W142

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IntegratedPestManagement(IPM)canbedefinedasasustainableapproachtomanagingpeststhatcombinesbiological,culturalandchemicaltoolsinawaythatminimizeseconomic,healthandenvironmentalrisks(AdkinsandSidebottom2000).ThegoalofIPMinthenurseryisnottoeradicateeverypest,butrathertomanageseriouspeststoalevelthatreducesdamageandalsoreducesthecostofpestcontrol.Everyinsect,diseaseandweedpestisnotathreattoplanthealth,plantsaleorachievingapremiumprice.Weighingthecostofthedamageandthecostofcontrolmeasuresforeachpest,aswellastheeffectivenessofthecontroloptionandthetimeofapplication,isacomponentofIPM(EPA). ThemaincomponentsofanurseryIPMprogramincludeprevention,mapping,scouting,recordkeeping,pestidentification,action/economicthresholds,selectingtheappropriatecontrolandevaluatingthecontrolmeasure.Oncecontrolisdeemednecessary,cultural,biologicalandmechanicaltechniquesaswellconventionalpesticidesareoptions.Theleasttoxicpesticidesareconsideredbeforeresortingtomoretoxicalternatives. Scoutingforpests(diseases,insectsandweeds)isamajorcomponentofIPM(Figure1).Byscouting,growersdetectinsectsandmiteswhilethepopulationissmallandwhendiseaseandweedincidenceislowandlocalized.Also,scoutingcanrevealpestswhentheyarelessmature,andthusmorelikelytobeeasilycontrolledwithnon-chemicaloptions,fewerapplicationsand/orlesstoxicproducts.Similarly,monitoringwithtrapscanhelpdeterminenotonlywhenapopulationbecomesactive,butalsoassessthesizeofthepopulation,whichhelpsgaugethe“pressure”relativetoanticipatedinjurycausedbythatpest.Monitoringandscoutinginthedormantseasoncanbeusedtoassesstheeffectivenessofthepreviousseason’scontrolmeasuresandtoanticipatethepestpressureforthecurrentseason.Scoutingandmonitoringfollowinguseofcontrolmeasurescanalsoaidinevaluatingproducteffectiveness.

Ratherthanrelyingonregularlyscheduledpesticideapplications,IPMreliesonknowledgetodeterminewhenandiftospray.Scoutingandmonitoringtraps,properpestidentification,understandingpestlifecyclesandmultiplepestinteractions,aswellasemployingeconomicthresholds,areexamplesofthecriticalrolethatknowledgeplaysinIPM.GrowersadoptingIPMwillneedtoinvestsometimelearningaboutthedifferentpestsandrelatedinformation,buttherewardcanbeincreasedquality,adecreaseinnumberofcullplantsandlesstimerequiredtospray,becausemoretargetedandlessfrequentpesticideapplicationsarepossible. NurserygrowersindicatethattheyuseIPMpracticesbutsomecomponentstoIPMarenotwidelyadoptedbecausedemonstratedsuccessisneeded,IPMtakestoomuchtimetoimplementandnursery-specificIPMinformationisnotreadilyavailable(Hooveretal.2004andLeBudeetal.2012).ApplicationofIPMtonurserycropsislimited,becausevalidated,standardizedprotocolsandcorrespondingactionthresholdshavenotbeenpublished(Adkinsetal.2010,LeBudeetal.2012).

Figure 1. Scout for overwintering maple mites at the branch collar.

Amy Fulcher, Assistant Professor for Sustainable Ornamental Plant Production and Landscape Management, Department of Plant Sciences

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Inspiteoftheseperceptionsandconstraints,thereareestablishedeconomicandenvironmentalbenefitsfromscoutingnurserycrops(Briggsetal.2002,Fulcher2012,andStewartetal.2004).Byfollowingtheprotocolsformajorpestsofdeciduousornamentaltreesoutlinedinthispublication,fieldproducerssaved,onaverage,$9,179.17($30.39/acre)pernurseryperseason.TheobjectiveofthispublicationistoremovebarrierstoIPMadoptionbyfamiliarizingnurserygrowerswithspecifictime-efficientscoutingprotocolsthathavebeeneffectivelyusedinnurseries. Thefollowingprotocolsandproceduresaredesignedforselectinsect,miteandplantdiseasepestsofdeciduoustreesandweredevelopedandtestedoverafive-yearperiod.Theyhavebeenusedin16nurseriestodetectpestsearlyandefficiently.Trappinginformationisincludedforoneadditionalpest(flatheadedappletreeborer)thatwasscoutedbutnottrappedinthefive-yearstudy.ThispestisadestructiveoneinTennesseeandaneffectivetrappingsystemhasbeendeveloped;therefore,trappinginformationforthispestisdeemedtoousefultoomit. Hostplantswereselectedduetoarelativelyhighlevelofpestsusceptibility,inordertoincreasethechanceofdetectingpestspresentinthenursery.Scoutingschedules(Tables1and2)weredevelopedforMiddleTennessee.Growersmayneedtoadjustthetimingofscoutingandmonitoringfortheirspecificlocation,microclimatesorunusualweather.

