VOLUME - RST-TTO...VOLUME 11, 2017 JOURNAL SCIENTIFIC AND APPLIED RESEARCH JOURNAL SCIENTIFIC AND APPLIED RESEARCH Vol. 5, 2014

VOLUME 11, 2017

JOURNAL SCIENTIFIC AND APPLIED RESEARCH

JOURNAL SCIENTIFIC AND APPLIED RESEARCH Vol. 5, 2014

Association Scientific and Applied Research

International Journal

The journal publishes scientific information and articles which present new and unpublished results from research in the spheres of the mathematical, physical, chemical, natural, humanitarian, social, medical, Earth, forest and agricultural sciences. Every article is to be read by two independent anonymous reviewers. After their acceptance and after the author presents a bank statement for the paid publishing fee, the article is published in the refereed JOURNAL SCIENTIFIC AND APPLIED RESEARCH, which is an academic journal licensed in EBSCO , USA.

Editor – in - Chief:

Corr. Member Prof. DSc Petar Getsov – Director of Space Research and Technologies Institute – BAS Chairman of Bulgarian Astronautic Federation

Vice – Editor- in- Chief: Prof. DSc Zhivko Zhekov - Konstantin Preslavsky University of Shumen

International Editorial Board:

Acad. Prof DSc Lev Zelyonii – Russia Acad. Prof. DSc Mykhailo Khvesyk – Ukraine Acad. Prof. DSc Genadiy Maklakov – Ukraine Corr. Member Prof. DSc Filip Filipov – Bulgaria Corr. Member Prof. DSc Petar Velinov – Bulgaria Corr. Member Prof. Dr. Stoyan Velkoski – Macedonia Prof DSc Vyacheslav Rodin – RussiaProf DSc Stanislav Klimov – RussiaProf. DSc Garo Mardirossian – Bulgaria Prof. Dr. Habil. Georgi Kolev – Bulgaria Prof. DSc Rumen Kodjeykov – BulgariaProf. DSc Olga Prokopenko - UkraineProf. DSc Andrei Andreev – BulgariaProf. DSc Tsvetan Dachev – Bulgaria Prof. Dr. Rumen Nedkov – Bulgaria Prof. Dr. Georgi Kamarashev – Bulgaria Prof. Dr. Alen Sarkisyan – France Prof. Dr. Margarita Filipova – Bulgaria Prof. Dr. Naziya Suleymanova – Kazakhstan Prof. Dr. Hristo Krachunov – Bulgaria Prof. Dr. Stiliyan Stoyanov – Bulgaria Prof. Dr. Rozalina Chuturkova – Bulgaria Prof. Dr. Anton Antonov – Bulgaria Ch. Assist. Prof. Dr. Petar Boyanov – Bulgaria Dr. Stoyan Sargoychev – Canada Assist. Prof. Angel Manev – Bulgaria

EditorsAneliya Karagyozyan– Bulgaria Prof. Dr. Anton Antonov – Bulgaria

Dek: TOPEX/POSEIDON altimeter data reveal our Ocean Planet, mission for NASA.

© Association Scientific and Applied Research© Konstantin Preslavsky University PressISSN 1314-6289 [email protected]://www.associationsar.com/

JOURNAL SCIENTIFIC AND APPLIED RESEARCH Vol. 5, 2014 JOURNAL SCIENTIFIC AND APPLIED RESEARCH Vol. 5, 2014

CONTENTS

Space Research

RELIABILITY STUDY OF OPERATORS WITHIN A COMPLEX ERGATICSYSTEMPetar Getzov, Zoya Hubenova .................................................................................................................................7

NICKEL-HYDROGEN COLD FUSION BY INTERMEDIATE RYDBERG STATE OFHYDROGEN: SELECTION OF THE ISOTOPES FOR ENERGY OPTIMIZATIONAND RADIOACTIVE WASTE MINIMIZATION Stoyan Sarg Sargoytchev ......................................................................................................................................15

ELEMENTARY PARTICLES, ATOMIC NUCLEI AND MOLECULES ACCORDINGTO THE BSM – SUPERGRAVITATION UNIFIED THEORYStoyan Sarg Sargoytchev ......................................................................................................................................33

HEORETICAL FEASIBILITY OF COLD FUSION ACCORDING TO THE BSM -SUPERGRAVITATION UNIFIED THEORY Stoyan Sarg Sargoytchev .......................................................................................................................................46

RESEARCH OF FACTORS WHICH INFLUENCE THE QUALITY OF OPTIC TELESCOPIC DEVICESStiliyan Stoyanov ...................................................................................................................................................57

OPTICAL SCHEME FOR SPECTROPHOTOMETER Petar Getzov, Stiliyan Stoyanov , Zhivko Zekov...................................................................................................64

Technical Sciences

METHOD AND SPECTROPHOTOMETRIC EQUIPMENT FOR WATER RESEARCH Zhivko Zhekov..................................................................................................................................................... `70

RANDOMNESS TESTING OF SEQUENCES PRODUCED BY P-ARYGENERALIZED SELF-SHRINKING GENERATOR USING APPROXIMATEENTROPY Zhaneta Tasheva, Antoniya Tasheva .....................................................................................................................76

VULNERABILITY PENETRATION TESTING THE COMPUTER AND NETWORK RESOURCES OF WINDOWS BASED OPERATING SYS-TEMSPetar Boyanov........................................................................................................................................................85

USING THE COLASOFT CAPSA NETWORK ANALYZER TO DIAG-NOSE,PINPOINT AND DETECT A VIRIETY OF MALICIOUS CYBER-ATTACKS ANDTO IMPROVE THE VULNERABILITIES FOR A SO-HO NETWORKPetar Boyanov........................................................................................................................................................93

CONTENTS

Technical Sciences

RESEARCH OF THE TRANSPARENCY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE

ATMOSPHERE WHICH INFLUENCE THE FLIGHT CONTROL OF FLYING

MACHINES Petar Getzov, Stiliyan Stoyanov, Petar Boyanov ...................................................................................................5

COPPER RECOVERY FROM LOW GRADE ORES, CONCENTRATES AND

TECHNOGENIC WASTE BY AMMONIA LEACHING - AN OLD IDEA WITH

PROMISING FUTURE Marinela Panayotova, Vladko Panayotov .............................................................................................................10

ROUTING INFORMATION SECURITY IN THE LOCAL AREA NETWORK OF

ACADEMIC DEPARTMENTS USING AN ENHANCED DISTANCE VECTOR

ROUTING PROTOCOL – EIGRP Petar Boyanov, Stiliyan Stoyanov, Hristo Hristov, Ognyan Fetfov, Tihomir Trifonov ......................................35

SECURITY ROUTING SIMULATION THE LOCAL AREA NETWORK OF

ACADEMIC DEPARTMENTS USING A LINK-STATE ROUTING PROTOCOL -

OSPF Petar Boyanov, Stiliyan Stoyanov, Hristo Hristov, Ognyan Fetfov, Tihomir Trifonov ......................................47

RESTRICTIONS ON THE DECENTRALIZATION OF RENEWABLE ENERGY IN BULGARIA Ralitsa Nikolova ...................................................................................................................................................59

THE SHORTEST PATH PROBLEM IN LOGISTICS Andrey Bogdanov .................................................................................................................................................68

Ecology

CONSUMPTION OF OZONE-DEPLETING SUBSTANCES Almira Daulbayeva A, Margarita Filipova ...........................................................................................................73

INTEGRATED MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS IMPROVEMENT FOR

PRODUCTION ENTERPRISES SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT AND

ACHIEVING A SUSTAINABLE SUCCESS Hristo Krachunov, Elena Kindzhakova ................................................................................................................78

Biology

CARCINOMA HEPATIS AND BLOOD GROUP AFFILIATION Velislav Todorov, Volodia Georgiev, Maria Boycheva, Cvetan Minkov, Rada Georgieva, Milen Boichev .....87

JOURNAL SCIENTIFIC AND APPLIED RESEARCH Vol. 11, 2017 3

Original Contribution

Journal scientific and applied research, vol. 11, 2017



ISSN 1314-6289

RESEARCH OF THE TRANSPARENCY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE

ATMOSPHERE WHICH INFLUENCE THE FLIGHT CONTROL OF

FLYING MACHINES

Petar Getzov, Stiliyan Stoyanov, Petar Boyanov*

SPACE RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGIES INSTITUTE - BULGARIAN ACADEMY OF

SCIENCES

E-mail: [email protected], [email protected]

* DEPARTMENT OF COMMUNICATION AND COMPUTER TECHNOLOGY, FACULTY

OF TECHNICAL SCIENCES, KONSTANTIN PRESLAVSKY UNIVERSITY OF SHUMEN,

SHUMEN 9712, 115, UNIVERSITETSKA STR

E-mail: [email protected]

ABSTRACT: A detailed optical research is carried about to examine the transparency

characteristics out of the atmosphere which influence the flight control of self-moving and

self-indicating flying machines. Methods for determining the atmosphere transparency

coefficient for monochrome and compound radiation are proposed. The water vapours

quantity in horizontal and vertical direction is calculated. Methods for determining the mass

of the air and the carbon gas in horizontal, included and vertical direction are proposed.

KEY WORDS: Cisco, Atmosphere, Characteristics, Transparency.

1. Introduction

In the process of developing of optical and opto-electronic equipment for

the need of the space physics and distance research methods of particular

concern is the atmosphere transparency that influences the visibility distance of

distant objects and also influences the flight control of flying machine [1, 5, 6,

7].

By dissemination through the atmosphere the stream radiation is

weakened as at the expense of molecular dispersion [2] and by its absorption of

the different components of the atmosphere [3]. Because the stream weakens

selectively then the atmosphere transparency can be determined for

monochrome radiation [4].


As the main factors that influence the weakening of stream radiation in

the atmosphere are known then the following formula for calculation of spectral

atmosphere transparency it can be written:

(1) 𝜏𝛼(𝜆) = ∏ 𝜏𝑝𝑖

𝑛

𝑖=1

(𝜆) ∏ 𝜏𝑛𝑖(𝜆) =

𝑘

𝑗=1

𝜏𝑝1(𝜆)𝜏𝑝2(𝜆)𝜏𝑛𝐻2𝑂𝜏𝑛(𝜆)𝐶𝑂2𝜏𝑛(𝜆)𝑂3

where 𝜏𝑝1(𝜆) and 𝜏𝑝2(𝜆)

𝜏𝑛𝐻2𝑂𝜏𝑛(𝜆)𝐶𝑂2

𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝜏𝑛(𝜆)𝑂3

coefficients for skipping through the

atmosphere of monochrome radiation

stream by taking into account the

weakening at the expense of the molecular

dispersion (𝜏𝑝1(𝜆)) and aerosol dispersion

(𝜏𝑝2(𝜆)).

coefficients for skipping through the

atmosphere of monochrome stream by

taking into account the weakening only at

the expense of the water vapours, carbon

gas and ozone absorption.

The value of the coefficient 𝜏𝑝1(𝜆) determining by relay dispersion of the

molecules of the gases with the following formula is calculated:

(2) 𝜏𝑝1(𝜆) = 𝑒−𝛼𝑝1(𝜆)𝐿,

where

(3) 𝛼𝑝1(𝜆) =32𝜋3(𝑛2−1)2

3𝑁𝜆4,

N = 2,9.1019 l/cm

n=1,0003

L

After solving formulas (2) and (3) it can be noted that visible part of the

molecular dispersion spectrum is sufficiently high and that significantly

influences on the reduction of the transparency due to which need to be

considered by calculation the flight control of the flying machines.

The skipping coefficient 𝜏𝑝2(𝜆) that gives an account of loses of the

aerosol dispersion can be calculated by a formula similar to (2):

- coefficient for weakening at the expense of

molecular dispersion;

- air density at normal pressure, expressing

the amount of particles in one cubic;

centimeter; - indicator of refraction of air;

- distance between transmitter and receiver.

6 JOURNAL SCIENTIFIC AND APPLIED RESEARCH Vol. 11, 2017

(4) 𝜏𝑝2(𝜆) = 𝑒−𝛼𝑝2(𝜆)𝐿.

For the calculation of the coefficient value 𝛼𝑝2(𝜆) is required some

knowledge of the quantity, size and composition of the substance aerosol

particles, which cause scattering of the radiation. This creates great difficulties

and practically precludes the implementation of an analytical method for

determining the skipping coefficient 𝜏𝑝2(𝜆).

The most accessible method for determining the skipping coefficient

𝜏𝑝(𝜆) = 𝜏𝑝1(𝜆)𝜏𝑝2(𝜆) by taking into account of summarized radiation

weakening at the expense of the molecular dispersion and aerosol dispersion is

based on the data of metrological distance visibility Lvisibility.

Between 𝜏𝑝(𝜆) and metrological distance visibility Lvisibility exists

particular relationship related to the infrared part of optical spectrum. The

coefficient values of 𝜏𝑝(𝜆) depending on Lvisibility are brought on fig. 1. The

presented graphics are created when the distance Lˈ between the object and

receiver is 2 km.

Fig.1. Modification of the coefficient 𝜏𝑝(𝜆) depending on the metrological

distance visibility


If the real distance L differs from Lˈ then the value of skipping

coefficient 𝜏𝑝(𝜆) is determining by calculating on the base of Buger’s law.

(5) 𝜏𝑝(𝜆) = [𝜏𝑝2(𝜆)]𝐿 = [𝜏𝑝2ˈ (𝜆)

1

2]𝐿 = [𝜏𝑝ˈ (𝜆)]

1

2,

where

𝜏𝑝(𝜆)

𝜏𝑝1(𝜆)

𝜏𝑝ˈ (𝜆)

skipping coefficients of the atmosphere of

monochrome radiation stream through

atmosphere layer with thickness L, km;

skipping coefficients of monochrome

radiation stream through an atmosphere per

unit thickness;

taken out of the graphic reference value of

the skipping coefficient of monochrome

radiation stream.

By using the formula can be determined the atmosphere skipping

monochrome radiation stream with wavelength λ = 1,25 mkm by metrological

distance visibility Lvisibility = 10,2 km when the distance between the transmitter

and receiver L=5,5 km.

For the achieving of wave λ = 1,25 mkm by Lvisibility = 10,2 km with the

help of fig. 1. is determined 𝜏𝑝(𝜆) = 0,6. After that by using the Buger’s law is

determined the skipping coefficient 𝜏𝑝1(𝜆) at L = 1 km:

𝜏𝑝1(𝜆) = 𝜏𝑝ˈ (𝜆 = 1,25𝑚𝑘𝑚)

1

1,85 = 0,61

1,85.

As far as

𝜏𝑝(𝜆) = [𝜏𝑝1(𝜆)]𝐿 = [𝜏𝑝ˈ (𝜆)

1

2]𝐿

1,85,

then by L= 5,5 km we obtain

𝜏𝑝(𝜆) = 0,65,5

1,85 = 0,216.

For the skipping coefficient value of the atmosphere over radiation stream

influence the quantity water vapours on the way of radiation spreading. If in real

conditions the thickness of water vapours w differs from wˈ = 17 mm by which

the graphic on figure 1 is built, then this difference by means of special

multiplier is taken into account

𝜏𝑝𝐻2𝑂 = 0,998−(𝑤ˈ𝑤) = 0,998−(17−𝑤).


Thereby, the formula for transition from coefficient 𝜏ˈ(𝜆) which is taken

from the graphic of figure 1 the real coefficient 𝜏𝑝(𝜆) the following type will

acquire

𝜏𝑝(𝜆) = [𝜏𝑝ˈ (𝜆)]

𝐿

1,850,998−(17−𝑤).

In conclusion it may be noted the skipping coefficients of the atmosphere

of monochrome stream by taking into the account the weakening the radiation,

caused by absorption of water vapours 𝜏𝑝𝐻2𝑂 and carbon gas 𝜏𝑛(𝜆)𝐶𝑂2 can be

determined for different working wavelengths, because they have an especially

influence over the flight control of the flying machines.

When considering the characteristics of atmosphere transparency is

needed information for the effective layer thickness of water vapours on the way

of radiation stream spreading and the carried out ground layer of the thickness of

air layer.

References:

[1]. Getzov P., Space, Ecology, Security, New Bulgarian University, 2002, pp.

211.

[2]. Getzov P., G. Mardirossian, Z. Hubenova, Zh. Zhekov, B. Tsekova, F.

Filipov, S. Stoyanov, I. Hristov. Influence of molecular scattering of light

on light protective characteristics of optical devices. Proceedings of “Naval

scientific forum”, Nikola Vaptsarov Naval Academy, Varna, 2003, pp. 91-

94.

[3]. Getzov P., D. Kamenov, G. Mardirossian, S. Stoyanov, Zh. Zhekov.

Assessing the impact of anthropological changes of nitrogen, carbon and

chlorine constituting the on distribution of ozone in the atmosphere and

temperature, Proceedings of Konstantin Preslavsky University of Shumen,

“Natural Science 2003”, Shumen, 2003 pp. 165-168.

[4]. Mardirossian G., Aerospace methods in ecology and environmental studies.

Academic publisher “Marin Drinov”, 2003, pp. 201.

[5]. Manev A., K. Palazov, S. Raykov, V. Ivanov. Combined satellite

monitoring of the temperature anomaly in August 1998, Proceedings of the

9th international conference. Basic problems of solar-terrestrial effects, 21-

22 November 2002, Sofia, pp.153-156.

[6]. Palazov K., S. Spasov, S. Raykov, A. Marinov, B. Benev, A. Manev, P.

Petkov. Data processing for orientation in a satellite experiment UFSIPS,

project INTERBOL. Proceeding of international conference “Stara Gazora

- 2003”, 2003.

[7]. Stoyanov S., G. Mardirossian, Zh. Zhekov, I. Hristov. Entrance impacts

over opto-electronic device for measurement of angular coordinates of

distant objects. Proceedings of “Naval scientific forum” Nikola Vaptsarov

Naval Academy, Varna, 2001, pp.224-228.






ISSN 1314-6289

COPPER RECOVERY FROM LOW GRADE ORES, CONCENTRATES

AND TECHNOGENIC WASTE BY AMMONIA LEACHING - AN OLD

IDEA WITH PROMISING FUTURE

Marinela Panayotova, Vladko Panayotov

UNIVERSITY OF MINING AND GEOLOGY, SOFIA 1700,'' BOYAN

KAMENOV'' STR 1, E-MAIL:[email protected]

Abstract: Sustainable development of the society and our everyday life increasingly

needs copper. To meet this demand impoverished ores, low-grade concentrates and

technogenic waste have to be processed. For these raw materials the classical route ''mineral

processing - pyrometallurgy'' is inapplicable and / or unprofitable. Leaching followed by

recovery from the obtained solutions is increasing being applied worldwide. Ammonia

leaching is progressively finding its use, especially when ores are carbonaceous and / or

oxidized. The paper presents development of ammonia leaching and its nowadays application

for copper recovery, including leaching technological conditions, leaching kinetics and

means for copper recovery from pregnant leach solutions with an emphasis on solvent

extraction and the latest development in the area.

