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Table of Contents
1.0Introduction 21.1 Climate Change Adaptation Project for Namdrik Atoll 2
1.2 Project Site - Mapping 3
1.3 Climate of the Island 4
1.4 Basic Socio-demographic Information 4
2.0 Methodology 5
3.0 Governance and Socio-economic Resources 6
3.1 Demography 6
3.2 Governance and Social system 7
3.3 Human Resources 7
3.4 Resource and Economy 8
3.5 Development Plans 8
4.0 Disaster Risk Management 10
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and a number of small coral heads and reefs within the lagoon itself. The islands ecosystem is
fragile and rich in biodiversity.
1.3 Climate of the island
A tropical maritime climate predominates in the Marshall Islands and temperatures are generally
warm and humid. The average temperature is 81-82 degrees Fahrenheit. The variation of the
temperature is around two degrees on average on a monthly basis.
Rainfall averages vary from the north to the south, with 750 to 1000mm of precipitation in the
drier northern atolls and over 4000mm on Jaluit Atoll. In the northern atolls, the heaviest rainfall
is between September and November. However, in the southern atolls rainfall is common
throughout the year and highest from April to October. Namdrik Atoll is located in the south and
is therefore rainier than the atolls in the north.
The atolls and islands of the Marshall Islands are located on the northeast trade wind belt. The
trade winds are strongest during months from December to April and in the southern atolls winds
f h l d l di i d i h i d f h (C f d
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The Namdrik community is made up of one main village with a few settlements throughout the
island. Some villagers have returned to settle on their own piece of land while majority of the
population still remains on the south western side of the island. The island of Madmad is
uninhabited. The island is used for making copra, fishing on a nearby reef and for pig farming.
All people living on Namdrik are Christians. There are three main churches present: Protestant,
Catholic and the Assemblies of God Church. There are also a few other smaller churches. There
is a primary school on the island with a school population of 185 and offers school for students
from kindergarten to 8th
grade. For secondary school, students either move to Majuro atoll or
Jaluit Atoll to one of the countryssix public schools or to a private school. For post-secondary
education, students go to Majuro to attend the College of the Marshall Islands, the University of
the South Pacific or leave the country to complete their degrees.
2.0 Methodology
The Vulnerability and Adaptation
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experts and local communities are all involved in the decision making process. To ensure that the
PACE-SD V&A was in line with the goals of the community, the team also engaged the
Marshallese Reimaanlok Conservation Planning Process which was developed locally by
stakeholders, NGOs and local agencies to develop principles, process and guidelines for the
design, establishment and management of conservation areas that are fully owned, led and
endorsed by local communities based on their needs, values and cultural heritage." (Reimaanlok
Field Guide, 2012).
The PACE-SD V&A Tool assessment approach covers various sectors including Governance
and Social Structure, Disaster Risk Management, Water resource and Security, Health and
Sanitation, Energy Resources and Communication Information Technology and Food Resources
and Security.As part of the assessment, relevant issues faced by the community are discussedduring the focus group workshops and problem and solution exercises where community
members list key problems, root causes and potential solutions for their specific group
sectors/resource areas.
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The group estimated that there are over 130 children under age 12, approximately 60 individualsbetween ages 13 and 19, and over 100 adults age 20 and above.
Climate Change Knowledge and Attitudes Survey
A total of 122 interviews were conducted with 63 males and 59 females. The majority of the
people interviewed were between 20 and 39 years of age. The majority of respondents had
finished elementary school and many had a secondary school education. The level of climate
change knowledge within the Namdrik community is limited with 12% of respondents having no
knowledge of climate change and a plurality of respondents expressing a little knowledge.
Roughly 89% of respondents think that climate change is human induced and not naturally
occurring. Their level of concern regarding climate change and its potential impacts was
moderate on average while many respondents expressed great concern on the subject.