Scouting Tips• Checkthenurserysprayrecordsbeforescouting

toensureyouarenotenteringanareathatisbeingsprayedorwithinare-entryinterval.

• Usescoutingprotocolstoplanwhichpeststoscoutandonwhichhostplants.

• Randomlyselecttreesforscoutingandscouttreesfromallareas/partsoftherow.Avoidscoutingtreesthatareplantedconsecutivelywithinarow,ontheendoftherow,ortheedgeofablock.

• Recordinsects,mitesanddiseasesusingUTExtensionpublicationW143,RecordkeepingGuideforScoutingandMonitoringPestsofDeciduousTreesduringNurseryProduction.

• Whenunusualsymptomsaredetected,markthehosttreesandsubmitsamplestoyourcountyExtensionofficeortheUTSoil,PlantandPestCenter.http://soilplantandpest.utk.edu

Sun and Heat Safety Wearsunscreenandalarge-brimmedhatforprotectionfromthesun.Takefrequentbreaksanddrinkplentyofwaterwhenthetemperaturesareexcessivelyhigh.Befamiliarwiththesignsofheatstrokeandheatexhaustion.

Control Measures Usetheresultsofscoutingtodetermineifcontrolmeasuresarewarranted.Thisrequiresconsideringtimeuntilsale,market/qualityexpectations,expectedeffectivenessofcontrolandpresenceofnaturallyoccurringpredatorsandparasitoids.Oncecontrolisdeemednecessary,usecultural,biologicalandmechanicaltechniquesorlesstoxicpesticidesbeforeresortingtomoretoxicalternatives,whenpossible. Unfortunately,research-basedeconomicoractionthresholds,thepopulationlevelforinsectsandmitesandtheincidenceand/orseveritylevelfordiseasesatwhichcontrolactionsmustbeexecuted,donotexistformostnurserycroppests.ThisisamajorlimitationtousingIPMinnurserycrops.Ifthedecisionismadetouseaconventionalpesticide,consultUTExtensionInsectandPlantDiseaseControlManual,PB1690,http://eppserver.ag.utk.edu/redbook/redbook.htmforrecommendations.

Recordkeeping Forscoutingrecordkeepingforms,seeUTExtensionpublicationW143,RecordkeepingGuideforScoutingandMonitoringPestsofDeciduousTreesduringNurseryProduction.Keepingpestrecordsfromyeartoyearcanbeavaluablewaytoassessnewcontrolmeasures,determineifapestpopulationisincreasingordecreasingovertimeandrefiningpestemergencetoaparticularlocationandthemicroclimateswithinthatlocation.

Scouting Protocol Linksbeloweachpestareincludedtoprovideimagestoaidinpestidentification,detailedlifecycleinformationandmanagementrecommendations.Anasterisksignifiesthemostsusceptiblespecieswhendeterminedthroughpublishedresearch.Susceptiblespeciesorselectionsareidealcandidatesforscoutingefficiently.Consultthe“LiteratureCitedandAdditionalResources”sectionforreferencesusedtoselectthemostsusceptibleplantstoscout.Itisnotnecessarytoscouteachpesteachweekoftheyearortotrapforpestsyear-

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round.Scoutingschedules(Tables1and2)canbeusedtoplanscoutingandtrapmonitoringefforts.

