaTa Ziebani`, #2 (51). Tbilisi http://www.tafu.edu.ge/webmill/data/file/dziebani/ziebebi_2_(51)_2012.pdf

3. zubaSvili, v., (2007).reklamis (ara)mokrZalebuli xibli. `saxe(l)ebi 2006` (publicisturi en-ciklopedia). Tbilisi

4. feraZe, i. (2010). reklamis istoria. Tbilisi 5. Егорова-Гантман, Е., (2001).Политическаяреклама,Москва 6. Тангейт, М., (2008). Всемирнаяисториярекламы. Москва 7. http://cccp2.mirtesen.ru/blog/43020682401/NAZAD-V-SSSR.-Sotsialnaya-reklama-v-Sovetskom-Soyuze 8. http://altfast.ru/1000072157-socialnaya-reklama-vremen-sssr.html

laura kutubiZe-zubaSvili vaJa zubaSvili

reklamis gavlena cxovrebis stilsa da Rirebulebebze

reziume

reklamis roli momxmareblamde produqtis, komerciulis Tu politikuris, misaRwevi

umoklesi gzis gaWraSi sayovelTaod cnobilia; magram, amasTan igi mZlavri socialuri instru-mentia, romelic, erTi mxriv, asaxavs im sazogadoebis, sociumis wes-Cveulebebsa da gemovnebas, romelSic funqcionirebs; meore mxriv, integrirebuli marketinguli komunikaciebis es mZlav-ri Senakadi xels uwyobs cxovrebis wesis formirebas, aqtiurad cvlis Rirebulebebsa da cxov-rebis stils.

Tu 40-50 wlis winaT reklama (gansakuTrebiT amerikuli) orientirebuli iyo upiratesad TeTrkanian mosaxleobaze, saSualo fenaze da `kadrs miRma` tovebda gansxvavebuli rasisa Tu socialuri fenebis warmomadgenlebs; momdevno etapebze reklama ara mxolod icvleboda sazo-gadoebis ganviTarebis kvaldakval, aramed mniSvnelovani wvlili Sehqonda da Seaqvs sazogado-ebaSi arsebuli mravalferovnebisa da gansxvavebulobis mimarT tolerantuli ganwyobebis Ca-moyalibebaSi.


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Laura Kutubidze – Zubashvili Vaja Zubashvili

INFLUENCE OF ADVERTISING ON LIFESTYLE AND VALUES

Summary

The role advertising plays in cutting the shortest route to bring product (commercial or political) to consumers is

widely known. But, at the same time, it is a powerful social instrument, which, on the one hand, reflects the customs and taste of the society within which it functions and, on the other hand, this strong tributary of integrated marketing communications conditions the formation of lifestyle and actively changes the values.

If 40-50 years ago advertising (specially in America) was mainly oriented on white population and middle class and left the representatives of different race and social classes behind, on following stages advertising was not only changing following the development of society, but significantly contributed to forming tolerant attitudes towards diversity and differences existing in society.


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mayvala (baia) koRuaSvili.

eqspatriatebi: amerikuli modernizmis evropuli skola

amerikuli, iseve rogorc evropuli modernizmis istoria kompleqsuri fenomenia, uaRre-sad mdidari da nairgvarovani mxatvruli formebiTa Tu esTetikuri manifestebiTa da Teoriu-li postulatebiT: amerikuli modernizmis kulturulma memkvidreobam, Tavad termin “moder-nizmis” msgavsad, uamravi urTierTsawinaaRmdego Sexeduleba da Sefaseba gamoiwvia da dausru-lebel debatebsa da polemikas daudo saTave.

modernizmi, rogorc istoriul-kulturuli fenomeni, evropaSi daibada, sadac faseulo-baTa tradiciuli sistemis totaluri rRveva — gadafaseba da teqnologiuri progresi samya-roSi adamianis adgilis, samyarosa da adamianis, adamianisa da RmerTis urTierTmimarTebis, pi-rovnebis koncefciisa Tu misi egzistenciis axleburi gaazrebis aucileblobas warmoSobda. bunebrivia, SeerTebuli Statebi, qveyana, romlis urTierTobac evropul kulturul formaci-ebTan didi xnis manZilze axdenda zegavlenas amerikuli urbanuli identobis Camoyalibebaze, am istoriul-kulturuli procesebisgan mowyvetili ver darCeboda.

interesi evropuli kulturisadmi, evropaSi mimdinare saxelovno Tu saliteraturo pro-cesebisadmi gansakuTrebiT 1920-ian wlebSi gaRvivda; bunebrivia, evropuli kulturis gamana-yofierebeli zegavlenac uwyobda xels axali esTetikisa da poetikis damkvidrebas amerikis Se-erTebul StatebSi; SemTxveviTi ar aris, rom literaturis kritikosebi am periods, rogorc we-si, amerikuli literaturis meore renesanss uwodeben, vinaidan igi hemingueis, folkneris, ficjeraldisa da sxvaTa saxiT emersonis, hoTornis, melvilis, Torosa da uitmenis klasikuri teqstebis hegemonias daupirispirda.

gertrud staini, ernest heminguei da ezra paundi henri jeimzis Semdeg pirveli Taoba iyo, romelmac eqspatriaciis gza airCia avTenturi amerikuli cnobierebis “gamosaWedad” “axa-li samyaros’’ napirebidan Zalian Sors. raRa Tqma unda, iseTi terminebi, rogoricaa “jazis epo-qa’’ da “dakarguli Taoba” martivi kritikuli da istoriuli konstruqciebia, romlebic viwro CarCoebSi moaqceven epoqalur ganwyobilebebs, socialur tendenciebsa Tu bevri amerikeli xe-lovanis rTul, ambivalentur damokidebulebas 1920-iani wlebis inteleqtualuri diasporas kulturuli miswrafebebis mimarT. markus klaini saeWvod miiCnevs im mosazrebas, rom e.w. “Tao-bis gadasaxleba” (pirdapiri azriTac da metaforuladac) maRali idealebis msxvreviT da uxeSi komercializmiT gamowveulma imedgacruebam ganapiroba. amerikuli civilizaciis es niSnebi aranakleb sagrZnobi iyo saukunis dasawyisamde e.w. “mZarcveli baronebis” periodSi. Semoqmed-ni, romlebic me-19 saukunis miwuruls moRvaweobdnen, aseve grZnobdnen, rom maSin, roca samo-qalaqo omis Semdegdroindelma burJuaziulma sazogadoebam socialuri stabilurobis da sim-didris arnaxul dones miaRwia, rekonstruqciis periodSi naciis “kulturuli guli” konserva-tiuli, moumwifebeli rCeboda da ar iyo mzad cvlilebebis misaRebad. wina Taobis antagonizms amerikul sazogadoebaSi gabatonebuli tendenciebis mimarT SeiZleboda gamoewvia 1920-iani wlebis privilegirebuli diskursi; amerikuli imedgacruebis, imedebis msxvrevisa da eqspatri-aciis am oqros xanis kulturuli miTologia inarCunebs kavSirs Camoyalibebis gzaze mdgari eris kulturul memkvidreobasTan.

iseve, rogorc tomas sternz eliotis “istoriis SegrZnebam” gansazRvra evropuli grZno-bierebis poetur-istoriuli paradigma, amerikasa da evropaSi moRvawe xelovanebsac surdaT sakuTari anabeWdi daetovebinaT xelovnebis axal formebze. henri jeimზidan gertrud stainam-de da kamingsidan hart kreinamde amerikeli mwerlebi cdilobdnen daerRviaT tradiciuli, “yavlgasuli” da “gaqvavebuli” formebi da poeturi sentimentebi.

jer kidev 1910-ian wlebSi amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi SemoqmedebiT asparezze gamodis poetTa jgufi, romelic cdilobs amerikul niadagze ,,danergos" uaxlesi modernistuli lite-raturuli tendenciebi. maT Soris yvelaze aqtiurni iyvnen tomas sternz elioti da ezra paun-di.

ezra paundi, Jurnal ,,poetris", mogvianebiT ki Jurnal ,,litl rivius" korespondenti sazRvargareT, am JurnalebSi propagandas uwevda sxvadasxva modernistul mimdinareobas. pa-undi didxans cxovrobda parizSi. erT-erT werilSi igi werda: ,,parizi ideebis laboratoriaa. swored aq mimdinareobs cdebi da ibadeba axali tipis saRi azrovneba. swored aq arsebobs labo-ratoriis antiseptikuri pirobebi. aseTia parizis funqcia".1 marTlac, parizi im mizidulobis centrad iqca, romelsac amerikel mweralTa lamis mTelma Taobam miaSura, raTa iq ziareboda axal xelovnebas - modernistul koncefciebsa da Teoriebs.

amerikeli mwerlebi parizSi sakmaod mravlad iyvnen. 20-iani wlebis parizSi didxans cxov-robdnen ernest heminguei, jon dos pasosi, frensis skot ficjeraldi, malkolm kauli, hart

1 citirebulia wignidan: Hoffman, F. J. The Twenties. NY, 1962, p. 196.


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kreini, gertrud staini, e. e. kamingsi da mravali sxva prozaikosi, poeti Tu kritikosi; aq iqmne-boda da gamoicemoda sxvadasxva Jurnali, yalibdeboda literaturuli dajgufebebi.

1920-iani wlebis parizSi, faqtobrivad, amerikuli modernizmis erTgvari evropuli skola Camoyalibda. es skola sxvadasxva socialur-politikuri Tu esTetikuri mrwamsis mqone moRva-weebs aerTianebda.

TviT paundi, sanam sacxovreblad parizSi gadavidoda, 12 weli inglisSi moRvaweobda. war-momavlobiT igi aidahos Statidan iyo da mTeli cxovrebis manZilze gahyva iqauri metyvelebis Taviseburebani. amerikaSi paundma romanuli enebi Seiswavla da maT aswavlida kidec universi-tetSi, magram maleve datova samSoblo da evropaSi gaemgzavra. 1908 wels italiaSi Tavisi pirve-li leqsebis krebuli gamoaqveyna. Semdeg londonSi gadavida, sadac daukavSirda ernst hiumsa da f. s. flints. swored es iqca imaJizmis birTvad.

poeziaSi paundi icavda e. w. ,,Tavisufali leqsis" principebs; misi esTetikuri kredo naT-lad Cans leqsSi ,,xelSekruleba", sadac poeti Tavis didi Tanamemamules, ,,Tavisufali leqsis" pioners da damamkvidrebels amerikul literaturaSi, ase mimarTavs:

me SenTan zavs vdeb,uolt uitmen -- sakmaod didxans mejavrebodi movdivar SenTan rogorc ukve gazrdili bavSvi romelsac yavda jiuti mama; axla sakmaod beberi var me imisaTvis rom megobrebi SeviZino Sen iyavi is, vinc pirvelma gakafa axo, axla ki droa CuqurTmaTa amokveTisa. Cven erTi sisxli gvaqvs da erTi fesvi -- dae, Tanxmoba iyos Cvens Soris...1

paundi, erTi mxriv, uitmens ,,axali" amerikuli poeziis ,,mamad", ,,gzis gamkafavad" aRia-

rebs, Tumca, meore mxriv, aSkaraa masTan metoqeobis, mamis gavlenis daZlevis, ufro Sors was-vlis survilic. misTvis upirvelesi amocanaa gascdes amerikis farglebs, amerikul poezias Se-aTvisebinos evropuli yaida, moaxdinos, Tu SeiZleba ase iTqvas, misi internacionalizacia, rac ucxo iyo uitmenis poeturi naturisaTvis.

paundi evropaSi TandaTan iqceva modernizmis metrad, im figurad, romelic eWvmiutanel avtoritets warmoadgens mravali amerikeli Tu evropeli SemoqmedisaTvis. igi gvevlineba ro-gorc didi kulturtregeri - SemoqmedebiT asparezze axladgamosul eliots exmareba misi pir-veli leqsebis dabeWdvaSi, xels uwyobs jeimz joisis romanis ,,xelovanis portreti axalgaz-rdobisas" gamocemas 1916, xolo Jurnal ,,litl riviuSi", sadac igi ucxouri ganyofilebis re-daqtorad muSaobda, aqveynebs nawyvetebs ,,ulisedan". mogvianebiT, 20-ian wlebSi, safuZvlianad asworebs - praqtikulad, anaxevrebs - eliotis poemas ,,unayofo miwa", romelsac elioti miuZ-Rvnis kidec paunds warweriT: ,,Cemze did ostats."

1921 wels paundi sacxovreblad gadadis parizSi, sadac rCeba 1925 wlamde. aq igi gatacebu-lia musikiT, aqve iRviZebs masSi interesi socialuri da politikuri problemebisadmi, romleb-sac igi ganixilavs ukiduresad memarjvene poziciebidan. Targmnis intensiurad, imaJizmiT ga-tacebis periodSi dainteresebulia Cinuri da iaponuri poeziiT, swavlobs ieroglifebs da xels mihyofs Targmnas Cinuridan. ieroglifebis sistemis SeswavliT igi eziara ,,ideogramul" poezias, sadac nebismieri cneba, maT Soris yvelaze abstraqtulic ki, gadmocemulia konkretu-li saxeebis SexamebiT.

ideologiurad paundi faSizms miemxro da italiaSi mxars uWerda musolinis reJims. misi politikuri kariera damTavrda imiT, rom meore msoflio omis dasrulebis Semdeg igi daapa-timres da samSoblos Ralati wauyenes bralad, Tumca poeti sasamarTlos ganaCenisagan ixsna fsiqiatrebis daskvnam misi Seuracxadobis Sesaxeb. fsiqiatriul saavadmyofoSi wlobiT gamoke-tili poeti mxolod 1950-iani wlebis bolos ganTavisuflda da ganTavisuflebisTanave gaem-gzavra italiaSi.

paundis Semoqmedebis mTavar nawarmoebs, mis magnum opus-s, warmoadgens poema ,,kantoebi", romelsac poeti wlebis ganmavlobaSi qmnida. ,,kantoebi" modernistuli poeziis umniSvnelova-nesi teqstia. es dausrulebeli poema 120 nawilisagan anu ,,kantosagan" Sedgeba. teqstSi Sexvde-biT Cinur ieroglifebs, citirebebs sxvadasxva evropul enaze. poemis komentarebis gareSe wa-kiTxva, faqtobrivad, SeuZlebelia. aluziebisa da warmosaxuli istoriuli movlenebis diapa-zoni ganusazRvrelia; aseve ganusazRvrelia poemis geografiuli arealic; poemaSi airekleba paundis daintereseba klasikuri mediteranuli da aRmosavleT aziis kulturiT, aseve mediave-luri da ufro gviandeli italiiTa da provansiT. ,,kantoebi" winaaRmdegobrivi nawarmoebia Ta-visi eqsperimentu;li xasiaTiT da ,,ideografuli" teqnikiT. erTi SexedviT, igi qaoturia da

1 zaal CxeiZis Targmani. ix.: http://lib.ge/book.php?author=6&book=175


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moklebulia struqturul simwyobres, vinaidan arc siuJeti aqvs da arc dasasruli. erT ,,kan-toSi" dawyebuli aluzia, winadadeba Tu anekdoturi ambavi SesaZloa sxva ,,kantoSi" gagrZel-des; TiTqos arc ,,kantoebis" ganlageba eqvemdebareba raime logikas. saqme isaa, rom paundi mi-marTavs adamianis gamocdilebis fragmentacias; am fragmentebs erTmaneTTan TiTqos kavSiri ara aqvT, magram isini mainc mTliandeba garkveuli formiT. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom ,,kantoebi" dgas eliotiseul miTosur mTlianobasa da joisiseul ,,cnobierebis nakads" Soris; esaa mcde-loba iseTi formis Seqmnisa, sadac istoria (rogorc fragmenti) da pirovneba/pirovnuloba (Tanamedrove yofierebiT Seryeuli) poeziaSi SeZleben erTmaneTTan Sewyobas.

amerikel eqspatriatTa meore umniSvnelovanesi figura iyo tomas sternz elioti, kon-servatoruli msoflmxedvelobis poeti da eseisti. 1910 wels man daamTavra harvardis univer-siteti, Semdeg ki sorbonis universitetSi gaagrZela swavla, bolos ki oqsfordSi gadavida. in-glisSi man dawera disertacia ,,gamocdileba da Semecnebis sagani bredlis filosofiaSi", rome-lic 1916 wels warudgina harvardis universitets. bredlis absoluturma idealizmma mniSvne-lovani gavlena iqonia mis filosofiur Sexedulebebze, romlebic mis poeziaSi airekla.

1927 wlis 29 ivniss eliotma uaryo unitarizmi1 da anglikanizmis2 mimdevari gaxda, imave wlis noemberSi ki, 39 wlis asakSi, britaneTis moqalaqeoba miiRo. TviT poeti sakuTar Tavs an-glo-kaTolikes uwodebda da aRniSnavda, rom igi iyo ,,klasicisti literaturaSi, roialisti politikaSi da anglo-kaTolike religiaSi." Tavisi erovnebisa da misi rolis Sesaxeb Semoqmede-baSi elioti werda: ,,Cems poezias aSkarad ufro meti aqvs saerTo Cemi Taobis gamorCeul warmo-madgenlebTan amerikaSi, vidre Cemi Taobis mier inglisSi daweril nebismier nawarmoebTan. igi (misi Semoqmedeba - b. k.) ar iqneboda is, rac aris da albaT arc aseTi kargi, inglisSi rom davba-debuliyavi da igi ar iqneboda is, rac aris, amerikaSi rom davrCeniliyavi. es erTgvari kombina-ciaa. Tumca misi saTave da emociuri wyaro amerikidan warmosdgeba." eliotma sabolood Tqva uari amerikis moqalaqeobaze da ganacxada: ,,SesaZloa, Cemi goneba amerikulia, magram Cemi guli ki britanulia." elioti xedavda, rom evropaSi damkvidrebul amerikels saSualeba hqonda mTlianad zogadevropul kulturul tradiciasTan ziarebisa.

eliotis Semoqmedebis arsebiTi niSani isaa, rom elioti ar yofila ,,xalasi" Semoqmedi, romelic ,,naivurad" wers imas, rasac muza STaagonebs. eliotis poeturi metyveleba zedmiwev-niT ,,racionaluria", ukiduresad ,,gaTvlilia", yvela misi asociaciuri saxe mravalgzis gada-mowmebuli, detalurad ,,Seswavlili" da avtoriseul CanafiqrTan zust SesabamisobaSi moyvani-lia. meore mxriv, mwerluri racionalizmi eliotTan iSviaT mxatvrul dones erwymis. gacnobie-rebuli, racionaluri sawyisi eliotis poeziaSi sakuTar Tavs, sakuTar mkacr antiromantikul ,,racionalizms" gadalaxavs da WeSmarit SemoqmedebaSi, daxvewil poeziaSi gadaizrdeba. pirad, subieqtur STabeWdilebebs elioti, rogorc wesi, savsebiT gacnobierebuli poetikuri siste-mis elementad gardasaxavs da miTologiuri sayovelTaobis planSi ganazogadebs.

1922 wels eliotis poemis ,,unayofo miwa" gamoqveyneba umniSvnelovanes movlenad iqca an-glo-amerikul modernistul poeziaSi. poemas xSirad ganixilaven rogorc I msoflio omisSem-dgomi Taobis imedgacruebisa da iluziebis msxvrevis mxatvrul gansxeulebas. teqsti gamoir-Ceva mxatvruli qsovilis sirTuliT, xmebis, droisa da adgilis uecari monacvleobiT. poemis teqsti, faqtobrivad, warmoadgens uamravi asociaciis, citatis, aluziisa Tu reminiscenciisa-gan moqsovil, interteqstualurad uaRresad mdidar qsovils. poemaSi xSiria literaturuli, bibliuri da saxarebiseuli aluziebi, miniSnebebi upaniSadebze, aseve kulturologiur da an-Tropologiur gamokvlevebze rogoricaa ser jeimz freizeris ,,oqros rto" anda jesi uesto-nis ,,ritualidan romanamde".

saerTod, aluzia eliotisaTvis mxatvruli informaciis kondensirebis teqnikuri saSua-lebaa; es xerxi rom ara, am patara poemaSi Cateul mxatvrul informcias mTeli biblioTekac ver daitevda. amave dros am mxatvruli xerxiT igi Tavisi saTqmelis ganzogadebas da faseulo-baTa universalizacias axdens. garda amisa, aluzia da reminiscencia axali emociuri da inte-leqtualuri mTlianobis Seqmnis saSualebac aris. yovel asociaciur saxes, yovel eqstrateq-stualur detalsa Tu siuJets, yovel miniSnebas Tan axlavs rogorc dedniseuli emociuri Se-feriloba, aseve sruliad axal konteqstSi, axal poetur qsovilSi SeZenili axali JReradoba.

poemis teqstSi inglisur enas xan germanuli enacvleba, xan italiuri, xan franguli da xa-nac laTinuri. eliotis amocana iyo mTeli es heterogenuli masala esTetikur mTlianobad gar-daesaxa. ,,unayofo miwis" struqturis organizebisaTvis elioti mimarTavs ,,miToss" - erTgvar potenciur siuJets, sakvanZo miTosur situacias, uzogades sqemas, romelic eliotis mier ga-damuSavebuli saxiT uamrav asociaciur plans, waxnags Tu aspeqts iZens da, faqtobrivad, misi poemis mTel mxatvrul sistemas gansazRvravs.

1 mimdinareoba qristianul TeologiaSi, romelic upirispirdeba samebis doqtrinas da amtkicebs, rom RmerTi Tavis TavSi ar aerTianebs sam ipostass (mama RmerTi, Ze RmerTi da suliwmida). 2 anglikanizmi - mimdinareoba qristianul religiaSi, romelic aerTianebs ,,inglisis eklesiasTan" istoriulad dakav-Sirebul eklesiebs. anglikanizmi qristianobis erT-erTi ZiriTadi tradiciaa protestantizmTan, romaul kaTolociz-mTan da marTlmadideblobasTan erTad.


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poemis miTosur-sqematur safuZvlad dakarguli sulieri sawyisis Ziebis (da misi povnis SeuZleblobis) motivi gvevlineba, romlis xorcSesasxmeladac elioti iyenebs miTebs graalis Tasis, brma winaswarmetyvelis, tiresiasa da nayofierebis RmerTebis sikvdilisa da maTi mkvdreTiT aRdgomis dausrulebeli ciklis (bunebis sezonebis dausrulebeli cikluri wreb-runvis), aseve meTevze mefisa da unayofo miwis legendas.

poemis moqmedebis dro da adgili ar aris konkretul-istoriuli dro da konkretuli ge-ografiuli areali. elioti qmnis ,,unayofo miwis" zedroul miTosur xats, urTules miTosur qronotops, sadac yvela dro erTdroulad Tanaarsebobs.

eliotsa da paunds esTetikuri aristokratizmi aerTianebdaT, TumcaRa maT sruliad sxvadasxvagvari damokidebuleba hqondaT e. w. ,,Tavisufali leqsisadmi." paundisa da imaJiste-bisagan gansxvavebiT, elioti winaaRmdegi iyo Tavisufali leqsis absolutizaciisa. eseiSi ,,fiqrebi Tavisufali leqsis Sesaxeb" igi werda: ,,ar arsebobs konservatiuli da Tavisufali leqsi, arsebobs mxolod kargi leqsi, cudi leqsi da qaosi~. 1

eliotsa da paundTan erTad evropaSi emigrirebul amerikel poetTa Soris gamorCeuli adgili uWiravs e. e. kamingss. mis poezia amerikuli poeziis odnav gansxvavebul xazs ganekuTvne-ba - igi xasiaTdeba wmindad formalisturi eqsperimentebiT, rac furcelze leqsis Tavisebur ganlagebasa da mis tipografiul gaformebaSi vlindeba. kamingsi xSirad anawevrebs sityvas Cas-muli frazebiT, zogjer leqss ise ganalagebs, rom yovel striqonSi mxolod ori-sami bgera rCeba ise, rom xuTsityviani leqsi SesaZloa cxrastriqonian horizontalur mwkrivad iqces, erTi sityviT, azrobriv rebusebs kamingsi kidev ufro arTulebs grafikuli rebusebiT.

parizSi mcxovreb amerikel mwerlebs originaluri modernistuli mimdinareobani ar Se-uqmniaT. isini aqtiurad monawileobdnen parizSi Camoyalibebuli sxvadasxva modernistuli jgufis saqmianobaSi, upiratesad, es internacionaluri jgufebi iyo, razec metyvelebs Jur-nal ,,cocxis" istoria, romelic 1921-1924 wlebSi gamoicemoda romSi, berlinsa da niu iorkSi da romlis qvesaTauric iyo - ,,xelovnebaTa saerTaSoriso Jurnali." am JurnalSi ibeWdeboda ro-gorc kontinenturi, aseve britanuli da amerikuli modernizmis warmomadgenelTa nawarmoebe-bi. Tavisi poziciiT am JurnalTan axlos idga Jurnali ,,seseSen" (,,ganxeTqileba"), romelic ga-moicemoda venaSi, berlinSi, florenciasa da niu iorkSi. es Jurnalebi siamovnebiT uTmobdnen adgils im avtorTa nawarmoebebs, romelnic axali formis ZiebiT iyvnen garTuli. 1920-iani wle-bis bolos modernistuli tendenciebi gaagrZela Jurnalma ,,trenziSen" (,,gadasvla", ,,gardate-xa"), romelic 1927-1938 wlebSi gamodioda parizSi. am Jurnalis erT-erTi winamorbedi iyo ,,transatlantikuri mimoxilva", romelsac ford medoqs fordi gamoscemda. swored am ukanas-knelSi ibeWdeboda hemingueis, stainis, paundis qmnilebebi, aseve joisi ,,fineganis qelexis" naw-yvetebi. Znelia yvela im Jurnalis CamoTvla, romelsac amerikidan evropaSi emigrirebuli, ro-gorc TviTon uwodebdnen Tavis Tavs, `gandevnili~ mwerlebi gamoscemdnen.

amerikelTa parizul `kolonaSi~ gansakuTrebuli adgili eWira gertrud stains. stainma ganaTleba harvardSi miiRo, sadac fsiqologia Seiswavla da uiliam jeimzis gavleniT ,,avtoma-turi fiqsaciis" meTodis aiTvisa. 1903 wels man datova amerika da parizSi dasaxlda, sadac Ta-visi cxovrebis didi nawili gaatara. man irgvliv Semoikriba evropel da amerikel modernist xelovanTa farTo wre, romelic xSirad ikribeboda mis salonSi.

stainis mxatvrul praqtikasa Tu Teoriul naazrevSi wamyvania abstraqcionistuli ten-denciebi. man Camoayaliba literaturuli abstraqcionizmis skola, romlis meTauric da erTa-derTi warmomadgenelic TviTonve iyo. staini gamodioda ,,drois SegrZnebis" winaaRmdeg xe-lovnebaSi da ayenebda Teziss, rom me-20 saukuneSi drois SegrZneba TxrobaSi gardaiqmneba aw-myo momentis SegrZnebaSi. amis aRsaniSnad man specialuri cnebac ki SemoiRo - ,,gaxangrZlivebu-li awmyo."

kubistebis darad, stainic cdilobda gadatrialeba moexdina xelovnebaSi da Seeqmna is, rasac TviTon ,,meoTxe ganzomilebas" uwodebda. igi cdilobda sityvakazmul mwerlobaSi dae-nerga ferweruli meTodebi da xerxebi. igi zogjer uarsac ki ambobda sityvebis Sinaarsze, raTa enis plastiur SesaZleblobaTa maqsimaluri realizaciisaTvis mieRwia. es iyo unikaluri cda Tu eqsperimenti literaturaSi.

1920-ian wlebSi evropaSi moRvawe amerikelma eqspatriatebma Camoayalibes amerikuli mo-dernizmis erTgvari evropuli skola, romelmac mxatvruli formebiTa da enobriv-stiluri eq-sperimentebiT gaamdidra amerikuli literatura da Seqmna umniSvnelovanesi anglo-amerikuli literatura, romelic amerikuli da evropuli gamocdilebisa da tradiciebis unikalur sin-Tezs warmoadgens da mniSvnelovanwilad gansazRvravs inglisurenovani literaturis Semdgo-mi ganviTarebis gezs.

1 citirebulia wignidan: Thompson E. T. T. S. Eliot: The Metaphysical Perspective. Illinois, 1963, p. XXI


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gamoyenebuli literature:

1. T. kobaxiZe.t.s. elioti: poezia da miTosi 2. Critics on Ezra Pound ed. E. San Tuan University of Miami press, 1972 3. Hoffman, F. J. The Twenties. NY, 1962 4. Thompson E. T. T. S. Eliot: The Metaphysical Perspective. Illinois1963 5. http://lib.ge/book.php?author=6&book=175

mayvala (baia) koRuaSvili

eqspatriatebi: amerikuli modernizmis evropuli skola

reziume interesi evropuli kulturisadmi, evropaSi mimdinare saxelovno Tu saliteraturo pro-

cesebisadmi ამერიკაში gansakuTrebiT 1920-ian wlebSi gaRvivda; SemTxveviTi ar aris, rom lite-raturis kritikosebi am periods, rogorc wesi, amerikuli literaturis meore renesanss uwo-deben. გეrtrud staini, ernest heminguei,ტომას სტერნზ ელიოტი da ezra paundi henri jeimzis Semdeg pirveli Taoba iyo, romelmac eqspatriaciis gza airCia da did xans cxovrobdnen pariz-Si. aq iqmneboda da gamoicemoda sxvadasxva Jurnali, yalibdeboda literaturuli dajgufebe-bi.

1920-ian wlebSi evropaSi moRvawe amerikelma eqspatriatebma Camoayalibes amerikuli mo-dernizmis erTgvari evropuli skola, romelmac mxatvruli formebiTa da enobriv-stiluri eq-sperimentebiT gaamdidra amerikuli literatura da Seqmna umniSvnelovanesi anglo-amerikuli literatura, romelic amerikuli da evropuli gamocdilebisa da tradiciebis unikalur sin-Tezs warmoadgens. igi mniSvnelovanwilad gansazRvravs inglisurenovani literaturis Sem-dgomi ganviTarebis gezs.

Makvala(Baia) Koguashvili

THE EXPATRIATES :EUOROPEAN SCHOOL OF AMERICAN MODERNISM.

Summary

The main concern for European culture as well as for current trends in Art and Literature flourished in the1920s.It's not accidental that literary critics normally refer this period as the second Renaissance.after Henry James,who laid the foundation for this movement, Gertrude Stein,Ernest Hamingway,Tomas Sterns,Eliot and Ezra Pound were the first followers.Paris had been their residence for a long time.They gave rise to the creation of various literary groups,editions and publications of quite a few journals.

In the 1920s American expatriates opened European school of American Modernism that enriched the American literature with literary forms and experimented with a variety of literary styles.The Anglo-American Literature which forms a synthesis of both American and European innovations and traditions,reflects and considerably defines course of the English Literature.


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elza lomiZe

komunikacia, rogorc pirovnuli codnis sfero

k. Senonisa da u. iveris Teoria yvelaze zogadi da martivia, is 1949 wels Sevida mecniere-

baSi. masSi aris informaciis wyaro - informaciis gadamcemi - informaciis gavrcelebis arxi - informaciis matarebeli signalebi - informaciis mimRebi. gadacemis procesSi gvxvdeba mraval mizezTan, maT Soris erTi da imave saganze sxvadasxva xalxebSi arsebul gansxvavebul Sexedule-bebidan gamomdinare kulturul-nacionalur specifikasTan dakavSirebuli informaciis barie-rebi. es sxvadasxvaoba aRzrdisa da gansxvavebul bunebriv-geografiul garemoSi cxovrebis Se-degebiT aixsneba. ra aris kodireba da dekodireba? kodireba gamgzavnelis Canafiqrebis ideebis komunikaciaTa enaze gadaTargmnaa. kodi aris wesebis sistema, romelTa mixedviTac xorcielde-ba enis funqcionireba. kodebi xels uwyobs SetyobinebaTa substanciis transformirebas, maT gadacemas an konservacias.

arsebobs sami saxis kodebi: kodi, romelic gamoiyeneba realobidan gamosaxulebebze ga-dasvlisas; kodi - realobidan enaze gadasvlisas, kodi gamosaxulebidan enaze gadasvlisas.

kodTan mWidrod aris dakavSirebuli konteqsti, anu sistemebi, romlebic garkveulwilad ganapirobeben Setyobinebis teqstis ama Tu im organizacias. konteqstebi SeiZleba iyos socia-luri, istoriuli, bibliografiuli, mxatvruli da a.S. teqstTan maTi kavSiri SeiZleba iyos uSualo an iribi.

Setyobineba aris konteqstidan aRebuli da garkveul struqturaSi gaerTianebuli aRqmis mravali mowesrigebuli elementi. is SeiZleba iyos fiqsirebuli, registrirebuli da konservi-rebuli, tiraJirebuli.