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Management Advisory Council (CMAC) National Project Team (MIMRA2, EPA
3, MICS
4,
CMI5
) and others. The Namdrik Atoll Local Government has a mandate to manage and protect
marine resources within its 5 mile jurisdiction (MIMRA Act, 1997). The Iroij, Iroij-drik ro,
Alaps and dri-jerbal (traditional leadership) play important role in advising the NALG on issues
related to economic and social development and the well-beings of the community residents. The
Mayor of Namdrik also works to improve the standard of living of the Namdrik community.
With strong commitments from its Senator and other leaders, Namdrik Atoll has been proactive
in seeking to effectively manage its marine and terrestrial resources and implement measures to
adapt to the impending effects of climate change.
The community-based Resources Management Plan, Namdrik Pearl Farm Project, and copra
selling are aspects of the community development plan that are being implemented by the local
government and the community of Namdrik. As part of the management plan, community
members from Namdrik atoll attend a summer management training course each year called the
Community-based Resources Management trainings on Majuro Atoll which include participants
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from the Namdrik Local Resource Committee.
Namdrik has already committed, through its Resource Management Plan the entire atoll as
wetland under the RAMSAR site program, including the lagoon and ocean reef flat for a total
area of 21,996,937 sqm (5.435 acres) and the pearl lines that were identified total 1,159,305 sqm
(286.5 acres) as marine protected areas. Becoming an official RAMSAR site in 2012 reflects
their continued commitment to increasing resilience through awareness and legal protection of its
terrestrial and marine environment. Moreover, the community has re-established their pearl farm,
received funding to start producing coconut oil for sale, undertaken shoreline rehabilitation,
rainwater harvesting, solar power provision and food security and this year will become the first
atoll to participate in the national coconut replanting project. Engaging the Reimaanlok process
towards adopting the Resource Management Plan, Namdrik atoll is in the final stages of signing
off on this key step in order to continue to actively engage in the outputs of the plan including
ordinances, monitoring and community awareness.
In addition, other groups including WUTMI6, the Jaki-Ed (University of the South Pacific
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4.0Disaster Risk Management (Climate-induced disasters)
The most recent serious flooding occurred in February 2011 during seasonal king tides and
destroyed many crops (especially banana and taro). This flooding also led to elevated salinity of
groundwater from the freshwater lens and there is evidence of ongoing erosion in some areas
with coconut palms close to shore being fully undercut (seeField Observation and Snapshots).
In times of impending extreme weather events, the community is warned by Majuro &
Kwajalein Weather Stations via HF radio systems. Namdrik elementary school like most outer
islands schools that were built using compact funds are designed to withstand extreme weather
conditions including typhoons.
Some traditional knowledge-based practices are still being used by the locals to mitigate climate-
induced disasters including mar-e-lik,planting coastal vegetation that can survive in very
sunny, windy and salty conditions near the seashore. This includes species such as kat
(Scaevola taccada Vahl)andkiden(Tournefortia argentea L. f.).
5.0 Water resource and security
http://www.hawaii.edu/cpis/MI/plants/Konnat.htmlhttp://www.hawaii.edu/cpis/MI/plants/Konnat.htmlhttp://www.hawaii.edu/cpis/MI/plants/Konnat.htmlhttp://www.hawaii.edu/cpis/MI/plants/Konnat.htmlhttp://www.hawaii.edu/cpis/MI/plants/Konnat.htmlhttp://www.hawaii.edu/cpis/MI/plants/Konnat.htmlhttp://www.hawaii.edu/cpis/MI/plants/kiden.htmlhttp://www.hawaii.edu/cpis/MI/plants/kiden.htmlhttp://www.hawaii.edu/cpis/MI/plants/kiden.htmlhttp://www.hawaii.edu/cpis/MI/plants/kiden.htmlhttp://www.hawaii.edu/cpis/MI/plants/kiden.htmlhttp://www.hawaii.edu/cpis/MI/plants/kiden.htmlhttp://www.hawaii.edu/cpis/MI/plants/kiden.htmlhttp://www.hawaii.edu/cpis/MI/plants/Konnat.htmlhttp://www.hawaii.edu/cpis/MI/plants/Konnat.html8/12/2019 Vulnerability Assessment USP 2013
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the north, drought is not as serious an issue for the southern atolls like Namdrik. The people of
Namdrik have seen a lot of changes to their environment when comparing it to previous years.