Aphids Activeinfestation/symptomaticplants–MalusandBetula. Scoutforadultsclusteredoncrabapplebranch tipsorontheundersideofleavesonBetula.Scoutleaveson1shootpertree,15treesofeachcultivar.http://oregonstate.edu/dept/nurspest/aphids.htm

Apple Scab Activeinfestation/symptomaticplants–Malus(‘Hopa’*,‘IndianMagic’*,‘Liset’*,‘Radiant’*,‘Royalty’*,and‘RubyLuster’*).Initially,lookforvelvety,greenish-blackfungalgrowthwithfeatheryedgesalongtheveins.Withtime,theinfectiondevelopsfromthelinearinfectionalongtheveinstoaroundspot.Scoutleaveson5branchesfromeachof15plants.SeeUniversityofKentuckyExtensionpublicationAppleScabPPA-24(linkbelow)fordetailsonmonitoringweatherforinfectionperiods.Rainyperiodsoroverheadirrigationthroughthesummercouldlengthenthescoutingscheduleduetopotentialforsecondaryinfection.http://utuknurseryipm.utk.eduhttp://www.ca.uky.edu/agc/pubs/ppa/ppa24/ppa24.pdf

Bacterial Leaf Scorch (BLS) Activeinfestation/symptomaticplants–Acer,Platanus,LiquidambarandQuercus.Scoutforscorchsymptoms(brown,dryleafmarginswithyellowwavybandbetweenscorchedandgreentissue).IfthescoutcannotdistinguishBLSfromdroughtstress,collectleafsamplesandsubmitthemtoalabforconfirmation.Notepresence/absenceonleavesfrom5branchesoneachof15plantsofeachgenus.http://www.usna.usda.gov/Research/BacterialLeafScorch.htmlhttp://utuknurseryipm.utk.edu

Black Knot Overwinteringlifestage–Prunus(‘Thundercloud’*,Mt.St.Helens*).Lookforblack,swollenareasonpencil-sizedorlargerbranchesandtrunk.Scout5branchesoneachof15plants.Recordpresence/absence.http://shelbycountytn.gov/DocumentView.aspx?DID=1109http://www.ca.uky.edu/HLA/Dunwell/KHC/NurseryUpdate2_2002.html

Activeinfestation/symptomaticplants–Monitorweatherandplantdevelopmentforinfectionperiodstodetermineif/whenpesticideapplicationsareneeded.Conduciveconditionsincludeafterbudbreak,oncerainyperiodswithtemperaturesabove55degreesFoccuranduntil2-3weeksafterbloomwhenshootsarenolongerexpanding. Assessdamage/controlefficacy–Lookforcrackedbarkandswollenstemsoncurrentyear’sgrowth,indicatinganewinfection.Scout5branchesoneachof15plants.Recordpresence/absence.http://www.ca.uky.edu/HLA/Dunwell/KHC/NurseryUpdate2_2002.html

Calico Scale Overwinteringlifestage–Acer(Northwood*,‘Legacy’*,GreenMountain*A. campestre*),Celtis*andZelkova*.Scoutforimmaturesecond-instarfemales,whichareoval,almostflatinprofile,andgraytoblack.Also,scoutforsignsofaninfestationduringthepreviousseason.Lookontrunk,especiallyatnodesandbehindstakesfordeadadultfemalesonthebarkorlight-coloredroundcircleswherefemaleswereattachedtothebark.Recordpresence/absenceon15plantsofeachcultivar.http://utuknurseryipm.utk.edu

Activeinfestation/symptomaticplants–samespeciesaslistedforscoutingtheoverwinteringlifestage.Scoutforadultfemalesthatoverwinteredasimmaturescaleonthetrunk.Lookontrunk,especiallyatnodesandbehindstakesforblackandwhitecalico-patternedadultfemales,swellingtopencileraser-size,tocontrolbeforeeggshatch.Recordpresence/absenceon15replicationsofeachcultivar.

Figure 2. Double-sided tape placed around the trunk above females can detect calico scale crawler emergence.

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Assessdamage/controlefficacy–samespeciesaslistedforscoutingtheoverwinteringlifestage.Followingegghatch,monitorleavesforpresenceofsmallyellowishcrawlersalongveins.Recordpresence/absenceon15replicationsofeachcultivar.