Setyobinebis mTavari maxasiaTebelia misi siWarbe, rogorc gasagebobis sazomi. Setyobine-bis gakeTeba komunikaciis sxvadasxva saSualebiT SeiZleba, es saSualebebia: gazeTi, pres-reli-zi, preskonferencia, radioreportaJi, televizia, pirispir Sexvedra.

Setyobinebis efeqturoba damokidebulia ara mxolod Sinaarsze, aramed imazec, Tu: • vin gaakeTa is • rogor gakeTda is • sad da rarigad • ramdenad argumentirebuli, damajerebelia igi agreTve - urTierTobis araverbalur komponentebze: saxis gamometyvelebaze, qcevis mane-

rebze, sazrianobaze. dekodireba Setyobinebis gaSifvraa. dekodirebis faqtebi, gaSifvris efeqturobis faq-

torebi, damokidebulia: • mis gadaTargmnaze sayovelTaod cnobili terminebis enaze. • Setyobinebis azris gagebaze • azrovnebis stereotipebze • azris winaswaraRebulobaze • simboloebze • semantikaze • im jgufis zewolaze, romelsac gamSifvreli ekuTvnis. Setyobinebis diskursi (Canafiqri) komunikaciis inicirebas adamianebi axdenen da amas isini adamianebisTvis akeTeben. g. lasuelma gamoyo komunikaciis xuTi yvelaze mniSvnelovani komponenti, esenia: • vin ambobs? ras ambobs? vis eubneba? romeli arxiT? rogori efeqtiT? efeqturi komunikaciis umniSvnelovanes pirobas warmoadgens miRebuli Setyobinebis ga-

mogzavnilTan maqsimaluri damTxvevis miRweva, anu ~gafuWebuli telefonis~ movlenis gamo-ricxva.

saSualebebis arCeva Zalze mniSvnelovania, Cveulebriv, gamoyofen sam saSualebas, esenia: • saprezentacio _ adamianis xma, saxe, tani, anu bunebis mier boZebuli saSualebebi. • sareprezentacio - xelovnuri saSualebebi: wignebi, suraTebi, fotosuraTebi, plaka-

tebi. • teqnikuri - radio, telegrafi, telefoni, televizori da sxva eleqtronuli saSuale-

bebi. mravlad arsebul sakomunikacio Teoriebs Seiswavlis specialuri mecniereba - komunika-

logia, amasTan iseve, rogorc adamianisa da sazogadoebis SeswavlasTan dakavSirebul mecniere-baTa umravlesobas, komunikalogiasac bevri problema aqvs:

• amocanaTa mkafio klasifikaciis ararseboba.


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• poCepcovs mohyavs 25 avtoris 25 komunikaciis modeli, amasTan zogi maTgani Tavis naS-romebSi ar xmarobs sityvas ~komunikacia~, Tumca swored mas Seiswavlis. (Почепцов, 2001).

nebismieri Teoria realobas xsnis da am gagebis Sesabamisad gvTavazobs garkveul movle-nas da moqmedebas.

Cvens problemebs Cven meore mimarTulebis komunikaciis Teoriis sibrtyeSi ganvixilavT, sadac Suqdeba komunikaciis, rogorc mravalnairi niSnebis (semeotika - mecniereba niSnebis Se-saxeb) Semcveli movlena, egreT wodebuli interpretaciuli Teoria kreigis mixedviT. (Крейг, 1999).

i. p. iakovlevi mokled ajamebs komunikaciis yovelnair koncefciebsa da Teoriebs da am oTxi mimarTulebis 10 aspeqts gamoyofs, esenia: 1. kibernetikuli midgoma - komunikatorebis, rogorc gansaxilveli movlenebis damkvirvebelTa pozicia da Tavad movlenebi. 2. informaciu-li midgoma - komunikacia, rogorc informaciis (signalebis, Setyobinebebis) gadacemisa da mi-Rebis procesi. komunikatoris efeqturoba dakavSirebulia SetyobinebaTa unarian SerCevasTan da kodirebasTan da mimRebis - recipientis mier maTi aRqmis sizustesTan - dabrkolebebis mo-Soreba aq mniSvnelovania. 3. seliotikuri midgoma komunikacias niSnebis (mniSvnelobebis, azre-bis) Seqmnis da gacvlis procesad gadaaqcevs. TiToeuli komunikatori qmnis Tavis mniSvnelo-bebs, romlebic SeiZleba gansxvavdebodes sxva komunikatoris mniSvnelobebisgan. TiToeuli komunikatori auditoriis Taviseburebebis Sesabamisad akodirebs Tavis Setyobinebebs. 4. s/kognitikur midgomaSi aqcenti Setyobinebebis gagebaze da agreTve komunikatoris ganzrax-vebsa da miznebze keTdeba.

Cveni interesebis CarCoebis miRma vtovebT komunikacias rogorc diskurss, - romelic ga-nixilavs saubrebis, saqmiani molaparakebebis, dramatuli Txrobis sxvadasxvagvar formebs, sa-dac komunikacia wesebis codniT da maTi Sesrulebis xarisxiT ganisazRvreba. interpretaciuli midgoma komunikacias akavSirebs subieqtur, pirovnebisTvis faseulobis mqone im mniSvnelobe-biT operirebasTan, romlebic Tavad iqcevian enobriv realobad.

rigi koncefciebis Suqze ikveTeba komunikaciuri saqmianobis, rogorc funqciaTa rTuli kompleqsis axali saxeoba, maTi sxvadasxvagvari codna da SemoqmedebiTi unarebi.

socialur urTierTobaTa specialistTan mimarTebaSi mocemul kompleqss aseTi saxe eqneba: sxvadasxva koncefciebi warmoaCens komunikaciuri saqmianobis, rogorc funqciaTa rTu-

li kompleqsis axal saxeobas, romelic sxvadasxvagvar codnasa da SemoqmedebiT unarebs moiT-xovs.

rac Seexeba masobriv komunikacias, uwinares yovlisa, unda gairkves raSi mdgomareobs mi-si gansxvaveba komunikaciisgan. amitomac Tavidan marTebulia misi gansazRvrebis mocema. amri-gad, masiuri komunikacia sxvadasxva adgilas ganlagebuli ricxobrivad didi auditoriisTvis teqnikuri saSualebebis daxmarebiT informaciis gadacemis procesia.

istoriaSi pirveli masobrivi informaciis saSualeba beWdviTi sityva iyo. droTa ganmav-lobaSi misi amocanebi icvleboda.

masobrivi komunikaciis filosofia Tavis droze ingliselma moazrovnem Tomas hobsma da-axasiaTa. Semecnebas da azrovnebas is ganixilavs rogorc komunikaciis process. Tanamedrove mkvlevarebic mis mier gansazRvruli gziT midian, cdiloben ra gamonaxon sulieris realizaci-is materialuri formebi, anu iseTi obieqtebi, romlebic imavdroulad ~fizikuric~ iqneba da azrovnebiTic (abstraqtuli). (Гоббс, 1970). Semecnebis procesidan maTi amgvari gamoyofis Sem-TxvevaSi filosofoss, logikoss, sociologs SeeZlo Seedarebina, ewarmoebina zusti, sistema-turTan miaxloebuli qmedebebi, amgvari obieqtebi ukve marTla arsebobs. es aris enobrivi da metyvelebiTi gamonaTqvamebi, maTi sxvadasxva elementebi, romelTagan mTavari sityvaa. sityva dawerili da sityva zepiri, metyveleba verbaluri (sityvieri) da audiovizualuri (egreT wo-debuli ekranuli komunikacia), sadac warmoTqmuli sityva arasityvier, anu videosaxis, vizua-lur komunikacias uerTdeba.

hobsi am obieqtebs ~Wdeebs~ uwodebs. swored man ganWvrita masobrivi komunikaciebis mer-mindeli Teoriebi:

~didi Wkuis mqone adamiansac ki Tavisi mexsierebis gasamtkiceblad da amis wyalobiT cod-naSi warmatebebis misaRwevad mTeli Tavisi dro azrovnebisa da Sesabamisi Wdeebis gamogonebis-Tvis rom mieZRvna, Tavad mas es gulmodgineba aSkarad mcire sargeblobas moutanda, sxvebs ki - saerTod aranairs. Tu mis mier Tavisi azrovnebis gasaviTareblad gamogonili es Wdeebi sxvebs ver gadaecema, maSin mTeli misi codna masTan erTad gaqreba.~ (Гоббс, 1970, ст. 32).

hobsisTvis mTavari azri aq imaSi mdgomareobs, rom erTi adamianis mier axali codnis ga-mogoneba da am axali codnis sxva adamianebisTvis gadacema, ukve is codnaa, romelic xels uw-yobs ganviTarebas ~adamianTa mTeli modgmis sasikeTod da gadasarCenad~. amrigad, hobsma fi-losofiaSi ~niSnis~ cneba Semoitana. Wdisgan gansxvavebiT, niSani informacias marto individu-misTvis ki ar xdis sasargeblos, aramed sazogadoebisTvisac.


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Cven SemTxveviT rodi mivmarTeT daxuruli codnis istorias, radgan Cven sainformacio-kompiuteruli revoluciis epoqaSi vcxovrobT, sadac komunikaciis arsi, raoba, TiTqos kacob-riobis Semecnebis miznebs unda emsaxurebodes. magram ~es arsi an komunikatorebis mier Rrmad aris Camaluli, an komunikaciis arsebiTi Zalebi icvleba misi wminda utilitaruli funqcie-biT, romlebic komunikaciebis wminda pragmatuli Sinaarsidan an raime ~axalze~ adamianis bio-logiuri moTxovnilebebidan gamomdinareobs.~ (Березин, 2003, ст. 7).

dReisaTvis cnobilia cneba ~komunikaciis~ uamravi gansazRvreba. es fenomeni moqceulia rogorc fundamentur, ise socialur mecnierebaSi mimdinare procesebis fokusSi. rogorc cnobilia, yofierebis am sferoebs Soris integraciis nebismieri procesi Setyobinebebis gav-liT mimdinareobs. amrigad, Zneli savaraudo ar aris, rom Tanamedrove komunikaciuri revolu-ciis rigi ZiriTadi problemebis fesvebi saukuneTa siRrmeSi midis.

amrigad, subieqturi ~sasruli~ Semecneba mas individualuri gamocdilebis viwro wridan zogadsakacobrio komunikaciis farTo sivrceSi gadaaqvs.

Cven viciT mxatvruli komunikaciis - xelovnebis safuZvlis arsebobis Sesaxeb, sadac Cade-bulia RvTiuri sawyisi, sadac xdeba adamianis amaRleba, amJamad ki xelovnebam SeiZina indus-triul-militaruli xasiaTi, romelic kargavs Tavis RvTiur avsebulobas. Cvens XXI saukuneSi kulturisa da xelovnebis industria, masobrivi komunikaciis saSualebebi aqtiurad zemoqme-debs adamianze da cdilobs ki ar gaanaTlos, aramed acdunos, ki ar daamSvidos, aramed daaSi-nos, ki ar gaaerTianos, aramed aRmqmel ~elitad~ da ~brbod~ daanawevros. amrigad umZlavresi teqnikuri saSualebebiT aRWurvili masobrivi komunikacia sruliad axal sociums ayalibebs.

magram axla gTavazobT gamokvlevas ara planetarul civilizaciaze, romelic umagaliTo teqnologiur potencials daeufla da bunebas ~sakuTari Tavis niSnad~ gadaaqcevs, sadac gare-mo xelovnuri xdeba. Cvens binebSic ki cocxali oTaxis yvavilebis: palmis, begoniis, kaqtusis nacvlad

maTi xelovnuri oreulebi damkvidrdnen. Cven SevexebiT imas, rasac ~Zvelebis mecniere-bas~ uwodeben da SeZlebisdagvarad gavavlebT paralelebs, raTa yofierebis ekologiisken kon-servatiuli Semobrunebis dasaxva vcadoT.

bunebrivia, i.k. melvilis ~burJuaziuli filosofiis gzebi~, wigni, romelic qebiT saub-robs dasavluri filosofiuri azris Sinaarsze, tendenciebsa da novaciebze, ssrk-Si im wlebSi TiTqmis SeumCneveli darCa. mainc raze iyo saubari wignSi, dRes ase cnobili romaa, riT aris ga-mowveuli Cveni mecnieruli interesi? cnobilia faqti, romelic imaze metyvelebs, rom XX sau-kunis filosofia gamoixateboda mTeli rigi calkeuli mimdinareobebis mier, romelTac gan-sxvavebuli ideebi, midgomebi, Tvalsazrisebi hqondaT da gansxvavebuli skolebis, mimdinareo-bebis, moZRvrebebis mimdevrebi iyvnen, isini yvelani xan gnoseologiur, xan socialur-fsiqo-logiur, logikur-onTologiur an metafizikur safuZvlebs eyrdnobodnen. mecnieruli zegav-lenis sferoebisTvis brZolas mkvlevarebi xSirad aSkara mtrobamde an erTmaneTisgan calkeu-li ideebis nawilobriv gadmoRebamde mihyavda. Tumca ideologiuri TvalsazrisiT erTiani da ~pluralisturi~ iyo, es filosofia yovelTvis rodi axerxebda saerTo mniSvnelamde, gamaer-Tianebel sawyisamde misuliyo Tavis koncefciebSi. sxvadasxva mimarTulebebSi uxvad iyo filo-sofiuri invariantebi. ukve Tavad droc karnaxobda komunikaciis (urTierTobis), rogorc fi-losofiuri dialogis SigniT primatis aucileblobas.

Rrmad gaerkva ra dasavleTis filosofiuri problemebis specifikaSi, melvilma aRmoaCi-na axali dadebiTi tendenciebi, romlebic sagrZnoblad gansxvavdeboda wina periodebisgan. ma-Ti arsi mravali filosofiuri moZRvrebisTvis saerTo axal mdgrad momentebSi mdgomareobda. ganixila ra filosofiis meTodebi, Tavad moZRvrebebis analizisas wignis avtorma gamoTqva sabWoTa mecnierebisTvis ~kramoluri~ azri imis Sesaxeb, rom dasavleTis filosofiam Tavisi kulturuli funqciis Sesruleba daiwyo, vinaidan sakuTar Tavs mecnierulad azrovnebaze ua-ris Tqmis ufleba misca. es iyo mkafio, gabeduli da drouli swrafva filosofiis antropolo-gizaciisken, Tavis tendenciebSi pirvel adgilze adamianis problemebis wamowevisken. XX sauku-nis pirveli naxevris evropuli filosofiis esoden gabeduli Semobruneba mas anTropologi-ur, kulturul, biologiur an religiur CarCoebSi veRar daakavebda. Tavis evoluciaSi is (fi-losofia) ufro Sors wavida da gamoavlina tendencia, romelsac pirobiTad pirvelad ewoda ~komu-nologiuri~. es faqti adasturebda imis mkafio aRiarebas, rom sociumi, anu adamianuri urTierTobis sfero utyuar realobad iqca.

swored adamianma - faseulobisa da WeSmaritebis erTaderTma kriteriumma, SeZlo filo-sofiis interesebi ~samyarodan sociumze~, ~gnoseologiuri subieqtidan koleqtiur subieq-tze~ gadaetana da amaSi gamoixata siRrmiseuli cvlilebebi rogorc socialur, ideologi-ur,ise kulturul sferoSic.

komunikaciis (urTierTobis), rogorc filosofiuri dialogis SigniT primatis tendencia aa-namedrove filosofiis (da ara marto dasavluris) marTlac umniSvnelovanes niSans warmoadgens.


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Ceiersi filosofiuri dialogis warmoebisken mogviwodebs, lotmani da lixaCovi aviTare-ben filosofiasa da enaTmecnierebaSi ~kulturaTa~ dialogis ideas, romelic dRes kulturis filosofiis meTodur principad iqca.

~Tanamedrove warmodgena mecnierebaze Tanamedrove civilizaciaSi misi, rogorc lide-ris mdgomareobasTan aris dakavSirebuli. es ki mis mimdevrebSi Tavisebur mecnierul-Teoriul fanatizms Sobs~, - acxadebs filosofosi v. mironovi, amgvari fanatizmi, - aRniSnavs Semdgom av-tori - yofierebis wvdomis sxva formebis uaryofazea dafuZnebuli~ (Миронов, 2001, ст. 121).

amJamad mecnierebas, romelic yvela CamoTvlil komponents ikvlevs, erT SemTxvevaSi ko-munologias uwodeben, meore SemTxvevaSi ki - komunikativistikas.

Cven filosofiisTvis savsebiT gamarTlebulad migvaCnia, aRvniSnoT, rom ~man aRiara, rom ~sociumi~ anu adamianuri urTierTobis sfero warmoadgens moTxovnilebas, romelsac ganmsaz-Rvreli mniSvneloba aqvs adamianisTvis da romelic ara marto gansazRvravs mis politikur Se-xedulebebs, religiur rwmenas da mecnierul Teoriebsac ki, aramed maTi faseulobisa da WeSma-ritobis erTaderTi kriteriumicaa~ (Миронов, 2001).

pirvelad komunologiur tendenciebze dasavluri filosofia maSin alaparakda, rodesac imis aRiarebamde mivida, rom ~sociumi,anu adamianur urTierTobaTa sfero warmoadgens im rea-lobas, romelsac garkveuli mniSvneloba aqvs adamianisTvis, romelic ara marto gansazRvravs mis politikur Sexedulebebs,filosofiur koncefciebs, religiur mrwamss da mecnierul Teo-riebsac ki, aramed maTi faseulobisa da WeSmaritobis erTaderT kriteriumsac warmoadgens~. (Мельвиль, 1983, ст. 187).

wignSi ~XX saukunis burJuaziuli filosofiis gzebi~ (Мельвиль, 1983) ganxiluli komuno-logiuri tendenciebi gadmoscemen im moZraobis Sefasebas, romelic dasavlurma filosofiam ganaxorciela ~samyarodan sociumisken~. es tendencia sxvadasxva mimdinareobis warmomadgen-lebSi erTob araidenturad gamoixateboda. a. bergsonis intuitivizmi mecnierebasTan ganxeT-qilebasa da bunebrivi procesebis antropomorfuli ganmartebisken midrekilebaSi gamoixate-boda. xolo adamianis fsiqikuri cxovreba adamianiszeda kosmiur movlenad iyo aRiarebuli.

melvilis rwmeniT, gansaxilvel tendenciebSi mniSvnelovani wvlili Seitana pragmatulma mimdinareobam, romelmac praqtikul adamianur interesSi filosofiis saidumloebis, yofiere-bis da Secnobis yvela gamocanis gasaRebi dainaxa. misi warmomadgenlebi WeSmaritebis Ziebas zed-metad miiCnevdnen, vinaidan maTi azriT, ~WeSmariteba ubralod is aris, risic, yvelafers jobia, rom gvjerodes. ar arsebobs aranairi abstraqtuli filosofiuri sakiTxebi, arsebobs mxolod cxovrebaSi sxvadasxva situaciebiT Sobili adamianuri problemebi.~ (Мельвиль, 1983, ст. 203).

analitikurma filosofiam gaiara Tavisi gza ~sociumamde~. amasTan is aRiarebda konvenci-alizmis anu SecnobisTvis fuZemdebluri Tezisebis miRebaSi mkvlevarTa nebismieri SeTanxme-bis princips. saboloo jamSi Semecnebis, enis, kulturisa da adamianis cxovrebis mkvlevarTa dasi mivida raRac axali enis Seqmnamde, romelic movlenebis ufro warmatebulad axsnisa da wi-naswar ganWvretis saSualebas iZleva. XX saukunis iseT yvelaze gamokveTil filosofiur mim-dinareobaSi, rogoric egzistencializmia, sadac gaadamianurebis tendencia erT-erT SesaZle-bel ukiduresobamde - anTropocentrizmamde iqna dayvanili, moiZebna gasasvlelebi ufro far-To socialur problematikaze. es da melvilis mier ganxiluli sxva filosofiuri mimdinareo-bebi sul sxvadasxva gzebiT midiodnen imis aRiarebamde, rom socialuri samyaro, adamianur ur-TierTobaTa samyaro, anu sociumi, romlidanac rogorc anaqsimandres usasrulo aleirona, yvelaferi warmoiSoba da yvelaferi wydeba.

filosofiam gadalaxa gaTiSuloba, sadac gancalkevebam sabunebismetyvelo da sazogado-ebriv mecnierebebs Soris gancalkevebam jer kidev XIX saukuneSi mkveTri xasiaTi miiRo, rac ~ori kulturis~ arsebobaze laparakis sababsac ki iZleoda, da mouwoda dialogisken, sazoga-doebriv da sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebaTa erTobisken, raTa Tavidan yofiliyo acilebuli saqmis aseT viTarebaSi moaxloebuli is zRvari, romlis iqiTac adamianuri katastrofa iwyeba.

rogorc Cans, swored es iyo is realuri problema, romelic safuZvlad daedo komunolo-giur tendencias, romelzec zemoT iyo saubari.

idealisturi filosofiis am metamorfozis gnoseologiuri fesvebis danaxva SeiZleba mecnieruli codnis formirebisTvis misi Semowmebis da dasabuTebisaTvis socialuri faqto-ris, socialuri pirobebis absolutizaciaSi, meorec — realuri sazogadoebrivi moTxovnile-bis tendenciur interpretaciaSi, sazogadoebrivi mecnierebebisgan maTi mowyvetilobis daZ-levaSi da sazogadoebis pozitiuri miznebis realizaciisken, saboloo jamSi - maT xalxis sasi-keTod mimarTvaSi; mesamec, ar SeiZleba mxedvelobidan gamogvrCes is roli, romelic mikuTvne-buli hqonda enas, rogorc ~adamianis TviT socialuri arsis gamomxatvel~ movlenas. mTeli codnis socialurma bunebam gadasZlia sakmaod xangrZliv cdomilebas, yalb Sexedulebebs da cru avtoritetebs.

sazogadoebaSi adamianis mdgomareobis Secvlis saerTo tendencia gamoixateboda erTiani msoflmxedvelobis moTxovnilebaSi, romelic kacobriobis faseulobaTa erTian sistemaSi su-


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lier gaerTianebas SeZlebda, sistemaSi, sadac globaluri problemebis gadawyveta gulisxmob-da omebis, ekologiuri krizisebis Tavidan acilebas, energiis wyaroebis, SimSilis, kosmosis aT-visebis problemebis da urTierTobis yvela sxva problemis gadawyvetas, romlebsac udidesi mniSvneloba hqonda civilizaciis gagrZelebisa da ganviTarebisTvis, kacobrioba unda gamodi-odes rogorc erTi mTliani, rogorc ~gasazogadoebuli kacobrioba~, aseTi perspeqtivis rea-lizeba SeeZlo XX saukunis dasavlur filosofiaSi gaCenil komunologiur tendenciebs~.

Cven marTebulad migvaCnia xazi gaesvas doqtor melvilis mecnierul patiosnebasa da principulobas, romelmac gulwrfelad aRiara dasavluri filosofiis udidesi damsaxureba kacobriobis winaSe, sadac aRniSnuli iyo am filosofiis aSkara upiratesoba da profesiona-lizmi XX saukunis inteleqtualuri fondis iseTi figurebis saxiT, rogorebic arian gadameri, fuko, kuni, lakatosi, poperi, jeimsi, m. haidegeri, huseli, m. pirsi, a. bergsoni.

ruseTSi gamocemul filosofiis Tanamedrove saxelmZRvaneloebSi dasavluri filoso-fiis didi mkvlevaris misamarTiT absoluturad identuri striqonebi gvxvdeba. es jer kidev 1983 wels daiwera, magram miuxedavad sakiTxis ase dayenebis aSkara efeqturobisa, SemoTavaze-buli midgoma, ramdenadac CvenTvis aris cnobili, Tanamedrove filosofiis mkvlevarebis yu-radRebis miRma darCa. rogorc Cans, es imitom moxda, rom misgan gamomdinare daskvnebi Tanamed-rove filosofiis ganviTarebis tendenciebis gadmocemis paradigmaSi ar ewereboda da dasavle-li kolegebis mimarT metismetad ~saqebari~ iyo (Миронов, 2001, ст. 121).

kacobriobis arsebobis istoriaSi komunikacia erT-erTi yvelaze mniSvnelovani Semadge-neli iyo pirovnebis socializaciis procesSi. Tumca mecnieruli interesis obieqti is mxolod me-20 saukuneSi gaxda.

rogorc ukve iTqva, cnebas ~komunikacia~ gansazRvrebaTa farTo speqtri gaaCnia. es erTi adamianisgan meoresTvis, an erTi jgufisgan meoresTvis informaciis, Sefasebebis, ideebis, emo-ciebis gadacemacaa. mTavar moments Cvens ganxilvaSi warmoadgens simbolo, romlis saSualebi-Tac xorcieldeba komunikaciis aqti. iseve, rogorc nebismier aprobirebul TeoriaSi, aqac Ta-vad cnebisadmi araerTmniSvnelovan midgomas vxedavT: is misi gagebis farTo arsSi mdgomare-obs. amas miakuTvneben sistemasac, romelSic xorcieldeba urTierTqmedeba, Tavad urTier-Tqmedebis procesi da urTierTobis xerxebi, romlebic sxvadasxvagvari informaciis Seqmnis, gadacemisa da miRebis saSualebas iZleva.

komunikacia pirovnebaTaSoriso da masobrivi urTierTobis pirobebSi informaciis gada-cemisa da aRqmis socialurad ganpirobebuli procesia, romelic sxvadasxva arxebiT, verbalu-ri da araverbaluri saSualebebis meSveobiT xorcieldeba.

komunikaciaSi naumenko verbaluri sferos araverbalurSi da piruku- araverbaluri sfe-ros verbalurSi gadakodirebasac gulisxmobs.

rodesac laparakia ama Tu im qmedebis Sesasruleblad sxvis aucilebel iZulebaze, cxadia, rom komunikaciis paralingvistur dones (mimika, Jestebi), romelic subieqts gajerebul in-formacias gadascems, SeuZlia amasTan saerTod gamoricxos moqmedebis iZuleba. zedmeti ar iq-neba aRiniSnos Tavad terminis polisemiuroba Tundac misi yofiT da mecnierul doneze aRqmis farglebSi. pirvel SemTxvevaSi laparakia mis nebismieri kontaqtebis damyarebis unarze. meore-Si gagebis Cveulebriv doneze dafuZnebuli zogi mecnieruli gansazRvreba komunikacias urTi-erTobisgan ar ganasxvavebs.

naumenko cnebebis: ~komunikacia~, ~urTierToba~ aRrevaze miuTiTebs, rameTu ~dialogi~ urTierTobis, xolo marTva komunikaciis maxasiaTebelia am sityvis mkacri gagebiT. maxasiaTe-beli Seicavs saqmianobis faqtebs.

dialogi romeli azrebis matarebelia? rogoria am gansazRvrebis koncepti urTierTobis daxasiaTebisas? rogoria misi Tavisebureba, Tviseba? cnobilia, rom Tvisebis kategoria afiq-sirebs codnas urTierTobaTa gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovani tipis Sesaxeb. misi gaSifvris are-ul-dareul sistemaze rom aRaraferi vTqvaT, Cveni azriT, komunikaciis erT-erTi yvelaze mniSvnelovani, sakmaod rTuli fenomenis SeswavlaSi met-naklebad seriozulad win waweva Cven mier dasaxuli mimarTulebiT, gagebis sakiTxebis gverdis avliT SeuZlebelia. gansakuTrebiT aqtualuria is dRes, rodesac sxvadasxva masStabis konfliqtebis safuZvelSi cxadad Cans swo-red gagebis uqonloba, garda amisa, Tavad simbolo aris gamtari - mediumi arcodnidan codnis-ken, Semdeg ki - dafarulis gagebisken.

gageba xSirad individualuri Semecnebis fsiqologiamde dahyavT. magram Tu gagebis, ro-gorc universaluri procesis, zogad Teoriul-SemecnebiT statuss gamovavlenT, SeiZleba misi obieqturi, arapirovnuli mecnieruli axsnis arsebobaSi mainc davrwmundeT.

humanitarul da sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebebSi ganmartebis xelovnebas sxvadasxva procedurebs uTmoben. pirvel SemTxvevaSi saqme Teologiur (miznobriv) axsnasTan gvaqvs, meo-reSi - kazualurTan anu mizezobrivTan.

aRniSnuli problemebis specialisti, belgieli mecnieri g. pare Tvlis, rom SeiZleba gage-bis Teoria orientirebuli iyos, jer erTi evristikulad, anu axali codnis miRebis procedu-rebze da ~dafaruli azrebis~ gamovlenaze. meore orientacia, pares mixedviT, pragmatul sib-


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rtyeSi Zevs anu igi ufro xSirad praqtikul SemecnebaSi, komunikaciaSi, TargmanSi gamoiyeneba. da bolos, mesame, orientacia mimdinareobs epistemologiur doneze, codnis Teoriis agebaze.

vidre gagebis arss gamovavlendeT, codnis problemaze unda SevCerdeT. Turme adamians ar ZaluZs gaigos is, razec aranairi warmodgena ara aqvs. azris am kvanZis gaxsnisas, fsiqologebi mimarTaven cnobil bulgarul anekdots iumoristebis cnobili qalaqis, gabrovos macxovreb-lis Sesaxeb, romelmac indoeli qalRmerTis, Candras danaxvaze SesZaxa: ~ai rogori muSa mWirde-ba!~ bunebrivia,anekdoti im adamianis sicils gamoiwvevs, romelmac icis, rom qalRmerT Candras eqvsxelians gamosaxaven, xolo gabrovelebi TavianTi gadametebuli xelmomWirneobiTa da fxia-nobiT gamoirCevian. maSasadame, anekdotis Sinaarsis amxsneli zogierTi viTarebis winaswari codnis gareSe misi gageba SeuZlebelia.

codna da gageba igivuri cnebebi ar aris, Tumca ki erTmaneTTan sakmaod mWidrodaa dakav-Sirebuli. naTeli xdeba, rom codna erTgvar gagebas gulisxmobs, iseve rogorc gageba mxolod garkveuli codnis konteqstSia SesaZlebeli. TemasTan dakavSirebuli samecniero literatu-ris gacnobisas rwmundebi, raoden marTalni arian mkvlevarebi, romlebsac ~gagebis gagebaTa~ aseTi mravalgvaroba akvirvebs.

magaliTad, cnobilia gagebis, rogorc Sesabamisi grZnobiTi saxis warmoqmnis, rogorc axal ideasTan Seguebis, rogorc paradoqsis aRmoCenisa da daZlevis, rogorc kiTxvaze pasuxis, rogorc codnis dauflebis xarisxis ganmarteba, romelic SemoqmedebiTad muSaobis saSualebas iZleva.

m.a. rozovi wignSi ~mecnieruli codnis struqtura da ganviTareba. sistemuri midgoma mecnierebis meTodologiisadmi~ (Розов, 1985) aRniSnavs: ~codna talRas hgavs, romelic garkve-ul garemoSi rom vrceldeba, sul axal-axal masalas imatebs, Tumca amasTan imave talRad rCe-ba. am TvalsazrisiT, xelnaweris tiraJirebisas Cven vzrdiT im ~auzis~ farTobs, romlis zeda-pirzec SeuZlia Cvens talRas cxovreba~. (Розов, 1985, ст. 24). rozoviseuli ganmarteba isev da isev im anekdotiT aixsneba kargad, sadac imazea laparaki, rom Tu me da Sen TiTo vaSli gvaqvs da me Sen Cemsas mogcem, Sen ori vaSli geqneba, me ki arcerTi, magram Tu TiToeuli Cvengani meores Tav-Tavis ideas gauziarebs, maSin TiToeuli Cvengani erTis arsebobis pirobebSi erTbaSad ori ideis mflobeli gaxdeba.

codna Seswavlis specifikuri sagania. sad aris konkretuli codna? yvelgan - stambis sa-Rebavis laqebSic, bgeriT rxevebSic da qimiur reaqciebSic, iseve rogorc komunikaciur siv-rceSi da maraToneli morbenlis ukanasknel SeZaxilSic - ~Cven gavimarjveT~ da bibliiseul ~pirvelad iyo sityvaSic~.

yoveli mecniereba, iseve rogorc met-naklebad specialuri codnis nebismieri ganviTare-buli sistema, gansakuTrebul enaze gadmoicema. es ena SeiZleba naklebad gansxvavdebodes Cveu-lebrivi, bunebrivi enisgan, yofierebaSi rom gamoiyeneba da yoveldRiur praqtikulad aucile-bel informacias rom Seicavs. xolo formaluri niSnuri sistemis cnebaTa enad gadaqcevisTvis aucilebelia interpretaciis mimateba, Cvens SemTxvevaSi vapirebT es simbolos meSveobiT mo-vaxdinoT, romelic azrisa da mniSvnelobis garkvevaSi dagvexmareba. magram imis misaRebad, ra-sac veZebT, aucileblad unda gakeTdes is, rasac mecnierebaSi kumulatiuroba ewodeba, rome-lic zogjer gulisxmobs ama Tu im mecnieruli disciplinis unars mTlianad an nawilobriv, oRond cvlilebebis gareSe CarTos Tavis SemadgenlobaSi sxva mecnieruli disciplinebis Sina-arsi ise, rom erTgvarad mxari auaros Sesaswavli masalisadmi diferencirebuli midgomis we-sebs, vinaidan komunikaciuri sivrcis sakiTxi metad mravalmniSvnelovania da aq xSirad aqvs xolme adgili situaciebs, rodesac sityvas ~komunikacia~ sxvadasxvagvari, Tumc ki raRac TvalsazrisiT daaxloebuli da monaTesave mniSvnelobac ki aqvs. rigi koncefciebis, saxel-dobr kibernetikuli, informaciuli, kognitiuri, interpretaciuli koncefciebis Suqze ikve-Teba komunikaturi saqmianobis axali saxe, rogorc funqciaTa rTuli kompleqsi, romelic sxva-dasxvagvar codnasa da SemoqmedebiT unarebs Sobs.

gamoyenebuli literatura: 1. surmaniZe l. (2010). kultura meTodologiur perspeqtivaSi. Tbilisi 2. nacvliSvili p. (2009). qarTuli Jurnalistikis genezisisaTvis. sadisertacio naSromi. da-

culi saxelmwifo teqnikuri universitetis biblioTekaSi. Tbilisi 3. Debre P. (2001). Cours de mediologie generale. Gallimard. 4. Niklas Luhmann. Die Realit atder massen medienfur Sozialwissenschaften I GWV Fachverlage

GmbhWiesbaden 2004. 5. 5McLuhan M. (1967). Understanding Media. New York 6. Miller K. (2008). Organizational Communications: Approaches and Processes. Fifth edition. New York. 7. Абрамян А.(1973). Кант и проблема знания. Ереван.