For drinking water on the island the community uses rainwater collected in the water catchments
(tanks) and well water for washing and bathing. To collect water from the well, they use
generator pumps, hand pumps and buckets tied with ropes. Each household has their own water
tank distributed by the Marshall Islands government (with funding from the Republic of China)
with a storage capacity of 1,500 gallons. There is no community tank but they have two tanks at
their community centre. All family members access and manage water resources as it one of the
main priorities in the village.
Table 1.0 Sample taken at random in eight household within the Namdrik community.
Sample No: Location Date/Time 6 hours 12 hours 18 hours 24 hours
S1 N 0535.957E 16806.275
05:12:12/9.12aml No change Turn black
in colour
Black Black
S2N 0536.578
E 16806.105
05:12:12/10.08am No change No change No change Turn black
in colour
S3 N 0536.344E 16806.138
05:12:12/10.57am No change Turn black
in colour
Black Black
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Figure 2.0 Result of the Hydrogen Sulphide (H2S) water testing.
6.0 Health and Sanitation
Namdrik community has one Health Center located at the center of the most populated area on
the island. There is only one medical assistant who is serving the community. The range of
services the health centre provides on island includes a diabetic clinic, a hypertension clinic,
pregnancy management, dental check-up and outpatient treatment for numerous other sicknesses.
According to the medical assistant, the Namdrik community has cases of water borne disease
like diarrhea, skin disease and eye disease. The incidence of diarrhea is 10 patients per month,
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organic waste. For inorganic waste the regular practice is to dig holes and bury the waste. The
local government and women's groups have regular cleanup and crop planting projects. The community
also depends on traditional knowledge-based practices which include using herbal medicine (uno
in majol) to treat sickness.
Types of Toilet
Flush Toilet Water seal Toilet No Toilet
22 44 51
Figure 3.0 Graph of the types of toilets that are available in the Namdrik community.
7 0 Energy Resource and Information Communication Technology
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and 16 are without a solar system. The communication technology available in the village
includes several radios and there is one telephone and internet available on one computer. For
extreme weather warnings, the National Communication Authority in Majuro informs the
community.
Solar System
Households with solar
system
Households without solar
system
106 16
8.0 Food Resources and Security
For most families imported food (especially rice, flour, sugar, and canned meat and fish)
provides the primary source of sustenance, but locally grown and harvested foods are important
in supplementing this diet and providing a backup when money is scarce or imported food is
unavailable.
Locally caught seafood provides an important source of protein for many families, with the
f i i i f d d i i l k Fi fi h k
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and shells), and occasionally for building material. Other plants are also important for cooking
fuel, and breadfruit trees are used for building canoes. Most houses are built from imported
materials. The major issues reported by focus group participants included damage to coconuts
and taro by rats, damage to a variety of food crops by pigs, and problems with invasive species
and a disease affecting breadfruit trees.
Marine resources are used mainly for food. Namdrik has a total of over 30 outrigger canoes and
two boats with outboard motors. The frequency of fishing varies by family and time of year, but
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Reference:
1. Limalevu, L and McNamara, K.E (2012) PACE-SD Guidebook: Participatory Assessment of
Vulnerability and Adaptation. Pacific Centre for Environment and Sustainable Development,
University of the South Pacific, Suva, Fiji.