Keywords: ammonia leaching of copper, copper hydrometallurgy, solvent extraction

from ammonia PLS

1. Introduction

Hydrometallurgy is a technology for "wet" extraction and recovery of

valuable metal components from solid materials. Due to its flexibility (ability to

be applied to different relatively small and with changing composition material

streams, usability at low metal contents in complex mineralogy) hydrometallurgy

takes a wide share of the extractive metallurgy. In addition, basic chemicals

needed in hydrometallurgical leaching and extraction from pregnant leach

solutions (PLSs) are produced in large tonnages at low prices, and suitable

materials for the needed equipment construction, have been developed at

reasonable prices. Furthermore, the problems with air pollution by smelters can

be avoided.

Generally, different solutions are used in hydrometallurgy (solutions of

acids, salts and alkaline reagents - alone, in mixtures, or aided by oxidizing or

reducing reagents). Among them, ammonia-based leaching solutions have found


their place in hydrometallurgy of nonferrous metals and especially - of copper.

Despite of this, the number of publications discussing jointly the leaching

conditions and means for copper recovery from PLSs is very scarce.

The present work is devoted to advances in ammonia leaching of copper

and recovery from PLSs - applied to different types of ores and concentrates,

and to technogenic (pre-consumer) waste. Each class of these raw materials

possesses particularities: The gangue material represents the major part in ores,

and even in low-grade concentrates. The copper concentration is low. The

copper concentration in the technogenic waste is relatively high, however

usually other metals in high concentrations are also available.

2. Leaching from ores and concentrates

Copper forms water soluble and very stable ammonia complexes -

[Cu(NH3)4]2+ and that is why it can be easily leached by ammonia water

solution. Ammonia leaching was first applied and developed for recovery of

copper from its metallic and oxide raw materials. Because very few metals form

such complexes, all ammoniacal leaching processes have the advantage of being

very selective. Ammoniacal processes are ideal when the gangue minerals are

acid consuming (e.g., calcareous or dolomitic). Ammonia leaching was first

used at the Kennecott Plant, Alaska, because copper ore contains carbonates in

limestone–dolomite gangue which are acid soluble, consequently - increasing

the acid consumption [1].

Sherritt Gordon Mines were pioneers in hydrometallurgy with their

Ammonia Pressure-Leaching Process which they used for treating nickel

concentrates [2]. In laboratory and pilot-plant tests on chalcopyrite, they

achieved a 95 % extraction of copper. Most of the unleached copper was floated

from the residue and recycled. The leaching was conducted at a temperature of

about 105 oC and air pressure of 0.8 MPa. Unsolved solids were separated, the

pregnant solution was heated to evaporate excess ammonia. Then the solution

was allowed to react with air to oxidize all available thiosulfates (by-products),

followed by hydrogen reduction. The flowsheet for the treatment of copper-zinc

concentrates is shown in Fig. 1. The generalized stoichiometric equation for the

copper dissolution reaction from chalcopyrite (CuFeS2) - the main used ore - can

be written as follows:

2CuFeS2+8.5O2+12NH3+2H2O → 2Cu(NH3)4SO4+2(NH4)2SO4 +Fe2O3 .

The Arbiter Process (Fig. 2), developed by Anaconda, uses ammoniacal

processing at 70-80 oC but eliminates the use of high pressures [2]. In the

leaching step, oxygen, instead of air, is used with special agitation techniques

that result in good dispersion of the oxygen in the slurry. Use is made of the

availability of the liquid-liquid-extraction reagents, such as LIX-group, to

extract copper by liquid-liquid extraction followed by electrowinning.


Fig. 1. Flow-sheet of the Sherritt Gordon Ammonia Pressure-Leaching

Process

Copper recovery is not complete and unreacted copper has to be floated

from the residue. Liquid-liquid extraction using LIX in ammoniacal systems has

the advantage over acid systems that the solvent can take higher loadings of

copper.

The disadvantage is that LIX is less selective for copper over nickel and

zinc than in acid systems, but there are techniques for overcoming this problem.

One further potential advantage of the ammoniacal system is that copper can

exist in the cuprous form, which makes the possibility of direct electrowinning

of the copper from the leach liquor rather attractive, since the power cost would

probably only be about 50 % of that from cupric solutions and the cost of liquid-


Fig. 2. Flow-sheet of the Arbiter Ammonia Leaching Process

liquid extraction would be eliminated. Electrochemical studies are going on in

this direction.

The Arbiter process has been commercialized for copper, the Sherritt

process - for nickel.

Together with the establishment of technological schemes, research

efforts have been directed to investigate the leaching of copper from systems

containing sulfides of other minerals. The oxidation behaviour and dissolution

of copper, zinc and lead sulphide minerals and mixtures, and single concentrates

has been studied under standard leaching conditions: temperature - from 25 to

135°C, agitation 1080 rpm, ammonia concentration - 3.34 mol/L, ammonium

sulphate when added - 0.34 mol/L, and pH - 11.2 [3]. The found sequence of

sulphide mineral dissolution from a quaternary mixture of CuS, ZnS, PbS and

FeS2 is the following: PbS > CuS > ZnS. FeS2 does not react. The solid products

formed during the leaching reaction, such as goethite (from oxidation of iron

present in chalcopyrite) and oxidised lead compounds, such as PbSO4 and

PbO.PbSO4 (due to galena oxidation) remain insoluble in the leach residue along

with the unreacted pyrite (FeS2). However, it has been pointed that the pyrite


does become leached to some extent in the presence of Cu2S. The proposed

chemical equations describing the oxidation reactions of CuS, FeS2 ZnS and

CuFeS2 during oxidative ammonia leaching are as follows:

CuS + 4NH3 + 2O2 → Cu(NH3)4SO4

2FeS2 + 8NH3 + 7.5O2 + (4+n)H2O → Fe2O3.nH2O + 4(NH4)2SO4

ZnS + 4NH3 + 2O2 → Zn(NH3)4SO4

2CuFeS2+12NH3+8.5O2+(2+n)H2O→2Cu(NH3)42++4SO4

2-+4NH4++Fe2O3.nH2O

Some authors are classifying the ammonia leaching methods applied to

copper ores and concentrates as neutral (the metal is dissolved without aid of

any oxidizing or reducing agents), oxidative (where leaching requires the use of

an oxidizer to oxidize solids) and reduction (where a reducing agent is used)

methods [4].

However, actually leaching without oxidizing reagent can be applied only

to materials bearing copper under the form of copper hydroxide. In the case of

copper leaching by ammonia (applied mainly to highly oxidized ores such as

ocean floor manganese nodules), the reduction method actually represents initial

reductive roasting of the material and / or preconditioning of the suspension of

the reduction-roasted and grinded materials under reductive conditions. The

actual copper leaching reaction is carried out by introducing O2 / air in the

system. In addition of the above described, below are presented some examples

of the mentioned types of leaching of copper ores and concentrates by ammonia

solution.

A process which can be described as ''Leach-precipitation-decomposition

- recovery'' has been patented [5]. According to the author: (a) the patented

process is suitable for recovery of a metals from sulfde ores, especially copper,

from chalcopyrite and other copper sulfide ore, and (b) the leaching of

chalcopyrite can be carried out under lower temperature and pressure, compared

to the above-described processes, there is no water or material balance problem,

and the ammonia can be completely recycled.

The process involves the recovery of mineral values from ore using

ammonia oxidative leaching wherein the mineral values include at least one

metal selected from a preferred group including nickel, copper, cobalt,

manganese, molybdenum, tungsten and silver, platinum, palladium, gold, and

uranium in the presence of other metals such as iron, aluminum, lead, bismuth,

mercury, cadmium, zinc, arsnic, magnesium, beryllium, yttrium, cerium,

germanium, antimony, zirconium, tellurium, vanadium, and tin because they

precipitate or are not leached by ammonia oxidative leaching. Metals such as

sodium, potassium, and lithium which remain in solution through the process

can be present. The source material or leach solution must contain a

nonhydroxide anion, such as a halide, carbonate, phosphate, or sulfate.


Especially for the case of recovery of copper mineral values from flotation

concentrate, or a low grade ore, where iron is present, the preferred anion is

sulfate. It can be supplied by sulfuric acid, by a sulfate salt, or by oxidizing

sulfur in the source material. According to the author, the invention is applicable

not only to ores and concentrates but also to scrap metal, or a combination of ore

and scrap metal. In brief, the source material is mixed with an aqueous ammonia

leach solution and an oxidizing agent (preferably oxygen, air, or an oxygen

bearing gas). The ammonia solution can be fresh solution, solution recycled

from subsequent steps, or a mixture of both. The copper is converted to a soluble

ammine complex and iron available is oxidized to the insoluble oxide Fe2O3. All

sulfur in the ore is oxidized to sulfate. Then the PLS is mixed with lime (or

slaked lime) to precipitate the excess sulfate and simultaneously to facilitate the

separation of iron oxide. After separation of calcium sulfate, iron oxide and

unreacted material, mostly silica, the leach solution containing dissolved copper-

ammonia-sulfate is next ammoniated, or pressurized with, ammonia or aqueous

ammonia to precipitate an unsoluble copper complex ammine. The preferred

temperature range was about l5°-40 °C, and the preferred pressure range - 0.12-

0.35 MPa. Copper is generally precipitated (according to the inventor) as the

copper ammine sulfate monohydrate [Cu(NH3)4SO4.H2O,

Cu(NH3)4(H2O)2SO4.H2O], and possibly [Cu(NH3)6SO4.H2O]. After a separation

step the precipitate passes to a decomposition step (heating to decompose the

ammine complex to solid CuSO4, NH3 and some H2O). The ammonia can be

recycled to ammoniation, washing or reacting (i.e., leaching) steps of the

process and the H2O is-recycled. The decomposition process should be either a

gradual heat process or a two-stage heat process to avoid some sulfate

decomposition. Decomposition for 30 minutes at 340 °C in a rotary furnace

followed by decomposition at 380 °C produces a solid material (anhydrous

copper sulfate). Fluid bed decomposition reduces the decomposition time and

temperature. Thus obtained solid copper sulfate can be reduced to elemental

copper by either of two methods: (a) electrowinning of an aqueous solution of

the salt (after dissolving in water) or (b) reduction with hydrogen (at

temperatures of 450 °C or higher) to copper powder. The obtained byproduct - a

concentrated stream of SO2 can be converted to sulfuric acid. The overall

chemical reaction is represented by the equation:

2 CuFeS2 + 11.5 O2 + 4 CaO → 2 CuSO4 + 4CaSO4 +Fe2O3 .

The reactions of the different steps are, as it follows:

2CuFeS2+12NH3+8.5O2 +2H2O → 2Cu(NH3)42++4SO4

2-+4NH4++Fe2O3

Cu(NH3)42++2SO4

2-+2NH4++CaO+H2O→Cu(NH3)4

2++SO42-+CaSO4+2NH4OH

NH3

Cu(NH3)42++SO4

2-+NH4OH+H2O → Cu(NH3)4SO4.H2O+NH4OH


Cu(NH3)4SO4.H2O → 4NH3+CuSO4+H2O .

Ammonia pressure leaching in oxygenated NH3 + (NH4)2SO4 solution has

been pointed out as an effective process for leaching of shale middlings with

high pyrrhotite (FeS) content, allowing the recovery (at optimum conditions:

ammonia concentration > 1.5 M, ammonium sulfate concentration 50 g/L,

oxygen pressure: 1.27 MPa, 120 – 160 oC, 90–120 min) of Cu ( > 95 %), Ag (60

%), Ni (70 %), Co (30 %) and Zn (95 %), while Fe and As remain in the solid

[6]. Temperature, ammonia concentration, ammonium sulfate concentration,

oxygen pressure and stirring rate have been found as the key leaching parameters.

Proposed by the authors chemical equations describing the leaching are as

follows:

2Cu2S + 12NH3 + 4NH4+

+ 5O2 → 4[Cu(NH3)4]2+

+ 2SO42- + 2H2O

CuS + 4NH3 + 2O2 → [Cu(NH3)4]2+ + SO4

2-

NiS + 6NH3 + 2O2 → [Ni(NH3)6]2+

+ SO42-

2CoS + 10NH3 + 2NH4+

+ 4.5O2 → 2[Co(NH3)6]2+

+ 2SO42- + H2O

4FeS + 6NH3 + 9O2 + 4H2O → 2Fe2O3 + 2HSO4- + 2SO4

2- + 6NH4+.

An improved process for obtaining copper from copper sulfide has been

proposed [7]. It comprises the following steps: (1) treating the copper sulfide

with oxygen and an aqueous leaching solution of ammonium carbonate, to form

a leach liquor containing ammonia complexes of copper sulfate Cu(NH3)4SO4

and copper carbonate Cu(NH3)4CO3; (2) heating the leach liquor, while adding

calcium carbonate or calcium bicarbonate, to form gaseous ammonia and carbon

dioxide (gases recovering and recycling these gases to the leaching step); (3)

treating the leach liquor with a strongly alkaline material to precipitate sulfates

and form additional gaseous ammonia; and (4) recovering copper by dissolving

the ammonia complexes of copper sulfate and copper carbonate by H2SO4

addition, followed by electrowinning and cementation. In the leaching step,

temperature and pressure are not critical, the proposed ranges are 60 to 94 oC

and 0.03 to 0.7 MPa, preferably about 77 °C and about 0.35 MPa. In the

leaching step, any iron or iron sulfdes which are leached, such as the iron in

chalcopyrite, are converted to insoluble iron oxides, such as ferric oxide (Fe2O3).

The proposed technological scheme is presented in Fig. 3.

The leaching of refractory low grade complex copper ore has been studied

in ammonia-ammonium chloride solution [8]. The results have shown that

increase in temperature (until 70 oC), in concentration of ammonia (until 2

mol/L) and in concentration of ammonium chloride (until 3 mol/L) have

impacted favorably the leaching rate of copper oxide ores. But, leaching rate

decreases with increasing particle size and solid-to-liquid ratio. Actually,

following the above-mentioned classification, the leaching described in this


Fig. 3. Flowsheet of an improved process for obtaining copper from copper

sulfide

work may be classified as "neutral", since being applied to oxide ores it does not

need oxidizing reagent.

Another example of "neutral" leaching is the dissolution of oxide copper

ore containing mainly malachite [9]. More than 98% of copper has been

effectively recovered at optimum leaching conditions for 120 min by leaching

with ammonia/ammonium carbonate solution (5 M NH4OH+0.3 M (NH4)2CO3)

at solid / liquid ratio = 1:10 g/mL, 25 oC, stirring with 300 rpm. During the

leaching copper dissolves in the form of Cu(NH3)42+ complex ion, whereas

gangue minerals do not react with ammonia.

The proposed electrokinetic processes for copper leaching could be also


classified as a "neutral" leaching [10]. Based on the electrokinetic processes

used for soil remediation, the technique suggested consists in the copper

dissolution by ammonia solution using an electric field. The ore is mixed with

NH4Cl / NH3 solution and it is inserted in a five compartment cell between two

ion exchange membranes. Then the system acts as an electrodialyser where the

ore represents the solution which should be demineralised. Ammonium crosses

the membrane from an adjacent compartment to increase the dissolution. An

oxidizing reagent is not needed to enhance the copper dissolution. A copper

extraction of 98 % was achieved in 400 h. However, the question with electricity

source and price still remains.

The reduction-roast ammonia leach process has been developed to recover

copper, nickel and cobalt from polymetallic sea nodules [11]. Sea nodules can

be described as oxidised ferro-manganese ore containing the mentioned

nonferrous metals in their oxide forms. These metal oxides are reported to occur

in the lattices of iron and manganese minerals. Therefore, breaking up of these

lattices by pyrometallurgical reduction is important. The sea nodules have been

roast reduced in the presence of solid, liquid or gaseous reductant to liberate the

valuable metal oxides from the phases of iron and manganese oxides. The

reduction operation also performs the metallization of copper, nickel and cobalt

from their oxides and facilitates subsequent ammoniacal leaching of these

metals. The roasted material has been wet ground with dilute ammoniacal

solution 50 g/L NH3 in presence of 25 g/L CO2. The obtained product has been

preconditioned with ammoniacal solution containing 200 g/L NH3 and 110 g/L

CO2 for 30 min in the absence of air in order to dissolve Fe–Ni and Fe–Co

alloys formed during roasting. During the two-stage leaching operation,

ammonia and carbon dioxide concentrations of 125 and 62.5 g/L, respectively,

have been maintained and air has been sparged at the rate of 2 L/min. In the

ammoniacal leaching, the undesired metals such as iron and manganese have

been rejected in the residue and valuable metals such as copper, nickel and

cobalt are solubilised as their stable ammine complexes. Monitoring of redox

potential during first leaching stage can avoid cobalt losses with variation of

grade of nodules. Recycle leaching has been carried out to generate leach liquor

having suitable composition for the subsequent solvent extraction –

electrowinning operation. The average recovery of metals in 16 cycles of

leaching has been found to be 92% Cu, 90% Ni and 56% Co.

The further development of the nodules leaching process has been

reported later [12]. The aim has been to increase the cobalt recovery. The

modifications and developments have included (a) use of coal instead of fuel as

the reductant, (b) wet grinding in preconditioning of reduced nodules in

concentrated ammoniacal liquor in presence of surfactant, (c) precipitation of Fe

and Mn from the preconditioned liquor by air purging, and (d) use of NH3 –

(NH4)2CO3 as leaching system at room temperature and air presence. The


average metal recoveries of 92.5 % Cu, 91.5 % Ni and 71.3 % Co have been

achieved in seven cycles.

3. Leaching from technogenic waste

Feasibility study on the recovery of copper from an industrial

petrochemical sludge has been conducted [13]. Sludge is formed in the

wastewater treatment plant within the industrial park producing different

petrochemical products in Taiwan. It is classified as hazardous waste. Sequential

extraction has been used to determine the chemical forms of copper in the

sludge. To leach copper from the sludge, aqueous ammonia solution has been

used. It has been found that increasing the temperature and solid to liquid ratio

increases significantly the leaching efficiency of Cu (from 34 % at 20 oC and 10

g/L solid concentration to ca. 94 % at 25 oC and the solid concentration of 20

g/L). The leaching reaction has been completed within 6 h. Copper has been

mainly leached from both the organic-bound and residual fractions and to the

less extent from Mn oxides-bound fractions. The carbonates bound fraction of

Cu is stable. Results suggested that the ammonia-leaching technique possesses

the potential to recover metal from industrial sludges.

A method for leaching copper values from copper dross obtained from

pyro-metallurgical lead bullion by contacting finely-divided particles of the

copper dross with an aqueous solution of ammonium carbonate and ammonium

hydroxide has been patented [14]. Where copper is present in the furnace charge

of lead smelting it will always be present in the lead bullion, usually in amounts

of less than 3 weight % but possibly in amounts up to 15 weight %. Lead is

purified in kettles and thus copper containing dross is formed. Dross can be

smelted with iron and sulphur, for example in the form of pyrites, to form

bullion containing some copper and an iron-copper matte containing some lead.