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8. Барг М.(1989). Эпохи и идеи. Москва 9. Березин В.(2003). Массовая коммуникация. Сущность, каналы действия. Москва. 10. Ветров А. ( 1969). Семиотика и ее основные проблемы. Москва. 11. Кассирер Э. (1998). Избранное. Опыт о человеке. Москва. 12. Почепцов Г. (2001). Теория коммуникации.www.u.ru/biblio/archive/pochepcov_teorija/00.as… 13. Псевдо-Дионисий Ареопагит. http://krotov.info/library/m/meyendrf/patr_25.htr

elza lomiZe

komunikacia, rogorc pirovnuli codnis sfero

reziume

kacobriobis arsebobis istoriaSi komunikacia erT-erTi yvelaze mniSvnelovani Semadge-neli iyo pirovnebis socializaciis procesSi. Tumca mecnieruli interesis obieqtiis mxolod me-20 saukuneSi gaxda. komunikaciis Teoriis mravali interpretacia, gaqnmarteba, xedva arse-bobs. k. Senonisa da u. iveris komunikaciis Teoria yvelaze zogadi da martivia (1949), romelic gvTavazobs kodebis samsaxes: realobidan gamosaxulebebze, realobidan enaze da gamosaxulebi-dan enaze gadasvlisas. Tavad komunikaciam da misma Teoriam ganicada mravalmxrivi da sainte-reso ganviTareba me-20 saukunis meore naxevarSi da aisaxa kreigis, berezinis, melvilis, karne-gis, mironovis, makluenis, debres da sxvaTa TeoriebSi. sxvadasxva koncefciebi warmoaCens ko-munikaciuri saqmianobis, rogorc funqciaTa rTuli kompleqsis axalsaxeobas, romelic sxva-dasxva gvarcodnasa da SemoqmedebiT unarebs moiTxovs. analitikurma filosofiam gaiara Tavi-si gza ~sociumamde~. amasTan is aRiarebda konvencializmisa nu SecnobisTvis fuZemdebluri Te-zisebis miRebaSi mkvlevarTa nebismieri SeTanxmebis princips. komunikaciis, rogorc filoso-fiuri dialogis SigniT primatis tendencia Tanamedrove filosofiis marTlac umniSvnelova-nes niSans warmoadgens. rigi koncefciebis, saxeldobr ki bernetikuli, informaciuli, kogni-tiuri, interpretaciuli koncefciebis Suqze ikveTeba komunikaturi saqmianobis axali saxe, rogorc funqciaTa rTuli kompleqsi, romelic sxvadasxvagvar codnasa da SemoqmedebiT una-rebs Sobs.

ElzaLomidze

COMMUNICATION AS THE FIELD OF PERSONAL KNOWLEDGE

Summary

Communication in the humankind history was one of the most important components of an individual's socialization process.But became the object of scientific interest only in the 20th century.There are many interpretation,definition and vision of communication theory. Communication theory by K.Shenon and U.Iveri is the most general and simple (1949). Itsuggests three types of codes.Moving from the reality to image, from reality to language and from image to language. Itself communication and its theory have made comprehensive and exciting development in the seond half of the 20th century and was reflected in the theories of Craig, Berezini, Melville, Carnegie, Mironov, Maklueni and Debre. Different concepts demonstrate new species of communicative activities as a complex process, which requires a variety of knowledge and creative skills. Analytical philosophy passed the way up to `society~.

At the same time, he was admitting principles of any agreement in fundamental thesis of conventionalism. Communication as the trend within the primacy of philosophical dialogue is really the most important feature. On the number of concepts such as cybernetic, informational, cognitive is revealed new face of the communiative work(activities),which creates a variety of knowledge and creative skills.


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xaTuna memaniSvili

`mgzavris werilebis” stili

ilia WavWavaZis adreul nawarmoebebs Soris calke dgas “mgzavris werilebi”, romelic ar

emsgavseba danarCenebs Tavisi kompoziciuri Taviseburebebisa da zogadi Sinaarsis gamo. ilias TxzulebebisaTvis, sazogadod, ar aris damaxasiaTebeli sakiTxTa simravle. misi mizani dasmu-li problemis konkretulad, naTlad, siRrmivi gansaxierebaa. nawarmoebSi “ilia WavWavaZe co-tas Sesaxeb laparakobs, magram mis Sesaxeb rac SeiZleba bevrs laparakobs, mas srulad axasia-Tebs” (ilias krebuli, 1998, gv. 69). aseT viTarebaSi “mgzavris werilebi” gamoirCa rogorc masSi ganxiluli sakiTxebis simravliT da nairgvarobiT, ise gansaxierebis zogadi xasiaTiT. rogorc miuTiTeben, “ilia WavWavaZis yvela prozaul qmnilebas erovnul-socialuri problematikis uaRresad konkretuli gansaxierebis SemTxvevaSic yovelTvis Tan axlavs ganxilvis zogadi as-peqti, magram yvela sxva Txzulebisagan gansxvavebiT, ... “mgzavris werilebi” yuradRebas, pir-vel yovlisa, swored Tavisi zogadi SinaarsiT iqcevs” (l. minaSvili, 1995, gv. 354). es moTxroba miCneulia saprogramo nawarmoebad, ramdenadac masSi Tavi moiyara yvela im ideam, romelTaTvi-sac ilia WavWavaZes ar uRalatia mTeli Tavisi mxatvrul-publicisturi Semoqmedebisa Tu praq-tikul-sazogadoebrivi moRvaweobis manZilze. “mgzavris werilebSi” mocemulia mkveTrad Camo-yalibebuli politikuri programa”, – wers pavle ingoroyva, – “saqarTvelos me-19 saukunis meore naxevris erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis ideologiam am nawarmoebSi hpova Ta-visi srulyofili gamoxatuleba” (p. ingoroyva, 1957, gv. 86).

“mgzavris werilebi” dawerilia 1861 wels – ase daaTariRa es moTxroba ilia WavWavaZem “qarTvelTa amxanagobis” gamocemaSi, romelic mis sicocxleSive, 1892 wels ganxorcielda. miu-xedavad amisa, es nawarmoebi pirvelad 1871 wels daibeWda Jurnal “krebulSi”, isic Semoklebu-li da cenzurisagan damaxinjebuli saxiT. pavle ingoroyva mogviTxrobs, rom erovnuli idea-lebis gamoxatvam “yovelgvari “diplomatiuri” safarvelis gareSe” gamoiwvia is, “rom cenzuras 60-ian wlebSi aukrZalavs misi dabeWdva” (p. ingoroyva, 1957, gv. 86). Tavdapirvelad moTxrobas “vladikavkasidam qalaqamde” erqva, Semdeg – “mgzavris werilebidam” da bolos “mgzavris weri-lebi”, Tumca avtorma pirvandeli saTauri mcireodeni cvlilebiT mainc SeinarCuna minaweris saxiT. “vladikavkasidam tfilisamde”, – gvauwyebs es minaweri. Tumca Txroba realurad fasana-urisaken mimaval gzaze wydeba. SesaZlebelia, esec iyos Tavdapirveli saTauris Secvlis erT-erTi mizezi.

“mgzavris werilebis” kompoziciis Taviseburebam erTi SexedviT SeiZleba gvafiqrebinos, rom es nawarmoebi mogzaurul Janrs ganekuTvneba. igi calkeuli epizodebisagan Sedgeba, ro-melTac mogzauris Canawerebis saxe aqvs. es epizodebi sruliad damoukidebelia erTmaneTisagan Sinaarsobrivad. TiToeuli maTgani konkretuli azrisa da ideis matarebelia da individualu-ri datvirTva aqvs. magram mogzauruli Janri, cxadia, ar gulisxmobs ideuri TvalsazrisiT calkeuli Canawerebis erT mTlianobad gaazrebas. “mgzavris werilebis” epizodebi ki “erTma-neTTan dakavSirebuli arian mwyobri TvalsazrisiT” (l. minaSvili, 1995, gv.356). amdenad, safiq-rebelia, rom mweralma axalgazrda inteligentis mogzauroba ubralod kompoziciur RerZad gamoiyena, ramac praqtikulad sruli Tavisufleba misca, survilisamebr gamoexata Tavisi saT-qmeli. miTiTebulia, rom “mogzaurobis kompoziciur RerZad gamoyeneba uZvelesi gzaa mxat-vrul literaturaSi. am formas mimarTavdnen sxvadasxva literaturuli interesebisa da esTe-tikur-mxatvruli amocanebis realizebisas. aseTi Txzuleba kompoziciurad iZleva erTob farTo, faqtobrivad SemousazRvrel SesaZleblobebs ... mwerlis dakvirvebebis, STabeWdilebe-bis, mosazrebebis, ideebis gadmoSlis TvalsazrisiT” (axali qarTuli literaturis istoria, 2003, gv. 96), radgan aseT SemTxvevaSi avtori ar aris SezRuduli ambis ganviTarebis aucileblo-biT da asasaxav masalas irCevs ara fabulidan gamomdinare.

“mgzavris werilebi”, marTalia, ar emorCileba mTlian siuJetur xazs – ambis ganviTare-biT, kulminaciiT, kvanZis gaxsniT, magram, Tu davakvirdebiT am moTxrobis agebis Tavisebure-bas, aRmovaCenT, rom es monaxazi azrobriv sibrtyezea gadatanili. “mgzavris werilebSi” epizo-debis ganlagebas maTSi gamoxatuli azri gansazRvravs. TiToeul epizods, rogorc aRiniSna, damoukidebeli azrobrivi datvirTva aqvs, magram yoveli momdevno monakveTi winasTan erTad mwerlis Tvalsazrisis meti sisavsiT Cvenebas uwyobs xels. ase mivyavarT avtors azrobriv kul-minaciamde, romelic ukanasknel, moxevesTan Sexvedris epizodze modis: realisturi asaxvis mniSvneloba, ramac sazogadoebas Tvali unda auxilos, ganaTlebis aucilebloba, “qveynis si-cocxlisa da Ronis momcemi” moZraoba, gamudmebuli sifxizle, zrunva mamulisaTvis da sxv. – is sakiTxebia, romelTa gaazrebasa da cxovrebaSi realizebas gadamwyveti mniSvneloba eniWeba erovnuli Tavisuflebis mopovebisaTvis brZolis gzaze. nawarmoebSi azrobrivi kulminacia swored erovnuli TavisuflebisaTvis brZolis ideaa, romelic lelT Runias sityvebiTaa ga-moTqmuli. kvanZis erTgvar gaxsnad ki ukanaskneli Tavi unda miviCnioT, sadac nawarmoebis mTa-vari mizandasaxuleba ukve sruliad aSkarad, yovelgvari mxatvruli samosis gareSea gacxade-


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buli. igi formiT marTlac dafarulis gamoaSkaravebas hgavs, radgan iwyeba sityvebiT: “migix-vdi, Cemo moxevev...”. unda davaskvnaT, rom “mgzavris werilebSi” ilia WavWavaZis amocanaa gviCve-nos, ra da ra piroba unda Sesruldes imisTvis, rom sasurvel ideals mivaRwioT. am mizans eqvem-debareba moTxrobis xasiaTic da kompoziciac, rac mwerlis “mizandasaxulobis mowodebis for-maa, misi survilebis, swrafvis da Tvalsazrisis gadmoSlis da agebis ragvaroba” (gr. kiknaZe, 1978, gv.95).

miTiTebulia, rom “mgzavris werilebi” aris mWevrmetyveluri prozis SesaniSnavi nimuSi” (l. minaSvili, 1995, gv.354). rogorc cnobilia, “mWevrmetyvelebis xelovnebis meTodi darwmune-bis meTodia” (aristotele, 1981, gv.33). Sesabamisad, amgvari proza didi zemoqmedebis Zalis mqo-nea. “mWevrmetyvelebisaken miswrafeba Tavis ganmartebasa da gamarTlebas mometebulad imaSi poulobs, rom eris Cagvris pirobebSi mwerlis Semoqmedebam mowodebis roli unda Seasrulos”, – wers grigol kiknaZe. amdenad gasagebia, rom ilia WavWavaZis “socialuri SinaarsiT datvir-Tuli poeziac mWevrmetyvelur mowodebas warmoadgens” (axali qarTuli literaturis isto-ria, 1956, gv. 282).

ramdenadac “mgzavris werilebi” garegnuli formis TvalsazrisiT mogzauris Canawereba-daa Cafiqrebuli, bunebrivia, moTxrobilia pirvel pirSi. es am Txzulebis Tavisebur xasiaTs gansazRvravs. Tumca, unda iTqvas, rom Tavisi Semoqmedebis adreul etapze ilia WavWavaZisaTvis sazogadod iyo damaxasiaTebeli pirvel pirSi Txroba. am periodSi Seqmnil nawarmoebTa umete-soba swored pirveli piriTaa gadmocemuli. safiqrebelia, axalgazrda ilia WavWavaZisaTvis ufro misaRebi iyo is gza, rasac pirveli piriT mTxrobels sTavazobs gamoxatvis es forma. pir-vel pirSi Txrobas aqvs iseTi Taviseburebebi, romelic mas specifikur xasiaTs sZens. magali-Tad, “gadmocemis am xerxs is upiratesoba aqvs, rom ... mxatvrul nawarmoebs erTgvar daxSulo-bis iers aZlevs, mkiTxvels faqtebis da garemoebaTa damatebis SesaZleblobas uzRudavs” (ili-as krebuli, 1998, gv. 59). es safuZvels qmnis imisTvis, rom mkiTxvelis yuradReba koncentrirdes swored im sakiTxebze, romelTac mwerali ganixilavs, da gayves msjelobis avtoris mierve Semo-Tavazebul gzas. amgvari Txrobis damaxasiaTebeli niSania, agreTve, emociuroba. es ganpirobe-bulia, erTi mxriv, imiT, rom pirveli piri yovelTvis gadmoscems iseT faqtsa Tu movlenas, romlis uSualo monawilec Tavad aris an romelic gancdilia mis mier. amasTan, es faqtebi da movlenebi gatarebulia misi cnobierebis cxrilSi da, amdenad, pirvel pirSi mTxrobeli maTda-mi Tavis subieqtur damokidebulebas amJRavnebs. Sesabamisad, gadmocemis es xerxi, sxva formeb-Tan SedarebiT, meti emociurobiT xasiaTdeba. es damajereblobas hmatebs monaTxrobs da didi zemoqmedebis Zalis mqonea, ramdenadac TxrobaSi gamoxatuli mRelvareba gadadis mkiTxvelze da mas ambis aqtiur monawiled aqcevs. mTxrobelis subieqturi grZnobebisa da gancdebis gad-moSla, misi damokidebulebebis, misi fiqrebis mimarTulebis uSualo gacxadeba TvalsaCinod xatavs mwerlis Sinagan bunebas. mkiTxveli iTavisebs misi azrovnebis procesis Taviseburebas da Rrmad iWreba misi msoflmxedvelobis samyaroSi. aseT viTarebaSi mkiTxveli ukve ubralo ma-yureblis rolSi ki aRar gamodis, garkveulwilad mwerlis Tanamoazred, mis Tanamonawiled iq-ceva. gadmocemis am xerxis Rirseba isaa, rom ufro misawvdoms xdis mwerlis azrs da misi ideebi mkiTxvelamde daubrkoleblad miaqvs.

samecniero literaturaSi mravaljeraa miTiTebuli ilia WavWavaZis nawarmoebTa perso-naJebis STambeWdaobis Sesaxeb. maTi saxeebi Rrmad ibeWdeba mkiTxvelis cnobierebaSi da misi Ta-namdevi xdeba xangrZlivi drois ganmavlobaSi. zemoqmedebis aseTi Zalis misaRwevad ilias sxva-dasxvagvari stilisturi saSualeba moepoveba. personaJis gamokveTis miseuli manera mraval-ferovania da araerTi komponentisagan Sedgeba. amas “mgzavris werilebis” personaJTa daxasia-Tebis meTodze dakvirvebac cxadyofs. erT SemTxvevaSi is garegnuli niSnebis mowodebis saSua-lebiT Sinagan bunebaze xazgasmaSi mdgomareobs. personaJis amgvari daxasiaTeba xSrad aRbeWdi-lia plastiurobiTac, rac saxes TvalsaCinoebasa da STambeWdaobas matebs – cnobilia, rom “ga-moTqmis TvalsaCinoeba aris sagnis gamosaxva mis moqmedebaSi” (gr. kiknaZe, 1999, gv. 14). sxva Sem-TxvevaSi mwerali gmiris bunebis naTelsayofad e.w. “pirdapir daxasiaTebas” mimarTavs, rome-lic misi xasiaTis TaviseburebaTa imTaviTve CamoTvlas gulisxmobs. am xerxSi Tavs iCens “ilias manera mkafioobisa, sinaTlisa da sxartad gadmocemisa” (ilias krebuli, 1998, gv. 57).

zemoTqmuls “mgzavris werilebis” pirvelive frazebi adasturebs: “dilis eqvsi saaTi Ses-rulda Tu ara, ... rusis pir-daubanelma da Tav-dauvarcxnelma “iamSCikma” foStis povoska moa-yena”. iqve aRwerilia “sqel-kisera “iamSCikis” briyvi saxe, imisi oyrayuli sanaxaoba, imisi mi-dun-modunebuli zlazvna, uadamiano da pirutyvuli mixvra-moxvra”. es CamonaTvali moklea, magram uaRresad metyveli, ramdenadac aq xazgasmulia iseTi detalebi, “romelTac gansakuTre-biT mkveTrad SeuZliaT garkveuli warmodgena Segviqmnan dasaxasiaTebel obieqtze mTlianad” (gr. kiknaZe, 1999, gv. 209).

STabeWdileba, romelsac es personaJi axdens, ufro mZafri da damajerebeli xdeba cota qvemoT, sadac “jer ar-gamofxizlebulma “iamSCikma” “povoska” unda daZras. aq igi moqmedebis pro-cesSia warmodgenili: “povoska Cems Cajdomazed Setokda. “iamSCikma” Tvalebi aaxila da me bRvera damiwyo. mere akriba sadaveebi, “mwuo, mwuo,” dauwruwuna uWmelobisagan gadaleuls da yurebCa-


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moyrils cxenebs da mouRera Solti. ...Ну, чо-о-рт, трогай что-ли! – daiyvira “iamSCikma”, aiqniva sa-daveni da fexebiTac tyapuni daiwyo.” Tumca cxenebis daZvra ver moaxerxa. uxerxul mdgomareoba-Si aRmoCenil mgzavrs gaecina. “iamSCikma” Tavisi Zroxis Tvalebi Cemken mwyralad moibruna da ise mrisxaned SemomibRvira, TiTqo memuqreboda, Senc egreo.” rogorc miuTiTeben, “Tu ras fiqrobs personaJi, da saerTod, ras warmoadgens igi – es mas saxezec aweria da misi moZraobebidanac Cans. am garegamovlenil moqmedebaTa aRweris saSualebiT ilia WavWavaZe savsebiT naTlad warmogvid-gens personaJis xasiaTis ZiriTad niSnebs” (grigol kiknaZe, 1999, gv. 212).

gamosaxvis orive zemoxsenebuli saSualebis gamoyenebiTaa daxasiaTebuli rusi ofice-ric. axalgazrda mogzauri mogviTxrobs, rom misi oTaxis kari gaiRo da “erTma rusis aficerma Semohyo Tavi. imisi saxis metyveleba amJRavnebda, rom Rvinosa da arays Zalian daaxlovebiT ic-nobda.” mgzavrma oficers Tavi “somxis sovdagris daxlidrad” gaacno. “–daxlidario! – Tqva [podporuCikma] da tuCebi aipruwa... myisve didkacuri sanaxaoba miiRo: mxrebi moimarjva, is pir-velad moridebuli laparaki sxva hangzed Sescvala.”

personaJis xasiaTis gamokveTis zemoT ganxilul meTodebs mimarTavs ilia WavWavaZe lelT Runias daxasiaTebis drosac. misi saqcielis Cveneba aaSkaravebs, rom, rusi oficrisagan gansxva-vebiT, moxevisaTvis odnavadac ara aqvs mniSvneloba Tanamgzavris wamomavlobas. lelT Runias garegnobasa da moqmedebaSi xazgasmuli damaxasiaTebeli niSnebi STambeWdavad gamokveTs mis Si-nagan samyaros: “Cemi moxeve sanaxavad Rirsi iyo. igi, TiTon zorbad mosuli, ijda erTs patara mTis cxenzed, romelic TiTqmis mTels gzas mgluris ZunZuliT sasacilod moZunZulebda. Cems moxeves Camoefxata banjgvliani qudi Tvalebzed da ise garindebuli idva ganier unagirzed ga-dabotebuli, ise arxeinad da gulaumRvrevlad ayolebda Tavis axovans tans cxenis ZunZuls, iseTis damSvidebiT da gancxromiT abolebda Tavis Cibuxsa, rom gegonebodaT – amisTana qeifSi sxva kaci Znelad Tu iqneba dedamiwis zurgzedao.” rogorc vxedavT, aq “sawyisia swored adamia-nis moqmedeba da ukanasknelze dayrdnobiT da mis fonze aris gadaSlili adamianis gancdebi” (grigol kiknaZe, 1999, gv211).

moxevis nawarmoebSi SemoyvanisTanave ilia WavWavaZe mkiTxvels Tavad acnobs mis Rirse-bebs da amiT xels uwyobs am personaJis bunebis imTaviTve naTelyofas. igi wers: “Cemi moxeve Za-lian kaci gamodga. igi iyo WaRara-moreuli, xanSi Sesuli kaci. bolos gamoCnda, rom igi Tval-yur-madevaric yofila im patara qveynisa, romelic mis gareSemo beds Semoexaza da romelica imis uferulis cxovrebis misaqcev-mosaqcevad daeniSna.” am daxasiaTebaSi mkafiod ikveTeba ara mxolod moxevis xasiaTi, aramed mwerlis misdami damokidebulebac. mizani aSkaraa – avtors surs, lelT Runias mkiTxvelis sagangebo yuradReba moupovos. rogorc miuTiTeben, “Tavidanve cxadad ara marto sakiTxis dayeneba, aramed sakiTxisadmi avtoris damokidebulebis gamokveTa, mkiTxvelsac sruliad garkveul mdgomareobaSi ayenebs” (ilias krebuli, 1998, gv. 64). samecnie-ro literaturaSi cnobilia, rom ilia WavWavaZisaTvis, rogorc mwerlisaTvis, sazogadodaa da-maxasiaTebeli ganxiluli problemisadmi Tavisi damokidebulebis Cveneba. ilias ar Cvevia ambis pirispir mkiTxvelis marto datoveba. mis TxzulebebSi yovelTvis Cans avtori, romlis konkre-tuli Sefasebebi maCveneblad iqceva swori daskvnis gamotanis gzaze. aseTive daniSnuleba aqvs mniSvnelovani ambis gadmocemamde winaswar Semzadebas, erTgvar Sesavals, rasac, Cveulebriv, vxvdebiT ilia WavWavaZis nawarmoebebSi. misi funqcia safuZvlis momzadebaa imisaTvis, rom naT-qvamma mizans zustad miaRwios da mkiTxvelSi Sesabamisi gamoZaxili hpovos. nawarmoebSi lelT Runias Semoyvanas uSualod uZRvis win aseTi Sesavali: “kargia gaRviZebuli adamiani! magram uf-ro ukeTesia adamiani, romelsac ZilSiac ara sZinavs, qveynis ubedurebiT gul-aRtyinebulsa. Cemo lamazo qveyanav, arian amisTanani SenSi? me movnaxav da, Tu vipove, veTayvanebi.” es sityvebi sagangebod gvamzadebs moxevesTan Sesaxvedrad, riTac avtori, misive sityviT, “didad kmayofi-li darCa.” aseTi mWevrmetyveluri Sesavlis stilisturi funqcia naTelia – man mkiTxvels am erTi SexedviT ubralo mTis kacis gamorCeuloba unda agrZnobinos; daanaxos, rom is Cveuleb-rivi ubiri glexi ki ar aris, aramed qveynis “Tval-yur-madevari” mamuliSvilia, da mis mimarT gansakuTrebuli interesi gauRviZos. ilia WavWavaZisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli am xerxis gamoyene-ba lelT Runias SemTxvevaSi mowmobs, rom mwerlis mTavari saTqmeli swored am personaJis piri-Taa gamoTqmuli. masTan saubarSi ikveTeba is umTavresi idea, romlis gacnobiereba mkiTxveli-saTvis mwerlis ZiriTad amocanas warmoadgens. amisave mimaniSnebelia formac, Tu rogor moix-seniebs avtori lelT Runias – igi mas yvelgan “Cems moxeves” uwodebs, rac cxadad adasturebs mis gansakuTrebul damokidebulebas am personaJis mimarT.

ilia WavWavaZis weris maneris es Tavisebureba – mkiTxveli daskvnis gamotanisas arasodes datovos marto – “mgzavris werilebSi” sxvadasxva mxatvrul-stilisturi saSualebiT vlinde-ba. ilia, rogorc aRvniSneT, ambis Txrobis garda, personaJTa Tu ama Tu im viTarebis Semfase-bel-ganmsjelis funqciasac iTavsebs. amiT erTgvar ganmartebas aZlevs mkiTxvels da misi azre-bis sasurvel kalapotSi moqcevas uwyobs xels. moTxrobaSi zemoxsenebuli funqciiT gamoyene-bulia mimarTvis forma. is, rogorc wesi, axalgazrda mgzavris msjelobas mohyveba da am msje-lobis mizans, mis mTavar azrs, gaxazavs. “oh, mamulis kvamlo,” – ambobs avtori nawarmoebis pirvel epizodSi, – “marTla-da tkbili da sasiamovno xar: xandisxan ise agvibam Tvalebs xolme,


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rom Cven Cvens sakuTar ubedurebasac vera vxedavT.” mimarTvis formaSia moqceuli umTavresi azri Tergis epizodSic: “... vai Sen, Cemo Tergo! Sen, Cemo Zmobilo, zogierT kacsaviT, saca mi-sulxar, iqauri qudi dagixuravs. codva ar aris Seni Weqa-quxili, Seni zariani xmauroba, Seni SfoTva da foTva, Seni gauTavebeli brZola qva-klde-RresTan, TiTqo Seni ganieri wadili Sens viwro sawolSi ver moTavsebulao. bevri ram sagulisyuroa SenSi, Cveno daumonavo Tergo, Sens Zlevamosils da Seupovars denaSia... “. mogvianebiT, myinvarisa da Tergis Sedarebisas, ilia isev mimarTavs Tergs, romlis mTavari Tviseba – moZraoba – mas qveynis gadarCenisa da winsvlis um-Tavres pirobad aqvs miCneuli: “netavi Sen, Tergo! imiTi xar kargi, rom mousvenari xar. aba pata-ra xans dadeg, Tu myral gubed ar gadaiqce da eg Seni saSiSari xmauroba bayayebis yiyinzed ar Segecvalos. moZraoba da marto moZraoba aris, Cemo Tergo, qveynis Ronisa da sicocxlis momce-mi.” samSoblosaTvis zrunvas, Tavdadebas didi siyvaruli ganapirobebs. Tavis mamuliSvilur aRtacebas stefanwmindis mSvenieri saRamos macqerali mgzavri isev mimarTvis formiT gamoxa-tavs: “ox, saqarTvelov!” naTeli, mousvenari da mebrZoli dRis moyvaruli mgzavrisaTvis auta-nelia Ramis sibnele, romelic “adamianis damfrTxals gonebasa ubedurobas bednierebad aCve-nebs xolme.” “miyvars, bunebav, Seni dawyobiloba,” – ambobs ilia, – “romlis meoxebiTac yoveli Rame Tendeba-xolme.” oTxi weliwadis epizodSic pirvel pirSi msjelobas dasasruls meore pi-ri enacvleba da mwerali umTavres saTqmels isev mimarTvis formaSi aqcevs: “oo, Zvirfaso oTxo weliwado! netavi imas, visac Sengan gadebuli bewvis xidi fexTa qveS ar Caswydomia, netavi imas, vinc Sen rigianad mogixmara.” dRisa da Ramis dapirispirebisas mwerlis mier gamoxatul pozici-as kidev ufro amkveTrebs da STambeWdavs xdis aseTi dasasruli: “hoi, boroto, warved Cemgan, dReo naTelo, moved Sen!..” amave azris gagrZelebas warmoadgens mimarTva momdevno epizodSic: “ra mSvenieri rama xar, dilis riJraJo! ra mSvenieri rama xar, dilis cvariT pirdabanilo qveya-nav!” magram azrobrivi TvalsazrisiT kulminacias moxeve lelT Runiasadmi mimarTva warmoad-gens: “migixvdi, Cemo moxevev, ra nestariTa xar naCxvleti. “Cveni Tavi Cvenadve gveyudneso”, – sTqvi Sen da me gavigone. magram gavigone Tu ara, raRac uecarma tkivilma tvinidan gulamde Ca-mirbina, iq, gulSi gaiTxara samare da daimarxa.” avtoris mier gameorebuli moxevis sityvebi aris im umTavresi azris gamomxatveli, risi mkiTxvelamde mitanac, rogorc vTqviT, yvelaze me-tad unda ilia WavWavaZes. amisaTvis mas erTgvari intriga Semoaqvs, rodesac ambobs: “migixvdi, Cemo moxevev...”. TiTqosda moxevis naTqvami raRac saidumloebiT aRbeWdili yofiliyo. mimar-Tvis aseTi dasawyisis funqcia sruliad garkveulia – man mkiTxvelis daintereseba, gamofxiz-leba unda gamoiwvios, rom isic tvinidan gulamde SeZras lelT Runias sityvebiT mogvrilma tkivilma: “Cveni Tavi Cvenadve gveyudneso”.

“Tu Txzuleba garkveul stilistur mTlianobas warmoadgens, Tu igi sxvadasxva stilTa Se-revis, e.w. “narev stilTa” STabeWdilebas ar axdens, maSin misi stilisturi erTianobis saCveneblad didi mniSvneloba eqneba iseTi gamonaTqvamebis aRnusxvas, romlebic pirdapir gamoxataven da upa-suxeben am nawarmoebis Temasa da ideas” (grigol kiknaZe, 1999, gv. 261). “mgzavris werilebSi” CarTu-li mimarTvis am formebis umTavresi daniSnuleba swored nawarmoebis ideis gamomxatveli ZiriTa-di azrebis gamoyofa da xazgasmaa. es am moTxrobis stilis erTianobas ganapirobebs.