Cedar Quince Rust Activeinfestation/symptomaticplants–‘Hopa’,M. halliana‘Parkmanii’and‘RalphShay’.SeeUniversityofKentuckyExtensionPublicationPPA-23fordetailsonmonitoringweatherforrustdiseases.Monitorjunipersinthefieldmarginsandvicinityfororangetelialmasses(fungalfruitingbodies)oozingfrombranchcankers,asthisisthesourceofinfection.Telialmassesofcedarquincerustandcedarapplerustaredistinct.Cedarapplerustproducesagall½-2inchesindiameteronjuniper;cedarquincerustproducesorangetelialmassesontwigsandsmallbranches.http://www.ca.uky.edu/agc/pubs/ppa/ppa23/ppa23.pdfhttp://utuknurseryipm.utk.edu

Eastern Tent Caterpillar Overwinteringlifestage–Malus(M. hupehensis*,‘SugarTyme’*,‘Radiant’*,‘Dubloons’*,‘SinaiFire’*,‘Sentinel’*,‘Snowdrift’*,‘HarvestGold’*,‘OrmistonRoy’*,‘DonaldWyman’*,‘SilverMoon’*,M. baccata‘Jackii’*,‘RedSplendor’*,‘Narragansett’*).Scout15crabapplesforoverwinteringeggmasses.Lookforblackeggmasses,1inchlong,encirclingpencil-sizedtwigs.Countnumberofeggmassespertree.http://www.entomology.umn.edu/cues/Web/109EasternTentCaterpillar.pdfhttps://utextension.tennessee.edu/publications/Documents/SP341-N.pdf

Activeinfestation/symptomaticplants–Malus(Madonna*,‘Baskatong’*,‘Dolgo’*,HarvestGold*,M. baccata‘Jackii’*and‘Snowdrift’*)andPrunus(P. xcistena*).Lookforpresenceofwhitewebbingatbaseofbranchesandpresenceofmassesofsmallcaterpillarswithawhitestripedownthebackandbluespotsdownthesides.Countnumberofwebspertree;scout15treespercultivar.

Fireblight Overwinteringlifestage–Pyrus(‘Bradford’*,Whitehouse’*,‘Aristocrat’*,‘RedSpire’*),Malus(M. baccata‘Jackii’*,‘Baskatong’*,Brandywine*,Camelot*,‘CandyMint’*,‘Dolgo’*,‘DonaldWyman’*,‘Doubloons’*,‘GlenMills’*,GoldenRaindrops*,HarvestGold*,

‘Jewelberry’*,‘Liset’*,Madonna*,‘MaryPotter’*,‘MoltenLava’*,‘Narragansett*,‘OrmistonRoy’*,‘PinkSatin’*,‘PrairieMaid’*,‘Prairiefire’*,‘ProfessorSprenger’*,‘PurplePrince’*,‘RedSplendor’*,sargentii*,‘Sentinel’*,‘SilverDrift’*,‘SilverMoon’*,‘SinaiFire’*,‘SnowDrift’*,‘StrawberryParfait’*,‘WhiteAngel’*)andAmelanchier.Lookfordeadshootsandsuckersinashepherd’scrookshapeandbasalcankersfrompreviousseason’sinfection.https://utextension.tennessee.edu/publications/Documents/SP277-R.pdfhttp://utuknurseryipm.utk.eduhttp://www.ca.uky.edu/agc/pubs/ppa/ppa34/ppa34.pdf

Activeinfestation/symptomaticplants–sametaxaasforoverwinteringlifestage.Select3taxa/cultivarstomonitor.Lookforflaggedshootsandsuckersinashepherd’scrookshapeanddyingbranchtipswithadefineddead/livesteminterface.Countnumberofflaggedbrancheson15treesofeachcultivar/taxaselected.

Flatheaded Appletree Borer Overwinteringlifestage–Acer(BurgundyBelle*,GreenMountain*,OctoberGlory*,Northwood*,RedSunset*,‘Somerset’*,‘SunValley’*).Lookforswollen,spiralingcallusgrowthandcrackedbarknearthecutback/baseoftrunkforplantsenteringtheirsecondyearinproduction.Focusscoutingeffortsonthesoutheastorsouthwestsideofthetrunk.Removeanybarkandplate-likefrassunderthebarktoexposetheD-shapedopeningoncetheadultsemergelaterintheseason.Flag15infestedtreestoscoutinApril/May.https://utextension.tennessee.edu/publications/documents/SP503-I.pdfhttp://utuknurseryipm.utk.edu

Activeinfestation/symptomaticplants–sametaxaasforoverwinteringlifestage.ChecktreesmarkedduringFebruaryfordevelopmentofanexitholenearthecutback/baseoftrunk.LookforaD-shapedopeninginthewood.Monitorasmanyas15infestationspreviouslyidentifiedandflaggedduringFebruaryfordevelopmentoftheemergencehole.