This matte is then converted, the blister copper cast into anodes, and the anodes

refined electrolytically, as in conventional copper refning practice. However, the

setting up of a plant to operate such a process is scarcely economically. As a

best available technique, it has been proposed the copper dross to be treated in

an additional reverberatory furnace to form copper-rich matte and speiss and

these materials to be sent to copper smelter [15]. This also requires additional

spending for equipment and transport. The copper in copper dross appears to be

elemental or combined copper, for example, as copper sulphides or arsenides,

embedded in a matrix of de-copperized metallic lead. In the patented copper

leaching method [14] the leaching solution besides ammonium carbonate and

ammonium hydroxide contains sulphate ions. The mole ratio of carbonate to

sulphate in the leaching solution should be from 1:3 to 3:1. The presence of the

sulphate ions in the leaching solution is believed to give rise to the following

advantages: (a) A reduction in the ratio of impurity elements, particularly lead

and zinc, to copper in the leachate solution, (b) A reduction in the amount of


copper lost in the filter cake after filtration of the residue and (c) A lower partial

pressure of ammonia over the leaching solution. The preferred molar

proportions of ammonia to ammonium salt are 0.5 4.0 NH3 to l0 (NH4)2X,

where X is a carbonate and / or sulphate, but ratios of about 0.1 to 10:1 may be

used. The leaching can be carried out at a temperature between 20° and 100 °C.

The preferred pH value of the leaching solution is from 9.5 to 10.5. The copper

dross has to be vigorously agitated during the leaching process. Preferably the

leaching solution contains at least 5 grams of Cu2+ per liter, since it has been

found that the reaction proceeds more rapidly in the presence of cupric ions. The

leaching solution may be produced by carbonating ammoniacal liquor with

carbon dioxide, for example from a smelting furnace. Recovery of the copper

can be carried out by a solvent extraction process using hydroxy oxime reagents

from LIX series, dissolved in kerosene. From organic phase copper is re-

extracted back into an aqueous solution by contact with dilute sulphuric acid.

The organic reagent is recycled to the process. The aqueous copper sulphate

solution is utilized in the production of copper sulphate crystals by an

evaporation / crystallization process or as an electrolyte for the production of

cathode copper by electrowinning. Also copper powder can be recovered by

treatment with a reducing agent.

4. Kinetics of copper dissolution in ammoniacal solution

The kinetics of copper dissolution in ammoniacal solution has been

widely studied. Only several examples will be mentioned here. According to

some studies [8], the leaching of copper oxide ores in NH3-H2O-NH4Cl solution

can be described by the shrinking core model. According to this model, the

reaction takes place on the outer surface of the solid and this surface shrinks

toward the center of the solid as the reaction proceeds, leaving behind an inert

solid layer, named “ash layer”, around the unreacted shrinking core. The

leaching process is controlled by the diffusion of the lixiviant through the ash

layer around the shrinking unreacted core. The authors derived a mathematical

equation, describing the process kinetics, which equation involves the fractional

conversion of malachite, the lixiviant concentration (ammonia and ammonium

chloride), the solid-to-liquid ratio, the temperature, and the leaching time.

Ekmekyapar et al. [16] studied the dissolution kinetics of malachite ore in

ammonium chloride solutions and suggested that the dissolution rate is

determined by a mixed control (with both diffusion and kinetic limiting stages).

They have proposed a mathematical model to represent the reaction kinetics,

which model includes the reacted fraction of the solid, the ammonium chloride

concentration, the particle diameter, the solid to liquid ratio, the stirring speed,

the reaction temperature and the reaction time. Bingöl and coauthors [9] found

that the interface transfer and diffusion across the product layer control the

leaching of malachite in ammonia/ ammonium carbonate solution.


We would join the understanding that in fact, the dissolution process is

electrochemical in nature, which was proposed in the 1960s by Habasi [17] and

reconfirmed recently [18, 19].

The leaching of a mineral can be explained as electrochemical, i.e.

oxidation-reduction reaction. When a metal or a semi-conductor comes into

contact with an aqueous phase, containing a reagent (such as oxygen) with high

oxidation-reduction potential, this reagent acts as depolarizer (i.e. takes up

electrons, released by other reaction). The reaction releasing electrons is actually

the dissolution (oxidation) of the targeted metal (from virtually clean metal or

from ore, or concentrate). Both reactions can not proceed in practice without

each other. Whether anodic (dissolution) and cathodic (reduction) reactions will

proceed on separated micro-zones or on the same zone on the surface of the

dissolving solid material will depend on the mineral surface micro-

heterogeneity. The oxidized (dissolved) species (copper ions in our case) may

further participate in chemical reactions on the surface of the leached material,

mainly with the complex-forming reagents, but some equilibrium reactions can

also take place, as in the case with copper leaching:

[Cu(NH3)4]2+ + Cu ↔ 2[Cu(NH3)4]

+

Concerning the theoretical equations derived to describe the

electrochemical nature of the dissolution processes at leaching, different

proposals are available due to different understanding of the meaning of the term

"mechanism" [18]. Joining the more common definition of mechanism of

reactions as the pathway by which the reaction occurs, we would accept as more

general and comprehensively considering different factors, the theoretically

derived equation [19] that describes sulfides leaching processes, and actually

takes into account the possibility of diffusion and chemical control of the total

leaching reaction. The former could be understood also as availability of the

oxidizing agent (which will be reduced) and the latter as availability of the

reagent, which facilitates the oxidation of the component which is being leached

(in the case of leaching with complexes forming, this is the complexing agent).

In this line, the rate of dissolution can be expressed by the equation:

Rate of dissolution = (k1 k2 A COx CCo ) / [k1 COx + k2 CCo] ,

where A is the surface area of the solid in contact with the liquid phase, COx is

the concentration of the oxidizing reagent (depolarizer), CCo is the concentration

of the complexing agent, k1 and k2 are rate constants of the reduction and the

complexation reactions, respectively. There are two borderline cases:

When the concentration of CCo is low the second term in the denominator

may be neglected in comparison with the first, and the rate equation simplifies to

Rate of dissolution = k2ACCo

i.e., the rate of dissolution in this case is only a function of the complexing agent


concentration.

When the concentration of CCo is high, the first term in the denominator

may be neglected in comparison with the second, and the rate equation

simplifies to:

Rate = k1ACOx

i.e., the rate of dissolution under these conditions depends only on the

concentration of the depolarizer.

Since the speciation of ammonia in aqueous solution is determined by pH,

it is expected that in general, the leaching efficiency is dependent on pH.

Acknowledging that the acidity constant of the (conjugate acid) NH4+

(aq) equals

to 10-9.25, the major species in solution is NH4+

(aq) when pH is lower than 9.3

[20]. The complexation reaction of Cu2+(aq) can occur only with NH3(aq), not with

NH4+

(aq) [21].

5. Copper recovery from leachate - emphasis on solvent extraction

Generally, from PLS copper is recovered by one of the following

processes:

- Precipitation of Cu bearing compounds followed by their dissolution and

electrowinning;

- Chemical reduction with hydrogen, or with less noble metal;

- Direct electrowinning;

- Ion exchange with resins / elution, followed by electrowinining;

- Extraction / re-extraction, followed by electrowinining.

Examples for the first mentioned recovery route are presented in some

above-mentioned works [5, 7], and for the second - in [ 2, 5, 14].

The last technique (extraction / re-extraction / electrowinining) is mainly

applied nowadays in the practice. The technique was introduced in 1960s -

initially to extract copper from acidic PLSs.

5.1. Classical solvent extraction

The beta-diketones are preferred extraction reagents for copper from

ammoniacal solutions because of their low ammonia loading properties.

Different water-immiscible liquid hydrocarbon solvents can be used in the

copper recovery process to form the organic phase in which the extractant is

dissolved. These include aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons such as kerosenes,

benzene, toluene, xylene and the like. The choice of essentially water-

immiscible hydrocarbon solvents or mixtures for commercial operations

depends on a number of factors, including the plant design of the solvent

extraction plant, (mixer-settler units, extractors) and the like.

In the case of multicomponent solutions, extraction of metals can be

carried out in two ways. The first one is selective sequential extraction –


stripping, while the second one is co-extraction – selective stripping. Very often

it appears that the second method is more cost-effective, because it requires less

stages comparing to the first way of separation. The concept of co-extraction

(selective stripping) has been used in ammonia systems for Cu-Ni separation.

In general, extraction equilibrium between Cu2+ and a chelation extractor

can be presented as follows:

[Cu(NH3)42+](aq) + 2HR(org) ↔ CuR2(org) + 2NH4

+(aq) + 2NH3(aq)

in which HR(org) represents extractor in the organic phase, CuR2(org) extractor-

copper complex in organic phase, [Cu(NH3)42+](aq) amine-copper ion complex in

aqueous phase. Considering that extraction reaction is reversible, it can be

expected that the increase of ammonia or ammonium ion concentration in the

aqueous phase will deteriorate extraction.

LIX63 (a water insoluble 5,8-diethyl-7-hydroxy-dodecan-6-oxime in a

high flash point hydrocarbon diluent) was the first extraction agent used in

ammonia solution. It showed a high efficiency in the extraction of copper from

ammoniacal solutions, however, due to difficult stripping process, it was not

considered by the industry. Other extractor under study was the LIX64N

(cheaper than LIX63), which was commercially only used for the recovery of

copper from an ammoniacal solution in the Arbiter Process.

An organophosphorous acid extractor D-2-ethyl hexyl phosphate (P204)

has been synthesized and studied, however, due to its high solubility in alkaline

solution its commercial use in ammoniacal solution is impossible [4].

A beta-D-ketone extractor named LIX54 was developed later. It possess

high extraction potential for copper and a low loading capacity for ammonia,

and copper strip from it needes low concentrations of the acid. In 1995,

Escondida in Chile used this extractor for extracting copper from an ammoniacal

solution on a pilot scale. However, due to LIX54 deterioration (which might be

a result from the reaction between a keto-group of LIX54 and ammonia to

generate ketimine), the copper in loaded organic phase was difficult to back

extract. LIX54 was considered inappropriate for copper extraction from

ammoniacal solution under the pilot plant conditions and the plant was closed [22].

LIX973N that is a mixture of 5-nonylsalicylaldoxime and 2-hydroxy-5-

nonylacetophenone oxime, the salicylaldoxime being in excess with respect to

the former component, diluted in Iberfluid - a kerosene type reagent has been

studied for copper recovery from diluted ammoniacal-ammonium carbonate

media [23]. The loaded organic phase has been found to pick up some ammonia,

which can be selectively stripped at controlled pH.

Some studies have shown that LIX84 (2-hydroxy-5-nonyl-acetophenone

oxime) possesses higher loading capacity for copper and nickel than LIX64

(under identical conditions) accompanied by less ammonia extraction [24].

Moreover, since the extraction of copper does not vary considerably with pH,


while nickel extraction in 10 % LIX84 shows significant variation with pH, it is

possible to extract copper in preference to nickel from their mixed solutions,

leaving Co(III) in raffinate.

LIX84 – 40 vol.% diluted with kerosene, mainly aliphatic, has been

applied to ammoniacal–sulphate leach liquors obtained from a copper–nickel–

iron concentrate [25]. The leach liquor contained (in g/L) 13.8 Cu, 10.7 Ni, 90

NH4OH and 45 (NH4)2SO4. Two counter-current stages have been used at an

aqueous to organic phase ratio of 1 : 2. Copper and nickel have been co-

extracted quantitatively. Some ammonia has passed to organic phase and has

been removed (at 99 %) prior to nickel stripping in a single stage scrubbing step

using 6.6 kg/m3 H2SO4 solution. From the NH3-depleted organic, nickel was

selectively stripped in four counter-current stages at an A:O phase ratio of 2:1.

From the ammonia depleted and Ni-free loaded organic phase, copper has been

stripped in three counter-current stages at equal phase ratio using the spent

copper electrolyte containing 30 kg/m3 Cu and 180 kg/m3 H2SO4.

Studies have shown that by using 10% v/v (diluted with deodourised

kerosene) of the reagent LIX 984N, which is a 1:1 mixture of LIX 84 and LIX

860N (mixture of 5-dodecylsalicylaldoxime and 2-hydroxy 5-nonyl-

acetophenone oxime) both copper and nickel can be extracted from ammoniacal

/ ammonium carbonate medium [26]. Extraction of nickel is very sensitive to the

extractant concentration. By using an appropriate concentration of the

extractant, both metals are quantitatively extracted. Since some ammonia passed

to the organic phase, it is removed by a single stage pH-controlled scrubbing

with no loss of either metal. Selective nickel stripping from the ammonia free

organic phase has been achieved in three stages with nearly 10 g/L sulfuric acid.

The organic phase free from nickel has been subjected to stripping using 180

g/L of sulfuric acid in order to remove copper quantitatively. Thus, the

separation of the two metals has been accomplished.

Тhe chemical equation in the case when ammonia from aqueous phase

may be extracted in the form of [Cu(NH3)42+]R2(org) can be written as follows:

[Cu(NH3)42+](aq) + 2HR(org) ↔ [Cu(NH3)4

2+]R2(org) + 2H+(aq)

in which HR(org) represents extractor in the organic phase, [Cu(NH3)42+](aq) is the

amine-copper ion complex in aqueous phase and [Cu(NH3)42+]R2(org) is the

extraction compound of [Cu(NH3)42+] and extractor in the organic phase [4].

It has been found that the increase of pH of the aqueous phase or

extractant concentration in the organic phase is not necessarily beneficial for

extraction [27]. The reason for this is that both parameters favour ammonia

transfer to the organic phase. The type of hydroxyoxime extractant and diluent

and content of metal in the organic phase can also significantly contribute to

ammonia extraction. The observed phenomenon should be avoided. Otherwise,

at a contact of loaded organic phase containing ammonia with a spent electrolyte


used for re-extraction, ammonium sulfate (or carbonate, or chloride) can be

formed in liquors directed to electrowinning section.

Ammonia transfer to the organic phase represents the main disadvantage

of metals extraction from ammonia solutions. Scrubbing of the loaded organic

phase before stripping with spent electrolyte is usually applied to significantly

reduce ammonia concentration in strip liquors. To decrease ammonia extraction

in the organic phase compared to LIX84, stearically hindered beta-D ketone has

been synthesized and used [28]. In this study, under the temperature 25 oC, 30

min contact time of two phases, phase ratio of 1:1, Cu concentration of 3 g/L, 3

mmol/L total ammonia concentration, water pH of 8.43 and beta-D ketone

concentration in organic phase of 20 vol %, ammonia from the water phase has

been far less extracted by the organic phase (only 14.5 mg/L, while the copper

extraction rate was 95.09 % (a slightly less than with LIX 84).

An improvement in the process of recovery of copper from aqueous

ammoniacal solutions has been patented [29], where the copper values are

extracted from the aqueous ammoniacal solution by an organic phase comprised

of a diketone copper extractant dissolved in a water-immiscible organic

hydrocarbon solvent with addition (0.5 mole % with respect to the diketone) of a

catalytic amount of an hydroxy-aryl-oxime. Improved stripping results were

achieved by applying aqueous acidic stripping solution. The preferred solvents

are the aliphatic or aromatic hydrocarbons having flash points of at least 66 oC,

and solubilities in water of less than 0.1 weight % . The solvents are essentially

chemically inert. Representative commercial available solvents are ChevronTM

ion exchange solvent, EscaidTM 100 and 110, NorparTM 12; ConocoTM

C1214, Aromatic 150, etc.

Extraction of copper(II) from ammonia leach solutions generated in

pressure ammonia leaching of commercial flotation concentrate has been studied

[30]. The PLS (with pH 9.7) contained 8 g/L Cu(II), 0.58 g/L Zn(II), 15 mg/L

Ni(II) and 45 mg/L Co(II). The commercial extractants LIX84-I, LIX®984N

and LIX 54-100 have been tested. The active substance of LIX84-I is 2-

hydroxy-5-nonylacetophenone oxime. LIX®984N is a mixture of oximes: 5-

nonylsalicylaldoxime and 2-hydroxy-5-nonylacetophenone oxime. The active

substance of diketone type extractant LIX 54-100 is 1-phenyldecane-1,3-dion.

Escaid®100, Exxsol D80 and toluene (POCh Gliwice) have been used as

diluents. Significant differences in extraction performance have been observed

for examined extractants. This applies particularly to the organic phase loading,

concentration of copper(II) in raffinates and number of theorethical stages

required to reach target extraction. The results clearly have indicated that in the

case of systems using hydroxyoximes extraction efficiency is much better than

for β-diketone reagent. The results have proved that extraction efficiency of

Cu(II) is also dependent on the type of diluent and is less favorable for the

systems with non-aliphatic diluents. It has been observed that transfer of


ammonia increases with the increase in aromatic compounds content in the

diluent. The ammonia extraction to the organic phase has been found to be

inversely proportional to extractant concentration in organic phase. The presence

of ammonia in the organic phase requires its elimination before stripping. It has

been found that the effectiveness of washing depends on acidity of scrubbing

solution and the number of washings.

Often copper leached from its dross as tetra-amino-copper(II)-carbonate

complex in the solution is further processed through a solvent extraction

process, using LIX-54 as a solvent and sulphuric acids as stripping agent to

generate copper sulfate solution of the desired grade. Due to limited availability

of LIX-54, performances of other solvents based on commercial cinnamate and

β-diketone groups have been evaluated [31]. Both solvents and LIX-54 have

been compared in fields of effective organic concentration, effective loading,

extraction kinetics, extraction isotherms, stripping activity. Arol-light has been

used as hydrocarbon diluent, studies have been conducted at ambient

temperature. The optimized lab-scale values are 20 % organics' concentration,

20 g/L Cu, 35 s, one theoretical stage for extraction and stripper acidity of 120

g/L respectively. Under these conditions, >98 % of copper has been extracted.

The performance of the new solvents has been tested at bench scale level in a

mixer-settler with parameters optimized at lab-scale experiments. Feed copper

concentration in PLS has been 10.7 g/L. Both the solvents have been found to

work effectively with extraction and stripping efficiencies being > 98 %. Based

on the results, β-iketone based solvent has been selected as a substitute for LIX

54-100. The changeover has shown a 33% increase in production volumes of

copper sulfate.

5.2. Liquid membrane extraction

Solvent extraction is the preferred technique for copper recovery from

PLSs since it offers many advantages such as absence of sludge formation,

greater ease and flexibility of operations, ability to handle wide range of feed

concentrations, choice of solvents to control selectivity of separation, etc.

With the depletion of high-grade ores along with a growing demand for

metals, the utilization of low-grade ore has gained interest in recent years. Their

leaching produces solutions with relatively low concentrations of valuable

metals. Despite state-of-the-art processes for metals separation, solvent

extraction for processing low-concentration solutions is no longer economical

due to the large amounts of solvent, extractant and strippant required and

sizeable equipment needed. For example, it has been found that the effectiveness

of solvent extraction significantly depends on the copper concentration in PLS.

A high copper extraction has been achieved by Alguacil and Alonso [32] from

an ammoniacal / ammonium sulphate medium, using the LIX54 as extractant in

two-extraction stages at an aqueous : ganic phase ratio of 2:1 and the copper

content has been reduced from 1 to 0.01 g/L. However, if the concentration of


copper in leach solution is lower (0.29–0.77 g/L), the use of two stages of

extraction and one stage of stripping only allows a 40–50% recovery of copper.

Coupled with this are the possibilities of solvent carry over, solvent

losses, inefficient stripping, etc. that lead to poor performance.