“mgzavris werilebi” specifikuri xasiaTis Txzulebaa. rogorc aRvniSneT, misi TiToeuli epizodi damoukidebel msjelobas Seicavs da mkiTxvelisgan aqtiur gonebriv muSaobas moiT-xovs. aseT viTarebaSi advili SesaZlebelia, nawarmoebi mkiTxvelisTvis mZimed aRsaqmeli da, ubralod, mosawyeni gaxdes. es saSiSroeba “mgzavris werilebSi” mimarTvis formebis daxmarebi-Tac aris acilebuli. erTi, rom iq emociuri da, amdenad, ufro STambeWdavi formiT gameorebu-lia daskvnis umTavresi azrobrivi safuZveli da meore, pirveli piris meoriT Canacvleba Txrobis dinamiurobis safuZvels qmnis da mis moubezreblobas ganapirobebs.

aseve mizanmimarTulad da sruliad garkveuli daniSnulebiT aris gamoyenebuli teqstSi CarTuli kiTxvebi. sainteresoa, rom ilia maT, rogorc wesi, upasuxod tovebs. es fsiqologiurad gamiznuli svlaa: amiT mkiTxvels aiZulebs dafiqrdes da Tavad moZebnos pasuxi, rac Sors saZie-belic araa – igi iqve avtoriseul monaTxrobsa Tu msjelobaSia gaSlili, romelic man es-esaa wa-ikiTxa. mwerlisaTvis saintereso sakiTxebTan mkiTxvelis mibruneba da maTze xelaxla dafiqrebaa im kiTxvebis funqcia, romelTac ilia “mgzavris werilebSi” araerT adgilas iyenebs. “ra uxaroda im sulels?” – ambobs i. WavWavaZe fransielze, rodesac es ukanaskneli gulianad icinis briyvi “iamSCikisa” da mWle cxenebis sacodaobaze, “foStis povoskis” daZvras amaod rom cdiloben.

mSobeli qveynisaTvis mzrunveli mamuliSvilis fiqrsa Tu gansjasac ilia kiTxviT amTav-rebs: “Senma qveyanam saqme rom mogTxovos, maSin rasa iqm?”

mgzavris simpaTias mxolod “gaRviZebuli”, moqmedi adamiani ipyrobs. Tumca, misi sityviT, “ukeTesia adamiani, romelsac ZilSiac ara sZinavs, qveynis ubedurebiT gul-aRtyinebulsa”. am epizodSi gadmocemuli mwerlis mTavari sawuxaric kiTxvis formiTaa mowodebuli: “Cemo lama-zo qveyanav, arian amisTanani SenSi?”

Tergisa da myinvaris SedarebiT garTulma mgzavrma aSkarad igrZno “raRac idumali kavSi-ri” Tavis fiqrebsa da “Seupovar da daumonav” mdinares Soris. “risTvis?” – kiTxulobs igi da pasuxs am kiTxvaze, Cveulebriv, mkiTxvels andobs.


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nawarmoebis bolo Tavsac, romelic mwerlis mTavari mizandasaxulebis gacxadebas warmo-adgens, ilia kiTxviT amTavrebs. moxevis naTqvamma sityvebma, “Cveni Tavi Cvenadve gveyudneso”, mgzavri suliT xorcamde SeZra da uecari tkivili agrZnobina, romelmac mis “gulSi gaiTxara samare”. kiTxva, romelic am sityvebs mohyveba, umniSvnelovanesia. amitom masSi gamoxatuli mRelvareba da molodini gameorebis saSualebiTaa gamZafrebuli: “rodemdis damrCes eg tkivi-li gulSi, rodemdis? ox, rodemdis, rodemdis?.. Cemo sayvarelo miwa-wyalo, momec amis pasuxi!”

unda davaskvnaT, rom kiTxvis dasma mwerlis msjelobis procesSi mkiTxvelis aqtiurad CarTvis xerxia. igi avtoris TanaSemoqmedi xdeba, ramdenadac mis mier dawyebul da garkveul ka-lapotSi Cayenebul azrs amTavrebs. es sasurveli daskvnis gamotanasac gansazRvravs. am xerxiT nawarmoebSi gamoTqmuli azrebi Rrmad idgams fexs mkiTxvelis cnobierebaSi da misi gonebidan moucilebeli xdeba.

“mgzavris werilebi” maRalmxatvruli nawarmoebia, rac bevrwilad, sxva stilistur saSua-lebebTan erTad, moTxrobis dinamizmiTac aris ganpirobebuli. am nawarmoebis pirvelive wina-dadeba imden informacias awvdis mkiTxvels erTbaSad da SekumSuli formiT, rom dauyovnebliv gadahyavs igi ambis SuagulSi: “dilis eqvsi saaTi Sesrulda Tu ara, im sastumros win, romelSic me wina Rames Camovxti, rusis pir-daubanelma da Tav-dauvarcxnelma “iamSCikma” foStis povoska moayena”. Tumca, dinamizmis umTavres safuZvels, upirveles yovlisa, am moTxrobis agebuleba qmnis. “mgzavris werilebi”, rogorc Sinaarsobrivad erTmaneTisagan damoukidebeli calkeuli epizodebiT Sedgenili nawarmoebi, dinamikas ukve kompoziciaSive moiazrebs, ramdenadac yove-li axali epizodi mkiTxvelis axal azrobriv sibrtyeze gadanacvlebas iwvevs da axal safiq-rals uCens mas. Txzulebis saerTo dinamikas aZlierebs sakuTriv TiToeuli Tavis dinamizmic. sainteresoa am Tavebis agebis iliaseuli sqema: yoveli maTgani Sedgeba ori epizodisagan, rom-lebic absoluturad sxvadasxva mimarTulebiT akaveben mkiTxvelis gonebas. magaliTad, pirvel TavSi “iamSCikis” epizods mosdevs “fransielis” epizodi; meoreSi Tergis aRweras oTxi weliwa-dis Sesaxeb gansja enacvleba. mesameSi – qveynis samsaxurze dafiqrebas – podporuCik -Tan sa-ubari da a.S. es epizodebi imdenad bunebrivad da swrafad enacvleba erTmaneTs, rom, miuxeda-vad TiToeuli maTganis Rrmaazrovnebisa, adamianis gonebas ki ar Rlis, aramed afxizlebs. am-gvari Txroba iTrevs mkiTxvels da stimuls aZlevs axal-axal Temebze dasafiqreblad.

aRniSnulis garda moTxrobis dinamikuroba gansazRvrulia calkeuli epozodebis xasia-TiTac, sadac kontrastul saxeTa Tu ganwyobilebaTa gamudmebul monacvleobas vawydebiT. garda Tergisa da myinvaris, goeTesa da baironis, dRisa da Ramis dapirispirebisa, rac zemoT-qmulis uaRresad TvalsaCino magaliTebia, nawarmoebSi sxvagvari kontrastebic gvxvdeba. pir-vel TavSi “iamSCikis” saxes, romelic amaod cdilobs cxenebis daZvras, upirispirdeba moxarxa-re evropeli. am momentSi “iamSCikis” saqcieli imdenad aaSkaravebs mis SezRudul bunebas, imde-nad araadekvaturi da kontrastulia galaRebuli frangis fonze, rom komizmis garkveul sa-fuZvels qmnis. daaxloebiT amgvarsave dapirispirebasTan gvaqvs saqme mesame TavSic, rodesac mamuliSvilur sazrunavze dafiqrebuli axalgazrda mgzavri amoZaxilze – ra unda vqnao? su-leli saldaTis sruliad moulodnel da Seuferebel pasuxs miiRebs: “Cai unda miirTovo”. Ta-visTavad kontrastis efeqtis Semcvelia erTi mxriv Rrmad ganaTlebuli inteligentis, rome-lic Tavs “somxis sovdagris daxlidrad” asaRebs, da, meore mxriv, mecnieruli codnis preten-ziis mqone briyvi oficris Sexvedra. amasTan, misi Seusabamo saqcieli da araadekvaturobamde misuli azrsmoklebuli saubari erTgvari komikuri situaciis Seqmnas uwyobs xels. amgvari pa-saJebis stilisturi funqcia, garda zemoxsenebuli personaJebis sulieri raobis kidev ufro TvalsaCinod da STambeWdavad gadmocemisa, nawarmoebis gamococxlebasa da Txrobis dinamiuri ganviTarebis miRwevaSi mdgomareobs.

“mgzavris werilebis” Txrobis tons, iliaseuli aRwera-daxasiaTebis Taviseburebas cal-keuli epizodis Sinaarsi gansazRvravs. magaliTad, “iamSCikis” da oficris epizodebSi serio-zul Txrobas enacvleba Txrobis iseTi saxe, romelic TavisTavadaa Sinagani dinamizmis Semcve-li, ramdenadac naTqvamsa da nagulisxmevs Soris dapirispirebas gamoxatavs. es aris dacinvis erT-erTi forma, ironia, romelsac ilia WavWavaZe sazogadod farTod mimarTavs Tavis Semoqme-debaSi. “kvamli friad sasiamovnoa”, – ambobs ilia, – “pirveli imisaTvis, rom kvamli Tvals efareba da marTlWvretas uSlis, meore imisaTvis, rom kvamli xSirad Tvalidam cremls gvayre-vinebs xolme. oh, mamulis kvamlo, marTla-da tkbili da sasiamovno xar: xandisxan ise agvibam Tvalebs xolme, rom Cven Cvens sakuTar ubedurebasac vera vxedavT”. podporuCik -is Sesaxebac mwerali ironiulad SeniSnavs: “am sityvebzed mecnierma aficerma TiTebzed ikoca”. ironiuli midgomiTvea daxasiaTebuli ilias Tanamedrove qarTveli sazogadoebis damokidebuleba e.w. Tergdaleulebisadmi: “Terg-daleulebi Cvens qarTvel kacs rogorRac ar eWaSnikeba da ar moswons. amazed friad safuZvliani sabuTi aqvT: pirveli, imitom ar moswonT, rom Terg-daleu-lebi marTla-da Terg-daleulebi arian, meore imitom... imitom, rom meoredac Terg-daleulebi arian, mesame imitom... imitom... imitom, rom mesamedac Terg-daleulebi arian. modi da amisTana Wkvianuri sabuTi sxva sabuTiT daurRvie Cvens darRveuls qarTvelobas”.


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“mgzavris werilebis” dinamizms mniSvnelovnad apirobebs masSi CarTuli dialogis xasia-Tic, romelic axalgazrda mogzaursa da moxeve lelT Runias Sorisaa gamarTuli. am dialogis pirveli nawili, romelic me-6 TavSia warmodgenili, kiTxva-migebiTi xasiaTisaa. misi daniSnu-lebaa, mkiTxvels gaacnos moxeve lelT Runia da is “patara qveyana, romelic mis gareSemo beds Semoexaza”. am dialogSi swrafad enacvleba erTmaneTs SedarebiT mokle frazebi. amis gamo is intensiuria da sakmao informatiulobiTac xasiaTdeba. sayuradReboa, rom mweralma misi Sina-arsic dapirispirebis principze aago: qarTveli xar Tu osi? mTa jobia Tu bari? maZRari qveyana jobia Tu mrTeli? da sxv. ase ganviTarebuli kiTxva-pasuxis swrafi monacvleoba moTxrobis am epizods uaRresad SekumSulsa da dinamiurs xdis.

sxvagvaria me-7 TavSi warmodgenili dialogi. marTalia, isic kiTxva-migebiTi xasiaTisaa, magram iq kiTxvebi sxva mizandasaxulebiTaa SerCeuli. rogorc aRvniSneT, moxeve lelT Runia is personaJia, romelsac avtori Tavis mTavar saTqmels andobs. misi piriTaa gamoTqmuli is azre-bi, romelTa mkiTxvelamde mitanac ilia WavWavaZisaTvis umniSvnelovanesia. amitom axalgazrda inteligentis mier dasmulma kiTxvebma lelT Runias Tavisi azrebis srulad gamoTqmis saSua-leba unda misces. dialogis Tema Sesabamisi garemoTia motivirebuli – igi imarTeba stefan-wmindidan fasanaurisaken mimaval gzaze, sadac garsSemojaruli xeluxlebeli buneba da warsu-li drois nagebobani TavisTavad iwveven mnaxvels axlandeli da Zveli, Tavisufali drois Seda-rebisTvis. am epizodis dinamizms moxevis sasaubro Temis monacvleoba gansazRvravs, rac mgzav-ris mier dasmuli SekiTxvebiTaa ganpirobebuli. dialogs oriode furceli eTmoba, mwerali ki aswrebs daafiqros mkiTxveli im saocnebo droze, gergetis samebaSi rom erTa sabWo wyvetda qveynis saWirboroto sakiTxebs; axlandeli Tu Zveli, Tavisufali drois av-kargze; “exla rom mSvidobianoba aris”, imis fassa da uwindel droSi mtris daxvedraze; isic miawvdinos mkiTxve-lis gonebas, rom “Wkuiani vaJkacoba ege arn: sad Ronei ver Ronobs, iqaid xerxs emudvnis”; arc imis aRniSvna daaviwydes, rom “awina yavelni qarTveln Zmanebi varn”. moxevis sityvebis gul-wrfeloba, gamoxatvis Zala, misi saubris paTosi uaRresad STambeWdavs xdis am ubralo mTis ka-cis mier gamoTqmul azrebs. mkiTxvels TiTqos esmis misi xeviskilokavdakruli xma: “adrida avad Tu kargad Cveni Tavi Cvenadve gveyudnes, miT iyvis ukedo”.

dialogis eqspresiuloba gazrdilia imiTac, rom mwerali sxvadasxva stilisturi saSua-lebiT axerxebs cocxali saubris STabeWdileba Seqmnas. magaliTad, sanam pasuxs gascemdes mgzavris mier dasmul kiTxvas, moxeve, rogorc wesi, imeorebs mas an kiTxviTve pasuxobs:

“–sabWo raRa aris? –sabWoi?..” “–ver metyvi, rogori iyo eg bWoba da razed ufro moxdeboda xolme? –raid ver getyvi?..” “–exla ratom aRar aris ega? –awina?..” da a.S. kiTxvis Sebruneba sasaubro metyvelebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli Cveulebrivi Tavisebure-

baa. amiT mosaubre, romelsac kiTxviT mimarTes, pauzas akeTebs, dros igebs, rom ukeT gaiazros kiTxva da mofiqrebuli pasuxi gasces. dialogis erTi monawilidan meoreze kiTxvis gadatana im-wams dabadebuli saubris efeqts qmnis, mosaubreTa Soris gamudmebul, uwyvet kavSirs gaxazavs da dialogis dinamikas apirobebs.

cocxali saubris STabeWdilebas qmnis, agreTve, gameorebis xerxi. amis TvalsaCino magali-Tia lelT Runias sityvebi: “awina? eroba sada arn? rusobaCi varn. awina yvelai gacuddis, yve-lai gauqmdis. samebis ZirCi sofel gergeT arn. iqavel kacT mefeTa SeuTqves saxtris darajo-bai. mis samagier mefeTa Tarxnoba mianiWis srul sofels. gujaric mihscis saSviliSvilad. yva-vel Ram awinac saxtris darajobas Tav-debuloben, magramad rusobaCi Tarxnoba gacuddis, me-feT gujars rusobam yuri ar aTxovis, gergeTi awina sxvaviTa begrobs”. am patara monakveTis manZilze ramdenjermea gameorebuli “awina”, “mefeTa”; swored iseve, rogorc cocxali saubri-sas, rodesac “metyvelebaSi ufro nakleb rols TamaSobs sityvebis sagangebod SerCevis tenden-cia” (grigol kiknaZe, 1999, gv. 41). adamians uWirs gaakontrolos Tavisi zepiri metyveleba da ga-meorebebi Tavidan aicilos. am monakveTSi gameorebulia erTi da igive mniSvnelobis mqone mTe-li frazebic: “yvelai gacuddis, yvelai gauqmdis”, an “rusobaCi Tarxnoba gacuddis, mefeT gu-jars rusobam yuri ar aTxovis”. zepirmetyvelebisas xSiria Tanabari mniSvnelobis mqone fraze-bis gameoreba azris mkveTrad da STambeWdavad gamosaxatad.

am TvalsazrisiT sainteresoa lelT Runias msjeloba axlandeli da warsuli drois av-kargzec: “adrida avad Tu kargad Cveni Tavi Cvenadve gveyudnes, miT iyvis uked. adrida eri erobdis, guli gulobdis, vaJai vaJabdis, qalai qalabdis. adrida?! erT-urTs daveyudniT, erT-urTs vixvewebdniT. adrida?! qvriv-obolT vifarevdiT, Sin miwriels, gareT mavnes davulag-mndiT. xTisa da batonis iasauls mis yudros ar mivkerZdniT, erT-urTs laR mterTan Cavefar-vidniT, dacemul viurvebdniT, atirdomils vixoiSnidniT da esred iyvis braleba kacisa, erT-


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urToba. awina eroba daiSalis, meZav-mruSobai Camovardnis, xarbobai, angari gverivnis, erT-su-lobai davardnis, mteroba-bZarvai gaxSirdnis. awina qvriv-obol vin ganikiTxis, atirdomil vin gaacinis, dacemul vin aRadginis? awina ara arn kacni da Tu arn – pirad da gulad juRur arn. eri davardnil, galaxul arn, vrdomil-krTomil. warxda qarTvelTa saxeli, qarTvelTa wesT-wyobai. adrida Cvenoba iyvis. warxda, moisra qveyanai, raia awina Cveni darCena? Wamad-smad sas-yidval, tyei sasyidval, gzai sasyidval, locva-kurTxevai sasyidval, samarTal sasyidval, raid darCebis beCavi maxeve?” es monakveTi sayuradReboa imis gamoc, rom aq ilia WavWavaZem moxevis sityvebis zemoqmedebis gasazrdelad mWevrmetyvelebis xerxebs mimarTa. yoveli winadadebis dasawyisSi gameorebuli “adrida” an “awina”, romelTac erTsa da imave formaSi moqceuli Camo-naTvali mosdevs, rogoricaa: “erobdis”, “gulobdis”, “vaJabdis”, “qalabdis”; “daveyudniT”, “vixvewebdniT”, “vifarevdiT”, “davulagmndiT”, “mivkerZdniT”, “CavefarvidniT” da sxv. an “dai-Salis”, “Camovardnis”, “gverivnis”, “davardnis”, “gaxSirdnis”, “ganikiTxis”, “aRadginis” da a.S. STabeWdilebis gaZlierebis mizniT ramdenjerme gameorebulia erTi da igive zmnac: “Wamad-smad sasyidval, tyei sasyidval, gzai sasyidval, locva-kurTxevai sasyidval, samarTal sasyidval”. am gameorebaTa saSualebiT gadmocemuli mRelvareba da maTive daxmarebiT miRweuli monolo-gis Sinagani ritmi marTlac didi ZaliT zemoqmedebs mkiTxvelze. amas emateba bolos dasmuli kiTxva: “raid darCebis beCavi maxeve?” es ritorikuli kiTxvaa, romelic monologis dagvirgvi-nebas warmoadgens da moxevis naTqvamis xelaxla gadaxedva-gaazrebas uzrunvelyofs. yovelive zemoTqmuli nawilobriv xsnis im ganumeorebel STabeWdilebas, romelsac es epizodi axdens.

magram lelT RuniasTan dialogis STambeWdaoba ganpirobebulia ara mxolod misi dinami-kurobiTa da eqspresiulobiT. aq mniSvnelovan rols asrulebs ena, romliTac ilia WavWavaZem moxeve aalaparaka. cxadia, epizodis mxatvruli damajereblobis misaRwevad mniSvnelovania, rom xevSi aRzrdili kaci Sesabamis dialeqtze metyvelebdes, magram ilia amas ar dasjerda. man moxevis sityvebs maxvilebi dausva da amiT lelT Runias naTqvami smeniT kategoriaSi gadaiyva-na. man TiTqos aiZula mkiTxveli, rom moxevis sityvebi xmamaRla waekiTxa, raTa ukeT SeegrZno misi kilos surneli da ganumeorebeli siaxle. aqac imaleba mkiTxvelze am epizodis didi zemoq-medebis saidumlo. swored am efeqtur, literaturuli qarTulisagan ase gansxvavebul, aqamde ucxo da sruliad axal formaSi moaqcia iliam saTqmeli, riTac Rrma kvali gaavlo mkiTxvelis cnobierebaSi da misdami Seunelebeli yuradReba uzrunvelyo.

sazogadod, zemoqmedebis efeqtis misaRwevad, sxva mravalferovan stilistur saSuale-bebTan erTad, ilia WavWavaZe farTod iyenebs leqsikas. amas mowmobs is leqsikuri Tavisebure-banic, romelsac mweralma “mgzavris werilebSi” mimarTa. miuTiTeben, rom “metyvelebaSi xSirad naxmar sityvasa da gamoTqmas erTgvarad usustdeba gavlenis Zala; aseT SemTxvevaSi TiTqos cvdeba sityva misi xSirad xmarebis anda Sablonur konteqstSi moqcevis gamo” (gr. kiknaZe, 1999, gv. 251). “gacveTili” sityva, savaraudod, mkiTxvelis yuradRebis miRma rCeba. aqedan gamomdina-re, verc masSi moqceuli azri aRwevs saboloo mizans. ilia WavWavaZis nawarmoebebSi ki swored azri batonobs. mwerlis SemoqmedebiTi muSaoba iqiTaa mimarTuli, rom monaxos forma, romelic misi azris mkiTxvelamde Seuferxebel mitanas moemsaxureba. aseT viTarebaSi ilia WavWavaZes “mgzavris werilebSi” Semoaqvs iseTi siaxlis Semcveli, sruliad moulodneli frazebi, romle-bic TavianTi efeqturobiT imTaviTve ipyroben mkiTxvelis gulisyurs: “oTxi weliwadi cxovre-bis saZirkvelia, cxovrebis wyaros saTavea... imaTTvis, vinc ruseTSi wasula, raTa Wkua avarji-Sos, tvinsa da guls fexi aadgmevinos”; “... iq [stefanwmindas] davrCi, raTa Tvali gameZRo mSveni-eris sanaxavebis xilviTa”; “erTi muWis odeni Rrubelic ara hfaravda mis maRals Sublsa, mis yinviT Severcxlils Tavsa”; “ara, myinvari ar miyvars: misi sicive hsusxavs da siTeTre aberebs”; “sCans, qveynis tkivili dauyuCavia”; “qveynis tkivilma daiZina”; iqneb Cemma qveyanam “gulzedac mimikras da xarbad damigdos yuri, magram me SeviZleb ki, rom mas RviZli sityva vuTxra...”. am fiqrebSi myof mamuliSvils saldaTis Semosvlam Seawyvetina “fiqrebis feradi grexili”. amave arealSi Semodis iseTi moulodneli Sesityvebebi, rogoricaa “qveynis ubedurebis nacar-tu-ta”, “miukareblad maRali”, “zariani xuili”, “dauCumari Civili”, “morWmuli xmauroba”, “daRli-li zrunva da wadili”, “damfrTxali goneba”, “gadareuli laparaki”, “gagiJebiT mavali”, “Tav-zedxelaRebuli denis xuili”, “xmagakmendili qveyana” da sxv. amgvari uCveulo Sesityvebebi mxatvrul literaturaSi xSirad ar gvxvdeba. amitom isini mkiTxvelis cnobierebaSi sruliad axal xatebs qmnian. ilia WavWavaZem erTi mxriv mkafio emociuri tonis Semcveli gamoTqmebi Se-arCia, meore mxriv, Seawyvila Sinaarsobrivad sruliad moulodneli sityvebi – msazRvrel-sazRvrulis funqcia erTmaneTisagan radikalurad gansxvavebul leqsikur erTeulebs daakis-ra. ase uzrunvelyo mweralma STambeWdaoba, Rrma emociuri kavSiris damyareba mkiTxvelTan, riTac mniSvnelovnad gaaZliera “mgzavris werilebSi” gamoTqmuli azrebis damarwmunebeli Za-la. amave mizniTaa moyvanili nawarmoebSi SoTa rusTavelisa da grigol orbelianis striqone-bic. maTi gamomsaxvelobiTi Zala TvalsaCinoebas matebs mwerlis sityvebs da misi naTqvamis STabeWdilebas kidev ufro aRrmavebs.

“mgzavris werilebis” STambeWdaobas ilia WavWavaZis mier gamoyenebuli gamomsaxvelobiTi saSualebebis erToblioba gansazRvravs. maT Soris mniSvnelovan rols asrulebs buneba da misi


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iliaseuli aRqma. buneba “mgzavris werilebis” kompoziciaSi mkacradaa Casmuli da igi aucile-bel elements warmoadgens nawarmoebis Semdgomi gaSla-gaRrmavebisaTvis” (l. minaSvili, 1995, gv. 410), ramdenadac aq bunebis suraTis detaluri aRweris fonzea gansaxierebuli Txzulebis erTi uZiriTadesi motivi – moZraoba. “mgzavris werilebSi” ilia WavWavaZe Tergisa da myinva-ris farTo, TvalsaCino suraTebs gvaZlevs, magram aq misTvis sainteresoa ara sakuTriv bunebis aRwera, aramed misi saSualebiT socialur Sinaarsze, adamianis xasiaTsa da misi sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis saxeze miTiTeba. igi wers: “Tergi saxea adamianis gaRviZebulis cxovrebisa, amaRel-vebeli da Rirssacnobi saxec aris: imis mRvrie wyalSi sCans mTelis qveynis ubedurebis nacar-tuta. myinvari ki ukvdavebisa da gancxromis didebuli saxea: civia – rogorc ukvdaveba da Cu-mia – rogorc gancxroma... myinvari did getes magonebs da Tergi ki mrisxane da Seupovars bai-ronsa”. aSkaraa, rom “mgzavris werilebSi” mocemul bunebis suraTebSi adamianebi da maTi cxov-rebis wesi igulisxmeba, “ilia bunebaSi adamianiseuli bunebis analogiebs xedavs” (ilias krebu-li, 1998, gv. 44). amas mowmobs is mxatvruli xerxebic, romelTac avtori Tergisa da myinvaris da-saxasiaTeblad iyenebs: “eg dasaRupavi Tergi! ra orpiri yofila! daxe, rogor mimkvdara. raki zurgi Cvenken uqnia da piri ruseTisaken, raki gaumindvrebia da gauvaknia, rogorRac is devgmi-ruli xma Caswyvetia. ... ise damdovrebula, ise dadumebula, TiTqo an rozg-qveS aris gatarebu-lio, an didi Cini miuRiao. ... vai Sen, Cemo Tergo! Sen, Cemo Zmobilo, zogierT kacsaviT, saca mi-sulxar, iqauri qudic dagixuravs. codva ar aris, Seni Weqa-quxili, Seni zariani xmauroba, Seni SfoTva da foTva, Seni gauTavebeli brZola qva-klde-RresTan, TiTqo Seni ganieri wadili Sens viwro sawolSi ver moTavsebulao. bevri ram sagulisyuroa SenSi, Cveno daumonavo Tergo, Sens Zlevamosils da Seupovars denaSia. aq ki mimrCvalxar damarcxebul da naTrev lomsaviTa. cod-va xar da codvas Svrebi!” myinvaris Sesaxeb mwerali ambobs: “aba magas SeuZlian sTqvas: ca quda-da maqvs da dedamiwa qalamnadao. cisa laJvardzed moCanda igi TeTrad da aumRvrevlad. erTis muWis odeni Rrubelic ara hfaravda mis maRals Sublsa, mis yinviT Severcxlils Tavsa. ... qvey-nis yayani, qveynis qariSxali, qrolva, qveynis av-kargi mis maRals Sublzed erT ZarRvsac ar aa-tokebs. Ziri Tumca dedamiwazed udga, Tavi ki cas miubjenia, ganzed gamdgara, miukarebelia... maRaliao! rad minda misi simaRle, Tu me imas ver avwvdebi da is me ver Camomwvdeba”. aSkaraa, rom Tergisa da myinvaris dasaxasiaTeblad gamoyenebuli gamosaxvis saSualebebi adamianuri Tvise-bebis gamomxatvelia. ufro zustad rom vTqvaT, ilia WavWavaZe “mgzavris werilebSi” bunebis su-raTebis aRwerisas mimarTavs gapirovnebas. am xerxis stilisturi funqcia naTelia – esaa ada-mianuri bunebisa da sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis mkafio analogiis gamokveTa. Tergi da myinvari personificirebulia im mizniT, rom ukeT Seasrulos mimTiTeblis roli da amiT xeli Seuwyos mwerlis Canafiqris ganxorcielebas.

stilis daxvewilobas gamosaxati sakiTxisa da gamoxatvis formis Sesabamisoba gansaz-Rvravs. aqedan modis nawarmoebis zemoqmedebis efeqtic da maRalmxatvrulobis gancdac. ro-gorc miuTiTeben, “ar aris sakmarisi mxolod imis codna, Tu ra unda iTqvas, aramed aucilebe-lia es saTanadod iTqvas” (gr. kiknaZe, 1999, gv. 9). “mgzavris werilebSi” ilia WavWavaZis mizani iyo im sakiTxebis dayeneba, im problemebis Cveneba, romelTa gaazreba da gadaWra sasicocxlod mniSvnelovani unda yofiliyo Tanamedrove qarTuli sinamdvilisaTvis, raTa awmyo gamxdariyo “mSobeli” ukeTesi, sasurveli momavlisa. mwerlis amocana am sakiTxebisa da problemebis mkiT-xvelamde naTlad, gasagebad mitanaSi mdgomareobda. mkiTxvels unda egrZno, erTi mxriv, maTi mniSvneloba da, meore mxriv, maTdami avtoris damokidebulebis siswore. ilia WavWavaZem Tavi-seburi kompozicia da gamosaxvis mravalferovani stilisturi saSualebebi gamoiyena, romle-bic zedmiwevniT miusadaga nawarmoebis mizandasaxulebas. TiToeuli sakiTxi man mokled, Sekum-Sulad, magram Rrma eqspresiiT, didi gamomsaxvelobiTi ZaliT ganixila; yovel maTgans indivi-dualuri, Sesaferi forma mouZebna, riTac maTi misawvdomoba, TvalsaCinoeba uzrunvelyo. Ta-visi damokidebulebac maTdami dasabuTebulad, didi damarwmunebeli ZaliT gamoxata. cnobi-lia, rom “stili, rogorc aseTi, Tavis TavSive ki ar Seicavs WeSmaritebas, aramed igi aucilebe-lia darwmuneba-damtkicebisaTvis” (gr. kiknaZe, 1999, gv. 9). aqedan gamomdinare, unda davaskvnaT, rom “mgzavris werilebSi” ilia WavWavaZis, rogorc mwerlis, Seudarebeli ostatoba gamovlin-da. imdenad didia am moTxrobis zemoqmedebis efeqti da Seunelebeli – misiT gamowveuli STa-beWdileba, rom mkiTxvels masSi wamoWrili sakiTxebis sxvagvari gaSuqeba verc ki warmoudgenia.


1. axali qarTuli literaturis istoria, I, d. gamezardaSvilis redaqciiT, Tbilisi, 1956; 2. axali qarTuli literaturis istoria, II, Tbilisi, 2003; 3. aristotele, ritorika, ZvelberZnulidan Targmna, Sesavali werili, SeniSvnebi da saZiebeli

daurTo Tamar kukavam, Tbilisi, 1981;


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4. grigol kiknaZe, literaturis Teoriisa da istoriis sakiTxebi, Tbilisi, 1978; 5. grigol kiknaZe, Txzulebani xuT tomad, tomi III , Tbilisi, 1991; 6. lado minaSvili, ilia WavWavaZe, Tbilisi, 1995; 7. pavle ingoroyva, ilia WavWavaZe, narkvevi, Tbilisi, 1957; 8. ilias krebuli, Tbilisi, 1998.

xaTuna memaniSvili

`mgzavris werilebis~ stili

reziume

`mgzavris werilebi` saprogramo nawarmoebia. masSi Tavmoyrilia yvela is idea, romelsac ilia WavWavaZe axorcielebda mTeli Tavisi mxatvrul-publicisturi Tu praqtikul-sazogado-ebrivi moRvaweobis manZilze. es nawarmoebi gansxvavdeba ilias yvela sxva Txzulebisagan kom-poziciuri TaviseburebebiTa da zogadi SinaarsiT. moTxrobis mizandasaxulebidan gamomdina-re, mweralma gamoiyena mravalferovani mxatvrul-stilisturi da leqsikuri saSualebebi, ri-Tac miaRwia Txrobis dinamizmsa da mWevrmetyvelurobas. amiT gazarda nawarmoebis STambeWdao-ba da gamomsaxvelobiTi Zala.

Khatuna Memanishvili

STYLE OF `NOTES OF A JOURNEY~

Summary

`Notes of a Journey~ is a program work. In this work all those ideas are concentrated which Ilia Chavchavadze implemented during his art and publicistic or practical and public creativity. This item defers from his all other works by composition peculiarities and general contents. Proceeding from the focus of work the writer used various art and stylistic and lexical opportunities by means of which he reached dynamism of a narration and eloquence. By means of this he increased impressive and expressive force of the work.