Granulate Ambrosia Beetle (GAB) Activeinfestation/symptomaticplants–Setout2-literbottletraps;baitwithultrahigh-releaseethanollures.Previoustrappingresultssuggestthatplacingatleastonetrapnearanywatersource,suchasponds,

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streamsorrivers,maydetectGABingreaternumbers. Checkfrequently(dailyiftemperaturesareinthe70s)forverysmall,reddish-brownbeetles.http://soilplantandpest.utk.edu/pdffiles/OPandDUpdates/mar-17-2008.pdfhttp://utuknurseryipm.utk.edu

Assessdamage/controlefficacy–allspecies(especiallyAcer*,Cercis*,Koelreuteria*andStyrax*).Scoutfortoothpick-shapedextrusionscomingoutofthetrunkandlargebranches.Becertaintocheckotherfieldscontainingadditionalplantsoftheinfestedspecies.Recordthepercentpresence/absencefor15plantspergenus.

Honeylocust Plant Bug Activeinfestation/symptomaticplants–Gleditsia triacanthos inermis‘Sunburst*’.Scout15plantsforpresenceofpalegreeninsects5-6mmlongonleaflets.Spraywhenmorethan1insectperleaf(notleaflet).http://www.uky.edu/Ag/Entomology/entfacts/trees/ef419.htmhttp://woodypests.cas.psu.edu/FactSheets/InsectFactSheets/html/Honeylocust.html

Honeylocust Spider Mite Overwinteringlifestage–Gleditsia triacanthos inermis‘Skyline’,‘Shademaster’,‘Sunburst’,‘TrueShade’.Lookforoverwinteringadults.Theyareorange-redandclusteredatthetipsofthedormantbuds.Scoutoneapicalbudpertree,15treesofeachcultivar.http://www.entomology.umn.edu/cues/Web/151HoneylocustSpiderMite.pdf

Activeinfestation/symptomaticplants–Gleditsia triacanthos inermis‘Skyline’,‘Shademaster’,‘Sunburst’,‘TrueShade’.Doabangboardtestwithallleafletsfrom1nodeinasinglebeat.Scout3nodespertreeon5replicationspertaxa.

Japanese Beetle Activeinfestation/symptomaticplants–Rosaceousplants(crabapples,cherriesandplums),TiliaandZelkovainproductionandsmartweed(Polygonum)inunmaintainedareas.Scoutforadultsonleavesinsunon15plants.http://www.ca.uky.edu/HLA/Dunwell/KHC/NurseryUpdate14_2003.html

Japanese Maple Scale Overwinteringlifestage–Amelanchier*,Carpinus*,Gleditsia triacanthos inermis*,Ilex*,Magnolia*andZelkova*.Forshrubsandmulti-stemtrees,focusatthebaseoftheplantfromthesoillinetoapproximately8inchesabovethesoilline.Onstandard-formtrees,scoutthetrunkandscaffoldbranches,inparticularatthebranchcollar.Pullapartbranchesofdenseshrubstoclearlyseetheinterior.Scout15plantsofeachgenus.http://utuknurseryipm.utk.edu Activeinfestation/symptomaticplants–sametaxaasforscoutingoverwinteringpopulations.Wrapdouble-sidedtapeorblackelectricaltapecoatedwithathinlayerofpetroleumjellyonthesurfacearoundbrancheswithinfestationstodetectlavendercrawlers.Usea20xhandlenstomonitortheedgeofthetapeorharvestinfestedstemsandexaminewithmicroscope.

Maple Spider Mite Overwinteringlifestage–Acer(AutumnBlaze*,RedSunset*,OctoberGlory,‘Somerset’*,Northwood*).Scoutwrinkledbarkonundersideofbranchcollarwithhandlensforreddish-orangeeggs.Estimatethepercentsurfaceareaunderthebranchthatiscoveredwithorangeeggs.Categorizeaslow(>15percent),medium(15-50percent)orhigh(>50percent).Scout3branchesoneachof5trees.http://www.ca.uky.edu/HLA/Dunwell/KHC/NurseryUpdate20_2004.html

Activeinfestation/symptomaticplants–sametaxaasforscoutingoverwinteringpopulations.Scoutunderbranchcollarinwrinkledbarkwithhandlensforhatchedeggs(clearasopposedtoun-hatchedeggs,whichareorange).Scoutleavesfornewgeneration.Earlierintheseason,startwithleavesclosesttothetrunkandscoutleavesfurtheralongthebranchastheseasonprogresses.Countnumberofmiteson5leavesperplant,5replicationspertaxa.