Appendix 1.1
Natural Resources (Terrestrial, Marine and Freshwater)
Sectors/Resource
Areas
Issues/Problems Causes Solutions
A. Governance and Socio
Economic
Resources
- Transparency- Accountability- Lack of good
governance
- Lack ofcooperation
- Lack ofdistribution of
information
- Audit is needed- Fair distribution of
power/roles
- Local governmentand community should
work together
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- Not enoughwater tank- Well
contamination
- Not enough tinroofing structures
- Not clean- Water run-off- Human/animal
waste
- Well has no lid
clean
- Need to have cover- Put fence aroundthe well
D. HealthandSanitation
- Diarrhea- Eye disease
- Watercontamination
- Uncleanenvironment
-
- Treat water
E. Food Security 1. Not enough fish
2. Coral dying
3. Fewer turtles
4. Fewer giant clams
5. Bananas not fruiting
1. Overfishing,rising water
temperatures, pollution
2. Pollution,temperature, low tides,crown of thorns
3. Overfishing,eating before they can
reproduce, climate
change
4.
Overharvesting,low tides, coral dying
5. Unhealthy soil,
1. Fish less, createMPAs, reduce
trash/pollution
2. Reducetrash/pollution, removecrown of thorns
3. Harvest less anddont harvest small turtles
4. Create MPAs,reduces trash/pollution
5.
Fertilize, fencepigs/bananas, clean up
6. Replant
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2. Invasive plant killing
other plants
3. Not many kimeme(treeused for firewood) left
4. Less lo(plant used forhandicrafts)
2. Seeds/plantsbrought in from outside
3. Too muchcutting
4. Cutting downtoo much
them
3. Reduce harvest,replant
4. Reduce harvest,replant
Appendix 1.2
Identifying and Prioritizing Adaptation Options
Sectors/Resource Areas Adaptations options(Solutions)
Priorities
A. Governance andSocio Economic
Resources
- Audit is a need forthe local government
- Need co-operationbetween local
government andcommunity
- Fair distribution ofauthority
Priority (1)
- Co-operationbetween local
government and
community (10)
B. Livelihood Sectors
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iii.Energy Resourcesand
Information
Technology
iv.Food Resourcesand Security
- Test water- Treat water withchlorine- Each household
should have a restroom
- Need to renew solarpower system
- Need light bulbs- Need a waste
management plan
- Need moretelephone
- Stop usingdestructive fishing
methods
- Establish MarineProtected Areas
- Do not litter- Clean marine
environment
-
Eradicate invasivespecies
- Limit the numberof fish per catch/size
chlorine (3)
- Each householdshould have a restroom (7)
Priority (1c)
- Need to renew solarpower system (11)
- Need moretelephone (6)
Priority (1d)
- Stop usingdestructive fishingmethods (8)
- Re-planting ofpandanus and coconuttrees (1)
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- Re-planting ofbreadfruit tree in the
middle the island
C. Disaster RiskManagement
- Establish DisasterManagement
Committee
Priority (2)- Establish Disaster
ManagementCommittee (4)
D. Natural Resources - Clear weeds andother plants growing
with pandanus tree
- Teach the womanon how to properly
collect pandanus
leaves
Priority (3)
- Kill and burninvasive plants (5)
- Need pig fence (12)
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Image 1 was taken on
March 30, 2010.
Reflection from the
objects was good due
to the cleared sky.
Erosion taking place.
Location:
1686'16.64"E
535'57.13"N
Time:11:27AM
Tide Height:0.5-0.7
metre
Tide gauge zero is
2.6535 metres below
MAR2.
Image 2 was taken on
December 6, 2012
during a cloudy day,
therefore reflection
from the objects waspoor. Accumulation of
sand in the same area.
Image 1
Image 2
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Image 1was taken on
March 30, 2010. Reflectionfrom the objects was high
due to the cleared sky.
Location:1687'32.278"E
537'53.351"N
Time:10:39AM
Tide Height:0.5-0.7 metre
Tide gauge zero is 2.6535
metres below MAR2.
Image 2was taken onDecember 5, 2012during a
cloudy day, therefore
reflection from the object
was poor. Notice the red
arrows on both images and
distance that has taken
place from Feb. 2010
Dec.2012.
Location: 1687'32.278"E
Image 1
Image 2
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