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TaTia mJavanaZe

axali mediis gamowvevebi

Tanamedrove JurnalistikaSi informaciuli sivrcis globalizaciis pirobebSi erTis mxriv SeiniSneba beWduri da samauwyeblo mediis Serwymis, sakuTrebaSi koncentraciis, transna-cionalur korporaciebad Camoyalibebis tendencia da meores mxriv, viTardeba sainformacio sferoSi sazogadobrivi aqtivobis CarTulobiT, alternatiuli - „individebis“ masmedia, rome-lic upiratesad qselur platformazea morgebuli. mediakonglomeratebi, erTiani teqnologi-uri platformiT ZiriTadad reitingebze nadirobs, qveynis farglebsac scildeba da ucxo qve-yanaSi, maTTvis adaptirebul versiasac ki Tavazobs, rac TavisTavad gavlenaze, reklamasa da Sesabamisad mogebazea orientirebuli. xSirad, msubuq Temebs, sanaxaobas misdevs, romelic gaT-vlilia auditoriis saSualo da dabal fenaze, maTi viwro interesebis gaTvaliswinebiT da au-ditoriis realuri interesebi uyuradRebod rCeba.

romelime gavlenian gazeTSi statisebis wera aRaraa sakmarisi, radgan is mainc lokalur auditoriaze muSaobs, amitom saWiroa mediasaSualebebma farTo auditoriaze imuSaon kriti-kuli masis Sesaqmnelad. Tavad Jurnalistikis daniSnulebidan gamomdinare, Jurnalistebma aramxolod problemis arseboba unda acnobon sazogadoebas, aramed unda uzrunvelyon infor-maciis yvelasTvis xelmisawvdomoba, rac TavisTavad gaaqtiurebs mas.

dRes, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT qveynis ekonomikur da politikur mdgomareobas, gazeTebi im-denad mcire tiraJiT ibeWdeba, radio diapazonze “Caiketa“, televizia ki, mxolod konkretuli jgufebis interesebis gamtaria, da am pirobebSi, Znelia qarTuli media sazogadoebis interese-bis damcvelad da maTi problemebis realur amsaxvelad gvevlinebodes.

amerikaSi 1995 wlidan, 25%-iT gaizarda qaRaldis fasi, ramac sagrZnoblad Seamcira gaze-Tebis gamocema da zogierTi maTgani saerTod daixura - maT Soris msxvili da didi tradicie-bis mqone gazeTebic. amas daemata gazeTis gaZvireba 35-50 centiT, televiziasa da internetTan konkurencia (bil geitsis „maikrosoftis“ mier kompiuterebisTvis programuli uzrunvelyo-fis CarTviT). 1996 wlidan ki, informaciuli teqnologiebis danergviT, iwyeba gazeTebis axli internetgverdebis gamoCena. mkvidrdeba Jurnalistikis axali formebi - „konceptualuri Jur-nalistika“ da aqmde, axali ambebis kiTxvas miCveuli amerikis sazogadoeba ecnoba „monatre-bul“ interpretacias.

21-e saukuneSi auditoria ukve gamovida mkiTxvelis, msmenelisa da mayureblis rolidan da Tavad aris CarTuli informaciis gavrcelebaSi, gvevlineba ra informaciis mimwodeblad da Sesabamisad, monawileobs sazogadoebrivi azris formirebaSi. amerikuli tradiciuli media, TviTgadarCenis, auditoriis maqsimaluri mocvisa da CarTulobis mizniT axali gzebis ZiebaSia. tradiciuli media bolo aTwleulia iyenebs informaciul teqnologiebs da qmnis Tavisive in-ternetvebgverdebs, multimediur gamocemebs da amiT, cdeba kidec, tradiciuli mediisTvis damaxasiaTebel specifikas, rac TavisTavad, farTo auditoriisTvis ufro saintereso xdeba. gazeTebi xvalindel ambebs aRar gvawvdian, garda amisa statikur gamosaxulebas - fotosa da dabeWdil sityvas daemata audio da videogamosaxuleba; radioc, mxolod bgerisamara aRaraa da dabeWdil sityvas, fotosa da videogamosaxulebas iyenebs. televizia ki, beWduri gamocemis-Tvis damaxasiaTebel specifikasac iTavsebs. yovelive es, ki informaciis universalurad aR-qmis saSualebas iZleva. multimediurma gamocemebma informaciis miwodebisa da aRqmis Tavise-burebac Secvala, rac komunikaciis axal realobas qmnis. internetmedia aRaraa drosa da siv-rceSi SezRuduli, auditoria, misTvis xelsayrel drosa da adgilas iRebs iformacias. dRevan-deli auditoris moTxovnebis gaTvaliswinebiT mediagamomcemlebi mimarTaven Tanamedrove in-formaciuli teqnologiebis popularul plaTformebs (smartfonebi, aipedebi, planSetebi), rac ufro xelmisawvdoms xdis axal ambebs.

tradiciuli medis winaSe axali gamowvevbi dgeba multimediuri vebgverdebis Sinaarsis TvalsazrisiTac. norsverstenis universitetis profesoris mier Catarebuli kvlevis Sedegad, romelic Svidi qveynis axali ambebis oc saits ikvlevda, gamovlinda, rom readaqtorebis mier SeTavazebuli Temebi ar Seesabameboda auditoiis moTxovnas. maTi umravlesoba aqveynebda masa-lebs politikis, ekonomikisa da saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis Sesaxeb, auditorias ki, ufo me-tad ainteresebda sporti, kriminaluri Temebi da garToba. sayuradReboa internetauditoris kiTxvis specifikis gaTvaliswinebac, beWduri mediis mkiTxelisgan gansxvavebiT, romelic Ziri-Tadad gazeTiT srulad interesdeba, multimediaauditoria mxolod misTvis saintereso Tema-ze daweril statias kiTxulobs da ara mTel internetgverds. Sesabamisad, mediamflobelebi auditoriis dasaintereseblad TiToeuli statisTvis sanavigacio sistemebs(links) iyeneben, urTaven reitingebisa da statiis ganxilvis interaqciis velebs.

amasTanave, miuxedavad imisa, rom profesionali Jurnalistebis mtkicebiT, isini xalxis saxeliT saubroben da maT samsaxurSi arian, tradiciuli mediis auditoria mcirdeba axalgaz-rda TaobaSi da axali mediakultuturac mkvidrdeba: axali media, socialuri qselebis, bloge-


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bisa da samoqalaqo Jurnalistikis saxiT, romelSic maTi umravlesobaa CarTuli. amerikeli mo-saxleobis axalgazrda Taobis naxevarze meti Tavad qmnis internetkontents, xdeba mimwodebe-li da ikrebs garSemo auditoias, romelic mediagamomcemlebisgan gansxvavebiT auditoriasTan sxva komunikacias amyarebs. dialogis forma TiTqos ufro uSualoa da Tanabar pirobeSi mimdi-nareobs. am SemTxvevaSi Zalian mkrTali zRvaria avtorsa da auditorias Soris, rac orive mxa-risTvis misaRebia. amerikeli mediamagnatebi iReben axal gamowvevebs, maTi TqmiT beWduri me-diis multimediuri gamocemebi unda gaxdnen mosaubreebi da Ria blogerebisTvis, Seasabamisad iZenen blogerul saitebs (rupert merdoki-saiti ySpace). igive tendencia SeiniSneba qarTul mediakulturaSic, multimediuri gamocemebi garda sakuTari blogerebisa adgils auditoria-sac uTmobs.

wlebis Semdeg, rodesac interneti saqarTvelos mosaxlebis umravlesobisTvis xelmisaw-vdomi gaxdeba, aqac gauWirdeba tradiciul medias. aRniSnuli siaxleebi tradiciuli Jurna-listikis principebs cvlis da am SemTxvevaSi, auditoria Tavad wyvets vis endos, tradiciuli mediis mir mowodebul informacias Tu koleqtiurad gansjil ambavs. Sesabamisad medias mou-wevs mqadageblis rolidan dialogze gadasvla.

axali mediis kritikosTa Soris arsebobs mosazreba, romlis Tanaxmadac sazogadoebis mo-bilizebis nacvlad mediam SeiZleba areuloba da arastabiluroba gamoiwvios individualuri TviTgamoxatvis Sedegad, romelTa araprofesiuli midgomebi, demagogiuri gamovlinebebi, fsevdorealoba xalxiT manipulirebis saSualeba gaxdeba. cxadia, aRniSnul mosazrebasac aqvs arsebobis ufleba, Tumca, pluralisturi midgoma da alternatiuli mediasaSualebebis simrav-le, sajarod azrovneba, moqalaqeobrivi poziciis gamoxatva, sazogadoebas TviTgamorkvevis met saSualebas miscems.

zogierTi mediamkvlevaris mosazrebiT, Tu tradiciuli media „gadaSenda“ gaqreba mmar-Tveli institutebis mudmivi profesiuli monitoringic, rasac emsaxureba Tavisufali media demokratiul mmarTvelobaSi. Tumca, skeptikosebis Tvalsazriss Tu gavixsenebT aseve emuqre-boda „gadaSeneba“ jer wigns gazeTis gamoCeniT, Semdeg gazeTs radios gamoCeniT, radios tele-viziis da televizias internetis gamoCeniT. rac vfiqrobT cota gazviadebulia. cxadia, tradi-ciuli mediis auditoria axali teqnologiebis kvaldakval mcirdeboda, magram dResac ganag-rZos arsebobas. amis naTeli magaliTia amerikaSi yvelaZe popularuli Jurnali pensionrebis-Tvis “odern aturity”(19 milioni egzemplari), romelTa mkiTxvelic upiratesobas ara inter-netmedias, aramed beWdur gamocemas aniWebs.

TaTia mJavanaZe

axali mediis gamowvevebi

reziume

Tanamedrove JurnalistikaSi informaciuli sivrcis globalizaciis pirobebSi erTis mxriv SeiniSneba beWduri da samauwyeblo mediis Serwymis, sakuTrebaSi koncentraciis, tran-snacionalur korporaciebad Camoyalibebis tendencia da meores mxriv, viTardeba sainforma-cio sferoSi sazogadobrivi aqtivobis CarTulobiT, alternatiuli - „individebis` masmedia, romelic upiratesad qselur platformazea morgebuli.

tradiciuli mediis auditoria mcirdeba axalgazrda TaobaSi. mkvidrdeba axali media-kultutura: axali media, socialuri qselebis, blogebisa da samoqalaqo Jurnalistikis saxiT, romelSic maTi umravlesobaa CarTuli.auditoria ukve gamovida mkiTxvelis, msmenelisa da ma-yureblis rolidan da Tavad aris CarTuli informaciis gavrcelebaSi, gvevlineba ra informa-ciis mimwodeblad da Sesabamisad, monawileobs sazogadoebrivi azris formirebaSi.

Seiqmna komunikaciis axal realoba. internetmedia aRaraa drosa da sivrceSi SezRuduli, auditoria, misTvis xelsayrel drosa da adgilas iRebs iformacias. aRniSnuli siaxleebi tra-diciuli Jurnalistikis principebs cvlis da am SemTxvevaSi, auditoria Tavad wyvets vis en-dos, tradiciuli mediis mir mowodebul informacias Tu koleqtiurad gansjil ambavs. Sesaba-misad medias mouwevs mqadageblis rolidan dialogze gadasvla.


152

Tatia Mjavanadze

CHALLENGES TO NEW MEDIA

Summary

In modern journalism, in terms of informational space globalization, there is an observed union of print and broadcast media in order to concentrate them into ownership –tendency of their formation into transinternational corporations. On the other hand, alternative ìndividuals~ media is being developed with social activity, which is mainly adjusted to network platform.

The audience of traditional media decreases in new generation. New media culture is getting established in terms of new media, social networks, blogs and civil journalism, in which majority of them are involved. The audience isn’t anymore only a single reader, a listener or a viewer and is taking participation in spreading information itself ,it isn’t only giving information but also is taking part in formation of social opinion.

A new reality of communication is created. Internet media isn’t limited into time and space anymore. The audience receives information in convenient place and time for itself. Above mentioned news change traditional principles of journalism and in this case the audience decides itself whom to trust : The information given by traditional media or the news that was judged by society. As a result the media will have to change his role of preacher and go into dialogue.


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qeTi niJaraZe

aristofanes parabasisebi,

rogorc sazogadoebasTan urTierTobis instrumenti

sazogadoebasTan urTierTobis saxelmZRvaneloTa umravlesobaSi mis istoriaze msjelo-

ba meoce saukuniT iwyeba. Tumca, ukve karga xania, mecnierebma sazogadoebasTan urTierTobis safuZvlebi, sazogadoebaze zemoqmedebisa da komunikaciis menejmentis saxiT, uZveles civili-zaciebSi ipoves. es sakiTxi pirvelad mecnierebma - jeims grunigma da skot kutlipma wamoayenes.

did britaneTSi sazogadoebasTan urTierTobis dargis damfuZneblad bazil klarks miiC-neven, Tumca, mecnier noel turnbolis azriT, inglisSi piaris pionerebi viqtorianeli refor-matorebi iyvnen. mogvianebiT propaganda aSS-m, didma britaneTma, germaniam da sxva qveynebma warmatebiT gamoiyenes msoflio omebis dros, sakuTari miznebis danergvasa da mtris demoniza-ciisTvis. aman ki ufro daxvewa sazogadoebasTan urTierTobis xelovneba, TandaTan is gascda sajaro seqtors da kerZo seqtorSic SeaRwia.

mkvlevarTa didi nawili Tvlis, rom sazogadoebasTan urTierToba, rogorc mecniereba, Camoyalibda amerikaSi, edvard berneisis mier da mxolod amis Semdeg miiRo saerTaSoriso mas-Stabebi. bevrma amerikulma kompaniam piar departamentiT ganavrco sakuTari praqtika evropa-Si, rodesac maT Seqmnes evropuli Svilobili kompaniebi, marSalis gegmiT. meoce saukunis meo-re naxevari sazogadoebasTan urTierTobis profesiuli ganviTarebis epoqad miiCneva. am peri-odSi daarsda saerTaSoriso piarsaagentoebi da dadginda dargis oficialuri normebi. 21-e sa-ukunis dasawyisSi piarma presrelizebi SesTavaza medias da sul male socialuri mediisa da axa-li internet teqnologiebis gavlena sazogadoebaze cxadi da udavo gaxda.

edvard berneisi ambobda, rom sazogadoebasTan urTierTobis sami forma - xalxisTvis in-formaciis miwodeba, maTi darwmuneba da erTmaneTTan integrireba - iseTive Zvelia, rogorc sociumi. amas mowmobs uZvelesi - babilonuri, egvipturi, sparsuli Tu antikuri civilizacie-bi. Tumca, am statiis mizani ar aris sazogadoebasTan urTierTobis ganviTarebis yvela safexu-ris mimoxilva. Cveni amocanaa, vimsjeloT sazogadoebrivi azris formirebis, masze zemoqmede-bisa da komunikaciis marTvis antikuri epoqisTvis damaxasiaTebel formebze.

antikur samyaroSi sazogadoebriv azrze zemoqmedebis mravali saSualeba arsebobda. gan-sakuTrebiT efeqturad xdeboda sazogadoebrivi ganwyobilebebis manipulireba demokratiuli politikuri sistemis mqone polisebSi, sadac mTeli polisis sruluflebiani mosaxleoba iyo CarTuli saxelwifosTvis mniSvnelovani sakiTxebis gadawyvetaSi.

a) moqalaqeebisadmi masStaburad mimarTvis SesaZleblobebi. ase magaliTad: rogorc cno-bilia, aTenSi araviTar sirTules ar warmoadgenda xmis uflebis mqone yvela moqalaqis Tavmoy-ra da maT winaSe ama Tu im poziciis damcvel oratorTa gamosvla.

b) moqalaqeebs Soris komunikaciis xelsayreli pirobebi, romlebic saxalxo krebebis, sa-samarTloebis, xSiri festivalebisa da religiuri Tu samoqalaqo dResaswaulebis dros iqmne-boda polisebSi, anu qalaq-saxelmwifoebSi.

g) Sikrikebisa da macneebis institutis intensiuri funqcionireba, rac moqalaqeebamde in-formaciis operatiulad mitanis xelsayrel saSualebas warmoadgenda.

d) gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovani iyo am TvalsazrisiT Teatraluri festivalebi, romlis 5 dRiani programa aTeneli moqalaqeebis Tavmoyrasa da informirebis farTo SesaZleblobebs qmnida. Tuki tragediebi ZiriTadad miTologiur Tematikas iyenebda, komediebi klasikur aTen-Si politikurad aqtualur Temebs eZRvneboda, ris gamoc Zv. atikur komedias politikur kome-diasac uwodebdnen xolme.

Cveni statiis mizania, ganvixiloT swored am politikuri komediebis erT-erTi struqtu-ruli elementi - parabasisi - mxolod erTi TvalsazrisiT - ra rols asrulebdnen parabasisebi sazogadoebrivi azris formirebis procesSi.

ramdenadac atikuri komediis ZiriTad amocanas warmoadgenda polisis politikuri da sa-zogadoebrivi cxovrebis romelime erTi aqtualuri aspeqtis samizned qceva, bunebrivia, ukve Tavad komedia Tavisi mTavari TemiT garkveulwilad emsaxureboda sazogadoebrivi azris Seq-mnas. misi mizani iyo, sicilis saSualebiT auditoria gaeTavisuflebina cxovrebis mankieri mxa-reebis meufebisgan. am viTarebaSi kritikis obieqti xdeboda omisa da mSvidobis, demokratiis, sasamarTlo sistemis mankierebani, Tumca komedia arasodes ar isaxavda miznad, am mankierebaTa gamosworebis gzebi eCvenebina, ramdenadac komikuri konfliqtis ganviTareba gadioda realu-ris farglebidan da komediografis fantaziis ukidegano TamaSs eqvemdebareboda.

amis sapirispirod, parabasisi axdenda mayureblis droebiT amorTvas komediis moqmedebis fantastikuri konteqstidan da mis dabrunebas realobaSi. moqmedeba droebiT wydeboda da gun-di da misi korifevsi iwyebdnen msjelobas iseT sakiTxebze, romlebzec seriozuli dialogi ma-yurebelTan Tavad komediografoss surda. faqtobrivad, es iyo martivi da efeqturi gza, moex-


154

dinaT gavlena sazogadoebrivi azris formirebaze ise, rom mayureblisTvis es faqti SeumCneve-li darCeniliyo, an, uares SemTxvevaSi - naklebad gamaRizianebeli yofiliyo.

Tuki aristofanes parabasisebiT vimsjelebT, masSi metwilad Tavad komediografosebis bedze da maTi da mayureblis damokidebulebaze iyo saubari. magram yvelaferi es xdeboda ara mecnieruli formiT, aramed komediisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli poeturi da metruli kanonebis dacviT.

imisaTvis, rom naTeli warmodgena SeviqmnaT, Tu rogor xdeba am struqturuli elemente-bis gamoyeneba auditoriasTan, anu aTenis sazogadoebasTan, ganvixiloT aristofanes komedia `mxedrebis` parabasisi. Tavad komediis ZiriTadi samizne, rogorc cnobilia, aris aTenis demok-ratia. miuxedavad imisa, rom avtori aTenis patriotia, igi komediaSi warmogvidgens demokrati-is mTavar sisustes: gaqnil demagogebs SeuZliaT demosis, anu xalxis motyueba da mcdari gziT wayvana. poetis mizani am SemTxvevaSi aris demokratiis sisusteebis dacinva, rasac igi brwyin-vvaled axerxebs komediuri konfliqtis originaluri ganviTarebiT. da ai, maSin, rodesac moq-medeba ganviTarebis ZiriTad fazaSi Sedis, mas aCerebs parabasisi. misi elementebi 113 striqo-nis Semcvel teqstSi amgvaradaa ganawilebuli:

1. komationi, romelic erTgvar gardamaval safexurs warmoadgenda komediis moqmedebi-dan uSualod parabasaze. aq gundis winamZRoli - korifevsi - droebiT eTxoveba moqmedebaSi CarTul msaxiobs da mimarTavs mayurebels (498 - 506).

2. sakuTriv parabasisi, ZiriTadad anapestebiT gamarTuli nawili, sadac korifevsi poet-ze da polisze msjelobs, rogorc komediografosis warmomadgeneli, an ndobiT aRWurvili pi-ri, an gundis azris gamomxatveli.

aq poeti sayvedurobs mayurebels imaze, rom sazogadoeba advilad ugulvebelyofs im ko-mediografos poetebs, romlebic adre didi warmatebiT sargeblobdnen da, faqtobrivad, pa-suxs scems kiTxvaze - Tu ratom ar gamoiyenebda poeti gunds(507 - 540).

3. sakuTriv parabasisi yovelgvari metruli pauzis, SeCerebis gareSe sulmouTqmelad ga-dadis pnigosSi - sityvier feierverkze, romelic 541 _ 550 striqonebs moicavs. korifevsi swrafad ayalibebs poetis moTxovnebsa da pretenziebs auditoriis mimarT, rogorc mokle das-kvnas, romelic logikurad gamomdinareobs wina nawilSi dasmuli kiTxvebidan. Semdeg paraba-sisSi gundi erTveba.

4. pnigoss mosdevs oda, romelic sasimRero partias warmoadgens da RmerTisadmi mimar-TviT himns emsgavseba (551 - 564).

5. 565 _ 580 striqonebSi warmodgenilia epirema - `momyoli Tqma`, anu rac reCitativis formiT mosdevda sasimRero partias da rac mayurebels polisisTvis aqtualur TematikasTan abrunebda. `mxedrebis` SemTxvevaSi yuradReba gamaxvilebulia winaprebis vaJkacobis warmodge-naze. erTmaneTTan dapirispirebulia Tanamedrove mebrZolTa motivacia da winaparTa sulis-kveTeba. parabasisis es monakveTi aris kargi magaliTi imisa, rogor uRvivebs sazogadoebas pat-riotul ganwyobas poeti komediis msvlelobisas.

6. epiremas mosdevs antistrofi, anu antioda, kvlav himnuri xasiaTis sasimRero partia (581 - 594). poeti mimarTavs aTenas, rom moiyvanos nike - gamarjvebis qalRmerTi. is agrZelebs wa-mowyebul Temas.

7. bolo safexuria antiepirema - parabasisis damagvirgvinebeli reCitativi, sadac mxed-rebis gundi cxenebis gandidebiT asrulebs parabasiss.594 _ 610 striqonebSi ukve aSkarad Cans, rom avtori amzadebs mayurebels sakuTriv komediaze gadasasvlelad.

rogorc vxedavT, parabasiss aqvs mkafiod gamokveTili poeturi forma da struqtura. masSi korifevsisa da qoros partiebi kanonzomierad enacvleba erTmaneTs. aseve, kanonzomiere-bas eqvemdebareba e.w. `msjelobiTi xasiaTi` da himnuri Tu saxotbo Tematikis Semcveli paraba-sisis sxvadasxva segmentebSi ganawilebuli striqonebi. amdenad, sakuTriv parabasisSi korifev-si mayurebelTan, anu sazogadoebasTan marTavs msjelobas im sakiTxebze, rac piradad poets da mis kolegebs aRelvebs da rac dakavSirebulia sakuTriv komediografosebis SemoqmedebasTan da maT xalxis mier dafasebasTan. aqve, poeti pasuxobs mis mimarT sazogadoebaSi wamoWril kiT-xvas. Sesabamisad, sazogadoebasTan urTierTobis es segmenti ZiriTadad SemoqmedebiT sakiTxeb-ze sazogadoebriv azrze zemoqmedebas isaxavs miznad.

rac Seexeba epiremas, aq sazogadoebasTan urTierTobis sxva aspeqtia SerCeuli da ganxi-lulia Zveli da Tanamedrove TaobaTa urTierTmimarTebis aqtualuri problemebi.

Tuki gaviTvaliswinebT, rom speqtakls aTenis xmis uflebis mqone mosaxleobis ZiriTadi nawili eswreboda, aSkaraa, rom komediografi, am SemTxvevaSi aristofane, Tavad komediaSi asa-xuli moqmedebiT da parabasisiT sazogadoebaze mravalmxriv zemoqmedebas axdenda. erTis mxriv igi mas demokratiis mankierebebs Seaxsenebda sicilis saSualebiT, xolo meore SemTxveva-Si masTan seriozul msjelobas marTavda SemoqmedebiT Tu sazogadoebisTvis aqtualur sxva-dasxva sakiTxze. yovelive es moqceuli iyo kargad organizebul poetur struqturaSi, rac aS-karad aZlierebda sazogadoebaze zemoqmedebis SesaZleblobebs.


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aRniSnul, reglamentiT gansazRvrul statiaSi SeuZlebelia aristofanes sxva komediebis ganxilvac. mokled vityviT imas, rom mis yvela parabasisSi winaa wamoweuli iseTi sakiTxebi, romlebic miznad isaxavs sazogadoebasTan seriozul msjelobas.


1. Cutlip, Scott. Public Relations History: from the 17th to the 20th century, 1995. 2. Grunig, James E. The handbook of Public Relations, 2001. 3. Turnball, Noel. How PR works but often doesn’t. 4. gordeziani rismag. `berZnuli literatura`, 2014. 5. aristofane, komediebi, levan berZeniSvilis Targmani, 2002.

qeTi niJaraZe

aristofanes parabasisebi rogorc sazogadoebasTan urTierTobis instrumenti

reziume

mecnierTa aRiarebiT, sazogadoebasTan urTierTobis formebi - xalxisTvis informaciis

miwodeba, maTi darwmuneba da erTmaneTTan integrireba - iseTive Zvelia, rogorc sociumi. amas mowmobs uZvelesi - babilonuri, egvipturi, sparsuli Tu antikuri civilizaciebi. aRniSnuli statiis amocanaa, vimsjeloT sazogadoebrivi azris formirebis, masze zemoqmedebisa da komu-nikaciis marTvis antikuri epoqisTvis dxamaxasiaTebel formebze. kerZod, vaCvenoT, rom klasi-kuri berZnuli komediis erT_erTi mniSvnelovani struqturuli elementi _ parabasisi war-moadgenda mwerlisTvis sazogadoebasTan urTierTobis qmediT instruments.

Kate Nizharadze

PARABASISES BY ARISTOPHANES, AS AN INSTRUMENT FOR PUBLIC RELATIONS

Summary

The scientists recognize that the forms of public relations _ providing information to the public, persuading them and integrating them with each other is as much old as society. Babylonian, Egyptian, Persian and Ancient civilizations provide several evidences of that. The aim of our letter is to discuss the forms of defining public opinion, as well as the forms of influence on the public opinion and management of communication, which were typical for ancient period. Particularly, it illustrated that one of the most important structural element classical Greec comedy _ Parabasis has been an efficient instrument in order to communicate with the public for the writer.


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Tamar fanculaia

biznesis eTikuri problemebi

signalizatoroba

biznesi sazogadoebrivad sasargeblo saqmianobaa da sazogadoebrivi saqmianobis sxva

formebis msgavsad, garkveuli moraluri wanamZRvrebis gareSe ver ifunqcionirebs. eTikurma problemebma biznesis warmoSobisTanave iCines Tavi, magram industrializaciis sawyiss period-Si dominirebad Zalas warmoadgenda xelisufleba da ara eTika. Tumca igulisxmeboda, rom sa-zogadoebisaTvis wayenebuli zogadi moraluri normebi savaldebulo iyo biznesmenebisaTvi-sac. magram es moTxovnebi Tavad biznesis an Tavad warmoebis normebad ar aRiqmeboda. cxovrebi-seulma gamocdilebam dagvarwmuna, rom Tanamedrove mecnierebisa da teqnologiebis ganviTa-rebis safuZvelze, warmoebas Zala Seswevs garkveuli zemoqmedeba moaxdinos garemomcvel bu-nebaze, Cven cxovrebasa da planetis momavalze da es zemoqmedeba SesaZlebelia arasasurveli da xSirad dramatulic ki iyos. sazogadoebis zewolis Sedegad biznesi iZulebuli gaxda eRia-rebina Tavisi socialuri da moraluri pasuxismgebloba — bunebis dacva sawarmoo narCenebiT dabinZurebisagan, diskriminaciaze uaris Tqma, muSaxelis uflebebisa da Tanasworuflebiano-bis dacva da sxva. SemuSavebuli iqna zogadi debulebebi, romelTa safuZvelze SesaZlebeli iq-neboda biznesis Sefaseba eTikuri poziciebidan.