Compared to conventional solvent extraction, the liquid membrane

technology offers advantages such as the relatively small volume of organic

phase consumption, higher extraction efficiency of target metal ions from dilute

solutions, more effective separation of elements with similar properties,

simultaneous extraction and stripping within a single step, simple operation, and

ease of scale-up.

The liquid membrane (LM) system involves a liquid which is an

immiscible with the source (feed) and receiving (product) solutions and serves

as a semipermeable barrier between these two liquid and gas phases. Liquid

membrane separation is a rate-dependant process and the separation occurs due

to a chemical potential gradient, not by equilibrium between phases [33].

The bulk liquid membrane (BLM) consists of a bulk aqueous feed and

receiving phases separated by a bulk organic, water-immiscible liquid phase.

The feed and receiving phases may be separated by microporous supports or the

module configuration may be without microporous supports. Many BLM

technologies have been developed and tested in the last decade grounded on

membrane-based nondispersive (as the means for blocking the organic reagent

from mixing with the aqueous feed and strip solutions) selective extraction

coupled to permselective diffusion of solute-extractant complexes and selective

stripping of the solute in one continuous dynamic process. The systems

presented by the term membrane-based (or nondispersive) solvent extraction

describe, as a rule, dynamic LM processes in which the equilibrium-based

solvent extraction (forward and back) are only local processes taking place on

the interfaces of the immiscible phases (on the surface of membrane support).

Membranes in a contactor act as a passive (not selective) barrier and as a

means of bringing two immiscible fluid phases (such as an aqueous liquid and

an organic liquid) in contact with each other without dispersion. The phase

interface is immobilized at the membrane pore surface, with the pore volume

occupied by one of the two fluid phases that are in contact.

Liquid impregnated (or immobilized) in the pores of a thin microporous

solid support is defined as a supported liquid membrane (SLM). In the liquid are

the carriers that perform the required separation. The SLM takes a chemical

species from one side of the rigid membrane (the source phase) and carries it to

the other side (the receiving phase) through this liquid phase. The SLM may be

fabricated in different geometries. Instability in SLM is caused by the removal

of carrier or organic liquid from the pores of that membrane. There are two

possible ways for this to occur: carrier or solvent evaporation and a large


pressure difference across the membrane that effectively pushes the fluid out.

The hollow fiber and spiral wound modules are the mainly used SLM.

An emulsion liquid membrane (ELM) can be visualized as consisting of a

"bubble within a bubble". The inner most bubble is the receiving phase, and the

outer bubble is the separation "skin" containing the carriers. Anything outside the

bubble is the source phase. In an ELM set-up there would be huge numbers of

these bubbles. Initially, a water-in-oil emulsion is prepared by mixing a solvent

phase (diluent, extractant and surfactant) with a stripping aqueous phase. The

emulsion is then dispersed in the aqueous feed phase containing the solute to be

removed. During this contact the solute is transported through the membrane

towards the internal droplets of stripping phase. After permeation, the emulsion

is separated from the raffinate phase and the splitting of the emulsion is usually

performed by applying high voltage. The disadvantages of ELM are related to

the formation and stability of the emulsion: (a) Everything effecting emulsion

stability must be controlled, i.e. ionic strengths, pH, etc. (b) If, for any reason,

the membrane does not remain intact during operation, the separation achieved

to that point is destroyed, and (c) In order to recover the receiving phase, and in

order to replenish the carrier phase, the emulsion has to be broken down easily.

This is a difficult task, since in order to be used for the extraction the emulsion

has to be stable and measures have to be taken for its stabilization. These two

contradicting factors must be carefully balanced.

A non-dispersive solvent extraction (NDSX) processing using LIX 973N

in Iberfluid as copper extractant phase has been pointed as a technological

alternative for copper extraction from dilute copper ammoniacal / ammonium

carbonate medium [34]. In the NDSX processing, hollow fiber modules are used

as separation contactors in which a microporous hydrophobic membrane

separates two liquid phases. Metal extraction is performed in one module, in

which the aqueous feed phase flows through the tube side of the fibers and the

organic phase through the shell side, without phase dispersion, thus avoiding

emulsion formation and phase entrainment. A second module is used to perform

metal stripping from the loaded organic solution. Copper stripping is

accomplished using sulphuric acid solution. It has been found that aqueous pH,

ammonium carbonate concentration, copper concentration, extractant

concentration, organic phase volume barely impact the extraction, whereas the

module configuration (counter- or co-current) has a significant impact.

The recovery of copper from ammoniacal medium using NDSX with

hollow fibres as contactors and emulsion liquid membranes (ELM) has been

studied [35]. The β-diketone LIX54 has been used as an extractant. It has been

found that when the concentration of LIX54 was 0.2 mol/L and the initial

concentration of copper in the feed phase was 0.3 g/L the extraction process was

controlled by diffusion in the aqueous boundary layer. When the concentration

of LIX54 was in the range of 0.015–0.10 mol/L, the extraction process was


controlled by chemical reaction and diffusion in the aqueous boundary layer.

The results, obtained by an integrated extraction-stripping process using two

hollow fibre contactors, have shown that practically all the copper content can

be removed from the ammoniacal feed solutions with low copper concentration

(1 g/L). Raffinates with marginal concentration of copper have been obtained.

The recovery of copper as high as 96–100% and concentration ratios of about

40-fold can be achieved. At this concentration range the application of

"classical" solvent extraction process requires a large amount of solvent. The

removal and the recovery of solute by applying the emulsion liquid membranes

have been slightly lower compared to the NDSX.

Yang and Kocherginsky [36, 37] have studied the removal and recovery

of copper from copper-containing ammoniacal solutions by developing a hollow

fibre SLM system. Kerosene has been used as the diluent and LIX54 has been

used as the carrier for copper. The optimum stripping phase concentration has

been found to be 2 MH2SO4. In this arrangement, the solute has been transferred

from the aqueous feed phase (lumen side) to the stripping phase (shell side)

through the fibre membrane impregnated with LIX54. The experimental results

have shown the possibility to reduce the concentration of copper of the aqueous

feed phase from several hundred mg/L to values lower than 5 mg/L. The

transport of the Cu-carrier complex through the hollow-fiber SLM has been

determined as the rate-limiting step of copper permeation through the hollow-

fiber SLM. The stoichiometry of the interfacial reaction taking place at the feed

phase / SLM interface can be described by the equation

Cu(NH3)4Cl2 + 2LIX Cu(LIX)2 + 2NH4Cl + 2NH3 .

The interfacial reaction taking place at the SLM / stripping phase interface

can be described by the equation

Cu(LIX)2 + H2SO4 CuSO4 + 2LIX .

The authors used the same membrane module almost for one month. In

the first two weeks the mass transfer coefficient decreased by an half. But, in the

next two weeks, it had remained constant. This fact, together with the high area

of contact of the hollow fibre contactors led the authors to suggest the use of the

hollow fibre SLM system for industrial application.

A SLM system for the simultaneous and selective separation of copper,

cobalt, and nickel from ammonia / ammonium chloride solutions, using a two-

membrane-three-compartment cell (sandwich SLM) has been proposed [38].

The model uses two polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF) membranes both loaded

with 20 vol.% Acorga M5640 in kerosene. Acorga M5640 (a hydroxyoxime) is

one of the most widely-used salicylaldoxime derivatives applied as an extractant

on commercial levels because of its excellent extraction ability of copper in both

acidic and alkaline (ammoniacal) media. Experimental results have indicated


that from PLSs copper and nickel have been transported through the first

membrane into the central compartment (containing 5.0 g/L H2SO4), while

cobalt has remained in the first (feed) compartment. Then copper has continued

to penetrate through the second membrane into the third compartment

(containing 50.0 g/L H2SO4), while nickel has remained in the second

compartment. More than 99.5% of cobalt, 98.0% of nickel, and 98.9% of copper

have been separated into the three different compartments from a mixed feed

solution containing 100 mg/L of each of these three species with a transport time

of 36 h, thus showing that copper, nickel, and cobalt in ammonia solution can be

efficiently separated.

Extraction of copper from ammoniacal medium into ELM using LIX54

and LIX84-I as extractants has been studied [39]. The membrane phase

consisted of a paraffinic solvent (Shellsol T, Shell Chemical Ltd.), 2 wt.% of a

non-ionic surfactant (polyamine ECA 4360J, Essochem Europe Inc. or Span 80 -

sorbitan monooleate, ICI, Spain) and the extractant. The results obtained have

demonstrated the effectiveness of LIX54 and LIX84-I as extractants for copper

recovery from ammoniacal medium using ELM, however some problems

(associated with emulsion breakage) have been encountered with LIX84-I as

carrier.

Since LIX84-I (2-hydroxy-5-nonyl-acetophenone oxime) is a popular

copper extractant and is a stronger copper extractant than LIX54, experiments

have been carried out to develop a processes where LIX84-I could be effectively

used as carrier in ELMs for extraction of copper from ammoniacal /ammonium

sulfate solutions, with the aim to avoid the above-mentioned problems.

Kerosene, having boiling temperature range 152 °C – 271 °C, density of 821.3

kg/m3 and containing n-paraffins (27.1%), naphthenes (55.9%), aromatics (16%)

and olefins (1%), has been used as the membrane material and Span 80

(Sorbitan monooleate) - as the emulsifier [40]. The extraction process has been

very fast and almost quantitative extraction has been observed in most cases in

just two minutes contact between the feed and the emulsion phases. The optimal

pH for extraction has been found to be pH 8.1, which limited the free ammonia

transport through the membrane. It has been found that the loading capacity of

the membrane governed the extraction rates. High carrier concentration and treat

ratio (the ratio of continuous phase to emulsion) led to faster recoveries. Even

when copper concentration in feed solutions was >3000 mg/L, extraction with

ELMs containing 10% (v/v) LIX84-I in the oil phase and a treat ratio of 1:6

have resulted in almost 88% copper recovery in just three minutes of contact.

Other physico-chemical factors like stripping, diffusion of the oxime complex,

globule size and drop size distributions were of secondary importance in the

overall extraction process. These parameters become important only when

membrane loading approaches saturation. Attempts to enhance extraction

capacity of emulsions by increasing the stripping phase volume fraction have


not yield positive result. It has been found that the increase in carrier

concentration and emulsion hold up was always favorable for copper extraction.

6. Conclusion

Ammonia leaching of low grade copper-bearing ores, concentrates and

technogenic waste is becoming more important with the ores impoverishment,

requirements to deal with the technogenic waste and the increasing need of

metals.

The advantags of ammonia leaching over acidic leaching can be

summarized as follows:

Leaching in the alkaline solution enables the use of ores with high

carbonation, which cannot be used in acidic leaching due to high

consumption of acid.

Selective capacity for ores bearing iron and manganese in high amounts,

since these metals do not dissolve and do not form complexes in this

medium. The high solubility of iron and manganese in acidic media leads to

high consumption of reagents and a non-economic leaching process. In

addition, jarosite may be formed which could reduce the heap permeability in

heap leaching.

Significant decrease, even practically elimination of problems associated

with equipment corrosion.

Problems, associated with formation of non-filterable precipitates during pH

adjustment at acid leaching factory are avoided.

Ammonia leaching is generally more appropriate for heap leaching of low-

grade ores and reservoir leaching of high grade ores, although this choice

also depends on the grade and the amount deposited, partially due to the

following:

- In ammonia leaching calcium carbonate is not dissolved, like it is the

case in acidic leaching, thus preventing additional use of acid and gypsum

precipitation, the latter eventually leading to reduction in the heap permeability.

- Ammonia does not react with different soluble ferrosilicates and / or

alumosilicates, thus formation of secondary compounds that could decrease the

heap permeability is avoided.

- Problems associated with heap washing, neutralization and long-term

monitoring to prevent acid runoff are minimized. Additionally, the residual

ammonia in the soil can act as fertilizer for growing plants.

Ammonia high evaporation ability posing more handling difficulties

during transportation and use and still lower capacity of market-available

reagents to extract copper from ammonia medium, compared to acidic one, can

be pointed as the major disadvantages of this leaching medium.

The above-presented and discussed examples of application of different

ammonia-based leaching solutions to various raw materials, under different


technological conditions, can be used as a basis for further studies and

applications of ammonia leaching to other copper-bearing raw materials, as well

as to other raw materials containing non-ferrous metals able to form stable

ammonia complexes. The presentation and discussions on the different liquid-

liquid extraction reagents and different techniques, applied to extract copper

from ammonia PLSs, may be useful basis and starting point in studies aimed at

finding the optimum way for recovery of non-ferrous metals from various liquid

phases.

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ISSN 1314-6289

ROUTING INFORMATION SECURITY IN THE LOCAL AREA

NETWORK OF ACADEMIC DEPARTMENTS USING AN ENHANCED

DISTANCE VECTOR ROUTING PROTOCOL - EIGRP

Petar Boyanov1, Stiliyan Stoyanov2, Hristo Hristov3, Ognyan Fetfov1,

Tihomir Trifonov1

1 DEPARTMENT OF COMMUNICATION AND COMPUTER TECHNOLOGY, FACULTY



E-mail: [email protected], [email protected], [email protected]

2 SPACE RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGIES INSTITUTE - BULGARIAN ACADEMY OF

SCIENCES


3 DEPARTMENT OF MANAGEMENT OF SECURITY SYSTEMS, FACULTY OF

TECHNICAL SCIENCES, KONSTANTIN PRESLAVSKY UNIVERSITY OF SHUMEN,



ABSTRACT:

In this paper a summarized simulation and providing security communication in the local

area network of academic department using an enhanced distance vector routing protocol -

EIGRP is made. Most of the professional system administrators and IT specialists have to use

and apply static and dynamic methods of information routing. Thereby, each network system

administrators, security professionals and network architects can use the free of charge

software network program Cisco Packet Tracer in order to design and simulate various types

of computer networks.

KEY WORDS: Cisco, Computer and network administrators, Dynamic routing, EIGRP,

Information, IPv4, LAN, Protocols, Routing, Security, Switch, Router.

1. Introduction

Securing the transmitted routing information in the local area network of

academic departments is very important task and aim for each network system


administrators, security professionals and network architects. Building and

maintaining a specific local area network (LAN) of academic departments has to

be simulated using the specialized software program called “Cisco Packet Tracer”.

This program consists of many network tools that can simulate the transmitting

network process of secured routing information between the hosts in small or

large computer networks [33, 35, 37, 39]. The software program is designed and

implemented primarily for students and academic lecturers who use different

network devices of Cisco Systems Corporation [4, 14]. Thereby, each academic

lecturer or student have to possess in-depth knowledge and skills in the designing

and maintaining of various types of computer network using the enhanced

distance vector routing protocol - EIGRP [15, 41, 44].

This paper is structured as follows. First, in section 2, a related work for the

use the routing protocol EIGRP is made. After that, in section 3, a sophisticated

implementation of the software program called “Cisco Packet Tracer” version

6.2.0.0052 into the server operating system Windows Server 2008 R2 Enterprise

is performed. The achieved results are presented in section 4. The conclusions and

recommendations are made in section 5.

2. Related work

In [1] the EIGRP as fast routing protocol based on distance vectors by is

analyzed. In [2] performance Evaluation of secured versus non-secured EIGRP

routing protocol by Al-Saud, K. A., Tahir, H. M., El-Zoghabi, A. A., and Saleh,

M. is made. In [3] analysis of RIPv2, OSPF, EIGRP configuration on router using

cisco packet tracer by Archana, C. is made. In [10] introduction to enhanced IGRP

(EIGRP) by Farinachi, D is illustrated. In [47] simulation based performance

analyses on RIPv2, EIGRP, and OSPF Using OPNET is comparative analyzed. In

[46] performance analysis of dynamic routing protocol EIGRP and OSPF in IPv4

and IPv6 network by Chandra Wijaya is illustrated. In [40] dynamic routing

protocol implementation decision between EIGRP, OSPF and RIP based on

technical background using OPNET modeler by Thorenoor, S. G. is made. In [48]

performance analysis of RIP, EIGRP, and OSPF using OPNET by Xu, Don, and

Ljiljana Trajkovic is made. The other citations in this paper are based on specific

performance analyses, IP configuration and network solutions.

3. Experiment

The experiment in specialized computer network laboratory in the Faculty

of technical sciences is made. The used free of charge software program called

“Cisco Packet Tracer” version 6.2.0.0052 which is owned by Cisco Systems, Inc.

The host has used server operating system - Windows Server 2008 R2 Enterprise

x64. Initially was necessary to be enumerated the network devices and hosts. The

simulated local area network using Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol

(EIGRP) has consisted of the following items [30, 31, 32, 33]:


8 personal computers (PC-PT).

7 Server machines (Server-PT).

13 Laptops (Laptop-PT).

Several Copper Straight-Through UTP cables cat.5e

Two Copper crossover UTP cables cat.5e.

3 Serial Smart DCE DB60 cables;

One router - Cisco 2911 Modular Router.

One router - Cisco 2621XM Modular Router.




4 Generic Printer machines.

1 switch - Cisco Multilayer Switch WS-C3560-24PS.

4 switches - Cisco Switch WS-C2960-24TT.

1 IP phones - Cisco IP Phone 7960.

Four academic departments (CCT, IL, Geodesy and MSS).

One Central Equipment Room (CER).

3 racks for the CER.

Six working table for the staff.

One complete scheme of the entire network.

One Packet Tracer Cloud Server for Internet.

One Access Point-PT-N.

One generic Smartphone-PT.

One generic TabletPC-PT.

The computer network in the program environment of Cisco Packet Tracer

6.2.0.0052 is simulated. On fig.1 the common logical scheme of the whole

computer network is shown. The Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol

(EIGRP) [41, 42, 43, 45, 46, 47, 48] was activated in the configuration of the

routers [1, 2, 16, 30, 31, 32, 33].


Fig.1. Common logical scheme of the whole computer network of the

academic departments

As is known in the network practice each network device as a router

consists of determinate numbers of network interfaces [21, 22, 23, 25, 32,]. In this

communication scenario the router called “Central Router” has got configured

interface Fast Ethernet (Fa0/0) with network number ID (Net ID) - 6.6.6.0/24 and

interface Fast Ethernet (Fa0/1) with network number ID (Net ID) - 9.9.8.0/24. The

third interface is Serial (Se0/1/0) with network number ID (Net ID) - 2.2.2.0/24.

The fourth interface is Serial (Se0/1/1) with network number ID (Net ID) -

8.8.8.0/24. The fifth interface is Serial (Se0/3/0) who is directly connected to the

Internet Cloud. The last configured interface is Fast Ethernet (1/0) with network

number ID (Net ID) - 4.4.4.0/24.

The router called “Department CCT Router” has got configured interface

Serial (Se0/3/0) with network number ID (Net ID) - 2.2.2.0/24 and second

configured interface Gigabit (Gig0/0) with network number ID (Net ID) -

1.1.1.0/24. The name CCT is an abbreviation of Communication and Computer

Technologies.

The router called “Department IL” has got configured interface Fast

Ethernet (Fa0/0) with network number ID (Net ID) - 3.3.3.0/27 and other interface

Fast Ethernet (1/0) with network number ID (Net ID) - 4.4.4.0/24. The name IL

is an abbreviation of Engineering Logistics.