Maple Shoot Borer(alsocalledmapletipmoth) MaplePhenology/Development–Acer (AutumnBlaze®,AutumnFantasy*,‘Brandywine’*,BurgundyBelle*,‘Legacy’*,OctoberGlory*,RedSunset,SiennaGlen*,‘Somerset’*,‘SunValley’*).Ratedevelopmentofthesecondsetofleavesfromthebranchtiptoproperlyscheduleapplications:1–dormant;2–greentip;3–verysmallleavesunfoldingfromthebud;4–leaves≥1inchandexpanding;5–2inchesormoreofshoot

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expansion,leaves50percentorgreaterofmaturesize.Ratethelateralsidebranchesandthecentralleadersseparately,ascontrolmaybedesiredforthecentralleaderonly.Scout15plantsofeachtaxa.

Assessdamage/controlefficacy–Acer (AutumnBlaze,AutumnFantasy*,‘Brandywine’*,BurgundyBelle*,‘Legacy’*,OctoberGlory*,RedSunset,SiennaGlen*,‘Somerset’*,‘SunValley’*).Scoutforflaggedshoottips.Countnumberofflaggedshoottipsper15branchespertaxa.http://www.ca.uky.edu/HLA/Dunwell/KHC/NurseryUpdate12_2003.html

Potato Leafhopper Activeinfestation/symptomaticplants–Acer (‘AutumnFlame’*,BurgundyBelle*,RedSunset*,SiennaGlen*,‘SunValley’*).Countthenumberofadultsperleafon10leavespertreeon15treesofeachtaxa.Scoutleavesonthebranchtips.http://utuknurseryipm.utk.edu/

Powdery Mildew Activeinfestation/symptomaticplants–Cornus (Cornus florida,Cornus florida‘CherokeeBrave’and‘CherokeePrincess’)andQuercus.Scout15plants,oneshootperplant,onthenorthsideoftheplant.Lookforpresence/absenceofawhitepowderycoatingontheleafsurfaceand/orredtwistedleaves.ScoutingdogwoodscantaperdowninearlyAugust,atwhichpointscoutingoaksshouldintensify.Spraysshouldbeinitiatedassoonasscoutingrevealsearlysignsofdisease(white,fungalcoloniesonleaves).https://utextension.tennessee.edu/publications/Documents/SP546.pdfhttps://utextension.tennessee.edu/publications/Documents/PB1670.pdf

Southern Blight Activeinfestation/symptomaticplants–Malus.Scoutforrapidlywiltinganddyingcrabappletrees(younglinersonly)andthepresenceofmustardseed-sizedsclerotiaandwebbingofwhitemyceliumonthetrunkandshallowrootsjustunderthesoil.http://utuknurseryipm.utk.eduTuliptree Scale Overwinteringlifestage–Liriodendron.Secondinstarimmaturesaretiny,black,flattenedandfoundonsmallbranches.Scoutforpresence/absenceon

15replicationspercultivar.Also,scoutforsignsofaninfestationduringthepreviousseason.Lookonthetrunk,especiallyatnodesandbehindstakesfordeadadultfemalesonthebarkorlight-coloredroundcircleswherefemaleswereattachedtothebark. Activeinfestation/symptomaticplants–MagnoliaandLiriodendron.Lookforround,large(1/3inchdiameter)females,greytopinkmottledwithblack.Scoutforpresence/absenceon15replicationspercultivar.http://utuknurseryipm.utk.edu

Verticillium Wilt Activeinfestation/symptomaticplants–Acer,Cercis,Cotinus,KoelreuteriaandMagnolia.Scouttreesforsuddenwiltinganddieback,especiallyduringhot,dryperiods.Wiltingmayaffectonlyonesideofthetree.Cutintostemtoinspectforvascularstaining.Monitor15plantspergenus.http://utuknurseryipm.utk.edu

Yellow Poplar Weevil Activeinfestation/symptomaticplants–LiriodendronandMagnolia.Scoutthreeouterleavesforrice-shapedholesonfiveplantsofeachgenus.http://bugs.osu.edu/~bugdoc/Shetlar/factsheet/ornamental/FSyellowpopweevil.htm

Using Traps Settrapsaccordingtothescoutingschedule(Tables1and2).Trapsshouldbehungat4-6feetaboveground

Figure 3. Wing traps with pheromone lures are useful for trapping clearwing moths.