1994 wels Sveicariis qalaq koSi (saixi), aSS-sa da iaponiis msxvili nacionaluri da tran-snacionaluri korporaciebis xelmZRvanelebis iniciativiT, miRebul iqna deklaracia „bizne-sis principebi“, romelic saqmiani urTierTobebis eTikis principebis fundaments warmoadgens.

korporatiuli eTikis erT-erT mTavar amocanas TanamSromlebis moraluri pasuxismgeb-lobis amaRleba warmoadgens. aq moiazreba ara mxolod sakuTar an korporatiul saqmianobis Sedegebze aRebuli pasuxismgebloba, aramed mTlianad sazogadoebis keTildReobaze aRebuli pasuxismgeblobac. TanamSromlebis, rogorc zneobrivi pasuxismgeblobis subieqtebis, erTob-lioba gadanawilebuli araformaluri socialuri kontrolis rols asrulebs sawarmoebSi. korporaciebSi pasuxismgeblobis realizaciis meqanizmebi institucionalur xasiaTs atarebs. erT-erT maTgans „signalizatorobis“ (TanamSromlebis mamxilebeli gancxadebebi) instituti warmoadgens, romelic aSS-sa da evropis qveynebSi dakanonebuli formalizebuli proceduris saxes Rebulobs - Tavisi wesebiT, sakanonmdeblo da sazogadoebrivi mxardaWeriT magaliTad, 2010 wlis 27 oqtombers masmediis saSualebiT gavrcelda informacia, rom aSS-Si britanuli farmacevtuli kompaniis (laxo) TanamSromels Ceril ikarts, farmacevtul sawarmoSi arsebu-li teqnologiuri darRvevebis Sesaxeb aSS-s xelisuflebisaTvis informaciis miwodebisaTvis, 96 mln dolari gadauxades.

es problema cnobilia, rogorc signalizatoroba. termini signalizatoroba gamoiyeneba saqmianobis mTeli rigi saxeebis aRsaniSnavad, romlebic zneobrivi TvalsazrisiT sakmaod gan-sxvavdeba erTmaneTisagan. es termini zogjer aRniSnavs TanamSromlebis mier firmis xelmZRva-nelebis misamarTiT gakeTebul mamxilebeli xasiaTis gancxadebas, romelic exeba, vTqvaT, ko-legebis uRirss saqciels, an uSualo xelmZRvanelebs, romlebic xarjebis yalb angariSebs ad-genen, an iTviseben firmis qonebas da sxva msgavsi. zogjer studentebi, gamocdebze TaRliToba-Si SemCneul Tanakurselebs asmenen. orive SemTxvevaSi signalizatoroba gamoixateba, firmis an organizaciis farglebSi, sxva adamianebis mier Cadenili dasaZraxi saqcielis mxilebaSi. amas Sida signalizatoroba SeiZleba vuwodoT, radgan Setyobineba an gancxadeba, organizaciaSi an sistemaSi momuSave piris saxelzea gakeTebuli. adamiani Cveulebriv varaudobs, rom misi gan-cxadebiT dainteresdebian, saqmis viTarebaSi gaerkvevian da moraluri wesebis damrRvevi, dais-jeba. rac Seexeba studentebsa da saswavlo process. rogorc riCard t. de jorji aRniSnavs, rodesac studentebi pedagogis meTvalyureobis gareSe, weriT davalebas asruleben, orive mxa-re SeTanxmebulia, gamocda patiosnad rom Catardes. e.i. studentebi ara marto praqtikulad, aramed moralurad valdebulebi arian, acnobon pedagogs TaRliTobis SemTxvevebze. rodesac studentebi weriT davalebas pedagogis meTvalyureobis qveS asruleben, aseTi dasmena dasaSve-bia, magram moralurad savaldebulo ar aris.

adamians, romelic seqsualuri xasiaTis zewolis Taobaze sxva adamians adanaSaulebs, ase-ve signalizatorad Tvlian. es aixsneba imiT, rom am adamianis mcdelobam, daarwmunos moZalade misi saqcielis umsgavsoebaSi, Sedegi ar gamoiRo. am SemTxvevaSi brali waeyeneba ara organiza-cias an sistemas, aramed Tavad braldebuls. aseT signalizatorobas piradi signalizatoroba SeiZleba vuwodoT. piradi signalizatoroba moralurad dasaSvebia, magram moralurad auci-lebeli ar aris, garda im SemTxvevebisa, rodesac mocemuli SemTxveva safrTxes uqmnis sxva ada-mianebs.

piradi signalizatoroba, rogorc wesi, organizaciis SigniT xorcieldeba. magram, rode-sac signali sakmaod seriozuli xasiaTisaa da signalizatori ukmayofiloa mis gancxadebaze


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organizaciis reaqciiT, mas SeuZlia mimarTos organizaciis farglebs gareT arsebul romeli-me struqturas. mxolod daudevari firma dauSvebs gare signalizatorobas. gonivrulad mar-Tuli firma qmnis Sesabamis struqturebs, romlebic msgavs SemTxvevebs mxolod firmis SigniT ganixilavs. problemisadmi aRniSnuli midgoma ara marto kompaniis, aramed misi TanamSromlebis interesebs gamoxatavs, radgan xels uwyobs firmaSi normaluri zneobrivi atmosferos Senar-Cunebas.

zogjer signalizatorobas saxelmwifo aparatis im moxeleebs miaweren, romlebic Tavisi ofisis an ganyofilebis saqmianobis arazneobrivi meTodebis Sesaxeb informacias romelime ma-regulirebel an sagamomZieblo saxelmwifo uwyebas awvdian; zogjer signalizatorobis qveS moiazreba saxelmwifo moxelebis mier momzadebuli informaciis masmediaSi gaJonva.

aseTi saxis signalizatoroba gansxvavdeba kerZo seqtorSi arsebuli signalizatorobisa-gan. adamianis valdebulebebi sakuTari mTavrobis winaSe gansxvavdeba arasamTavrobo damsaq-meblis winaSe aRebuli valdebulebebisagan. es aixsneba im garemoebiT, rom saxelmwifo moxele-ebi mTavrobasTan dakavSirebulebi arian, erTi mxriv, rogorc qveynis moqalaqeebi da imavdro-ulad, rogorc daqiravebuli muSaxeli. xolo saxelmwifo moxeleebis mier miyenebulma zianma, SeiZleba gavlena iqonios ara marto konkretul ganyofilebaze, sadac isini muSaoben, aramed mTavrobaze an mTlianad qveyanaze. (magaliTad, aSS-Si senatma miiRo specialuri aqtebi, romle-bic aregulireben da icaven saxelmwifo aparatSi momuSave, garkveuli tipis signalizatorebis uflebebs. kanoni ar icavs maT, vinc asajaroebs saidumlo informacias, magram samsaxuris da-kargvisagan icavs maT, vinc amxels gaflangvebs, gadaxarjvebs, saxelmwifo biurokratiis mier gatarebul kanonsawinaaRmdego saqmianobas an korufcias. miuxedavad imisa, rom aseTi adamiane-bi gulwrfelni arian Tavis qmedebebSi, arcerT saxelmwifos ar wauxalisebia da gmiris rangSi ar auyvania isini).

signalizatorebisadmi gansxvavebuli damokidebulebaa kerZo seqtorSi. yvelaze xSirad maT dakavebuli Tanamdebobidan aTavisufleben; rig SemTxvevebSi “Sav siaSi” SeyavT da es mona-cemebi xelmisawvdomi xdeba am konkretuli dargis yvela xelmZRvaneli pirisaTvis; ar awinau-reben; eqcevian, rogorc pariebs; iZabeba kolegebTan urTierTobebi. firmebi mxolod iSviaT SemTxvevebSi uwoneben saqciels da awinaureben aseT adamianebs. es gasakviri ar aris, radgan signalizatori aiZulebs kompanias gaakeTos is, risi gakeTebac mas ar surs, miuxedavad imisa, rom moraluri TvalsazrisiT, signalizatori sworad iqceva. es dasaZraxi saqcielia.

yvelaze metad gavrcelebuli Tvalsazrisis mixedviT, signalizatoroba saerTod dauSve-belia. am Tvalsazriss iziareben ara marto firmebis menejerebi, aramed personalis umravle-sobac. dasmena, enis mitana, tradiciulad dasaZrax saqcielad iTvleboda yvela sazogadoebaSi.

signalizatorebs aRiqvamen, rogorc moRalateebs, rogorc adamians, romelmac firmas da mis TanamSromlebs, e.i. meore ojaxs, Seuracxyofa miayena, saxeli gautexa. maT iSviaTad Tu vin-me uwonebs saqciels. kolegebis damokidebuleba signalizatoris mimarT, axsnas eqvemdebareba. maTi azriT, signalizatori Tvlis, TiTqos misi kolegebi (anu vinc xelmZRvanelobas signali ar miawoda, firmaSi arsebuli mankierebis Taobaze) an firmis arakeTilsindisieri saqmianobis Ta-namonawileni arian, an SeeSindaT an amoralurebi arian. signalizatorma gaakeTa is, risi gakeTe-ba sxvebis valdebulebac iyo, magram ar gaakeTes. koleqtivSi misi yofna, kolegebs yovelTvis sakuTar gulgrilobas an umoqmedobas axsenebs. rogorc wesi, kolegebi signalizators saqci-els ar uwoneben.

signalizatorobis sawinaaRmdego, yvelaze gavrcelebuli da sakmaod Zlieri argumenti, firmisa da misi koleqtivisadmi loialuri damokidebulebis cnebaSia Cadebuli. sazogadod mi-Rebuli mosazrebaa, rom, rodesac adamianebi kompaniaSi iwyeben muSaobas, isini am organizaciis nawili xdebian. adamianebi avtomatebi ar arian, garkveul poziciebze rom daamontaJo. isini mcodne da grZnobebiT aRsavse gonieri arsebebi arian. nebismieri donis TanamSromeli, Tanxmde-ba ra SemoTavazebul samsaxurze, sakuTar Tavze, damqiravebeli firmisa da momavali kolegebis winaSe, garkveul movaleobebs iRebs. maT movaleobaSi Sedis ara marto dakisrebuli samuSaos keTilsindisierad Sesruleba, aramed rogorc Tavad samsaxuris, aseve kolegebis mimarT pozi-tiuri damokidebulebis dacva. aseTi pozitiuri damokidebulebis (rasac uxeSad loalobis cneba SeiZleba vuwodoT) gareSe, TanamSromeli an gulgrilia, an araloialuri. gulgril da araloialur TanamSromels, aSkarad ar unda gundis moTamaSis rolis morgeba. igi dakisrebuli samuSaos iseT moculobas asrulebs, samsaxuridan rom ar daiTxovon. pirvelive SesaZleblo-bisTanave, aseTi TanamSromeli yovelgvari dananebis gareSe tovebs firmas da samsaxurs sxva kompaniaSi eZebs.

signalizatoroba, rogorc moralurad dasaSvebi qmedeba. arsebobs xuTi piroba, romelTa dacvis SemTxvevaSi signalizatoroba moralur statuss icvlis. Tu am xuTi pirobidan daculia pirveli sami, signalizatoris saqcieli moralurad gamarTlebuli da dasaSvebia; Tu daculia bolo ori pirobac, signalizatoris saqcieli moralurad savaldebuloa.

signalizatoroba moralurad dasaSvebia Semdeg SemTxvevebSi.


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1. firma Tavisi produqciiT an sameurneo praqtikiT, seriozul da mniSvnelovan zians aye-nebs Tavis personals, nebismier adamiansa da sazogadoebas mTlianad.

Tanamedrove sazogadoebas umniSvnelo an mcire defeqtebis aRmosafxvrelad, mravali saSualeba gaaCnia. am saSualebebis gamoyeneba bevrad ufro mizanSewonili da damajerebelia, vidre signalizatorobis. naklebmniSvnelovani zianis dros signalizatoroba Cveulebrivi movlena Tu gaxdeba, misi efeqturoba Semcirdeba. rodesac seriozuli zianis miyenebis saf-rTxe iqmneba, signalizatorebs yurs ugdeben, maT mosazrebebs iziareben (magaliTad, masobrivi informaciis saSualebebi).

ras niSnavs seriozuli ziani? cneba “seriozuli” sakmaod zogadia da, raTqma unda, dazus-tebas moiTxovs. rodesac erTi wlis ganmavlobaSi, avtosagzao SemTxvevebis Sedegad, adamianTa sikvdilianobis maCvenebeli orjer gaizrdeba, aris Tu ara seriozuli ziani? rodesac maRali xarisxis niSniT gayiduli defeqtiani saburavebi, 100-110 km/sT siCqareze skdeba, esec seriozu-li ziania, radgan adamianebis daRupvis mizezi SeiZleba gaxdes; rodesac toqsikur narCenebs mdinareebSi yrian, esec seriozuli ziania, radgan toqsinebiT dabinZurebuli wyliT sargeblo-ba, avTvisebiani simsivneebisa da sxva daavadebebis maCvenebels zrdis da safrTxes uqmnis adami-anebis janmrTelobasa da sicocxles; rodesac saxlebis mSeneblobis dros arastandartul be-tons iyeneben, esec seriozuli ziania, radgan uxarisxo samSeneblo masaliT aSenebuli saxlebi SeiZleba daingres da adamianebi daiRupon; rodesac atomuri eleqtrosadguris mSeneblobis dros, armaturebis dasamagreblad defeqtian fitingebs iyeneben, esec seriozuli ziania, rad-gan SeiZleba radiaciulma masalam gamoJonos da safrTxe Seuqmnas adamianebis janmrTelobasa da sicocxles da a.S.

cneba “seriozuli” SeiZleba Sinaarsobrivad gavafarTovoT da garda adamianebis daRup-visa da maTi janmrTelobisaTvis safrTxis Seqmnisa, davumatoT seriozuli finansuri an sxva saxis zaralic.

2. rogorc ki firmis TanamSromlebi nakeTobaSi momxmareblisa da mTlianad sazogadoebi-saTvis seriozuli safrTxis arsebobas gamoavlenen, maT amis Taobaze unda acnobon Tavis uSua-lo ufross da sajarod gaaxmovanon sakuTari wuxili da SeSfoTeba. Tu amas ar gaakeTeben, e.i. signalizaciis aqti zustad dasabuTebuli ar aris.

arsebobs sruliad misaRebi da dasabuTebuli mosazreba, rom, rodesac gamovlindeba pro-duqciis defeqtebi, romlebic safrTxes uqmnis adamianebis sicocxles, maTi aRmofxvriT yve-laze metad mainc firmaa dainteresebuli. es survili SeiZleba moraluri mosazrebebiT ar iyos ganpirobebuli. firmas, albaT, ufro problemis praqtikuli mxare aRelvebs — momxmarebelTa boikoti, presis uaryofiTi reaqcia, sasamarTlo sarCelebi, prestiJis Selaxva. Tu arsebobs se-riozuli zianis miyenebis safrTxe da TanamSromlis signals am safrTxis acileba SeuZlia, igi valdebulia ase moiqces. firmisadmi loialuri damokidebulebac moiTxovs, rom vidre saqme gaxmaurdeba da firmas sajarod daadanaSauleben, umjobesia mas mieces Tavisi saqmianobis ga-mosworebis, misi politikisa da wesebis Secvlis saSualeba. garda amisa, rogorc viciT, signa-lizatoroba firmas zarals ayenebs. am zaralis minimumamde dayvana SesaZlebelia, Tu firmas arsebuli problemis Sesaxeb droulad miawvdian informacias da saSualebas miscemen Tavad ga-dawyvitos es problema.

piroba, romlis mixedviT TanamSromeli arsebuli safrTxis Sesaxeb Tavis uSualo ufross awvdis informacias, firmaSi ierarqiuli struqturis arsebobas gulisxmobs. am qmedebiT Ta-namSromeli ufrTxildeba da icavs firmaSi moqmed praqtikas, romelic TanamSromlebs aCvevs subordinacias, pasuxismgeblobas, urTierTpativiscemas, wesrigs, disciplinasa da zrdis maTi muSaobis efeqturobas.

3. Tu TanamSromlis uSualo ufrosi ar reagirebs mis saCivarze (e.i. arsebuli safrTxis Tavidan asacileblad, arviTar qmediT zomebs ar mimarTavs), TanamSromelma firmis SigniT unda amowuros yvela arsebuli saSualeba da SesaZlebloba, yuradReba rom miaqcion da ganixilon misi gancxadeba. es gulisxmobs, rom misma gancxadeba-saCivarma firmaSi yvela instancia unda gaiaros da Tu saWiro gaxda, direqtorTa sabWosac mimarTos.

am SemTxvevaSi sakvanZo moTxovnas kompaniis Sida arxebisa da SesaZleblobebis amowurva warmoadgens. ras niSnavs firmis Sida arxebisa da SesaZleblobebis amowurva? es sakiTxi sxva-dasxvagvarad esmiT da xSirad kamaTis sagani xdeba. magram, ramdenadac TanamSromlis mier fir-mis gareT, sajarod gakeTebuli gancxadebebi, rogorc Tavad TanamSromlisaTvis, aseve firmis-Tvisac bevrad ufro seriozuli Sedegebis momtania, arCevans, umetes SemTxvevaSi, problemis firmis farglebSi mogvarebaze akeTeben.

Tu TanamSromelma zemoCamoTvlili samive piroba Seasrula da Tu kompaniis mxridan, zia-nis Tavidan asacileblad, qmediTi RonisZiebebi ar iqna gatarebuli, maSin TanamSromelma prob-lemis mogvarebis firmis SigniT arsebuli yvela SesaZlebloba bolomde amowura. yovelive amis Semdeg, TanamSromels, moraluri TvalsazrisiT, neba eZleva, kompaniis gareT gaitanos infor-macia da sajaro ganxilvis sagani gaxados igi.


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signalizatoroba, rogorc moralurad savaldebulo qmedeba. mosazreba, rom zemo-aRniSnul SemTxvevaSi gare signalizatoroba moralurad nebadarTulia, sulac ar avaldebu-lebs TanamSromels ase moiqces. Tu xuTi pirobidan, bolo ori piroba Sesrulebuli ar aris, TanamSromeli moralurad valdebuli ar aris mimarTos gare signalizatorobas. TanamSromeli mxolod maSin aris moralurad valdebuli mimarTos gare signalizatorobas, Tu xuTive piroba daculia.

4. TanamSromels unda qondes (an misTvis xelmisawvdomi unda iyos) dokumenturad dadas-turebuli monacemebi, romlebic daarwmuneben gonier, miukerZovebel publicists, rom situa-cia mis mier sworad aris Sefasebuli da kompaniis produqcia an mis mier ganxorcielebuli praqtika, mosaxleobisaTvis an konkretulad am produqciis momxmareblisaTvis, serozul saf-rTxes warmoadgens.

Tu TanamSromels ar SeuZlia warmoadginos dokumenturad dadasturebuli monacemebi, romlebic sarwmuno iqneba gonieri, miukerZovebeli publicistisaTvis, misi braldebebi subi-eqturi xasiaTis STabeWdilebas tovebs da arcerTi gazeTi ar dabeWdavs am masalas da arc sa-xelmwifo uwyebebi daiwyeben gamoZiebas. raTqma unda, igulisxmeba, rom dokumentebi kanonieri gziT aris mopovebuli.

5. TanamSromels warmatebis sakmao safuZveli unda qondes, darwmunebuli unda iyos, rom sajaro gamosvliT mizans miaRwevs da aucilebeli cvlilebebi ganxorcieldeba. warmatebis San-si unda Seesabamebodes mosalodnel safrTxes da im risks, romelzec es adamiani wavida.

SesaZlebelia Sedegi anonimurma signalizatorobac gamoiRos. magram anonimur gancxade-bebsa da Setyobinebebs, iSviaTad aqceven seriozul yuradRebas. adamianma SeiZleba ndoba gamo-ucxados samTavrobo Cinovniks an reportiors da im pirobiT daTanxmdes signalizatorobas, misi vinaoba anonimuri Tu darCeba. signali efeqturi rom iyos, adamiani Tavisi vinaobis gamxe-las, sajaro gamosvlasa da garkveul riskze wasvlas, unda daTanxmdes. adamianebis cnobiereba-ze did gavlenas axdens signalizatoris simtkice da mzadyofna, sakuTari simarTlisa da sxva adamianebis keTildReobisaTvis, Tavis Tavze moirgos zneobrivi gmiris roli.

signalizatorobis aucileblobis Tavidan arideba. zneobriv gmirobaze moTxovnileba sa-zogadoebis arasrulyofilebaze (aseve, korporaciis arasrulyofilebazec) metyvelebs. bev-rad ufro mniSvnelovania samarTlebrivi da korporatiuli struqturebis gamosworeba, rom-lebic signalizatorobis aucileblobas warmoqmnis, vidre adamianebis zneobrivi gmirobisaken waqezeba.

riCard t. de jorjis azriT, bevrad ufro advilia kanonis, vidre yvela korporaciis praqtikis Secvla. amdenad damsaqmebels kanonmdeblobiT unda aekrZalos samsaxuridan gaaTa-visuflos an sxva saxiT dasajos TanamSromeli, romelmac daicva zemoaRniSnuli pirveli sami piroba da gaaxmovana kompaniaSi arsebuli arasaxarbielo mdgomareoba. ramdenadac am pirobebis dacva moralurad amarTlebs signalizatorobis aqts, kanonma unda daicvas kompaniis Tanam-Sromlebi, romlebic sindisis karnaxiT moqmedeben. magram Sesabamisi kanonis miRebiT signali-zatorebis dacva, advili saqme ar aris. mewarmeebs samsaxuridan gaTavisuflebis gareSec SeuZ-liaT autaneli gaxadon signalizatoris firmaSi muSaoba. signalizatori SeiZleba ar daawinau-ron, ar gauzardon xelfasi, CamoaqveiTon, gadaiyvanon naklebad prestiJul an naklebanazRau-rebad samuSaoze. kanoni yvelafers ver gaiTvaliswinebs, magram zogierTi, gansakuTrebiT aR-maSfoTebeli meTodebis akrZalva, namdvilad SesaZlebelia.

meore, kanonSi SeZleba gaTvaliswinebuli iqnas im pirTa dasja, romlebmac pasuxismgeb-loba aiRes defeqtiani produqciis gamoSvebisa da arasaxarbielo praqtikis gagrZelebaze. mag-ram kanonmdeblebs yovelTvis ar surT kompaniis operatiul saqmianobaSi Careva. iyo SemTxve-vebi, rodesac amoraluri da arakanonieri meTodebis gamoyenebaSi damnaSave TanamSromlebi, da-usjelebi darCnen, korporaciebi ki, Tavisi kanonsawinaaRmdego saqmianobisaTvis, daajarimes.

mesame, garkveuli sididis kompanias unda yavdes kanoniT gaTvaliswinebuli generaluri inspeqcia an firmis revizori, romlis amocana firmis saqmianobis amoraluri da arakanonieri meTodebis gamovlena iqneba; mas agreTve evaleba yvela donis TanamSromlis moraluri mosaz-rebis mosmena, firmis mier gamoyenebuli meTodebis Sesaxeb; es piri damoukidebeli unda iyos kompaniis menejerebisagan; angariSvaldebuli unda iyos kompaniis mmarTvelobis sarevizio ko-misiis winaSe, romelic idealur SemTxvevaSi, dakompleqtebuli iqneba direqtorTa sabWos gare wevrebisagan. inspeqtori an revizori valdebulia gaasajaroos is gancxadeba-saCivrebi, ro-melTa gadawyveta firmaSi ar moxerxda. inspeqtoris mier TanamSromlis saCivarze saTanado Ro-nisZiebebis gatarebaze Tavis aridebis SemTxveva (ris Sedegadac TanamSromeli iZulebuli xde-ba, Tavad gaasajaroos informacia), firmis saqmianobis miuRebeli meTodebis an nakeTobis de-feqtis damalvis mcdelobis upirobo mtkicebulebad unda CaiTvalos. am inspeqtoris winaaR-mdeg sisxlis samarTlis saqme unda aRiZras.

garda amisa, kompanias, romelsac zneobriv CarCoebSi funqcionireba surs (e.i. ar unda warmoebis zianis momtani meTodebis gamoyeneba da adamianebis sicocxlisa da janmrTelobisaT-vis saSiSi produqciis gamoSveba), signalizatorobis Tavidan acilebis mizniT, SeuZlia mimar-


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Tos sxva RonisZiebebsac. SeiZleba Seqmnas specialuri samsaxuri, sadac TanamSromlebs miece-maT saSualeba, samsaxuris dakargvis an daqveiTebis SiSis gareSe, gauziaron Tavisi mosazrebebi firmaSi arsebuli mdgomareobis Sesaxeb. ufro metic, TanamSromelTa aseTi saqcieli unda Se-fasdes, rogorc kompaniisadmi erTgulebis demonstrireba da Sesabamisad waxalisdes. kompani-am SeiZleba Seqmnas specialuri rwmunebulis Tanamdeboba, romlis movaleoba TanamSromlebis ganxcadeba-saCivrebis ganxilva iqneba an imave mizniT Camoayalibos direqtorTa sabWos damou-kidebeli komisia. kompaniam SeiZleba romelime TanamSromels, romelmac xelmZRvanelobas droulad unda miawodos signalizatoris mosazrebebi, ufleba misces gaerkvios kompaniaSi ar-sebul moralur atmosferoSi, SeimuSaos Seqmnili viTarebis Secvlis RonisZiebebi, xelfasic gadauxados. aseTi TanamSromlis warmatebuli saqmianoba damokidebuli iqneba mis SesaZleblo-bebsa da unarze kompanias aaridos, rogorc Tavad signalizatoroba, aseve am movlenis xelSem-wyobi pirobebi.

gamoyenebuli literature: 1. kanke v.a. pasuxismgeblobis eTika. momavlis eTikis Teoria. m., 2000 2. kibanovi a.a., zaxarovi d.k., konovalova v.g. saqmiani urTierTobebis eTika. m., 2002 3. profesiuli eTikis saiti http://www.guestia.com=professional etics 4. riCard t. de jonsi. biznesmenis samagido wigni. saqmiani eTika. m., 2004

Tamar fanculaia

biznesis eTikuri problemebi signalizatoroba

reziume

korporatiuli eTikis erT-erT mTavar amocanas TanamSromlebis moraluri pasuxismgeb-

lobis amaRleba warmoadgens. TanamSromlebis, rogorc zneobrivi pasuxismgeblobis subieqte-bis, erToblioba gadanawilebuli araformaluri socialuri kontrolis rols asrulebs sa-warmoebSi. korporaciebSi pasuxismgeblobis realizaciis meqanizmebi institucionalur xasi-aTs atarebs. erT-erT maTgans `signalizatorobis` (TanamSromlebis mamxilebeli gancxadebebi) instituti warmoadgens. statiaSi ganxilulia signalizatorobis sxvadasxva saxeebi, gaanalize-bulia signalizatoroba, rogorcmoraluraddasaSvebiqmedeba,signalizatoroba, rogorcmo-raluradsavaldebulo qmedeba da signalizatorobisaucileblobisTavidanaridebissaSuale-bebi.

Tamar Phanculaia

BUSINESS ETICAL PROBLEMS

Summary

Perfection of moral responsibility of employees presents to be one of the main tasks of corporate ethic. Unity of employees, being the characters of moral responsibility, provides for distributed informal social control in the enterprises. Responsibility realization mechanisms in the enterprises are of institutional character. One of them is an institute of `warning~ (exposing of employees). The article considers different types of `warning~, analyze it as morally permissible and morally obligatory action and means of avoiding the necessity of such `warning~.


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Tanamedrove farmacevtuli bazris Taviseburebani da pacientis

uflebebis dacva (eTikuri aspeqtebi)

Tanamedrove epoqisaTvis damaxasiaTebelma moralur-zneobrivi krizisis gamZafrebam

mniSvnelovnad ganapiroba farmacevtuli bazris (farmacevtuli produqciis warmoebisa da re-alizaciis) sferoSi negatiuri tendenciebis ganviTareba. yovelwliurad izrdeba axali sam-kurnalo saSualebebis warmoeba da realizeba, Tumca ara yoveli maTgani akmayofilebs maTi usafrTxoebis, efeqturobisa da ekonomikuri mizanSewonilobis kriteriumebs.

sazogadoebis gansakuTrebul SeSfoTebas iwvevs samomxmareblo bazarze falsificirebu-li produqciis arseboba, rac janmo-s ukanaskneli monacemebiT msoflio farmacevtul bazar-ze arsebul samkurnalo saSualebaTa 10%-s Seadgens (amaTgan 605 saerTod ar Seicavs instruq-ciaze miTiTebul aqtiur nivTierebas, 19% Seicavs mas arasakmarisi raodenobiT, danarCeni ki Seicavs janmrTelobisaTvis mavne nivTierebas, an vadagasulia da SefuTulia vadianobis Sec-vlili TariRis miTiTebiT).

mTel rigi SemTxvevebSi adgili aqvs instruqciebSi preparatTa gverdiTi efeqtebisa da SesaZlo riskebis Sesaxeb informaciis damalvasa da damaxinjebas, rac saboloo jamSi pacien-tTa janmrTelobis seriozul gauaresebas ganapirobebs.

samkurnalo saSualebaTa Sesaxeb sensaciur cnobebs gvawvdian aseve amerikeli eqspertebi wignSi `saukeTeso wamlebi, yvelaze uvargisi wamlebi~. aq warmodgenili 278 preparatidan um-ravlesobas Tan axlavs miniSnebebi: àr gamoiyenoT~, `gamoiyeneT bazarze gasvlidan 5 wlis Sem-deg~ da sxv.

am informaciaTa utyuarobaze metyvelebs Jurnal `Мегаполис Экспресс~-Si (2006w. N37) ga-moqveynebuli statistikac, romlis Tanaxmad aSS-Si medikamenturi Terapiis Sedegad gamowveu-li daavadebebisagan yovelwliurad iRupeba daaxloebiT 100 aTasi adamiani, xolo 2,2 mln avad-deba sxvadasxva mZime daavadebebiT, romelTa samkurnalod eqspertTa sxvadasxva gaTvlebiT yovelwliurad ixarjeba 50 mlrd-dan 90 mlrd dolaramde.

falsificirebuli produqciis samomxmareblo bazarze arseboba farmacevtuli produq-ciis mwarmoebeli kompaniebisaTvis, iseve rogorc qveynis ekonomikisaTvis, maTi finansuri mo-gebis dakargvis mniSvnelovan faqtorsac warmoadgens, ramdenadac `kriminaluri~ produqciis mwarmoeblebs saSualeba aqvT gayidon produqcia gacilebiT nakleb fasad – maTi warmoebisa da realizaciisaTvis aucilebeli danaxarjebis ararsebobis gamo. amasTan dgeba kanonieri mwar-moeblebis samarTlebrivi da moraluri pasuxismgeblobis problemac. ramdenadac maT erT-erT umTavres valdebulebas sakuTari produqciis usafrTxoebisa da xarisxis uzrunvelyofa war-moadgens (rac falsificirebisgan maTi dacvis valdebulebasac gulisxmobs). isini iZulebuli arian gaiRon damatebiTi Tanxebi im aucilebeli zomebis gasatareblad, rac maTi produqciis xarisxisa da originalobis dadasturebas uzrunvelyofs.

falsificirebuli produqciis gamovlenisa da aRkveTis mizniT dResdReobiT Seqmnilia araerTi nacionaluri da saerTaSoriso organizacia, saerTaSoriso savaWro palatasTan fun-qcionirebs kontrafaqciis gamoZiebis biuroc, romlis SemadgenlobaSi Sedian kontrafaqciis teqnologiiis eqspertebi, farmacevtuli kompaniebisa da sammarTaldamcveli organoebis Ta-namSromlebi da sxva kompetenturi pirebi. biuros amocanas Seadgens kontrafaqtuli produq-ciis warmoebisa da distribuciis wyaroebis Sesaxeb informaciis mopoveba da gavrceleba saer-TaSoriso doneze, produqciis warmoebis axali meTodebis SemuSaveba maTi falsificirebis ga-moricxvis (minimumamde dayvanis) mizniT da sxv.

cnobilia, rom es da sxva mravali problema araxalia da fexdafex misdevs farmacevtuli mecnierebis Camoyalibebisa da ganviTarebis xangrZliv process, Tumca ukanasknel periodSi mniSvnelovnad gazrdilia maTi masStabebi im maRalganviTarebul qveynebSic ki, sadac gansa-kuTrebiT maRalia farmacevtuli bazris samarTlebrivi regulaciis done.

farmaciis sferoSi arsebul centralur eTikur problemas warmoadgens farmacevtuli produqciis warmoebisa da realizaciis saboloo miznis moraluroba. cnobilia, rom Tanamed-rove pirobebSi igi klasikuri marketingis principebiT ganisazRvreba da orientirebulia maq-simalur finansur mogebaze.

bioeTikosebisaTvis ukve didi xania cnobilia, rom marketinguli principebis danergva farmaciis (da zogadad jandacvis sferoSi) arazneobrivia, radgan mis mizans warmoadgens maq-simaluri finansuri mogebis miReba momxmareblis (pacientis) ZiriTadi uflebebisa da intere-sebis ignonirebebis da darRvevis xarjze. uZvelesi moazrovneebi akritikebdnen samkurnalo saqmeSi mogebis prioritetis aRiarebas. antikuri periodis berZeni eqimi hiloni werda: ùpira-tesoba mianiWe wagebas da ara samarcxvino mogebas. pirvelisagan wyena geqneba mxolod erTxel, xolo meorisagan – samudamod`.


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farmacevtuli produqciis realizebis Sedegad finansuri mogebis erT-erT efeqtur sa-Sualebas warmoadgens momxmareblis manipulireba, rac Tanamedrove msoflioSi sareklamo-sa-informacio saqmianobis ganxorcielebiT warimarTeba. reklamis mesveurTa dabali moralur-eTikuri Segnebisa da arasakmarisi samarTlebrivi regulaciis Sedegad ukanasknel periodSi Zalze gaxSirda aramarTebuli (arakeTilsindisieri) reklamebis raodenoba (gansakuTrebiT araspecializebul gamocemebsa da sainformacio saSualebebSi), rac mosaxleobis mier samkur-nalo saSualebaTa yidvisa da moxmarebis stimulirebas uwyobs xels.

Sesabamisi nacionaluri da saerTaSoriso organizaciebi, romlebic pasuxismgebelni ari-an mosaxleobis janmrTelobis dacvaze, zemoaRniSnuli mankierebis aRmofxvris erT-erT qme-diT RonisZiebad saxaven sareklamo-sainformacio saqmianobis `gamkacrebas`. wamalTa reklamis sferoSi moralur-eTikuri normebisa da principebis dacva warmoadgens aucilebel faqtors da ara formalobas da ganapirobebs moqalaqeTa mier gonivruli gadawyvetilebis miRebis xel-Sewyobas produqciis arCevisas.

janmo-s saerTaSoriso asambleis 41-e sesiaze (1988w. 13 maisi) miRebul rezoluciaSi `sam-kurnalo saSualebaTa realizebis eTikuri kriteriumebi~ (aseve dokumentebSi: `saerTaSoriso savaWro palatis sareklamo saqmianobis saerTaSoriso kodeqsi~, 1986w. `marketingis kodeqsi AIPM~, 1997. da sxv.) naTladaa formulirebuli farmacevtuli produqciis (samkurnalo saSua-lebaTa) reklamirebis TviTregulaciis eTikuri normebi, rac gulisxmobs Semdegi ZiriTadi moTxovnebis dacvis aucileblobas:

1. sareklamo-sainformacio saqmianoba unda xorcieldebodes saxelmwifos nacionaluri politikis CarCoebSi jandacvis sferoSi arsebul kanonmdeblobasa da eTikur kodeqsTan Sesa-bamisobaSi.

2. sareklamo xasiaTis informacia unda iyos srulyofili, utyuari da gemovnebiT mowode-buli. igi unda Seicavdes informacias preparatis ZiriTadi samedicino-biologiuri Tvisebe-bis Sesaxeb, ar unda iZleodes pozitiuri efeqtis miRebis garantias da ar unda Cqmalavdes in-formacias riskebis, arasasurveli gverdiTi movlenebis Sesaxeb. miniSneba ùsafrTxoa~ unda gamoiyenebodes mxolod im preparatebTan mimarTebaSi, romelTac gaiares yvela saTanado Se-mowmeba.

3. reklamam ar unda Seuqmnas warmodgena praqtikulad janmrTel adamians preparatis mi-Rebis aucileblobis Sesaxeb (garda im SemTxvevebisa, rodesac igi gankuTvnilia konkretuli daavadebis prevenciisTvis an/da orsulobis Tavidan asacileblad). dauSvebelia samkurnalo saSualebaTa reklamireba iseTi mZime daavadebebisaTvis, rogoricaa: onkologiuri, mwvave in-feqciuri (maT Soris sqesobrivi gziT gadamdebi) daavadebebi, Saqriani diabeti da nivTierebaTa cvlis darRvevebTan dakavSirebuli daavadebebi, fsiqikuri aSliloba, qronikuli uZiloba, e.w. `mwvave muceli~.