The router called “Department Geodesy” has got configured interface Fast

Ethernet (0/0) with network number ID (Net ID) - 5.5.5.0/24 and other configured

interface Fast Ethernet (0/1) with network number ID (Net ID) - 6.6.6.0/24.


The router called “Department MSS” has got configured interface Serial

(Se0/0/0) with network number ID (Net ID) - 8.8.8.0/24 and other configured

interface Gigabit (Gig0/0) with network number ID (Net ID) - 7.7.7.0/24. The

name MSS is an abbreviation of Management of Security Systems [4, 41, 48].

The network with Net ID 1.1.1.0/24 consists of one Cisco Multilayer

Switch WS-C3560-24PS and one Cisco 2911 Modular Router. In this switch are

connected three Laptops (Laptop-PT), one Generic Printer machine, one Cisco IP

Phones 7960, one Access Point-PT-N with connected to it one generic smartphone,

one tabletPC and one personal computer with wireless card. The Server CCT is

also connected to the multilayer switch. The network 1.1.1.0/24 is private local

area network and its IPv4 Default Gateway is 1.1.1.1/24 and in this case this is

the configured network address of interface Gigabit (Gig0/0) in router called

“Department CCT Router”. The capacity of this network is 254 real hosts. The

connection between the Cisco multilayer switch and the hosts with several Copper

Straight-Through UTP cables cat.5e and one copper crossover UTP cable cat.5e

is made. The connection between the router „ Department CCT Router” and the

multilayer switch again with Copper Straight-Through UTP cable cat.5e is made

[11, 13, 14, 21, 26, 27, 28,].

The network with Net ID 3.3.3.0/24 consists of one Cisco 2621XM

Modular Router and one Cisco Switch WS-C2960-24TT. In this case in the switch

are connected two personal computers, four laptops and one server machine called

“Server IL”. The capacity of this network is 254 real hosts. The connection

between the Cisco switch and the hosts with several Copper Straight-Through

UTP cables cat.5e is made. The connection between the router called „Department

IL” and the switch again with Copper Straight-Through UTP cable cat.5e is made

[6, 36, 37, 45, 46, 47].

The network with Net ID 5.5.5.0/24 consists of one Cisco 2811 Modular

Router and one Cisco Switch WS-C2960-24TT. In this case in the switch are

connected five personal computers, three laptops, one generic printer machine and

one server machine called “Server Geodesy”. The capacity of this network is 254

real hosts. The connection between the Cisco switch and the hosts with several

Copper Straight-Through UTP cables cat.5e is made. The connection between the

router called „Department Geodesy” and the switch with Copper crossover UTP

cable cat.5e is made.



connected four laptops, one generic printer machine and one server machine

called “Server MSS”. The capacity of this network is 254 real hosts. The

connection between the Cisco switch and the hosts with several Copper Straight-

Through UTP cables cat.5e is made. The connection between the router called

„Department MSS” and the switch with Copper crossover UTP cable cat.5e is


made. The configured network devices and the third racks in Central Equipment

Room (CER) are illustrated in fig. 2.

Fig. 2. The physical network devices installed in the racks

4. Results

In the command line interface of each router the network administrators

must enter the command “router eigrp 9999”. The number 9999 means that is the

number selected autonomous system [9, 10, 18, 19, 20, 35]. After applying other

specific network commands in the command line interface of each host, then all

routers are able automatically to discoverer each other although there is additional

subnetting in the whole local area network of the academic departments [5, 6, 7,

8, 11, 12, 13, 16, 17].

One of the most important features of this routing protocol is related to the

fact that EIGRP can be configured to transmit routing information with

authentication process between its neighbor’s routers. Other very important

feature is the encryption of the transmitted routing information [28, 30, 31, 36,

38]. Most of the network system administrators, security professionals and

network architects must know that process of the authentication does not encrypt

the whole routing table of each router [20, 24, 26, 27, 29].

The successful executed command ping from host called “PC2 G” to host

called “Smartphone CCT” with IPv4 address 1.1.1.10/24 on fig. 3 is shown.


Fig.3 Successful executed command ping from host called “PC2 G” to

host called “Smartphone CCT” with IPv4 address 1.1.1.10/24

In order to verify that configuration of the routing protocol EIGRP are

correctly applied each network administrator must enter the following commands

[47, 48]:

IP-EIGRP interfaces;

IP-EIGRP neighbors;

IP-EIGRP Topology Table;

IP-EIGRP Traffic Statistics.

The first command IP-EIGRP interfaces shows the following information:

IP-EIGRP interfaces for autonomous system 9999;

Interface;

Peers;

Xmit Queue Un/Reliable;

Mean SRTT;

Pacing Time Un/Reliable;

Multicast Flow Timer;

Pending Routes.

The second command IP-EIGRP neighbors shows the following

information:

H (The number of connected adjacency routers);

IPv4 address;

Interface;

Hold time;


Uptime;

Smooth Round Trip Timer (SRTT);

Retransmit Interval (RTO);

Queue Count;

Sequence Number.

The successfully execution of these commands on fig. 4 is shown.

Fig. 4. Successfully execution of IP-EIGRP interfaces and IP-EIGRP neighbors

commands

Fig. 5. Successfully execution of IP-EIGRP Topology Table


Fig. 6. Successfully execution of IP-EIGRP Traffic Statistics

5. Conclusion

Thanks to the achieved results of the conducted research experiment in this

paper each network system administrators, security professionals and network

architects can obtain detailed statistical information for the transmitted routing

information among all hosts and network devices in the simulated local area

network of academic departments using an enhanced distance vector routing

protocol - EIGRP. On the other hand program is a powerful tool for designing and

simulating small and large computer networks with different routing protocols.

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[3]. Archana, C. "Analysis of RIPv2, OSPF, EIGRP Configuration on router

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Near Side of the’Net." Online at http://www. tcpipprimer. com (2001).


[5]. Boden, Edward Barnes, Paul Albert Gebler Jr, and Franklin Alfred Gruber.

"Method and system for exchanging routing information." U.S. Patent

6,167,444, issued December 26, 2000.

[6]. Doeringer, Willibald, Douglas Dykeman, Allan K. Edwards, Diane P.

Pozefsky, Soumitra Sarkar, and Roger D. Turner. "Inter-domain multicast

routing." U.S. Patent 5,361,256, issued November 1, 1994.

[7]. Doyle, Jeff. "Dynamic Routing Protocols." CCIE: Routing TCP/IP 1 (2001):

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D. Zill. "Constructing optimal IP routing tables." In INFOCOM'99.

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RIP, OSPF and EIGRP routing protocols." Electronics, Computers and

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ISSN 1314-6289

SECURITY ROUTING SIMULATION THE LOCAL AREA NETWORK

OF ACADEMIC DEPARTMENTS USING A LINK-STATE ROUTING

PROTOCOL - OSPF

Petar Boyanov1, Stiliyan Stoyanov2, Hristo Hristov3, Ognyan Fetfov1, Tihomir Trifonov1

1 DEPARTMENT OF COMMUNICATION AND COMPUTER TECHNOLOGY, FACULTY



E-mail: [email protected], [email protected], [email protected]

2 SPACE RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGIES INSTITUTE - BULGARIAN ACADEMY OF

SCIENCES


3 DEPARTMENT OF MANAGEMENT OF SECURITY SYSTEMS, FACULTY OF

TECHNICAL SCIENCES, KONSTANTIN PRESLAVSKY UNIVERSITY OF SHUMEN,



ABSTRACT:

In this paper a summarized simulation and providing security communication in the

local area network of academic department using a link-state routing protocol - OSPF is

made. Most of the professional system administrators and IT specialists have to use and apply

static and dynamic methods of information routing. Thereby, each network system

administrators, security professionals and network architects can use the free of charge

software network program Cisco Packet Tracer in order to design and simulate various types

of computer networks.

KEY WORDS: Cisco, Computer and network administrators, Dynamic routing,

Information, IPv4, LAN, Protocols, OSPF, Routing, Security, Switch, Router.

1. Introduction

Securing the transmitted routing information in the local area network of

academic departments is very important task and aim for each network system

administrators, security professionals and network architects. Building and

maintaining a specific local area network (LAN) of academic departments has to

be simulated using the specialized software program called “Cisco Packet

Tracer”. This program consists of many network tools that can simulate the

transmitting network process of secured routing information between the hosts


in small or large computer networks [13, 14, 33, 35, 37, 39]. The software

program is designed and implemented primarily for students and academic

lecturers who use different network devices of Cisco Systems Corporation [4, 5,

14]. Thereby, each academic lecturer or student have to possess in-depth

knowledge and skills in the designing and maintaining of various types of

computer network using the a link-state routing protocol - OSPF [8, 15, 41, 44].

This paper is structured as follows. First, in section 2, a related work for

the use the routing protocol OSPF is made. After that, in section 3, a

sophisticated implementation of the software program called “Cisco Packet

Tracer” version 6.2.0.0052 into the server operating system Windows Server

2008 R2 Enterprise is performed. The achieved results are presented in section

4. The conclusions and recommendations are made in section 5.

2. Related work

In [42] a survey on the RIP, OSPF, EIGRP routing protocols by

Vetriselvan, V., Pravin R. Patil, and M. Mahendran is made. In [5] method and

system for exchanging routing information by Boden, Edward Barnes, Paul

Albert Gebler Jr., and Franklin Alfred Gruber is analyzed. In [3] analysis of

RIPv2, OSPF, EIGRP configuration on router using cisco packet tracer by

Archana, C. is made. In [14] evaluation of OSPF and EIGRP routing protocols

for IPv6 by Hinds, Alex, Anthony Atojoko, and Shao Ying Zhu is made. In [47]

simulation based performance analyses on RIPv2, EIGRP, and OSPF Using

OPNET is comparative analyzed. In [46] performance analysis of dynamic

routing protocol EIGRP and OSPF in IPv4 and IPv6 network by Chandra

Wijaya is illustrated. In [40] dynamic routing protocol implementation decision

between EIGRP, OSPF and RIP based on technical background using OPNET

modeler by Thorenoor, S. G. is made. In [48] performance analysis of RIP,

EIGRP, and OSPF using OPNET by Xu, Don, and Ljiljana Trajkovic is made.

The other citations in this paper are based on specific performance analyses, IP

configuration and network solutions.

3. Experiment

The experiment in specialized computer network laboratory in the Faculty

of technical sciences is made. The used free of charge software program called

“Cisco Packet Tracer” version 6.2.0.0052 which is owned by Cisco Systems,

Inc. The host has used server operating system - Windows Server 2008 R2

Enterprise x64. Initially was necessary to be enumerated the network devices

and hosts. The simulated local area network using a link-state routing protocol -

OSPF has consisted of the following items [9, 12, 15, 30, 31, 32, 33]:

8 personal computers (PC-PT).

7 Server machines (Server-PT).

13 Laptops (Laptop-PT).

Several Copper Straight-Through UTP cables cat.5e

Two Copper crossover UTP cables cat.5e.


3 Serial Smart DCE DB60 cables;


One router - Cisco 2621XM Modular Router.




4 Generic Printer machines.

1 switch - Cisco Multilayer Switch WS-C3560-24PS.

4 switches - Cisco Switch WS-C2960-24TT.

1 IP phones - Cisco IP Phone 7960.

Four academic departments (CCT, IL, Geodesy and MSS).

One Central Equipment Room (CER).

3 racks for the CER.

Six working table for the staff.

One complete scheme of the entire network.

One Packet Tracer Cloud Server for Internet.

One Access Point-PT-N.

One generic Smartphone-PT.

One generic TabletPC-PT.

The computer network in the program environment of Cisco Packet

Tracer 6.2.0.0052 is simulated. On fig.1 the common logical scheme of the

whole computer network is shown. The link-state routing protocol - OSPF [41,

42, 43, 44, 46, 47, 48] was activated in the configuration of the routers [1, 2, 16,

29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 45].

Fig.1. Common logical scheme of the whole computer network of the academic

departments


As is known in the network practice each network device as a router

consists of determinate numbers of network interfaces [21, 22, 23, 25, 32,]. In

this communication scenario the router called “Central Router” has got

configured interface Fast Ethernet (Fa0/0) with network number ID (Net ID) -

6.6.6.0/24 and interface Fast Ethernet (Fa0/1) with network number ID (Net ID)

- 9.9.8.0/24. The third interface is Serial (Se0/1/0) with network number ID (Net

ID) - 2.2.2.0/24. The fourth interface is Serial (Se0/1/1) with network number ID

(Net ID) - 8.8.8.0/24. The fifth interface is Serial (Se0/3/0) who is directly

connected to the Internet Cloud. The last configured interface is Fast Ethernet

(1/0) with network number ID (Net ID) - 4.4.4.0/24 [7, 21, 33, 35, 36, 40].

The router called “Department CCT Router” has got configured interface

Serial (Se0/3/0) with network number ID (Net ID) - 2.2.2.0/24 and second

configured interface Gigabit (Gig0/0) with network number ID (Net ID) -

1.1.1.0/24. The name CCT is an abbreviation of Communication and Computer

Technologies [9, 10, 14, 15, 16, 19, 22, 23].

The router called “Department IL” has got configured interface Fast

Ethernet (Fa0/0) with network number ID (Net ID) - 3.3.3.0/27 and other

interface Fast Ethernet (1/0) with network number ID (Net ID) - 4.4.4.0/24. The

name IL is an abbreviation of Engineering Logistics.

The router called “Department Geodesy” has got configured interface Fast

Ethernet (0/0) with network number ID (Net ID) - 5.5.5.0/24 and other

configured interface Fast Ethernet (0/1) with network number ID (Net ID) -

6.6.6.0/24 [1, 2, 3, 4, 30, 39, 41].

The router called “Department MSS” has got configured interface Serial

(Se0/0/0) with network number ID (Net ID) - 8.8.8.0/24 and other configured

interface Gigabit (Gig0/0) with network number ID (Net ID) - 7.7.7.0/24. The

name MSS is an abbreviation of Management of Security Systems [4, 41, 48].

The network with Net ID 1.1.1.0/24 consists of one Cisco Multilayer

Switch WS-C3560-24PS and one Cisco 2911 Modular Router. In this switch are

connected three Laptops (Laptop-PT), one Generic Printer machine, one Cisco

IP Phones 7960, one Access Point-PT-N with connected to it one generic

smartphone, one tabletPC and one personal computer with wireless card. The

Server CCT is also connected to the multilayer switch. The network 1.1.1.0/24 is

private local area network and its IPv4 Default Gateway is 1.1.1.1/24 and in this

case this is the configured network address of interface Gigabit (Gig0/0) in

router called “Department CCT Router”. The capacity of this network is 254

real hosts. The connection between the Cisco multilayer switch and the hosts

with several Copper Straight-Through UTP cables cat.5e and one copper

crossover UTP cable cat.5e is made. The connection between the router „

Department CCT Router” and the multilayer switch again with Copper Straight-

Through UTP cable cat.5e is made [11, 13, 14, 21, 26, 27, 28,].

The network with Net ID 3.3.3.0/24 consists of one Cisco 2621XM

Modular Router and one Cisco Switch WS-C2960-24TT. In this case in the


switch are connected two personal computers, four laptops and one server

machine called “Server IL”. The capacity of this network is 254 real hosts. The



„Department IL” and the switch again with Copper Straight-Through UTP cable

cat.5e is made [6, 36, 37, 45, 46, 47].



connected five personal computers, three laptops, one generic printer machine

and one server machine called “Server Geodesy”. The capacity of this network

is 254 real hosts. The connection between the Cisco switch and the hosts with

several Copper Straight-Through UTP cables cat.5e is made. The connection

between the router called „Department Geodesy” and the switch with Copper

crossover UTP cable cat.5e is made.



connected four laptops, one generic printer machine and one server machine

called “Server MSS”. The capacity of this network is 254 real hosts. The



„Department MSS” and the switch with Copper crossover UTP cable cat.5e is

made. The configured network devices and the third racks in Central Equipment

Room (CER) are illustrated in fig. 2.

Fig. 2. The physical network devices installed in the racks


4. Results

The name OSPF is an abbreviation of Open Shortest Path First protocol.

Its aim is to replace the Routing Information Protocol (RIP). It consists of

following important features [45, 46, 47, 48]:

classless routing protocol;

very fast convergence;

scalability;

Dijkstra’s shortest path first (SPF) algorithm;

Administrative Distance (AD) of 110.

One of the most important features of this routing protocol is related to the

fact that OSPF can be configured to transmit routing information with

authentication process between its neighbor’s routers. Other very important

feature is the encryption of the transmitted routing information [28, 30, 31, 36,

38]. Most of the network system administrators, security professionals and

network architects must know that process of the authentication does not encrypt

the whole routing table of each router [20, 24, 26, 27, 29].

The encapsulated OSPF message includes data link frame header, IP

packet header, OSPF packet header and OSPF packet type-specific data. The

OSPF packet types are:

0x01 Hello;

0x02 Database Description (DD);

0x03 Link State Request;

0x04 Link State Update;

0x05 Link State Acknowledgement.

In the command line interface of each router the network administrators

must enter the command “router ospf 11229”. The number 11229 means that is

the number selected process ID [9, 10, 18, 19, 20, 35]. After applying other

specific network commands in the command line interface of each host, then all

routers are able automatically to discoverer each other although there is

additional subnetting in the whole local area network of the academic

departments [5, 6, 7, 8, 11, 12, 13, 16, 17].

The successful executed command ping from host called “Laptop12”

located in department MSS to host called “Tablet PC CCT” with IPv4 address

1.1.1.8/24 located in department CCT on fig. 3 is shown. From host called

“Laptop12” has sent 8 ICMP Echo request packets to the target host. The

following ICMP Echo reply packets have arrived back to host called

“Laptop12”:

Request timed out;

Reply from 1.1.1.8: bytes=32 time=8ms TTL=125;








Fig.3 Successful executed command ping from host called “Laptop12” to host

called “Tablet PC CCT” with IPv4 address 1.1.1.8/24

In order to verify that configuration of the routing protocol OSPF is

correctly applied each network administrator must enter the following

commands [47, 48]:

OSPF process ID number ;

OSPF border and boundary router information;

OSPF database summary;

OSPF interface information;

OSPF neighbor list of the routers;

OSPF virtual link information.

The first command OSPF process ID number shows the following

information:

routing process “ospf 11229” with ID 9.9.9.1;

supporting only single TOS routes;

minimum and maximum LSA arrival times;

external flood list length;

number of areas in the selected router;

number of interfaces in this area;


authentication process and etc.

Fig. 4. Successfully execution of OSPF process ID number command

Fig. 5. Successfully execution of OSPF database summary and OSPF neighbor

list of the routers commands


Fig. 6. Monitoring the successfully transmitted control information about the

adjacency events between the routers

5. Conclusion

Thanks to the achieved results of the conducted research experiment in

this paper each network system administrators, security professionals, network

architects and IT experts can obtain detailed statistical information for the

transmitted routing information among all hosts and network devices in the

simulated local area network of academic departments using a link-state routing

protocol - OSPF. On the other hand the program called cisco packet tracer is a

powerful tool for designing and simulating small and large computer networks

with different routing protocols.

References:

[1]. Albrightson, R., J. J. Garcia-Luna-Aceves, and Joanne Boyle. "EIGRP--A

fast routing protocol based on distance vectors" Interop 94, 1994.

[2]. Al-Saud, Khalid Abu, et al. "Performance Evaluation of Secured versus

Non-Secured EIGRP Routing Protocol" Security and Management. 2008.


[3]. Archana, C. "Analysis of RIPv2, OSPF, EIGRP Configuration on router

Using CISCO Packet tracer", International Journal of Engineering Science

and Innovative Technology (IJESIT) Volume 4 (2015).

[4]. Banttari, Daryl. "Daryl’s TCP/IP Primer-Addressing and Subnetting on the

Near Side of the’Net." Online at http://www. tcpipprimer. com (2001).

[5]. Boden, Edward Barnes, Paul Albert Gebler Jr, and Franklin Alfred Gruber.

"Method and system for exchanging routing information" U.S. Patent

6,167,444, issued December 26, 2000.

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ISSN 1314-6289

RESTRICTIONS ON THE DECENTRALIZATION OF RENEWABLE

ENERGY IN BULGARIA

Ralitsa Nikolova

SOFIA UNIVERSITY “ST. KLIMENT OHRIDSKI”


Abstract: The promotion of decentralized systems for renewable energy is one of the key

moments in the proposals for a new EC energy policy. In the recent years, despite the

encouragement by the law, their development has been restricted which has required rethinking

both the existing incentives and overcoming some barriers. This article identifies these barriers

existing before the development of the decentralized renewable energy production in Bulgaria

and provides recommendations on how these could be overcome based on the good practice of

the other countries.

Key words: Renewable energy sources, Hybrid system, administrative barriers.

Promoting decentralized systems for renewable energy production is the

focus of the proposed legislative amendments to the energy policy of the

European Commission (EC) by 2030. The objectives on the new ten-year horizon

are entirely in the spirit of the Paris Agreement signed on December 12, 2015.

The Agreement contains a plan of action to limit global warming well below 2°

C. It covers the period from 2020 onwards. [1]

In the context of this objective, one of the main instruments on which EC

relies is the increase of the renewable energy share in the final energy

consumption of EU by 27%. One of the mechanisms by which this shall be

achieved is through encouraging the independent production of this type of energy

by more households, which will result in greater decentralization of the energy

system.


This article aims to review the Bulgarian legislation and the secondary

legislation in this area, in order to discover the weaknesses that hinder the

development of the decentralized renewable energy production in Bulgaria and

give suggestions on how they can be overcome.

1. Types of energy capacity in the electricity system of Bulgaria

There are a variety of capacities for electricity generation in Bulgaria,

however the lignite power plants still have their predominant share. The chart

below shows the distribution capacity by types of power plants by 2015.

Fig 1: Share of installed energy capacity (MW)

Although the capacity of the installed photovoltaic power facilities is more

than 1,000 MW, their electricity production is much less effective, especially

when compared to the conventional power plants. In terms of renewable energy,

the main reason for this is the unstable character of the photovoltaic energy which

totally depends on the external weather conditions. Therefore, the energy from the


photovoltaic plants constitutes approx. 9% of the total energy production in the

country A major share of this percentage is produced by plants over 5 MW that

are prevalent in the installed photovoltaic facilities and which can be seen in the

following table. [2]

Table 1 Share of solar power plants according to their installed capacity

Data show that the plants with installed capacity up to 5 kWp and those from

5-30 kWp, which can be installed on roofs of buildings in an urban area, have

negligible share. Therefore, it can be assumed that this is the share of the solar

technologies used for the needs of households and companies, which can help

achieving the EU objectives for greater decentralization of the power system. For

larger buildings, larger photovoltaic facilities with a maximum capacity of 200

Kwp could be installed, however this study shall focus on energy facilities up to

30 KW.

2. How the Bulgarian legislation encourages the utilization of decentralized

energy production

The legislation that regulates the accession, buying and promoting

renewable energy in Bulgaria is the Energy from Renewable Energy Sources Act

(EREA) adopted in 2011 with subsequent revisions. Some of the texts give

specific advantages to the energy facilities for electricity production from

renewable sources with a total installed capacity up to 30 kW and up to 200 kW.

These are summarized in the following table. For the purposes of this study, these

shall be assessed against the legislative requirements for the other types of

renewable sources.


Table 2: Legislative provisions for energy facilities from renewable sources up to

30 kW according to EREA

Requirements to renewable energy sites over

200 KW

Requirements for renewable energy sites up to

30 and 200 KW

(biomass plants not considered)

Investment intentions for the construction of

energy facilities for electricity production

from renewable sources are preceded by an

assessment of the available and estimated

potential of the respective energy resource.

The provision does not apply to the

construction of energy facilities for

electricity production from renewable

sources with a total installed capacity up to

30 kW, including on roofs and facades of

buildings and on real estates within urban

areas;

Installing new capacities shall follow the 10-

year plan for network development of the

system operator, determinable annually.

There are no limits to the annual capacity of

accessing power plants with a total installed

capacity up to 30 kW or less, which are

planned to be built on roofs and facades and

on properties in urban areas;

Upon submitting an application for

accession, a guarantee of BGN 5 000 shall

be deposited for the requested MW capacity.

Not applicable

There is no deadline for issuing a statement A statement for accession shall be issued

within 30 days upon receiving the request. A

pre-accession contract shall not be

concluded. Upon request for a contract for

accession, the distribution company shall

provide a draft contract within 30 days.

The accession of the new power facility

shall be within the borders of the property or

in close proximity, and the costs shall be

covered by the owner of that facility.

The accession point for the power plant up to

30 kW shall be within the building where it

shall be installed, as long as its capacity does

not exceed that of the building, which should

not require additional expense.

Not valid for plants up to 200 KW

Accession fee for a power plant is

individual, including the construction costs

for the accession facilities to the relevant

distribution network, and is determined by

the methodology adopted by the Energy and

Water Regulatory Commission under the

relevant regulation.


The operator of the electric power

transmission or distribution grid shall

restrict remotely or with a dispatch order the

energy supplied, when the transmission

capacity of the network has been exceeded.

Energy production from plants to 30 KW

cannot be restricted but should follow a

timetable. The accession contract should

contain the penalties due by the operator in

case of restrictions to production mode.

Since 2015, no preferential rates for

renewable energy plants with a capacity of

over 30 KW have been provided.

Electricity from renewable sources is

purchased at a price specified by EWRC, as

of the date of application for complete

installation of the electricity production unit.

The producer of electricity from renewable

sources with installed capacity over 200 kW

provides data transmission in real time to

the operator of the transmission or

distribution grid for the electricity delivered

at the accession point, as well as a remote

control of this power unit.

Not applicable

The legislative requirements related to the energy capacity from renewable

sources to 30 KW show that the majority of them have been introduced with the

legislative amendments adopted in 2012 and 2015. The reason for this is that

together with the concessions for this type of power plants, restrictions on greater

energy capacity from renewable sources have been adopted, excluding those up

to 30 kW.

As regards the requirements for accession of energy capacity facilities to

30 Kw, the Law on Spatial Planning (LSP) also provides certain concessions.

These facilities have been moved from third to sixth category for construction.

This, according to Art. 147 does not necessitate approval of investment projects

for the issuance of a building permit [3]- "installation of plants producing

electricity, heating and/or cooling from renewable sources with a total installed

capacity up to 30 kW including existing buildings in urban areas, including on the

roof and their façade and in their own territory." For construction objects of sixth

category, there are also no requirements for applying for a permit for use issued

by the National Construction Supervision Directorate or by the

municipality. Concessions provided by the Law on Spatial Planning with the

higher construction category for energy facilities from renewable sources to 30

kW shall save about 2-3 months for their construction, the interviews conducted

with the Bulgarian Solar Association recently revealed.


3. Restrictions of the secondary legislative framework

Regarding the accession of energy facilities up to 30 kW, the Energy from

Renewable Sources Act refers to the secondary legislative framework [4] whose

rules have been composed by the Energy and Water Regulation Commission

(EWRC), imposing certain restrictions on the development of decentralized

systems for renewable energy. For the purposes of this article, there are interviews

carried out with companies involved in installing such electricity facilities and

representatives of the industry associations. Based on them, the following

restrictions have been classified which greatly prevent the more widespread

development of renewable energy plants by up to 30 Kw.

Table 3: Restrictions on the decentralized renewable energy roofing systems in

the secondary legislative framework

Regulatory framework Implementation Restriction

The distribution system

operator may reasonably

refuse to add the site to the

network within the requested

deadline and to propose a

new date for negotiations.

From the interviews with the

experts and the stakeholders,

it can be concluded that there

are many cases in which the

distribution companies have

unreasonably refused

accession to small

photovoltaic power plants

(there are examples of

rejected projects with a

capacity of 4 kW/p). In such

cases, after appealing before

EWRC, the accession

procedures have been

resumed but in most cases

the delays of about 12

months caused to the project

activities have made it

impossible for the realization

of the planned investments

due to changes in the pricing

components of the

installations.

Insufficient control on the

implementation of the

requirements of the

secondary legislative and

regulatory frameworks and a

lack of sanctions for non-

compliance.


When generating capacity,

which is greater than the

capacity allowed, the

accession point may not be

close to where the

commercial measurement

unit is installed.

According to stakeholders,

there are a number of

examples of unsubstantiated

indication of a remote point

of accession of renewables to

the networks, which

significantly raises the

investment costs, making the

implementation of the

projects impossible and the

investors having no legal

procedure with which to

appeal.

The prices for accessing

renewables to the grid are

unreasonably inflated.

Ability to interpret the

requirements. Need for

clarification of the texts.

No price caps for accession.

For sites for renewable

energy production to be

joined to the distribution

network, no "island mode„ is

allowed.

In this case, the provision,

prevents the development of

hybrid systems that can

operate without being

connected to the distribution

network.

Restricting the

decentralization of electricity

production facilities.

Besides the restrictions contained in the secondary legislative framework,

there are also restrictions associated with the adaptation of this framework to the

general legislation.

According to the interviews conducted with the stakeholders, the power

supply companies speculate with omission to reveal the requirement of ERSA for

a 30-day period to complete the procedure of the Rules on the terms and

conditions for accession to the transmission and distribution networks. This leads

to delays in providing purchase contracts, accession agreements and additional

agreements with producers of renewable energy with nearly a year. There have

also been cases when plants of 5 and 30 kWp, which have already been built, had

no purchase contracts and the plants respectively cannot produce energy.

Another restriction within the secondary legislative framework is the lack of

so-called "net metering". This means installation of small generating facilities

allow accounting with two-way metering, thereby levelling the amount of the

energy produced and the energy consumed for a certain period of time. As there

is no specific definition in European legislation, but some autors [5] define "net


metering" as the scheme in which the generation facility is connected inside the

network of a consumer and produces electricity for both, simultaneous and post

consumptions. In cases where the generation exceeds the consumption, the

surplus energy is discharged into the electric system. This excess energy can be

recovered in those times when consumption exceeds generation, and it is not

enough with the power generated. Net metering scheme usually uses the electrical

system as a " Back – up".

This solution has been used in many EU countries. According to the experts,

the small decentralized systems are sufficiently advanced both technologically

and in terms of safety, and it is high time for them to be regarded as an inherent

part of the indoor electricity systems of the urban, industrial and agricultural

buildings and facilities. Currently, their status is almost equivalent to the major

electricity facilities and this significantly impedes their further distribution.

Conclusion:

The restrictions on the decentralized systems for production of renewable

energy in Bulgaria have been mainly identified in the secondary legislative

framework, creating administrative risk for the development of this type of

systems. This can be overcome both by changing the secondary legislative

requirements and adapting them to those of the primary legislation and through

further facilitation of the administrative regimes.

The construction of small power capacity facilities can be offset largely by

the transition from licensing to registration regime for their legalization. Such a

positive example has already been used in Germany where the construction of

such facilities requires only submitting a notification to the specialized state

institution, and the distribution companies are obliged within one month to

provide a signed contract thereto.

The use of decentralized electricity production systems shall become

increasingly popular issue within the context of the new EU legislative initiatives

in the field of renewable energy. However, they will not give specific answers on

how the national governments to achieve the goals but will rather leave each

Member State to decide how this should be done. In this regard, it is important for

Bulgaria to overcome the administrative obstacles imposed by the bylaws, which

shall ease the development of hybrid systems for renewable electricity in people’s

homes.


References:

[1]. European Comission, Proposal for a Directive on the promotion of the use

of energy from renewable sources, November, 2016.

[2]. Operational data for the electrical balance, Electricity System Operator

[3]. Law on Spatial Planning (LSP), Art. 147, p.14

[4]. Regulation 6 "To add electrical energy producers to the electric power

transmission and distribution networks", Energy and Water Regulation

Commission

[5]. Mediterranean energy regulators, Study to evaluate net-metering systems in

mediterranean country, June 2014.






ISSN 1314-6289

THE SHORTEST PATH PROBLEM IN

LOGISTICS

Andrey Bogdanov

KONSTANTIN PRESLAVSKI UNIVERSITY OF SHUMEN, SHUMEN 9712, 115

UNIVERSITETSKA STR.

[email protected]

Abstract: The shortest path problem is one of the fundamental network flow problems.

A large number of problems from diverse areas such as routing in telecommunication

networks are an intrinsic part of this problem. The report examines different algorithms to

solve this major problem for logistics.

Кеу wards: logistics management, Shortest Path Problems, algorithm.

I. Introduction

There is wide variety of problems that go under the name „Shortest Path

Problems“. In graph theory, the shortest path problem is the problem of finding

a path between two vertices (or nodes) in a graph such that the sum of the

weights of its constituent edges is minimized.

The problem of finding the shortest path between two intersections on a

road map (the graph's vertices correspond to intersections and the edges

correspond to road segments, each weighted by the length of its road segment)

may be modeled by a special case of the shortest path problem in graphs.

Furthermore, the shortest path formulation can also serve as a submodel in

larger, more complex models, such as, for example, in determining an optimal or

near-optimal integer solution to the set covering formulation of the capacitated

vehicle routing problem [2].

II. Exposition

A linear programming problem formulation for shortest path problem is

given in the following, which represents the shortest path problem as a

minimum cost network flow problem in which one unit of flow is sent from the

source s to the t. Thus, all vertices except s and t are transshipment vertices with

one unit of flow entering and leaving. The variable xij denotes the flow on arc (i,

j), and the cost of sending one unit flow on arc (i, j) is given by cij.


mailto:[email protected]

Aij

ijil xc)(

min (1)

1)(

Asj

sjx (2)

)/(

0)()(

ijVj

xxAij

ij

Aij

ij

(3)

1)(

Aij

ijx (4)

An optimal solution to this linear program may be obtained by standard

linear programming solvers. However, many more effective algorithms are

available for different kinds of shortest path problem.

Different algorithms are presented in this subsection, which determine the

shortest paths from one source vertex to all other vertices on a directed graph.

The first two are label setting algorithms and the last one is a label correcting

algorithm [1]. They are based on an important property of shortest paths on a

directed graph with no negative length cycles.

The vertices of an acyclic graph can be ordered such that if (i, j) ∈ A, then i

< j. Such an ordering is referred to as topological ordering. The shortest paths

from the source vertex 1 to all other vertices can be found by examining all

nodes one by one in topological ordering because the shortest path to vertex i+1

can only go through the vertices 1, ..., i. Thus, in iteration i, we scan all arcs (i,

j) emanating from i, and update the path length d(j) from vertex 1 to vertex j by

min {d(j), d(i) + cij}.

Dijkstra’s algorithm finds the shortest paths from one vertex to all other

vertices of the graph with nonnegative arc lengths [2], and it allows for directed

cycles in the graph. The algorithm assigns one of the two types of labels to each

node: the permanent distance label and the temporary distance label.

For a given source node in the graph, the algorithm finds the shortest path

between that node and every other [5]. It can also be used for finding the

shortest paths from a single node to a single destination node by stopping the

algorithm once the shortest path to the destination node has been determined.

For example, if the nodes of the graph represent cities and edge path costs

represent driving distances between pairs of cities connected by a direct road,

Dijkstra's algorithm can be used to find the shortest route between one city and

all other cities [4].

In both algorithms the shortest path from an origin vertex to a destination

vertex can be obtained by terminating the algorithm once the destination vertex

has been reached. This is a basic feature of the label setting algorithms.


The Ford-Bellman-Moore algorithm allows for arbitrary arc lengths and is

a label correcting algorithm with a refined version [2, 4]. The graph can have

negative arc lengths provided that no negative length cycle exists. A dynamic

list of vertices called the queue is maintained, and initially, the only element of

the queue is the source vertex s. Furthermore, d(s) = 0, and d(j) = ∞ for all other

vertices j.

Like Dijkstra's Algorithm, Ford-Bellman is based on the principle of

relaxation, in which an approximation to the correct distance is gradually

replaced by more accurate values until eventually reaching the optimum

solution. In both algorithms, the approximate distance to each vertex is always

an overestimate of the true distance, and is replaced by the minimum of its old

value with the length of a newly found path. However, Dijkstra's algorithm uses

a priority queue to greedily select the closest vertex that has not yet been

processed, and performs this relaxation process on all of its outgoing edges; by

contrast, the Ford-Bellman algorithm simply relaxes all the edges. The algorithm

may be improved in practice (although not in the worst case) by the observation

that, if an iteration of the main loop of the algorithm terminates without making

any changes, the algorithm can be immediately terminated, as subsequent

iterations will not make any more changes. With this early termination

condition, the main loop may in some cases use many fewer than d(s) − 1

iterations, even though the worst case of the algorithm remains unchanged.

Floyd–Warshall algorithm is an algorithm for finding shortest paths in a

weighted graph with positive or negative edge weights (but with no negative

cycles) [6]. A single execution of the algorithm will find the lengths (summed

weights) of the shortest paths between all pairs of vertices. Although it does not

return details of the paths themselves, it is possible to reconstruct the paths with

simple modifications to the algorithm. The algorithm is also known as Floyd's

algorithm or the WFI algorithm.

The Viterbi algorithm is a dynamic programming algorithm for finding the

most likely sequence of hidden states – called the Viterbi path – that results in a

sequence of observed events, especially in the context of Markov information

sources and hidden Markov models. The algorithm has found universal

application in decoding the convolutional codes used in both CDMA and GSM

digital cellular, dial-up modems.

A generalization of the Viterbi algorithm, termed the max-sum algorithm

(or max-product algorithm) can be used to find the most likely assignment of all

or some subset of latent variables in a large number of graphical models, e.g.

Bayesian networks, Markov random fields and conditional random fields. The

latent variables need in general to be connected in a way somewhat similar to an

HMM, with a limited number of connections between variables and some type

of linear structure among the variables. The general algorithm involves message


passing and is substantially similar to the belief propagation algorithm (which is

the generalization of the forward-backward algorithm).

The shortest path problem can be solved using the solver in Excel.

For this purpose to find the shortest path from node S to node T in an

undirected network. Points in a network are called nodes (S, A, B, C, D, E and

T). Lines in a network are called arcs (SA, SB, SC, AC, etc).

The model we are going to solve looks as follows in Excel (fig. 1) [8].

Fig. 1 Output data to solve the task.