4. reklamam ar unda Seuqmnas warmodgena momxmarebels imis Sesaxeb, rom preparatis miReba SesaZlebelia eqimis konsultaciis gareSe.

5. preparatis Sesaxeb arsebuli nebismieri informacia xelmisawvdomi unda iyos im pir-TaTvis, vinc uflebamosilia mis daniSvnaze.

6. sareklamo-sainformacio saqmianoba ar unda iyos uSualod dakavSirebuli eqimis finan-sur interesebTan, rac medikamentis daniSvnisa Tu rekomendaciisaTvis maT damatebiT stimuls Seuqmnis.

farmacevtuli produqciis reklamirebisas prioriteti unda mieniWos adamians da misi Zi-riTadi uflebebis dakmayofilebas – miiRos maqsimalurad usafrTxo, efeqturi da finansurad xelmisawvdomi produqcia.

farmaciis sferoSi arsebul negatiur tendenciad saxeldeba agreTve zogierTi transna-cionaluri farmacevtuli korporaciis mier janmrTelobisaTvis safrTxis Semcveli an arasak-marisad Seswavlili samkurnalo saSualebebis samomxmareblo bazarze gasvlis lobireba. amis na-Teli dasturia aSS-s `samkurnalo saSualebaTa centris~ direqtoris janet vudlokis intervi-uc, sadac is SemaSfoTebel cnobebs gvawvdis zogierTi farmacevtuli firmis mxridan eqsperteb-ze ekonomikuri zewolis faqtebis Sesaxeb maT mier samkurnalo preparatebis usafrTxoebis aRia-rebis mizniT. aseve mravlismTqmelia amerikuli farmacevtuli kompaniebis mier FDА-is (`samkur-nalo saSualebebis kontrolis administracia~) sasargeblod seriozuli finansuri investirebis ganxorcieleba axali preparatis registraciisa da warmoebis uflebis mosapoveblad. cnobilia, rom kompaniebis mier Sewiruli Tanxebi faravs FDA-s sruli xarjebis 50%-s.

farmacevtuli kompaniebis mxridan adgili aqvs praqtikosi eqimebis mosyidvis faqtebsac, ris Sedegadac isini xelmZRvaneloben farmacevtuli firmebis marketinguli politikis (da ara samedicino mizanSewonilebis principis mixedviT), da upiratesobas aniWeben axali prepara-tebiT mkurnalobas, romelic janmo-s evropuli biuros warmomadgenlis keis de ionkenis az-riT, àr aris yovelTvis ufro ukeTesi, magram TiTqmis yovelTvis ufro ZviradRirebulia~.


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farmacevtul bazarze arsebul mzard negatiur tendenciad ganixileba farmacevtuli produqciis finansuri xelmisawvdomobis problemac.

dRes eqimis gankargulebaSia mravalferovani (Sesabamisad gansxvavebuli Rirebulebis mqone) medikamentebi da samkurnalo saSualebebi. amdenad, Tanamedrove ekonomikuri krizisisa da jandacvis sistemaSi arsebuli met-naklebad SezRuduli finansuri resursebis pirobebSi gansakuTrebiT didi mniSvneloba eniWeba Terapiuli Tu profilaqtikuri efeqtis miRebas mini-maluri materialuri danaxarjebiT.

aRniSnuli problemis daZlevisa da samkurnalo-profilaqtikuri procesis efeqturad da samarTlianad warmarTvis uzrunvelyofis erT-erT qmediT RonisZiebad saxeldeba samkur-nalo dawesebulebebSi (maTi profilisa da biujetis gaTvaliswinebiT) e.w. `preparatTa formu-laris~ (preparatTa CamonaTvalis) SemoReba, romlis drosac eqimi uflebamosilia daniSnos mxolod masSi miTiTebuli preparati. im gamonaklis SemTxvevebSi, rodesac mizanSewonilad mi-iCneva im medikamentis daniSvna, romelic ar moxvda formularSi, eqimi valdebulia mimarTos samkurnalo dawesebulebis xelmZRvanelobas an eTikur komitets specialuri nebarTvisTvis.

formularis praqtikaSi danergvis faqtebs warsulSic hqonda adgili. magaliTad: XIII-XIV ss-Si aRmosavleTis qveynebSi moqmedebda e.w. ìslamuri formulari~, romelic 517 prepa-rats iTvlida. igive meqanizmi gamoiyeneboda sxvadasxva periodSi dasavleTis qveynebSic.

Tanamedrove eqspertTa gaTvlebiT samkurnalo saSualebebze dawesebuli formularuli SezRudvis sistemis danergva mniSvnelovani finansuri SeRavaTis miRebis SesaZleblobas iZle-va. magaliTad, 1997 wels hiustonis erT-erT mravalprofilian saavadmyofoSi formularis Se-moRebam 31%-iT Seamcira antibaqteriuli preparatebisTvis gamoyofili finansuri xarji da amasTan, antibaqteriuli Terapiis mTel rig SemTxvevebSi ganapiroba avadmyofTa rezistentu-lobis donis Semcireba, rac dadasturebul iqna ICARE-s (Intensive Care Antimicrobial Ressistance Epidemiology) proeqtis ganxorcielebis Sedegad, romelic miznad isaxavda hospitaluri paToge-nezis rezistentulobis donis Seswavlas aSS-is 41 hospitalSi.

zemoT CamoTvlili problemebis ganxilva SesaZleblobas gvaZlevs davaskvnaT, rom Tana-medrove msoflio farmacevtuli bazari jer kidev qaosurad da socialurad upasuxismgeblod viTardeba. mravali problema, romelic jandacvis muSakTa da moqalaqeTa samarTlian SeSfo-Tebas iwvevs, jer kidev mougvarebelia.

farmacevtuli bazris arasakmarisad efeqturi makontrolirebeli samarTlebrivi bazis arseboba, samkurnalo saSualebebze maRali fasebi da maTze gazrdili moTxovnileba, arasakma-risi sajarimo sanqciebi, on lain afTiaqTa arseboba, korufcia, da sxv. noyier niadags qmnis ma-Ti arsebobisaTvis.

eqspertTa mosazrebiT farmaciis sferoSi gamefebuli klasikuri marketingis koncefcia aucilebelia Seicvalos socialuri marketingis koncefciiT, romelsac ori mTavari mizani aqvs – momxmareblis uzrunvelyofa drouli, kvalificiuri da xelmisawvdomi farmacevtuli daxmarebiT, da `gonivruli~ mogebis miReba, rac aucilebel pirobas warmoadgens farmacevtu-li seqtoris ganviTarebisaTvis. miuxedavad am koncefciis progresulobisa, man ver moipova jerovani Sefaseba da aRiareba, rac upirveles yovlisa imiT aixsneba, rom sazogadoebriv cno-bierebaSi saTanadod jer ar momwifebula profesiul farmacevtul saqmianobaSi moralur-eTikuri normebisa da principebis farTod danergvis aucileblobis Segneba.

farmacevtuli bazris reformirebis (gajansaRebisa) da momxmareblis fundamenturi uf-lebebis dacvis mizniT aseve mizanSewonilia samoqalaqo sazogadoebisa da samecniero-profe-siuli organizaciebis konsolidacia, farmacevtuli seqtoris marTvis demokratizaciis pro-cesis gaRrmaveba, farmacevtuli produqciis adgilobrivi warmoebis stimulireba da xelSew-yoba saxelmwifos mxridan, inovaciuri da sainvesticio proeqtebis ganxorcieleba da sxv.

aqve niSandoblivia aRvniSnoT, rom am problemaTa dainteresebam da maTi gadaWris gzebis Ziebis mizniT Catarebulma mravalmxrivma mecnierulma kvlevebma ganapirobes sruliad axali samedicino-farmakologiuri mecnierebebisa da mimarTulebebis Camoyalibeba (rogoricaa, ma-galiTad, biofarmacia, mtkicebiTi farmakoTerapia, farmakoekonomika da sxv.), ramac Tavis mxriv, migviyvana `farmacevtuli bioeTikis~ Seqmnamde. igi ganixileba rogorc bioeTikis erT-erTi sfero, romelic mowodebulia Seiswavlos farmacevtuli (da parafarmacevtuli) pro-duqciis Seqmnis, misi klinikuri gamocdis, registraciis, warmoebisa da realizaciis sferoSi arsebuli ZiriTadi moralur-eTikuri problemebi pacientis (da mTlianad sazogadoebis) jan-mrTelobis dacvis, misi Rirsebis pativiscemis, cxovrebis xarisxis amaRlebis, da a. S. mizniT.


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10. Шульц Дон Е, Танненбаум Стэнли И, Лаутерборн Роберт Ф. Новая парадигма маркетина. Интегрируемые маркетинговые коммуникации: Пер. с англ. _М.: ИНФРА-М, 2004.- XXII, 233c.

nino yufaraZe

Tanamedrove farmacevtuli bazris Taviseburebani da pacientis uflebebis dacva

reziume

statiaSi `Tanamedrove farmacevtuli bazris Taviseburebani da pacientis uflebebis

dacva` ganxilulia Tanamedrove farmacevtuli bazris sferoSi arsebuli mzardi negatiuri tendenciebi bioeTikisa da momxmareblis (pacientis)uflebaTa dacvis kuTxiT; gamoTqmulia mo-sazreba imis Sesaxeb, rom falsificirebuli produqciis arseboba samomxmareblo bazarze, sxva faqtorebTan erTad, warmoadgens farmacevtuli produqciis warmoebisa da realizaciis sfe-roSi moralur_eTikuri principebis dacvis ignorirebis Sedegs.

Nino Kuparadze

THE MAIN PECULIARITIES OF MODERN PHARMACEUTICAL MARKET AND DEFENCE OF HUMAN RIGHTS

Summary

Nino Kuparadze in her article `The Main Peculiarities of Modern Pharmaceutical Market &Defence of Human

Rights~ refers to negative tendences have increased on Pharmaceutical Market & reviews them from the point of view of Bioethics.

The auther belives that one of the preconditions of production &realization of counterfeited medication&violation of consumers’ (patients’) rights is non-observance of moral-ethical principles&norms in above-mentioned sphere.


165

dali CikvilaZe

niko nikolaZis epistolaruli memkvidreobidan

niko nikolaZis naazrevis Seswavla grZeldeba misi piradi werilebis gamomzeurebis sur-viliTac ki. farTo sazogadoebisaTvis dRemde ucnobi epistolaruli memkvidreobis didi nawi-li-1921-1925 wlebSi dawerili piradi werilebi 2013 wlis 24 seqtembers niko nikolaZis 170 wlisTavisadmi miZRvnil iubileze nikos saxlmuzeums didjixaiSSi misma SvilTaSvilma salome zurabiSvilma bebiisadmi - nino nikolaZe-zurabiSvilisadmi londonidan gamogzavnili werile-bi saCuqrad gadasca. nino da ivane zurabiSvilebis ojaxi imxanad samSoblodan konstantine-polSi gaxiznuliyo sami vaJiT. werilebi rusuladaa dawerili da nikos saxlmuzeumis saunje-sakuTrebaa dRes. maTSi gadmocemulia Cveni qveynis umZimesi warsulis friad saintereso, ur-Tulesi da Seulamazebeli istoria, isini gamoirCeva gulwrfelobiT, daufaraobiT, simarTlis gadmocemis im niuansebiT, romelSic ucxoeTSi darCenili niko nikolaZis didi tkivilia gam-JRavnebuli, amasTan saqarTvelos bedze dafiqrebuli moazrovnis uimedobac gamokrTis.

mkiTxvels vTavazobT 1921 wels dawerili erT-erTi baraTis Targmans (es werilebi n.niko-laZis saxlmuzeumis direqtorma q-nma lia bibileiSvilma gadmogvca). vfiqrobT, igi Tanamed-roveobis amsaxvel bevr niuanssac miesadageba, amasTan marganecis mrewvelTa sabWos -`Cemos` daSlis utyuar peripetiebs gadmogvcems da imdenad sainteresoa, rom zedmet komentars ar sa-Wiroebs.

n. nikolaZe

londoni, 23 agvisto 1921

Zvirfaso ninusi!1 guSin miviRe 15 agvistos gamogzavnili Seni werili. saqarTvelodan, Ce-mebidan didi xania araferi vici, solomon wereTlis colma maTgan araferi Camomitana. me is arc minaxavs: mis qmarTan Cemi urTierToba iseTi ar aris, rom erTmaneTTan Sexvedrebs veswra-fodeT. mesame dRea davbrundi parizidan da haagidan, sadac davemSvidobe marganecis Cvens mwarmoeblebs, romlebic kostantinepolSi TavianT saerTo krebaze gamoemgzavrnen. guliT vu-surveb maT srul warmatebas. miuxedavad imisa, rom materialurad maTTan ganSoreba CemTvis sa-sikcdiloa, me SvebiT amovisunTqe pirvelad am ori wlis manZilze am ganSorebiT, rac Cvens So-ris sruli uTanxmoebis Sedegi iyo, ufro sworad, SeuZlebeli iyo erTad mogvegvarebina saer-To saqme da gagvewia saerTo Wapani. TiToeuli calke iqaCeba, yvelas unda TavisTvis waglijos, aravis axsovs, rom mis garda arian sxvebic, romelTa interesebi da miswrafebebi sufTaa. TiTo-euls unda, rom me mxolod misi mona viyo da ara yvelas saerTo msaxuri. TiToeuli moiTxovs, rom me vuRalato da movatyuo yvela mis garda. amasTan, TiToeuli Tavis miRwevebs saerTo saq-mis warmatebaSi ki ar xedavs, aramed swored am saqmis interesebis darRvevaSi. aravis ara aqvs warmodgena im monopoliis arsze, rac Cveni saqmis safuZvelia: TiToeuli cdilobs daarRvios igi Tavis sasargeblod, raime gaitanos ukiTxavad martom, riTac swored am monopolias vnebs. rasakvirvelia, mavani mTavrobis sasargeblod ki ar arRvevs yovelives, aramed sakuTari Tavi-saTvis, amitomac fasebi ireva da Cveni krediti ziandeba. amasTan, tradiciuli `zdaneviCis` an-tagonizmi `tuzemcebsa~ da ucxoelebs Soris, yovelTvis sasikvdilo rom iyo, exla gansakuTre-biT saSinelebaa, radgan ara mxolod bolSevikebi, wina xelisuflebac, zogavda da xels ar ax-lebda qvanaxSiris warmoebis kerZo sakuTrebas mxolod ucxoelebis SurisZiebis SiSiT. me vci-lobdi momerigebina orives interesebi, amitomac, rogorc xdeba xolme, ukmayofileba davimsa-xure orive mxarisagan. ucxoelebi xedavdnen, rom me `tuzemcebis` (adgilobrivebis_mTargmne-li) erTguli da mtkice damcveli var, manamde mitandnen, vidre qarTveli mwarmoeblebis warmo-madgenlad mTvlidnen. magram eseni axali meTaurebiT rom Camovidnen, romlebic ar malavdnen, rom survili aqvT Cemi adgili daikaon, ucxoelebma umalve moiazres, rom JurulTan2 da jayel-Tan3, gansakuTrebiT ki solomon wereTelTan4, gacilebiT iolad iTanamSromlebdnen, vidre Cem-Tan: saqme male maT saocnebo ideals miuaxlovdeba, omamdel anarqias, monopoliis ganadgure-bas miaRweven, radgan `tuzemcebis` mokakvas TavianTi kapitaliTa da kreditebiT iolad moaxer-xeben, daqsaqsuli adgilobrivebis umoqmedobis wyalobiT. orive mTavroba, winandeli da axlan-deli, marto marganecis warmoebas rom daawva mTeli simZimiT, TiTqos mxolod mas SeeZlo sa-xelmwifos Senaxvis mTeli saxsrebis anazRaureba, aman gauadvila ucxoelebs faruli zraxvebis miRweva. `Cemo` TandaTan diskreditirebuli da uZluri Seiqmna. marto zarmaci ar yidda da ar gTavazobda marganecs: `Cemos` monopolias xels uSlidnen ara marto mTavrobis xelmZRvanele-bi, aramed TviT `Cemos` wevrebi. amas daemata bolSevikebis Semoseva saqarTveloSi da ramdenime `Cemos` aRmoceneba: Tbilisis, konstantinepolis, haagis! amasTan, mTeli msoflio, da gansakuT-rebiT qarTuli samyaro, iRupeba `parlamentarizmis` gaugebrobiT: fiqroben, rom nabijis ga-dadgma, Tavis dakvra aravisTvis ar SeiZleba, Tu ar inebebs mTeli parlamenti, romelic Sedgeba


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sxvadasxva azris mqone mravalricxovani delegatebisagan, maTi mTeli saqmianoba mimdinareobs kamaTsa da intrigebis xlarTvaSi, vaWrobaSi yoveli wuTi saSuria. gauSveb moments da CitiviT ver daiWer verasdros. Cvenebi ki gamoirCevian sxdomebis mudmivi gadadebiT: xan erTerTi wevri SeuZlodaa, sxva deputati _ dakavebulia, mesame _ ukmayofiloa, qvorumi ar ikribeba. qarxana ki ar icdis da yidulobs indoeli, sadac gamyidveli martoa da aravis ar eTaTbireba, aravis fa-sebs ar umxels. SarSan sazRvargareTuli komiteti rom gavmarTeT, mas `pariteti` edo safuZ-vlad, anu `tuzemcebis` da ucxoelebis gavlenis Tanasworoba saqmeSi: xmebis Tanasworoba, Tu maT gansxvavebuli azri hqondaT, Cemi, rogorc Tavmjdomaris, xmiT wydeboda. magram me, ro-gorc wevrs, xma ar mqonda. rodesac jayeli da oganezovi5 ianvarSi saqarTveloSi brundebod-nen, maT TavianTi `tuzemcebis` xma me ki ara, papavas6 miandes, SevniSnav, is mTeli suliT da gu-liT germanelebs iyo mikedlebuli. me daviviwye Cemi Rirseba da Tavmoyvareoba da vTxove maT saagentoSi daetovebinaT baraTi, rom papavas aryofnis, an avadmyofobis SemTxvevaSi `tuzemce-bis` xmebi me gadmomcemoda, es maT ar gaakeTes. me maT ori depeSa davawie konstantinepolSi so-so gogolaSvilis7 saxelze, vauwyebdi, rom amis gareSe saqmeebi dazaraldeboda. arc Cemi es Txovna gaiTvaliswines da yovelgvari uflebisa da ndobis gareSe damtoves. papavas moulodne-li gardacvalebis Semdeg Cvens komitets ukve aRar SeeZlo Sekreba da me veRarafers ver Sev-cvlidi. maSin konstantinepolidan da Tbilisidan urTierTsawinaaRmdego moTxovnebis kaskadi daiZra: Tbilisidan _ groSi ar gasceT konstantinepolel ltolvilebze, maRaroebis konfis-kaciis da darCenili mesakuTreebis daxvretis saSiSroebis gamo, konstantinepolidan ki iTxov-dnen _ gadamegzavna maTTvis `Cemos` mTeli dokumentebi da fuli. sinamdvileSi ki arc me, arc aqaur saagentos aranairad ar SegveZlo flesingis saxlidan migveRo `Cemos` saqmeebi da Tanxe-bi. arc `Cemos` movaleebisagan SegveZlo fulis amoReba: ufleba miekuTvneboda dawesebulebas, parlaments, romelsac qvorumi ar gaaCnda. konstantinepolSi ki ubeduri mewarmeebi, romleb-mac ar icodnen saqmis viTareba, Cemze brazobdnen, fiqrobdnen, rom me Cavijibe maTi fulebi da usamarTlod vaSimSilebdi. sxvaTaSoris, me CamorTmeuli mqonda ufleba mimeRo sakuTari xel-fasi komitetis nebarTvis gareSe, romelic ar ikribeboda, radgan ar iyvnen qarTuli interese-bis mqone pirebi. gana sxvagvarad SeiZleba saqme wasuliyo iq, sadac msxvili savaWro_samrewve-lo interesebis gadamwyvetni arian is pirebi, romlebmac araferi ician TavianTi viwro specia-lobis meti, arc aqvT TanamSromelTa garCevis unari. aseTi seriozuli saqmis xelmZRvaneloba SeuZlebelia, Tu ar gaiTvaliswine, ra iqneba erTi Tvis, erTi wlis Semdeg. maT ar ician ara mxo-lod saxelmwifoTaSorisi urTierTobani da arc SeuZliaT maTi Seswavla, aramed ar ician `Ce-mos` SemadgenlobaSi myofi ucxouri firmebis interesi da miznebi. yvelaferi, rasac isini ake-Teben, dafuZnebulia wuTier interesebze, momentis STabeWdilebaze, Worebze, ubralod ara-ferze. amis dasturia `Cemos` monawileTa saerTo krebis oqmi, romelic Sedga ama wlis 18 aprils konstantinepolSi. vanom8 waikiTxos da giTxras, ra iqneba, roca es oqmi bolSevikebs Cauvarde-baT xelSi? yvelas Tavisi gziT gaumarjos, rogorc surT, ise waiyvanon saqme, erTze mwydeba gu-li, ori weli davkarge, unda amovigdo Tavidan, wavSalo gonebaSi yvelaferi, rac ase gulmodgi-ned Seviswavle am siberis wlebSi, Tanac unda davfanto is wignebi da masalebi, romlebsac ase gulmodgined vagrovebdi. londonSi davrCi mxolod imitom, rom marto aq SeiZleboda margane-cisa da sanaosno saqmis kursSi yofna, inglisuri enis Seswavla (maSin, roca, CemTvis ufro advi-li da mosaxerxebeli iyo safrangeTSi, gansakuTrebiT parizSi, cxovreba), magram axla yvelafe-ri unda mivatovo, gavyido, gavaCuqo, ar vici, ra vqna. es mware xvedria im adamianebisTvis axal saqmeebsa da axal qveynebs rom emsaxurebian. maT xalxebs ki jer ar daudgeniaT, ar upoviaT sa-kuTari gza. isic unda iTqvas, rom milionobiT arian Cemze uares dReSi, amitomac, madloba RmerTs, rom `SeiZleba ufro cudi yofiliyo?!` egeb Cemi cxovrebis bolo dReebi mSvidad gava-taro. marganecis mrewvelebi dampirdnen, rom jentlmenurad gamisworeben angariSs, anu xel-fass wlis bolomde gadamixdian. am angariSsworebamde londonSi momiwevs cxovreba fufuneba-Si. rogorc ki miviReb Cems safasurs da movawesrigeb aqaur saqmeebs, gavemgzavrebi safrangeT-Si, mere vnaxav, albaT, CvenebTan Caval. Tu mTa ar midis magometTan, es ukanaskneli unda avides mTaze, rac ar unda mZime iyos misi asakovani fexebisa da asTmis fonis miuxedavad. yovel Sem-TxvevaSi erTi ramiT bednieri var: amieridan aravin damadanaSaulebs im Secdomebsa da uwesri-gobaSi, romlebic viwinaswarmetyvele, romlebsac uarvyofdi, magram ar SemeZlo maTi aRmof-xvra. vnaxoT, amieridan sxvebi rogor daaRweven Tavs im siZneleebs da aranormalur viTarebas, romelSic me vimyofebodi. RmerTs vTxov, Cemma gamocdilebam xeli Seuwyos am batonebs, rom Cems Semdgom memkvidres Tundac mciredi ram gaakeTebinon, da ar gadauRobon gza, romelic Ta-visive damsaqmeblebma daakisres.

dRemdeCvenebidan arc erTi striqoni ar mimiRia Cemi werilebis pasuxad. ar vici, iReben Tu ara im fuls, romelsac yovelTve Seuferxeblad vugzavni 15 ricxvSi TbilisSi arsebul ita-liur_kavkasiur bankSi. aseve ar vici, aZlevs Tu ara raime Tanxas kavkasiis samTo amxanagoba, romelmac WiaTuris kantoras neba darTo Cems ojaxs yovelTviurad misces imdeni, ramdensac moiTxoven isini. ar mesmis, ras niSnavs es dumili: Cemi werilebi ar aRwevs, Tu maT eSiniaT mowe-ra? bolo werilSi (21 ivnisi) mweren, rom 5 Tvea arcerTi striqoni ar miuRiaT, Tu SegiZlia Se-


167

atyobine, rom daweron ori striqoni: Cven kargad varT, ama da am dros miviReT amdeni, sterlin-gis kursi iyo amdeni. me mets arafers viTxov. acnobe, Cemi gadaZabuli tvinis dasufTaveba, rom marganecis saqmeebi aRar mexeba, da wlis bolos vfiqrob saqarTveloSi dabrunebas, Tu manamde cocxali da janmrTeli viqnebi.

Sen tyuilad emduri elikos:9 mec iSviaTad mwers, isic mokle Ria baraTs. masac ara aqvs vardebiT mofenili gza, rogorc yvela diasaxliss. yvelasTvis mZime droa, sxvebisTvis ver ic-li da nuravis gaamtyuneb. kaki10 sadRac Sveicariis mTebSia, ukve naxevari welia misgan striqoni ar mimiRia, magram Telikom11 paraskevs parizSi miTxra, TiTqos Tavs iq kargad grZnobs, Tu ar matyvilebs. me Zalian vwuxvar mis gamo. SoTas12Sesaxeb vfiqrobdi (ratom ar maxsovs), rom is di-di xania dabrunda samSobloSi; gTxov, miwere, Sematyobinos zusti misamarTi da ramdeni Wirde-ba fuli. ramdensac SevZleb, _ gavugzavni. am baraTTan erTad gigzavni inglisuri bankis bi-leTs, 5 funts, gadaaxurdave draxmebze da gaugzavne bankis angariSiT, vici rom cotaa, magram bevris gariskva meSinia, roca mis misamarTs miviReb, aTenSi gavugzavni mets.

imedi maqvs, Seni Svilebis janmrTeloba gamokeTda. momwere xSirad da bevri, yvelaferi rasac gaigeb Cvens qveyanaze da Cemianebze.

vano Sen da Sen Svilebs magrad dagkocniT. visac vaxsovar, yvela moikiTxe saukeTeso sur-vilebiT.

Seni mama n. nikolaZe

SeniSvnebi

1. nino nikolaZe - peterburgeli eqimis, ana makarovas da niko nikkolaZis qaliSvili, romel;ic daibada peterburgSi, ana makarovas mSobiarobis dros gardacvalebis gamo, nino nikolaZe iz-rdeboda nikos sam SvilTan erTad saqarTveloSi, did jixaissa da TbilisSi. mas ivane zura-biSvilTan qorwinebisas sami vaJiSvili SeeZina.

2. giorgi Juruli - erovnul-demokratiuli partiis wevri, saqarTvelos demokratiuli res-publikis koaliciuri mTavrobis wevri, vaWrobisa da mrewvelobis ministri 1918 wels.

3. aleqsandre jayeli - sazogadoeba `Cemos` erTerTi mniSvnelovani aqcioneri. 4. solomon wereTeli - konstantinepolSi arsebuli `Cemos` sazogadoebis wevri (SeiZleba mdi-

vanic ki). 5. oganezovi - jerjerobiT misi vinaoba daudgenelia. 6. eduard papava - unda iyos akaki papavas Zma, `Cemos` mniSvnelovani xmosani. 7. ioseb gogolaSvili - saqarTvelos demokratiuli mTavrobis erTerTi warmomadgeneli kon-

stantinepolSi (konsuli). 8. ivane zurabiSvili - nino nikolaZis meuRle, iuristi, romelic ojaxTan erTad 1921 wlis mar-

tSi emograciaSi wavida jer konstantinepolSi, Semdeg parizSi, sadac gardaicvala 1940 wels. dagrZalulia levilis qarTvelTa sasaflaoze.

9. eliko wereTeli - kaki (irakli) wereTlis da, romelic colad gahyva frang inJiner-agronoms, safrangeTis akademiis prezodent alber demolons (1881-1954).

10. kaki (irakli) wereTeli - niko nikolaZis disSvili, giorgi wereTlis vaJi, gamoCenili poli-tikuri moRvawe, 1917 wlis Tebervlis revoluciis Semdeg ruseTis droebiTi mTavrobis Sina-gan saqmeTa ministri, menSevikTa aRiarebuli lideri.ruseTis mier saqarTvelos aneqsiis Sem-deg kaki wereTelma datova samSoblo da emigraciaSi cxovrobda jer parizSi, Semdeg niu ior-kSi, sadac gardaicvala 1957 wels.

11. Teliko - niko nikolaZisa da bogumila zemianskaias ufrosi qaliSvili, romelic daibada da cxovrobda parizSi, colad gahyva frang general lui de kokes. kaki (irakli) wereTlis um-crosi da, romelic colad gahyva frang de molons.

12. SoTa - jerjerobiT vinaoba ver davadgineT.


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reziume

niko nikolaZis 1921 wlis 23 agvistos dawerili piradi baraTi gagzavnilia londonidan konstantinopolSi mis ufros qaliSvilTan nino nikolaZe-zurabiSvilTan. werilidan Cans ur-Tulesi periodi ruseTis miersaqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis aneqsiisa, rodesac da-emxo demokratiuli respublika da `gaurkvevelma wiTelma Wirma` STanTqa qarTvelebis Tavi-sufleba. n.nikolaZe am dros inglisSi WiaTuris marganecis `Cemos` londonis sazogadoebis Tavmjdomarea. werilSi im SeuTanxmeblobaze, urTierTgaugebrobasa da urTierTgautanloba-zea saubari, rac imJamindel qarTvelobas axasiaTebda `Cemos` londonur ofisSi, agreTve gam-JRavnebulia nikos winaswarmetyveluri fiqri Tavisi samSoblos momavalze.

Dali Chikviladze

FROM NIKO NIKOLADZE’S EPISTOLARY HERITAGE

Summary

Personal card written on August 23,1921 by Niko Nikoladze is sent from London to Constantinople to his elder daughter Nino Nikoladze-Zurabishvili.From letter is seen the most difficult period,when Russia made an annexation of Georgian Democratic Republic.It is the time when fell down democratic Republic and “unidentified red plague” absorbed freedom of Georgian people. At this time Niko Nikoladze is the chairman of London society of Chiatura manganese “Chemo” in England.

There are talkings about misunderstandings and disagreement which were characteristic features of people working in London office “Chemo”.There is also revealed Niko Nikoladze’s prophetic thoughts about the future of his motherland.


169

diana WankotaZe

rogor swavloben da aswavlian safrangeTSi

profesia `Jurnalistikas~

`Tanamedrove Jurnalists mudam unda axsovdes is, rom ambavi sruliad damoukideblad

TavisiT iqmneba. mas ar qmnian Jurnalistebi, isini mxolod karg dros da karg adgilas imyofe-boian, raTa Tvali adevnon da Semdeg sityvasityviT gadascen, Tu rogor Seiqmna es ambavi”.

patrik puavr-davro. frangi mwerali, Jurnalisti da sazogado moRvawe. mrvalis wlis win, maSin rodesac Jurnalistika rogorc profesia Seiqmna, am saqmes mxo-

lod is xalxi arTmevda Tavs, visac kalmis xmareba exerxeboda da saocar literaturul Sedev-rebs qmnida. safrangeTSi pirveli gazeTi “la gazet” 1631 wels mefis lui me-8-is dros mis karze momsaxure mecnier-literatorma teofast renodom daarsa [1]. cxadia, es gazeTi xelnaweri gax-ldaT da mxolod mefis interesebs emsaxureboda. mogvianebiT gazeTis tiraJi xalxis moTxov-niT gaizarda da wlebis msvlelobasTan erTad axalma gazeTebmac imravla. frangi xalxi Tanda-Tan ufro inusxeboda presiT da rogorc informirebis erTaderTma saSualebam, presamac maTi gavlenis qveS moqceva advilad moaxerxa. swored amis Tavidan asacileblad ukve mogvianebiT 1918 wlis 10 marts safrangeTis maSindelma saxelmwifo profkavSirebma Jurnalistikis eTikis kodeqsi [2] Seqmnes, xolo 1927 wlidan maT am kodeqsis frangul mediaSi mudmivi kontroli Jur-nalistTa erovnul komisias daakisres.

gasul saukuneebSi Seqmnil kanonebs frangi Jurnalistebi dRemde icaven da maTi mediis dRevandeli anareklic swored am kanonebis gatarebiT gadmoicema.

msoflioSi teqnikuri saSualebebis revoluciam profesia Jurnalistikis daxvewa da swrafi ganviTareba moiTxova. dRes nebismier frang Jurnalists Tavisuflad SeuZlia erTdro-ulad imuSaos rogorc televiziaSi, aseve radiosa da presaSi. igi aseTive efeqturobiT ewyoba internet mediis moTxovnebsac da flobs informaciis ara mxolod mopoveba-damuSavebis, ara-med uswrafes drois monakveTSi gadaRebis, damontaJebis, ganTavsebis unarsac.

ratom esaWiroeba dRes frang Jurnalists mediis yvela saSualebis erTnairad Seswavla da, rac mTavaria, gamoyeneba? ratom evaleba televiziis Jurnalists didi profesionalizmiT radios xmis Camweri teqnikuri saSualebebis marTva? rogor da ramdeni wlis manZilze swavlo-ben frangebi gaxdnen profesionali Tanamedrove drois Jurnalistebi ise, rom amavdroulad 1918 wels Seqmnili Jurnalistikis eTikis kodeqsi daicvan ? am kiTxvebze pasuxebis misaRebad safrangeTSi profesia Jurnalistikis ganviTarebis etapebs gverds ver avuvliT.

oficialuri cnobebis Tanaxmad, dRes safrangeTSi 30 000 profesionali, xolo 20 000 dam-wyebi Jurnalistia [3].