To formulate this shortest path problem, the following three questions must

be answered [8].

- What are the decisions to be made? For this problem, we need Excel to

find out if an arc is on the shortest path or not (Yes=1, No=0). For example, if

SB is part of the shortest path, cell F5 equals 1. If not, cell F5 equals 0.

- What are the constraints of these decisions? The Net Flow (Flow Out -

Flow In) of each node should be equal to Supply/Demand. Node S should only

have one outgoing arc (Net Flow = 1). Node T should only have one ingoing arc

(Net Flow = -1). All other nodes should have one outgoing arc and one ingoing

arc if the node is on the shortest path (Net Flow = 0) or no flow (Net Flow = 0).

- What is the overall measure of performance for these decisions? The

overall measure of performance is the total distance of the shortest path, so the

objective is to minimize this quantity.

Explanation: The SUMIF functions calculate the Net Flow of each node.

For node S, the SUMIF function sums the values in the Go column with an "S"

in the From column. As a result, only cell F4, F5 or F6 can be 1 (one outgoing


arc). For node T, the SUMIF function sums the values in the Go column with a

"T" in the To column. As a result, only cell F15, F18 or F21 can be 1

Fig. 2. Solution of the task with Excel

Conclusion: SADCT is the shortest path with a total distance of 11.

A minor modification of Dijkstra’s algorithm is applied to generate the

shortest paths from every vertex of a graph to a single vertex, called the sink.

This time the distance label d(i) is associated with the path length from vertex to

sink. Assume that the distance label for vertex is declared as permanent.

III. References:

[1]. Ahuja R. K., Mehlhorn, Orlin J. B. Faster algorithms for the shortest path

problem. Journal of ACM, 37:213–223, 1990.

[2]. Cherkassky B. V.; Goldberg, Andrew V.; Shortest paths algorithms: theory

and experimental evaluation. Mathematical Programming. 73: 2000.

[3]. Dijkstra E. A note on two problems in connection with graphs. Numerische

Mathematik, 1:269–271, 1959

[4]. Hoffman K. L., Padberg M. Solving airline crew scheduling problems by

branch-and-cut. Management Science, 39:657–682, 2003.

[5]. Pape U. Implementation and effciency of algorithms for the shortest route

problem. Mathematical Programming, 7:212–222, 2004.

[6]. Shimbel, A. Structure in communication nets. Proceedings of the

Symposium on Information Networks. New York, NY: 2003

[7]. Zwick, Uri All pairs shortest paths using bridging sets and rectangular

matrix multiplication, Journal of the ACM, 49: 2002.

[8]. http://www.excel-easy.com/examples/shortest-path-problem.html






ISSN 1314-6289

CONSUMPTION OF OZONE-DEPLETING SUBSTANCES

1 Almira Daulbayeva A, 2 Margarita Filipova

1 NARXOZ UNIVERSITY, ALMATY, KAZAKHSTAN

E-mail: [email protected] 2BULGARIAN ACADEMY OF SCIENCESRUSE UNIVERSITY “ANGEL KANCHEV”,RUSE,

BULGARIA

Abstract: The destruction of the ozone layer, it is an extremely serious problem for

mankind. Therefore, a number of international agreements were adopted to reduce the

production and use of particularly aggressive halocarbons and finding replacement by other

substances. The article describes the trend of consumption of ozone-depleting substances in

Kazakhstan over the past fifteen years.

Keywords: ozone layer, ozone-depleting substances, hydrochlorofluorocarbon, methyl

bromide.

Introduction

The ozone layer in the stratosphere is an essential component of the Earth's

atmosphere. It protects human, fauna and flora from damaging by the shortwave

ultraviolet (UV) radiation. Ozone is destroyed by reactions with certain ozone-

depleting substances (ODS) under the influence of UV radiation. ompounds that

cause significant ozone depletion include chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), carbon

tetrachloride, methyl chloroform, halons, hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs),

hydrobromofluorocarbons (HBFCs) and methyl bromide. They are used as

solvents, refrigerants, blowing agents, degreasing agents, aerosol propellants,

fire extinguishers (halons) and agricultural pesticides (methyl bromide). The

degree of impact of ODS on the ozone layer depends on its chemical

characteristics [1].

Ozone absorbs a significant portion of ultraviolet radiation from the Sun,

thus protecting all life on Earth and simultaneously heating the respective layers

of the stratosphere, that are the parts of the atmosphere. Halocarbons

destruction of atmospheric ozone, therefore, leads to a cooling effect on the

atmosphere. However, halocarbons have their own absorption bands in the

infrared spectrum and therefore, are greenhouse gases. Most halocarbons have a

twofold impact on the atmosphere: destroying the ozone layer, cool it, but


mailto:[email protected]

absorbing the outgoing long-wave radiation of the Earth and the atmosphere, it

is heated. The second effect - heating of the atmosphere is considerably stronger

than cooling [2, 3].

Methodology

The object of study is the consumption of ozone-depleting substances in

Kazakhstan over the last decade. For the main research methods are selected

physical-statistical, comparative - analytical, mathematical treatment of

empirical data.

In the capacity of the initial data were used the materials of statistical

collections ARKS "Environmental protection and sustainable development of

Kazakhstan" [4].

Results and Discussion

In October 2001, at the meeting of the Parties to the Montreal Protocol with

respect to Kazakhstan, it was decided to reduce the consumption of CFCs, to

create a system for licensing the import and export of ODS , to introduce a ban

on imports of ODS-using equipment, stop the consumption of carbon

tetrachloride and methyl chloroform, etc. [5]

For the implementation of the commitments was accepted the decree by the

Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan dated January 8, 2004 № 19 "On

approval of the list of environmentally dangerous economic activities and the

Rules for their compulsory state licensing" on the basis of which introduced the

licensing of import / export of ozone-depleting substances and products which

contain them in connection with the implementation of the Republic of

Kazakhstan obligations under the Vienna Convention for the protection of the

ozone layer and the Montreal Protocol on substances that deplete the ozone

layer. Also, by this decree were introduced the licensing works using ozone-

depleting substances, as well as repair, installation, equipment maintenance,

operating on ozone-depleting substances [6].

Then, by the Decree dated June 22, 2005 № 617 "On amendments to the

Decree of the Government of Kazakhstan dated June 10, 2003 № 681" was

introduced a ban on the import of ozone-depleting substances (CFCs, halons,

cherehhloristogo hydrocarbon, metilhloforma) on the territory of Kazakhstan

and the goods if they contain ozone-depleting substances (refrigerators, freezers,

air conditioners, heat pumps, aerosol products) [1].

It should be noted that out of all ozone-depleting substances which are

consumed, the largest part belongs to methyl bromide and

hydrochlorofluorocarbons (Figure 1-2).


Figure 1 - Consumption of methyl bromide (calculated level of the substance in

tonnes) from 2000 to 2015

Figure 2 - Consumption of hydrochlorofluorocarbons (calculated level of the

substance in tonnes) from 2000 to 2015.

As can be seen from figures 1-2 the highest is the consumption of methyl

bromide, falls on 2007-2009 to 67.2 tonnes, followed by a sharp decrease. A

somewhat different picture can be observed with hydrochlorofluorocarbons

where its the largest consumption falls on 2006 -2011, with a peak of 110 tonnes

in 2010. Then comes a decrease, and a fairly high increase in 2013 to 83.3 tons.

In general, the total consumption of ozone-depleting substances from 2000

to 2015., you can look at the following picture (Figure 3).

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

0

20

40

60

80

100

120


Figure 3. Consumption of ozone-depleting substances (calculated level of the

substance in tonnes) from 2000 - 2015.

Since 2000, it has been a significant decrease in the consumption of ozone-

depleting substances.

If in 2000 was consumed 597,9 tons of ODS , while in 2005 this figure

amounted to 40 tons. Then from 2005 to 2010 there was a slight increase to 128

tonnes and then decline again, which showed the volume of ODS consumption

was reduced to 31.5 times.

Conclusion

The result of the researches revealed the consumption of ozone-depleting

substances on the territory of Kazakhstan.

In 2015, the volume of consumption of ozone-depleting substances in the

Republic amounted to 13.5 tonnes of ODS. Since 2000, there has been a

significant reduction in the consumption of ozone-depleting substances. If in

2000 were consumed 597.9 tonnes of ODS , then in 2015 the volume of

consumed ODS was reduced to 44.3 times.

References

[1]. United Nations European Economic Commission "Environmental

performance and based on their evaluation reports" Eastern Europe,

Caucasus and Central Asia, New York and Geneva, 2007

[2]. Tiedtke M.A comprehensive mass Них Scheme for cumulus parametrization

on large scale models. M. Wea. Rev. 117, 1, 1989, pp. 779-800.

-100

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

ODS Линейна (ODS)


[3]. Forster C, Stohl A., Wind P. and Benedictow A. Intercontinental air pollution

transport.// Transboundary acidification, eulrophication and ground level

ozone in Europe/ MSC-W status Report №1, Oslo, Norway, 2005, 49 p.

[4]. Collection "Environmental protection and sustainable development of

Kazakhstan" , 2015

[5]. National report on the Vienna convention for the protection of the ozone

Layer and the Montreal protocol on substances that deplete the ozone layer

in 2008 MEP RK. Astana, 2009. - 27 p.

[6]. The Coordination Centre for Climate Change

http://www.climate.kz/rus/?m=html&cid=21






ISSN 1314-6289

INTEGRATED MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS IMPROVEMENT FOR

PRODUCTION ENTERPRISES SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT AND

ACHIEVING A SUSTAINABLE SUCCESS

Hristo Krachunov, Elena Kindzhakova*

SUMY STATE UNIVERSITY UKRAINE, 40007, SUMY, STR. RIMSKY-KORSAKOV, 2

E-MAIL: [email protected]

*TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY – VARNA BULGARIA, 9010, VARNA, STR. STUDENTS, № 1

E-MAIL: [email protected]

Abstract: Situation analysis is made before the current study. Staging is described and

target of the research problem is determined. Common structure and principles for designing

and implementing integrated management systems (IMS) are given. Information base of

integrated systems for sustainable development (SD) and environmental protection (EP) in

manufacturing plants is briefly described. Two main groups of IMS elements are differentiated

- basic and upgrading. Models of IMS are graphically represented. Modeling of production

systems for achieving sustainable success (SS) by applying the principles of sustainable

development (SD) is presented. Information flows for appro-placement and logistics processes

are formed. Indexes and indicators for evaluation of activities for achieving sustainable success

are defined. Scientific applied results are synthesized. Findings and conclusions are made.

Keywords: integrated management system (IMS), sustainable development (SD),

environmental protection (EP), basic and upgrading elements, sustainable success (SS)

1. Introduction

Integrated systems (IS) are an excellent management tool for any organization.

Customer and assistants satisfaction increases with them as define clear

organization objectives. This leads to increased opportunities for access to

national and international markets. Therefore, they are widely disseminated.

Perhaps this trend will continue and integrated management systems (IMS) will

replace all single systems where is possible. [1, 2]

Establishment of an IMS from existing systems is more difficult than planning

it from scratch. The general development rule is: as bigger organization is, the

less organizational processes have to be included to reduce its complexity. It is

important to integrate these processes which have the greatest strategic

importance to the organization. In order to be effective an IMS should be carefully


planned and requires a lot of time and effort. Well planned IMS can increase

efficiency and employee motivation. [1]

For the paper purposes industrial enterprises are considered as organizational

systems which are capable of achieving sustainable success (SS) at the expense

of satisfying the needs and expectations of all stakeholders by applying the

sustainable development (SD) objectives and principles of long-term basis.

Organizational systems - small, medium and large, production and non-

production work in constantly changing conditions. This suggests continuous

implementation of monitoring and analyzing the organizational environment to

detect, assess and manage risk situations related with stakeholders and their needs

and expectations. [3, 4]

The procedure for analyzing and assessing contain approaches and models,

which are used in world analysis practice - self-assessment / evaluation - synthesis

of improvements, basics of self-assessment organizing, tools that applying to the

processing and analysis of self-assessment results and on the basis of them

defining the need to plan and implement improvements to develop the

organization management system.

2. Situation analysis before the current study

The following findings and conclusions can be made from the analysis of

research on the problem:

1) Very small percentage of the surveyed enterprises (about 15-20%) has

implemented integrated management systems for environmental quality under

ISO 14000.

2) The predominant components of integrated systems for SD are to manage

production and economic processes and activities (about 90%), next social

problems (40%), and the environmental problems (20%).

3) A large proportion of production enterprises do not have, in general,

component of environmental management (about 80%).

4) The degree of integration is low, because each component has its primary

database. The greatest benefit of integration occurs, when different components

use a single database and uniform indicators for components.

5) More complex and large manufacturing plants have structures built on 2, 3

and even 4 levels, located at different sites and areas, which (from the known

cases) are not reported in the integration of components.

6) The influence of neighboring establishments in terms of industrial zones

indicate very inaccurately or not recorded at all.

3. Staging and target-setting of research problem

Research problem, subject and object of study are formulated from preliminary

studies on the issue as follows:

1) Object and subject of study: Study object is the integration and interaction

between management bodies of SD of manufacturing enterprises in terms of


industrial zones and supervisory authorities for EP and working environment

protection for achieving their SS. Study subject is condition improvement of the

information base for sustainable growth and success of manufacturing enterprises

through integrated management of environment and working environment.

2) Research problem: Methodology, which is good enough to optimize

structure and management of integrated systems for EP and SD by modeling

techniques and structural synthesis in terms of industrial enterprises and industrial

zones absent in our famous theory and practice. Aims and targets of the study are

defined as follows:

3) Aim: Informational, legal - economic and methodological basis for

synthesis of structural schemes of integrated systems for EP and SD in terms of

production enterprises be developed and experimented.

4) Targets: A literature review and analysis of the current situation at

European, national and regional level to be made and problems and unfinished

targets to be identify; A methodology for integrated systems modeling for SD and

EP in production enterprises to be developed; A database and an algorithm and a

program for synthesis of structural schemes of integrated systems for SD and EP

to be developed; Experimental verification of the database and algorithm for

synthesis of structural schemes.

5) The survey methodology is based on the use of methods for modeling

complex systems, IMS models optimization by parametric and structural

optimization, statistical methods of data processing and analysis, synthesis and

optimal compromise solutions and others.

4. Common structure and principles for IMS designing and

implementing

Common structure of MS: If an organization has certified Quality management

system (QMS) and / or Environmental management system (EMS) and / or

Occupational health and safety management system (OHSAS), it can be

developed by adding necessary processes to meet the requirements of standards

for EMS and / or QMS and / or OHSAS [1, 5, 6, 7, 8]. Which MS will be a leading

(at the base of the IMS) depends on the activities of the company (organization),

but the common structure will remain the same (Fig. № 1- schemes 1.2, 1.3, 2.1,

2.3, 3.1, 3.2). Those IMS are considered "double types classical schemes" for the

purpose of this development.

All MS should cover the following processes to be integrated in a common

system:

1) Development of documents and control;

2) Training employees;

3) Risk Assessment;

4) Internal audit of elements in the IMS,;

5) Management review of the entire IMS;


6) Corrective actions.

5. Information base of integrated systems for SD and EP in

manufacturing plants

5.1. Basic elements: The most massive developed and deployed MS

among IMS according to International standards are: (Fig. № 1 – basic

elements):

ISO 9001 – Quality management systems (QMS);

2 - ISO 14001 – Environmental management systems (EMS);

3 - BS OHSAS 18001 – Occupational health and safety management

systems (OHSAS).

For the purpose of the development these systems will be called "basic

elements" of IMS.

5.2. Upgrading elements: Other frequently developed and deployed MS

with the basic elements are (Fig. № 1 – upgrading elements):

4 - ISO 45001 – Health and safety at work management systems [9];

5 - SA 8000 – Requirements for Corporate Social Responsibility [10];

6 - ISO 26000 – Guidance on Social Responsibility [11];

7 - ISO 31000 – Risk management systems [12];

8 - GMP – Good manufacturing practice [14];

9 - ISO 5001 – Energy management systems [13];

10 - ISO 22000 – Food safety management systems [14];

11 - HACCP – Hazard analysis and critical control points [14];

12 - IFS Food – Standard for auditing the quality and safety of food

products [15];

13 – BRC - Standards for food safety, consumer goods, packaging and

materials for packaging, storage and distribution [16];

14 - GLOBALG.A.P – GLOBAL Good Agricultural Practices [14];

15 - PASS 220 - Food safety. Prerequisite programmes on food safety for

food manufacturing [14];

16 - ISO 27001 – Information security management systems [17];

17 - ISO 28000 – Supply chain security management systems [18];

18 - ISO 20000-1 – Services management systems [2];

19 - ISO 9004 – Managing for the sustained success of an organization – A

quality management approach [4].

6. Methodology for modeling of integrated systems for SD and EP in

industrial enterprises

6.1.Modeling methodology

Modeling methodology represents a comprehensive and systematic analysis

and synthesis of activities and processes in the production system in accordance

with predefined objectives and indicators. The modeling and resulting model


should give a general presentation on the effectiveness of production system and

the level of sustainable success (SS) achievement as a result of management

processes. Production system should use modeling as opportunities for

improvement, establish priorities and develop action plans to reach a SS by the

principles of SD and innovative approach. SS models contain valuable

information for analysis and synthesis of management decisions. Moreover SS

model can become a tool for training and proper presentation of the production

system and stimulate interest and motivation of all stakeholders. [19, 20]

6.2.General rules for successful functioning of production systems

Successful production system assumes the following:

Understanding and satisfying the needs and expectations of stakeholders;

Conducting monitoring of the production environment;

Detection of possible areas / processes, which require improvement and

innovation;

Defined and deployed the strategy and the policy;

Fig. № 1: Basic elements and types structural schemes of IMS for SD and environmental

protection

Defined and structured the objectives;

Implemented process and resources management;

Ensured trust and mutually beneficial relationships with stakeholders.

Figure 2 shows an exemplary production system model to achieve SS and

essential information flows to setting targets and processes and resources

management. [4, 20, 21, 22, 23]


7. Scientific-applied results

1) A database and legal - economic framework for the optimal functioning of

integrated systems for SD and EP in production enterprises are created;

2) A methodology for modeling of integrated systems for SD and EP in

industrial enterprises is developed;

3) An algorithm and a program for synthesis and optimization of structural

schemes of integrated systems for SD and environmental quality management are

developed in terms of industrial enterprises;

4) Types structural schemes of two or more levels of integrated systems for

environmental quality management and SD are developed;

5) A SWOT analysis of the types structural schemes of integrated systems for

environmental quality management and SD is prepared.

6) This paper builds upon IMS models of manufacturing plants with the

application possibilities of ISO 9004:2009 in their management for achieving SS

by applying SD principles;

7) The modeling methodology can evolve and adapt to the characteristics and

strategies for development, for all industry sectors and sub of modern industrial

production. The model of Fig. № 2 can be specified for each production company

/ organization for the purpose of managing its SS by SD principles.

8. Users of results

Production enterprises (small, medium and large) in drafting their strategies

and action plans on EP, protection of work environment and sustainable economic

development and competitiveness;

Small, medium and large municipalities and mayoralties with industrial

areas in drafting their strategies and action plans for sustainable regional

development and EP;

Different social communities and NGOs with activity subject similar to the

studied problems;

In all educational forms of employees of production enterprises, civil

society, NGOs, municipalities, middle and high schools and universities.

9. Findings and conclusions

1) A variety of international standards for MS is created. They aim continuous

improvement. By them can be achieved certification;

2) The standards have a similar pattern of performance and they can be integrated

into a common management system;

3) The integration of MS is a very good mechanism to prevent adverse effects on

all aspects of SD;

4) The implementation of IMS, instead of two or three or more separate systems

running on same model and with largely overlapping input is much more cost-

effective for any organization;


5) Deploying of these MS brings a variety of benefits and advantages for any

organization;

Fig. 2. Production system (organization) model for achieving sustainable success by IMS

sustainable development


6) In terms of SD and environmental protection most effectively is not just the

introduction of IMS in an enterprise, but its coordinated management between

any one entity and its environment, in which there may be another organization,

again having an impact and accordingly implemented IMS for SD and

environmental protection;

7) Created database base and legal framework are harmonized with Bulgarian and

international law in building IMS of production plants;

8) They are suitable for setting up a computer managing system for SD and

environmental protection in terms of manufacturing enterprises IMS;

9) International standards groups, which are used, cover all components of SD of

production systems and environmental protection and working environment

protection and provide a good prerequisite for synthesis of appropriate IMS

structural schemes.

References

[1]. Weiß, P., Bentlage, J. Environmental Management Systems and

Certification. The Baltic University Press, BeraCon

Unternehmensentwicklung, Cologne, Germany, ISBN 91-975526-3-1, 2006

[2]. CONSEJO - Consultant on development and implementation of

management systems ISO. Briefing Notes for ISO standarts. © 2015

Consejo.bg., last review on August 26, 2015 by http://www.consejo.bg

[3]. Krachunov, Hr. Sustainable development of production systems. Kolor

Print, Varna, ISBN 978-954-760-222-9, 2010.

[4]. ISO. ISO 9004:2009 – Managing for the sustained success of an organization

– A quality management approach (IDT). © ISO, 2010.

[5]. TÜV NORD Bulgaria Ltd. ISO 9001 certification. Last review on August

26, 2015 by http://www.tuv-nord.com/bg/bg/system-certification/iso-9001-

536.htm

[6]. TÜV NORD Bulgaria Ltd. ISO 14001 certification. Last review on August

26, 2015 by http://www.tuv-nord.com/bg/bg/system-certification/iso-

14001-540.htm

[7]. Dogy Ltd. BS OHSAS 18001. Last review on August 26, 2015 by

http://www.gbotev.com/main/pages/System/systems_18001.htm

[8]. TÜV NORD Bulgaria Ltd. OHSAS 18001:2007 /OCCUPATIONAL

HEALTH AND SAFETY MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS/. Last review on

August 26, 2015 by http://www.tuv-nord.com/bg/bg/system-

certification/ohsas-18001-544.htm

[9]. ISO. ISO 45001 - Briefing Notes. © ISO, 2015

[10]. TÜV NORD Bulgaria Ltd. Certificates SA 8000/BSCI, SA 8000:1997 -

Requirements for Corporate Social Responsibility. Last review on August

26, 2015 by http://www.tuv-nord.com/bg/bg/system-certification/sa-8000-

bsci-568.htm


http://www.consejo.bg/

http://www.tuv-nord.com/bg/bg/system-certification/iso-9001-536.htm





http://www.tuv-nord.com/bg/bg/system-certification/ohsas-18001-544.htm

http://www.tuv-nord.com/bg/bg/system-certification/ohsas-18001-544.htm

http://www.tuv-nord.com/bg/bg/system-certification/sa-8000-bsci-568.htm

http://www.tuv-nord.com/bg/bg/system-certification/sa-8000-bsci-568.htm

[11]. ISO 26000. 2015, September 12. In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Last

review on August 26, 2015 by https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_26000

[12]. ISO. ISO 31000:2009 Risk management – Principles and guidelines. © ISO,

2009

[13]. Bulgarian Institute for Standardization (BIS). BSS EN ISO 50001:2011 -

Energy management systems. Requirements with guidance for use. 2011

[14]. TÜV NORD Bulgaria Ltd. Certificates ISO 22000/HACCP. Last review on

August 26, 2015 by http://www.tuv-nord.com/bg/bg/system-

certification/iso-22000-haccp-548.htm

[15]. Dogy Ltd. IFS – International Standard for Food Safety. Last review on

August 26, 2015 by

http://www.gbotev.com/main/pages/System/SUBH/systems_IFS.htm

[16]. Dogy Ltd. BRC* /BRC Global Standard/. Last review on August 26, 2015

by http://www.gbotev.com/main/pages/System/SUBH/systems_BRC.htm

[17]. TÜV NORD Bulgaria Ltd. Certificates ISO 27001. Last review on August

26, 2015 by http://www.tuv-nord.com/bg/bg/system-certification/iso-

27001-552.htm

[18]. Dogy Ltd. ISO 28000:2007 - Specification of security management systems

of the supply chain. Last review on August 26, 2015 by


[19]. Kindzhakova, E., Krachunov, Hr. Development and analysis of typical

structural patterns of integrated systems for environment quality

management and sustainable development. International journal

„Sustainable development“, ISSN 1314-4138, 2016.

[20]. Kindzhakova, E., Krachunov, Hr. Information base and legal framework for

optimal functioning of integrated systems for sustainable development and

environmental protection in manufacturing plants. UNITECH’16 – Gabrovo,

2016.

[21]. Bulgarian Institute for Standardization (BIS). BSS EN ISO 9001:2015 -

Quality Management Systems - Requirements. 2015.

[22]. ISO. ISO 14001:2015 - Systems for environmental management -

Requirements with guidance for use. © ISO, 2015.

[23]. The OHSAS Project Group. OHSAS 18001:2007 - Occupational health and

safety management systems – Requirements. © OHSAS Project Group,

ISBN 978 0 580 50802 8, 2007.


https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_26000

http://www.tuv-nord.com/bg/bg/system-certification/iso-22000-haccp-548.htm

http://www.tuv-nord.com/bg/bg/system-certification/iso-22000-haccp-548.htm

http://www.gbotev.com/main/pages/System/SUBH/systems_IFS.htm

http://www.gbotev.com/main/pages/System/SUBH/systems_BRC.htm








ISSN 1314-6289

CARCINOMA HEPATIS AND BLOOD GROUP AFFILIATION

Velislav Todorov, Volodia Georgiev*, Maria Boycheva**, Cvetan Minkov, Rada Georgieva, Milen Boichev**,

SOFIA UNIVERSITY, FACULTY OF BIOLOGY, DEPARTMENT OF ZOOLOGY AND

ANTHROPOLOGY, *DEPARTMENT OF GENETICS, 8 DRAGAN TZANKOV STR.,

SOFIA, BULGARIA

**KONSTANTIN PRESLAVSKY UNIVERSITY OF SHUMEN, FACULTY OF NATURAL

SCIENCE, DEPARTMENT OF BIOLOGY,115 UNIVERSITETSKA STR, SHUMEN,

BULGARIA

ABSTRACT: The article discusses the results of a study of 94 patients (72 male and 22

female) suffering from Ca hepatis. The connection between the condition and the blood group

affiliation according to the ABO systems and the Rhesus factor is traced. A comparison with

the control group of healthy Bulgarian population reveals a significant increase (р<0,01) in

the number of patients with blood type A, and a smaller increase in AB blood type. A decrease

in the number of patients is seen in the other groups, especially group 0 (р<0,01). The studies

show that male patients predominate (3,23 times more than the female)), which supports the

findings of previous documented research. In the Rh system the values are almost equal to

those of the control group. We assume that belonging to blood type A might be one of the risk

factors in the development of Ca hepatis.

KEY WORDS: blood type systems ABO and Rhesus factor, Ca hepatis

Among the causes for an onset of a disease are not only the environmental

factors and the way of life, but also the hereditary features of the organism. In

order to get a better understanding of the impact of these factors a study was

undertaken of the relation between blood type and the appearance of Ca hepatis

in patients. On the basis of previously researched socially-significant diseases it

was assumed that patients' blood type affiliation to AB0 system can turn out to

be, probably indirectly, one of the risk factors for the outbreak and development

of the disease. The conducted studies confirmed a higher disease incidence in

patients with blood type A as compared with the control group of healthy

people.


Aim of the study:

To find out if the patients' blood type affiliation to AB0 system and Rhesus

factor is linked to the appearance and development of Ca hepatis.

Material and methods:

The study was performed on 94 patients suffering from Ca hepatis (72 male

and 22 female). The patients' blood group and Rhesus factor were identified and

the results were compared with the data obtained from a control group of

healthy representatives of the Bulgarian population [1]. The patients were

diagnosed and treated in the oncology ward of the Fifth City Hospital in Sofia.

The comparison was made by means of χ2 criterion.

Results and discussion:

The data of the study are presented in table 1 and figure 1 and 2.

Table 1. Frequency of the blood types from systems AB0 and Rhesus factor in

patients with Ca hepatis and the control group (%)

Blood types O A B AB Rh+ Rh-

Patients with Ca hepatis

n 94

n 9 65 12 8 80 14

% 9,57 69,15 12,76 8,52 85,11 14,89

Control group

n 1080

n 342 472 184 82 916 164

% 31,67 43,70 17,04 7,59 84,81 15,19

AB0 system

The results of the study of patients' blood type show the following

distribution of blood types in terms of their frequency of occurrence: blood type

0 - 9,57%, blood type A - 69,15%, blood type B - 12,76%, and blood type AB -

8,52%. The figures for the control group are: blood type 0 - 31,67%, type А -

43,70%, type В - 17,04%, and type АВ - 7,59%. Data comparison reveals

distinctive and significant increase (р<0,01) in the figures for type A (by 25,45%

to 69,15%), and a small increase in the figures for type AB (by 0,93%). In the

other blood types there is a significant (р<0,01) decrease in type 0 (by 22,10% to

9,57%), and less significant decrease in type B (by 4,28%) – table1 and figure 1.


Figure 1. Frequency of the blood types from system AB0 in patients with Ca

hepatis and the control group (%)

Rhesus factor system

This system does not display any significant differences between the

figures for the control group of healthy people (Rh+ - 84,81%) and (Rh– -

15,19%), and the patients with Ca hepatis - (Rh+ - 85,11%) and (Rh– - 14,89%).

The difference in Rh+ and Rh– is 0,30% (р>0,1) – table 1 and figure 2.

Figure 2. Frequency of the blood types from system Rhesus factor in patients

with Ca hepatis and the control group (%)

Ca hepatis is the 8th most frequently occurring malignant disease in the

world. It is characterised by high malignancy and poor prognosis. Every year

this carcinoma causes the death of 662 000 [2] to 1 million people [3]. About

half of the lethal cases are registered in China [2]. Research shows that the

figures for this carcinoma for Bulgaria are 3,9/100000 – 0,9% of all malignant

diseases [4].

9,57

69,15

12,768,52

31,67

43,7

17,04

7,59

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Blood type 0 Blood type A Blood type B Blood type AB

%

Patientswith Cahepatis

Controlgroup

85,11

14,89

84,81

15,19

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

Rh+ Rh-

%

Patients with Cahepatis

Control group


Significant differences in the disease distribution have been registered in

different regions of the world. In the USA the number of affected people varies

in different states from 1 to 4/100000, whereas in Africa and South-East Asia

the number is 150/100000 respectively. In the above-mentioned continents this

carcinoma is responsible for 50 % of all disease cases [3]. It is the most

frequently occurring cancer in Subsaharan Africa and South-East Asia [5]. In

Europe and the USA the disease is in the increase too [3]. Whereas in Europe

and the USA the onset of the disease is between the fifth and the sixth decade of

life, in Asia and Subsaharah Africa - it is between the puberty and the third or

fourth decade of life [5, 3].

There is a significant gender difference in the disease distribution. It is

more frequent is man than in women [5]. According to [3], the ratio is 76,59%

for men 23,41% for women. Dimitrov et al [4] registered 11,3/100000 or 2,5%

cases of the disease in men and 5,4/100000 or 0,9% in women. According to [3],

the main reasons for the outbreak of the disease are:

1. Liver cirrhosis - in 60-90% of cases;

2. Chronic alcohol abuse;

3. Chronic infection with the viruses of Hepatitis B and C;

4. Contact with exogenous toxic substances - arsenic and pesticides;

5. Prolonged use of contraceptives;

6. Specific carcinogenic substances - aflatoxin, nitrosamine.

Some authors add non-alcoholic steatohepatitis [6], type 2 diabetes [7] and

hemophilia [8] to the above list of causes. In some cases the disease can also be

caused by tumor metastases in adjacent organs [9].

It is thought that the aflatoxin enters human organism with some foods

such as peanuts and corn infected with Aspergilus flavus [6].

Alter [10] points out that the people infected with hepatitis C amount to

25% of all people infected with Са hepatis.

The microscopic analysis of the disease reveals three different forms:

1. Multi-cellular-nodular - in 65% of the cases with a lot of tumor nodules.

2. A massive single tumor - in 30% of the cases;

3. Diffuse-infiltrative - in 5% of the cases.

This carcinoma gives metastases in the regional lymph nodes, bones, liver

veins and the peritoneum [3]. The life span after diagnosing the disease is very

limited. In China it is 5,9 months, while in Subsaharan Africa it is only 3 months

[9].

In microscopic terms, the disease can be high in tumors, weakly

differentiated and anaplastic [3].

The treatment of the carcinoma is operative - through liver resection and

transplantation. Chemotherapy and radiotherapy do not have a significant effect.

For all studied types of carcinoma there is a significantly higher frequency

in patients with blood type A as compared with the control group [Todorov,


1998-1999] [1]. These are Са uteri - р<0,01, Са ovarii - р<0,01, Са glandulae

mammae - р<0,01, Са glandulae prostatae - р<0,01 [11], Са pancreatis - р<0,01

[12], Са penis и Са testis - р<0,001 [13]. In Са ventriculi and Са coloni there is

an increase in the number of patients with blood type A, although without

significant differences [11]. In some carcinoma types there is an increase in the

number of infected people with blood type 0 in comparison with the control

group: Са vulvae - р<0,05, [14], Melanoma maligna - р<0,05 [15] and Са renis -

р<0,00 [16].

In an earlier work of Timčeva et al [17] we have traced the link between

Cirosis hepatis and Hepatis hronica (two of the risk factors for Ca hepatis) and

the blood type affiliation of patients. It was found that they are more common in

men (cirrhosis – 72,22% which is 2,78 times more often) and hepatitis –

61,78%, i.e. 1,68 times more often than in women. There are also significant

differences from the control group - р<0,05. A slight increase was detected in

patients with AB blood type suffering from Hepatis hronica, which is also

present in Ca hepatis.

All healthy people are exposed in one way or another to most of the risk

factors which trigger Ca hepatis. However, only a small number of them fall

victim to this carcinoma. This fact makes us assume that there must be a certain

predisposition for the onset of the disease. One such risk factor can be patients'

belonging to blood type A and, with a smaller probability - belonging to blood

type AB.

Conclusions:

1. There is a significant increase in the number of patients with blood type

А (р<0,01) suffering from Ca hepatis, in comparison with the control group of

healthy people.

2. It is assumed that having blood type A is one of the risk factors for Ca

hepatis, which also creates a predisposition for developing the disease as a result

of other risk factors.

References:

[1]. Todorov, V. Promene antropolośkih karakteristika u toku starenija,

Disertacija doktora nauka, Beograd, 1998-1999, 72-77.

[2]. Cancer – February 2006 – World Health Organization, Retrieved 2007-05-

24.

[3]. Hadzhiminev, V. Liver carcinoma. 2016. Ars Medica, Medical Faculty,

Varna.

[4]. Dimitrova, N., M. Vukov, M. Valeriev. Cancer morbidity in Bulgaria.

National Hospital of Oncology, 2013, vol. ХХII, 60.

[5]. Kumar, V., N. Fausto, A. Abbas (editors). Robbins&Cotran Pathologic

Basis of Disease (9th edition), Saunders, 2003, 914-917.


[6]. Waite, D. L., F. Kanwal, H. B. El-Serag. Association between nonalcoholic

fatty liver disease and risk for hepatocelular cancer, based on systematic

review, Clinical gastroenterology and hepatology, 2012, 10 (12), 1342-59.

[7]. El-Sarag., B. Hashem, H. Hampel, F. Javadi – 20 Feb 2006 – The

association between diabetes and hepatocellular carcinoma: a systematic

review of epidemiological evidence “Clinical Gastroenterology and

Hepatology 4(3):369-380.doi 10.1016/j.cgh 2005.12.007.PMID 16527702.

Retrieved 2011-02-12. Diabetes is associated with an increased risk for

HCC. Hoverer, more research is required to examine issues related to the

duration and treatment of diabetes, and conforming by diet and Obesity.

[8]. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com /doi/10.1002/ajh.23947/ abstract

[9]. Kumar, V., N. Fausto, A. Abbas (editors). Robbins&Cotran Pathologic

Basis of Disease (9th edition), Saunders, 2015, 870-875.

[10]. Alter, M. J. Epidemiology of hepatitis C virus infection, WJG, 2007,

13(17), 2436-2441.

[11]. Maksimova, S., V. Todorov, A. Timčeva. Sistemi krvnih grupa AB0 I

Rezus factor kod nekih obolenja od socialnog značaja, Glasnik

antropolškog društva Jugoslvije, 1997, 33, 119-124.

[12]. Todorov, V., S. Maksimova. Povezanost izmejdu krvnih grupa AB0 I

Rezus factor I pojave carcinoma pankreasa, Glasnik antropološkog društva

Srbije, 2010, 45, 187-190.

[13]. Maksimova, S., V. Todorov, K. Yanev, P. Panchev. Neoplasms and blood-

type affiliation to AB0 and Rhesus factor systems. Andrology, 2009, 4, 9-

11.

[14]. Todorov, V., S. Maksimova. Krvnogrupni system AB0 i Rezus factor kod

pacijentkinja sa karcinomom vulvae, Glasnik antropološkog društva Srbije,

2011, 46, 179-181.

[15]. Todorov, V., M. Boichev, Tz. Minkov, V. Georgiev, N. Paraskova, M.

Boycheva. Bloodgroup affiliation in Melanoma maligna patients, Journal

scientific and applied research, 2015, 8, 41-46.

[16]. Todorov, V., S. Maksimova, V. Hristova. Karcinom mokračne besike i

krvne grupe, Glasnik antropološkog društva Srbije, 2008, 43, 72-74.

[17]. Timčeva, A., S. Maksimova, V. Todorov. Raspodela krvnih grupa AB0 i

Resus factor kod pacijenata sa cirzom jatre i hroničnim hepatitom, Glasnik

antropolškog društva Jugoslvije, 1988-1989, 34, 203-207.

The present study is conducted with the financial help of Project № РД-08-

125/06.02.2017, fund “Scientific studies” of Konstantin Preslavsky University of

Shumen.


http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/


Journal scientific and applied research, vol. 11, 2017 Association Scientific and Applied Research


ISSN 1314-6289

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