1976 wlis 1 noembers gamovida dadgenileba imis Sesaxeb rom ori saswavlo dawesebuleba : parizis Jurnalistikis saswavlo centri da qalaq lilSi arsebuli Jurnalistikis kerZo sas-wavlebeli, iqnebodnen aRiarebulni rogorc am profesiis Semswavleli umaRlesi saswavlo da-wesebulebebi. inovacia ki is gaxldaT, rom studentebi, romlebic misaReb gamocdebs gadala-xavdnen, mxolod ori weli iswavlidnen da ori wlis Semdeg gadaecemodaT profesionali Jurna-listis diplomi Tu statusi. gaxldaT Tu ara sakmarisi mxolod orwliani swavleba profesiis dasaufleblad, amis gasarkvevad zemoTxsenebul kerZo saswavleblebSi tardeboda yovelwliu-ri regularuli gadamowmebebi, imisa, Tu rogor irCeodnen profesor-maswavleblebi, ra teqni-kur saSualebebs euflebodnen studentebi da gansakuTrebiT gadiodnen Tu ara savaldebulo staJirebebs swvalebis periodSi. ganaTlebis saministros mxridan mravalwlianma kontrolma ki sabolood daamtkica am or saswavlo dawesebulebaSi maRali profesiuli ganaTlebis miRebis SesaZlebloba da amiT gza gauxsna momaval 11 Jurnalistikis umaRles saswavlebels, sadac Se-saZlebelia profesional Jurnalistad Camoyalibeba. dRes arsebul 13 dawesebulebaSi regu-laruli Semowmebebis Casatareblad ki Seiqmna saxelmwifo organizacia CNPEJ, « Commission nationale paritaire de la presse (erovnuli presis komisia) [4].

umaRles saswavleblebSi yovelwliurad komisia `CNPEJ“ amowmebs: Tu ramdenwliani gamoc-dileba aqvs saswavlebels, profesorebis maRalkvalifikaciuroba da samuSao gamocdileba, Se-saswavli sagnebis saWirooba da efeqturoba, JurnalistisTvis aucilebeli sabaziso gaanaTle-bis micemis done, garemo, saswavleblis inventari Tu pirobebi sadac studentebi imyofebian, teqnikuri aRWurviloba, mowveuli profesori moqmedi Jurnalistebis kompetenturoba, saval-debulo staJirebis xangrZlivoba da efeqturoba, swavlebis Rirebuleba (Rirs Tu ara gadaWar-bebuli dawesebuli Tanxa) da bolos, rac studentebisTvis yvelaze mniSvnelovania, es gaxlavT maqsimaluri gadamowmeba imisa, Tu rogor zrunavs saswavlebeli ukve kursdamTavrebulze imi-saTvis, rom is dausaqmebeli ar darCes. 13 zemoTnaxseneb saswavlebels Soris 8 specializirebu-li universitetia, sadac swavleba aseve ori weli mimdinareobs da iq mosaxvedrad students au-


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cileblad sami an oTx wliani bakalavris diplomi unda gaaCndes. swavlebis fasi aq SedarebiT xelmisawvdomia, weliwadSi gadasaxdel 350 evroSi samedicino dazRvevac Sedis.

danarCen 5 saswavleblidan yvela kerZo dawesebulebaa da aqac swavlebis xangrZlivoba ori welia, ( mxolod tuluzis kerZo Jurnalistikis skola sTavazobs 3 wlian swavlebas). kerZo saswavleblebSi yovelwliuri gadasaxadi 4000 idan 5000 evromde meryeobs [4].

TiToeul umaRles saswavlebelSi moxvedras yovelwliurad daaxloebiT 7 000 abiturien-ti cdilobs. amaTgan ki mxolod 40-amde xdeba studenti. misaRebi gamocdebis konkursi sakmaod didi da konkurentunariania. abiturientebi gadian Semdeg gamocdebs :

franguli ena (weriTi) statiis dawera ( gamocdaze sTavazoben statiis saxelwodebas) aqtualuri ambebis analizi kreatuloba ( mxatvruli Canaweri) zogadi ganaTlebis Semowmeba (istoria, geografia) CamoTvlili sagamocdo sagnebidan mxolod franguli ena bardeba saerTo sagnad studen-

tis mier arCeul ramdenime saswavlebelSi. Tu sami CamoTvlili saswavleblidan studentma er-Tgan warmatebiT gaiara franguli enis gamocda, mas mxolod iq SeuZlia Caabaros momdevno sag-nebic. xolo Tu samivegan erTnairad maRali qulebi aiRo, is Tavad irCevs, sad surs moxvedra da iq abarebs momdevno gamocdebsac. sagamocdo cieb-cxelebas finansuri danaxarjebic sagrZnob-lad emateba. misaReb gamocdebze Casawerad savaldebuloa 180° evros gadaxda, romelic waruma-teblobis SemTxvevaSi, cxadia, abiturients ukan ar ubrundeba. garda amisa, mgzavrobisa Tu sacxovreblis xarjebi misaRebi gamocdebis dros abiturientebisTvis sakmao TanxebTanaa da-kavSirebuli, swored am gadaadgilebebis Tavidan asaclileblad 2006 welidan SesaZlebelia ramdenime saswavleblisaTvis erTi da imave dros, erTi da imave adgilas Cabardes misaRebi ga-mocdebi. amas aseve emateba socialurad daucveli ojaxis problemebis gaTvaliswinebiT misa-Rebi gamocdebis xarjebis Sekveca da im SemTxvevaSi Tu abiturientma gamocdebi warmatebiT ga-iara, saswvlebeli (kerZo Tu saxelmwifo) swavlebas sruliad ufasod sTavazobs students [5].

rogor mimdinareobs swavleba da aris Tu ara sakmarisi ori weli profesional Jurnalis-tad CamoyalibebisaTvis .

safrangeTis 13 umaRles saswavlebelSi : CELSA – Centre d’Etudes Littéraires et Scientifiques Appliquées (samecniero-saliteraturo saswavle-

beli) CUEJ - Centre Universitaire d’Enseignement du Journalisme (sauniversiteto centri Jurnalistikis -

mimarTulebiT) EJCM - Ecole de Journalisme et de Communication de Marseille (marselis Jurnalistikisa da komuni-

kaciebis saswavlebeli) EJDG - Ecole de Journalisme de Grenoble (grenoblis Jurnalistikis skola) IFP - Institut Français de la Presse (safrangeTis presis instituti) IJBA - Institut de Journalisme de Bordeaux Aquitaine(bordos Jurnalistikis instituti) Iut Lannion (lanonis teqnikuri Jurnalistikis saswavlebeli) Iut Tours (turis teqnikuri Jurnalistikis saswavlebeli) CFJ - Centre de Formation des Journalistes (formacia Jurnalistikis centri) EJT - Ecole de Journalise de Toulouse (tuluzis Jurnalistikis skola) ESJ - Ecole Supérieur de Journalisme (lilis umaRlesi Jurnalistikis skola) IPJ : Institut Pratique de Journalisme(praqtikuli Jurnalistikis instituti) L’école de Journalisme de Science Po (Paris) (parizis politologiuri universiteti Jurnalisti-

kis skola) misaRebi gamocdebis warmatebiT gadalaxvis Sedegad abiturienti an mis mier SerCeul

saswavlebelSi xvdeba an iq, sadac qulebi eyofa (yvela saswavlebels sxvadsaxva Sefasebis sis-tema gaaCnia). swavlebis pirveli weli zogad ganaTlebas eTmoba, studentebi gadian iseT sag-nebs rogoricaa : Jurnalistikis istoria, samarTali, geopolitika, mediis ekonomika, politika, ekonomika, ucxo enebi, msoflio aqtualoba Tu profesiuli inglisuri. kursze moxvedrili 40-amde studentidan yvela erTnair reJimSi gadis saswavlo programas. zogadi ganaTlebis SemZen sagnebs ZiriTadad pirveli kursis pirveli semestri eTmoba, xolo pirveli kursis meore semes-tridan aseve zogadad iwyeben presis, televiziis, radiosa da internet mediis Seswavlas. wlis bolos ki mTeli zafxulis ganmavlobaSi TiToeuli studenti direqciis mier SerCeul savalde-bulo staJirebas gadis.

meore kursi gacilebiT Sromatevadi da samuSao gamocdilebis miRebaze damyarebulia. studentebs ematebaT iseTi specializirebuli sagnebi, rogorebicaa : politikis Jurnalisti-ka, ekonomikis Jurnalistika, aqtualuri ambebi, Jurnalistis eTikis kodeqsi, kulturisa Tu sportis Jurnalistika. am sagnebs mTeli kursi erTnairad Seiswavlis da isini aseve erTnairad specializirdebian, tele-radio, internet Tu pres-mediaSi. saswavlebeli maqsimalurad qmnis


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saojaxo garemos studentebisTvis, gamomdinare iqedan, rom swavleba dilas 8 saaTze iwyeba da saRamos 9 saaTamde grZeldeba, direqciis gancxadebiT aucilebelia studentebisTvis saojaxo pirobebis Seqmna. amitomac aravis ukvirs saswavleblebSi, komfortulad mowyobil misaReb oTaxebSi mosasvenebeli kuTxeebis mowyoba an samzareulo-sasadiloebi, sadac studentebi Ta-vad amzadeben kerZebs leqciebs Soris.

meore kursis dasawyisSi studentebi profesionali Jurnalistebis dakvirvebiT da xel-mZRvanelobiT Tavad gamoscemen gazeTebs, qmnian satelevizio Tu radio gadacemebs. ormocio-de students Soris, presis leqciebze funqciebi ase nawildeba : redaqtori, redaqtoris moad-gile, gamomcemeli da reportior-fotografebi. am « Tanamdebobebze » yoveli axali nomris ga-mocemisTvis sxvadasxva studentebi iniSnebian da amgvari « wreze brunva » efeqtur Sedegs iZ-leva. TiToeuli maTgani realur presasTan miaxloebul redaqciebsa Tu stambebSi uSveben sru-liad maRal profesiul Jurnalebs. igive suraTia televiziisa da radios leqciebis Tvalsaz-risiT. gansxvaveba isaa, rom Tu maTi gamoSvebuli gazeTi Sidasauniversitetoa zogierTi sate-levizio gadacema, romlebsac studentebi uSveben, regionalur arxebzec ki gadis.

studentebis daqvemdebarebaSi yoveldRiurad 50-iode profesiuli kamera, radiosaTvis gankuTvnili xmisCamweri aparatura da profesiuli foto-aparatia. isini dilas ramdenime leq-ciis damTavrebis Semdeg, inacvlebel specializirebul peris, radiosa Tu tele atelieebSi, sa-dac gegmaven, awyoben, weren Tu aTavseben internet saitebze maT mier damuSavebul informaci-as. zedamxedvelad profesionali Jurnalistebi hyavT, romlebic sakuTari gamocdilebis gazi-arebiT axdenen maT Camoyalibebas. studentTa gankargulebaSi aris aseve ufaso satelefono kavSirebi da saswavlo stresisagan Tavis dasaRwevad Seqmnili sportuli darbazebi. meore kur-sis wlis bolos ki yoveli saswavlebeli meorekurselebs sTavazobs sazRvargareT mogzauro-bas. am mogzaurobas (mTel kurss), cxadia, saswavlebeli afinansebs da mizani gaxlavT, mogzau-robas mieZRvnas mTeli Jurnali an satelevizio gadacema.

JurnalistisaTvis saWiro ganaTlebis miRebasTan erTad franguli saswavleblebi stu-dentebs aseve sTavazoben profesiul doneze Seiswavlon fotografia da pres-saagento mimar-Tuleba. yoveli studentisaTvis savaldebuloa ramdenimeTviani staJireba, rasac saswavleb-lis direqcia Tavad arCevs. staJirebis ganmavlobaSi direqcia aseve did rols TamaSobs, raTa studentma srulfasovnad gamoiyenos staJirebis dro da amaze specializirebuli sadiplomo naSromi moamzados, rac cxadia diplomis aRebaSi win gadadgmuli nabijia.

staJirebasTan erTad umaRlesi saswavleblebi msurvel studentebs sTavazoben mimarTu-lebas `Semswavleli kursebi~. am kursebze moxvedrisaTvis ukve saswavlebelSi moxvedril stu-dentebs Soris msurvelebma, swavlis dasawyisSi kidev erTxel unda gaiaron gamocdebi da saWi-ro qulebi daagrovon. yovelwliurad miRebul 40-amde students Soris daaxloebiT 10-15 dama-tebiT `Semswavlel kursebs~ gadis. isini, savaldebulo leqciebis garda, mTeli ori wlis gan-mavlobaSi damatebiT naxevar ganakveTze oficialurad muSaoben mediis sxvadasxva saSualebeb-Si. satelevizio arxebs, radio sadgurebs, gazeTebs Tu internet medias saswavleblis direqcia Tavad sTavazobs rogorc momaval samuSaos da studentebi survilis mixedviT iwyeben swavlas-Tan erTad muSaobas. isini Sesrulebul samuSaoSi, cxadia, gasamrjelosac iReben. ufro metic, orwliani swavlebisa da samsaxuris droebiTi kontraqtis damTavrebis Semdeg is mediis saSua-lebebi, sadac muSaobdnen droebiTidan mudmiv samuSao kontraqtebs sTavazoben studentebs, rac maTTvis didi Jurnalisturi karieris dasawyisia.

TiToeuli umaRlesi saswavlebeli yoveli wlis bolos Sida kvlevebs axorcielebs, kiT-xvebi, romlebsac isini svamen, ZiriTadad SemdegSi mdgomareobs : ra fasi aqvs dRes Jurnalists Sromis bazarze? aris Tu ara savaldebulo umaRlesi saswavleblis damTavreba profesional Jurnalistad CamoyalibebaSi? ra gansxvavebaa swored am umaRles saswavleblebsa da universi-tetSi arsebul Jurnalistikis magistraturebs Soris? ras sTavazobs saswavlebeli axals da gan-sxvavebuls studentebs? rogor unda Camoyalibdes evropeli Jurnalisti da ra gansxvavebaa ev-ropul-amrikul medias Soris? ra kriteriumebiT asaqmeben media saSualebebi da bolos inter-net-mediis safrTxe Tu saWirooba dRevandelobaSi? direqcia swored am kiTxvebze pasuxebidan gegmavs da anaxlebs momaval saswavlo programas. isini aseve yovelwliurad anaxleben saswavleb-lis teqnikur saSualebebs, samuSao kompiuterebs, kamerebsa Tu tele da radio studiebs.

profesia Jurnalistikis Seswavlis saSualebas axalgazrdebs safrangeTis saxelmwifo universitetebic sTavazoben. marTalia, sakmaod mcire raodenobiT, magram mainc SesaZlebelia universitetSi samidan—xuT wlamde swavlebis Semdeg Jurnalistikis fakultetis, damTavreba. gamomdinare iqedan, rom am fakultetebs bevri msurveli abiturienti ar hyavs universitetebi xSir SemTxvevaSi ori fakultetis funqciebs aerTianeben da qmnian iseT fakultetebs rogo-rebicaa, magaliTad : «mediis marTva da komunikaciebi». miuxedavad imisa, rom msgavs fakulte-tebze naklebi praqtikuli samuSaoebi tardeba swored mravalwliani swavlebis gamo universi-teti studentebs sakmaod mravalferovan da myar ganaTlebas sTavazobs.saimedo da mravalfe-rovani ganaTleba aris Tu ara sakmarisi momavali JurnalistebisaTvis, swored am kiTxvis gar-Semo trialebs polemika, romelic mainc met realur media gamocdilebebsa, praqtikasa da sta-


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Jirebebze damyarebul umaRles saswavlebebs matebs privilegiebs. reputirebuli saswavleb-lis damTavreba xom garantirebul samuSaos udris frangi studentebisTvis. swored konkuren-ciis gamo universitetSi arsebuli Jurnalistikis fakultetebi studentTa mosazidad, media saSualebebSi 3-4 Tvian savaldebulo staJirebebs aweseben da praqtikuli codnis gasaRrmaveb-lad profesorebad moqmed Jurnalistebs iwveven, Tumca dRevandeli franguli saganmanaTleb-lo sistema mainc Jurnalistikis umaRlesi saswavleblebis popularobas usvams xazs.

Tanamedrove teqnikuri saSualebebis mravalferovneba da did praqtikaze damyarebuli profesia `Jurnalistikis~ Seswavla marTlac rom mimzidveli faqtorebia frangi studentebis-Tvis. gamartivebuli socialuri pirobebis fonze ( maRali stipendiebi, studenturi saerTo sacxovreblebi Tu samedicino dazRvevebi) maT swavlebis safasuris xelmisawvdomobis saSua-lebas aZlevs, amitomac kerZo da umaRles Jurnalistikis saswavleblebs yovelwliurad ufro da ufro emateba abiturientTa raodenoba.

saswavleblis damTavrebis pirvelive dRidan rogorc kursdamTavrebulis, aseve sasxwav-leblis direqciis amocana misi mediaSi dasaqmeba xdeba. wlebis ganmavlobaSi damyarebuli kav-Sirebi umaRles saswavleblelbs saSualebas aZlevs martivad daasaqmon axalgazrda diplomi-rebulebi, romlebic Tavis mxriv Jurnalisturi funqciebis aRebis pirvelive dReebidan samu-Sao xarisxs igive dones aCveneben rogorc adgilze damxvedri wlebis manZilze momuSave Jurna-listebi. udidesi satelevizio arxebisa Tu radio sadgurebis funqciebSi ar Sedis axlad SeZe-nili TanamSromlis dakvalianeba Tu mimarTulebebis micema. swored imis Tavidan asaSoreblad, rom axalgazrda diplomirebulma Tavi muSaobis pirvelive dReebidan gaarTvas dakisrebul mo-valeobebs, saswavleblebi maT ori wlis ganmavlobaSi yoveldRiurad ayeneben realuri Jurna-listikis win. kursdamTavrebulebis teqnikur srulyofilebas, mravalTviani da mravalfero-vani staJirebebis dros miRebuli gamocdilebac emateba, rac maT met profesiul gambedaobas matebs. profesionalizmis garda franguli mediis dRevandeli inovacia gaxlavT is, rom Jurna-listebi erTdroulad muSaoben rogorc televiziebsa da radioSi, aseve presasa Tu internet-mediaSi. amitomac multimediis Jurnalistoba aucilebeli piroba gaxda am profesiis gansaxor-cieleblad. es ki, cxadia, umaRles saswavleblebs ar gamoparviaT da momaval Jurnalistebs maq-simalurad axelovneben mediis yvela saSualebaSi. Tu adre studenti Tavad irCevda mediis ro-meli sfero Seeswavla da mogvianebiT am sferoSi emuSava kidec, dRes mas arCevani ar aqvs, sas-wavlebeli erTnairad moiTxovs tele, radio, presa Tu internet mediis specializirebuli ga-naTlebis miRebas.

yvelaze mTavari ki franguli mediisTvis JurnalistTa pasuxismgeblobaa, naCvenebsa, da-werilsa Tu naTqvamze. amitomac momavali Jurnalistebi swavlebis orwlian manZilze intensiu-rad gadian da izepireben odesRac dawesebul Jurnalistikis eTikis kodeqss. anabaniviT flo-ben sakuTar uflebebs da momavalSi maT gansaxorcieleblad ori weli Tavdauzogavad muSaoben. Tu kvlav davesesxebiT frangebisTvis kargad nacnob Jurnalists patrik puavr-davros: `Jurna-listika ar aris privilegia, igi rigiTi profesiaa, iseTive rogorc inJineroba an maswavleblo-ba, amitomac ar arsebobs am profesiaSi `me~ an `Sen~. obieqturoba mTavari da erTaderTi iara-Ria~.

gamoyenebuli literatura: 1. `safrangeTis mediis istoria~ avt. Jan-mari Saroni. parizis axali gamomcemloba, 2007. 2. fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histoire_de_la_presse_écrite_en_France (1918 wels oficialurad daarsda Jurna-

listTa erovnuli komisia, romelmac dawesa frangul mediaSi Jurnalistikis eTikis kodeqsis kontroli).

3. Refondue le 27 octobre 1987. komisia, romelic damyarebulia sxvadasxva profesionali Jurnalis-tebis iniciativaze, yovelwliurad daiTvalon ramdeni Jurnalisti iwyebs muSaobas frangul mediaSi, amaTgan vinaa damwyebi da vinaa profelionali. maTi statistika ki emyareba `safran-geTis samuSao erovnuli centris~ monacemebs.

4. Cf. http://www.snj.fr/article.php3?id_article=209 5. Cf. www.education.gouv.fr, Repères et statistiques 2007.


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diana WankotaZe

rogor swavloben da aswavlian safrangeTSi profesias `Jurnalistika~

reziume

safrangeTSi Jurnalisturi swavlebis ganviTareba yovelwliurad mimdinareobs. am ganvi-Tarebis xelisSesawyobad daarsebulia saxelmwifo organizaciebi, romelic mkacrad adevneben Tval-yurs imas, Tu ras da ra meTodebiT aswavlian momaval Jurnalistebs. profesia Jurnalis-tika evropis am erT-erT mniSvnelovan qveyanaSi aRqmulia rogorc yvelaze delikaturi profe-sia, romelic specialurad misTvis Seqmnil eTikis kodeqsebs unda emorCilebodes.

safrangeTSi audio mediis umaRlesi makontrolebeli sabWo 1989 wlidan moyolebuli mo-uwodebs frangul tele-radio saSualebebs Jurnalisturi eTikis kodeqsis dacvas. am mowode-bebis ugulvelyofis SemTxvevaSi ki sabWo mkacr sanqciebs akisrebs konkretul Jurnalistebsa Tu media saSualebebs. sabWos arsebobas didi gavlena aqvs Jurnalituri swavlebazec. Jurna-listuri ganaTlebis mimcemi umaRlesi kerZo saswavlebelebi Tu universitetebi prioritetad swored eTikis kodeqsis Seswavlas isaxaven. maTTvis aseve mniSvnelovania studentebisaTvis profesiuli teqnikuri saSualebebis Seswavla-gamoyeneba da TeoriulTan SedarebiT ufro me-ti praqtikuli codnis gadacema. orwliani swavlebis ganmavlobaSi frangi studentebi mraval-Tvian staJirebebs gadian, isini paralelurad Tavad amzadeben gazeTebs da satelevizio Tu ra-dio gadacemebs. saswavleblis arqivis gasamdidreblad ki xSirad sazRvargareT miemgzavrebian dokumenturi filmebisa Tu sauniversiteto Jurnalebis Sesaqmnelad. safrangeTSi profesia Jurnalistika mcire raodenobiT Seiswavleba saxelmwifo universitetebSi, am profesias Ziri-Tadad kerZo umaRles saswavleblebSi euflebian.

Diana Chankotadze

THE WAYS OF TEACHING THE PROFESSION OF JOURNALISM IN FRANCE

Summary

In France, the development of the journalism training being carried out annually. For supporting this development, there are founded a number of organizations that strictly observe what ways are used to train the future journalists. Profession of the journalism, which follows the specific code of ethics, is considered as one of the delicate in this one of the most European country.

In France, since 1989 the Supreme Board of controlling of the audio-media has been calling on following the code of ethics of the journalism. In case of ignoring this ''call'' the Board imposes severe sanctions on the certain journalists or Mass Media. Existence of the Board has a great influence on the training of the journalism. The main priority at private schools and universities is the code of ethics. According to their interests, teaching and using the professional-technical skills of the journalism is essencially important and moreover, the main goal is to providing the prectical knowledge. In the period of two-year of education, French students are trained at differents kinds of Mass Media selected by the schools. At the same time they write reports for newspapers and make television and radio programs. Frequently, in order to enrich the chancery (archive) of the university the students travel abroad to make documentary films and write reports. In France, the profession of journalism is studied at the State Universities but there are specially founded the higher private schools to master this profession.


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Cveni avtorebi:

besik aladaSvili -guram TavarTqilaZis saswavlo universitetis /gTsu-s/ sruli profesori

Tamar alfaiZe - gTsu-s mowveuli profesori

nodar bagrationi - gTsu-s profesori

venedi beniZe- gTsu-s profesori

daviT vekua - gTsu-s asocirebuli profesori

vaJa zubaSvili -rusTavelis Teatrisa da kinos sax. universitetis asocirebuli profesori

amiran /simon/ TavarTqilaZe- gTsu-s profesori

nugzar TevdoraZe - gTsu-s profesori

sofiko TevdoraZe - gTsu-s asocirebuli profesori

lia ToTlaZe - gTsu-s profesori

mamuka Toria -gTsu-s asistent - profesori

mildred kalandariSvili-gTsu-s asocirebuli profesori

daviT kbilaZe- gTsu-s asocirebuli profesori

sofiko kvantaliani - saqarTvelos erovnuli universitetis asocirebuli profesori

ana kobiaSvili - saqarTvelos politeqnikuri universitetis profesori

baia /mayvala/ koRuaSvili - gTsu-s asocirebuli profesori

lela koWlamazaSvili - gTsu-s asocirebuli profesori

laura kutubiZe -gTsu-s asocirebuli profesori

givi lobJaniZe - gTsu-s profesori

daviT lobJaniZe- gTsu-s asocirebuli profesori

elza lomiZe -Tsu-s asistent profesori

manana maridaSvili gTsu-s asistent profesori

xaTuna memaniSvili -Tbilisis sasuliero akademiis profesori

TaTia mJavanaZe - gTsu-s asocirebuli profesori

qeTi niJaraZe - saqarTvelos erovnuli universitetis asocirebuli profesori

Taliko Jvania - gTsu-s profesori

giorgi saxokia -gTsu-s asocirebuli profesori

maia seTuri - gTsu-s asocirebuli profesori

Carlz morgan strome - oregonis universitetis profesori /aSS/

daviT suxitaSvili - saqarTvelos teqnikuri universitetis profesori

Tea suxitaSvili -Tsu-s iuridiuli fakultetis doqtoranti

laSa tabataZe - gTsu-s asistent profesori

Tamar fanculia - gTsu-s asocirebuli profesori

Sengeli ficxelauri - gTsu-s profesori

Temur yandaSvili - saqarTvelos teqnikuri universitetis profesori

nino yufaraZe -Tbilisis saxelmw. samedicino universitetis profesori

lali CageliSvili - gTsu-s profesori

dali CikvilaZe - gTsu-s profesori

diana WankotaZe -safrangeTis reimsis universitetis doqtoranti, miwveuli prof.

sergo WeliZe - gTsu-s profesori


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OUR AUTHORS: Besik Aladashvili - Professor of Guram Tavartkiladze Teaching University /GTTU/ Tamar Alphaidze – Professor of GTTU Nodar Bagrationi – Professor of GTTU Venedi Benidze – Professor of GTTU Lela Chagelishvili – Professor of GTTU Diana Chankotadze – Doctoral Student of the Reims University /in France/ Sergo Chelidze - Associate Professor of GTTU Dali Chikviladze – Professor of GTTU Mildred Kalandarishvili - Associate Professor of GTTU Temur Kandashvili – professor of GTU David Kbiladze – Associate Professor of GTTU Ana Kobiashvili –professor of GTU LeLa Kochlamazashvili- Associate Professor of GTTU Mayvala /Baia/ Koghuashvili – Associate Professor of GTTU Nino Kuparadze – Professor of TSUU Laura Kutubidze-Zubashvili – Associate Professor of GTTU Sofiko Kvantaliani – Professor of SEU David Lobzhanidze – Associate Professor of GTTU Givi Lobzhanidze –– Professor of GTTU Elza Lomidze – associate professor TGU Manana Maridashvili – Associate Professor of GTTU Khatuna Memanishvili - Professor of Patriachate Akademy Tatia Mjavanadze - Associate Professor of GTTU Kate Nijharadze – professor of SEU Shengeli Pitskelauri - – Full Professor of GTTU Tamara Pantsulaia – Associate Professor of GTTU Giorgi Saghokia - Associate Professor of GTTU Maia Seturi – Associate Professor of GTTU Charles Morgan Stromme – Professor in Oregon University USA Davit Suchitashvili -Doctor of Law at GTU Tea Suchitashvili –Doctorial student of GTU Lasha Tabatadze – Assistent Professor of GTTU Amiran /Simon/ Tavartkiladze – Professor of GTTU Nugzar Tevdoradze – Associate Professor of GTTU Sofiko Tevdoradze - Associate Professor of GTTU Lia Totladze –Associate Professor of GTTU Mamuka Toria – Associate Professor of GTTU Davit Vekua- Professor of GTTU Taliko Zhvania – – Professor of GTTU Vaja Zubashvili – Associate Professor of Rustaveli University of Theatre and Film


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moTxovnebi

moTxovnebi romlebic waeyeneba krebulSi gamosaqveynebel naSromebs: krebulSi gamosaqveynebeli naSromi unda akmayofilebdes Semdeg moTxovnebs: _ samecniero statia SeiZleba dawerili iyos qarTul an inglisur enaze. _ naSroms unda axldes reziume (7-8 striqoni) or enaze (qarTuli, inglisuri). orive enaze un-da iTargmnos naSromis saTauri, avtoris sruli saxeli da gvari

_ naSromi unda iyos awyobili Microsoft Word- Si; _ qarTuli naSromi iwyoba sylfaen SriftiT; _ inglisuri naSromebi iwyoba Times New Roman SriftiT; _ Sriftis zoma 12, intervali erTi;

_ naSromis moculoba, reziumis CaTvliT, SeiZleba iyos 5-dan 10-mde nabeWdi A4 zomis gverdi. _ naSroms unda daerTos avtorissakontaqto rekvizitebi: misamarTi (saxlis, samsaxuris), te-lefonis nomeri, faqsi, el-fosta, sruli samecniero xarisxi da wodeba, aseve dakavebuli Tanam-deboba; _ naSromis eleqtronuli versia unda mogvawodoT rogorc disketiT, ise amonabeWdi saxiT

erT egzemplarad A4 zomis qaRaldze; _naSromSi gamoqveynebul masalaze pasuxismgebelia avtori. _naSromis recenzireba anonimuri wesiT. damatebiTi informaciisaTvis dagvirekeT telefonebze: 23-20-20; an 599-90-40-04. guram TavarTqilaZis saswavlo universiteti misamarTi: 0101 - Tbilisi, samRereTis quCa 5 tel. /99532/ 2246591; 266 1512

veb-gverdi: www. GTTU. edu. ge


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Requirements

For Publication Format in Scientific Proceedings of Guram Tavartkiladze Teaching University

For publication in Scientific Proceedings of Guram Tavartkiladze Teaching University, the scientific work, article should satisfy the following requirements: • Scientific article can be submitted either in Georgian or English. • The work should be followed by the abstract (7-8 lines) into two languages (Georgian and English). The title of the article and author’s full name must be into two languages (Georgian and English). • The work should be presented in Microsoft Word format; • Georgian work should be presented in Acadnusx, 12 pt. font; • English work should be presented in Times New Roman 12 pt. font; • Line spacing 1.0; • The work, including the abstract should be 5-10 printed page, paper size A4. • In the body of the text, in-text citation should be done in brackets, in the following order: reference and page number of the used source in the bibliography attached to the work. At the end of the work, the list of the used literature (bibliography) should be arranged in the following order: Author, title of the source and the year of publication. • Contact info and requisites of the author should be submitted on the separate paper. This info should include: the address, (home, work), academic degree, title, position, tel, fax number and e-mail address. • The work should be handed in electronic version on CD disc, as well as 2 hard copies on A4 size paper; • The author is responsible for the authenticity of the material provided by him/her for publication. • The work will be reviewed anonymously. For additional info, please contact us: tel: 2 23 20 20; 599 90 40 04. Address: Guram Tavartkiladze Teaching University 5, Samghereti str. Tbilisi, Georgia.

Tel.: /99532/ 2246591; 266 1512 Web site: www.GTTU.edu.ge


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fasi saxelSekruleblo

gamomcemloba ùniversali~

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Documents

Volume of Scientific Works №4