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levelinthenursery,butcanbeplacedattheofficeorotherconvenientlocationnearby.Trapscanalsobehungfromlimbsoftreesinthenurseryifducttapeoranotherprotectivecoatingisusedtopreventbarkdamage(Figures3and4).Forflatheadedappletreeborer,useredstickytrapsthatmimicatree-trunkshape(nolure).Usecommerciallyavailableultra-high-releaseluresforgranulateambrosiabeetletobetterattracttheadultbeetles.Forclearwingborers(e.g.,peachtreeandlesserpeachtreeborers)usethecommerciallyavailablelures(notinterchangeable,astheyaredifferentisomers).Useonetrapperinsectspecies. Trapsfordifferentinsectspeciesshouldnotbeplacedclosetooneanother;placethematleast30feetapart.Topreventcross-contaminationwhenplacingluresformorethanonespecies,donothandlelures.Thecompoundsinpheromonelurescanpenetratemanysubstances.Usedisposablegloves,disposableforcepsorshakelureoutofthepackagingontothetrap.Trapresultscanvarywithlocationandmicroclimate;therefore,itisbesttoplacemorethanonetrapforagivenpestinthenursery.Useatleastonetrapper20acresperinsectspecies.Visualtraps,e.g.,flatheadedappletreeborer,mayrequiregreaterdensity.Storeextraluressealedintherefrigeratororfreezer.Replaceluresduringtheseasonaccordingtomanufacturer’srecommendations.

Dormant Season Scouting Preparation• Makefieldmaps.• Inventory,thenpurchaseormaketraps.• Ordernewlures.• Reviewpreviousseasons’scoutingrecords.• Read/attendeducationalprogramsonnewly introducedpests,monitoringtechniques,control measures,resistantplants,etc.

Scouting Supplies• Alcoholtocleanpruners.• Clipboard.• Compass.• Cooler.• Flaggingtapeandfieldflags.• Handcounter.• Handlens.• Icepacks.• Insectcollectionvials.• Insecttraps.• Luresfortraps.• Replacementlinersfortraps.• Pruners.• Pencils.• Permanentmarker.• Recordkeepingforms(UTExtensionpublicationW143, RecordkeepingGuideforScoutingandMonitoring PestsofDeciduousTreesduringNurseryProduction).• Resealingbags.• Scoutingprotocol.

Acknowledgements: TheauthorwishestothankMr.CraigAdkinsandDr.CliffSadofforsharingtheirknowledgeofandenthusiasmfornurserycropscouting;theirworkgreatlyinfluencedthispublication.AppreciationisalsoexpressedtoDrs.FrankHaleandAlanWindhamforknowledgeofpestemergenceinTennessee;Mr.PaulBachi,Ms.JulieBealeandDrs.RicBessin,JohnHartman,DanPotter,LeeTownsendandtheKentuckyIPMprogramforsupportingthiswork.Gratitudeisexpressedtothenurseryscoutsandthemanynurseryownersandmanagerswhomadedevelopmentoftheseprotocolspossible.

Figure 4. Inside of wing trap with the borers caught in it and the lure.

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Literature Cited and Additional Resources:

Anonymous.Integratedpestmanagement(IPM)principles.USEPA.http://www.epa.gov/pesticides/factsheets/ipm.htm

Adkins,C.andJ.Sidebottom.2000.WhatisIPM?inFloweringandOrnamentalShadeTreeIntegratedPestManagementManual,ed.C.Adkins.N.C.StateUniversity.

Adkins,C.,G.Armel,M.Chappell,J.C.Chong,S.Frank,A.Fulcher,F.Hale,K.Ivors,W.KlingemanIII,A.LeBude,J.Neal,A.Senesac,S.White,A.Windham.2010.Pestmanagementstrategicplanforcontainerandfield-producednurserycropsinGA,KY,NC,SC,TN.A.Fulcher,ed.SouthernRegionIPMCenter.http://www.ipmcenters.org/pmsp/pdf/GA-KY-NC-SC-TNnurserycropsPMSP.pdf

Briggs,J.,T.Whitwell,T.Fernandez,andM.Riley.2002.Effectofintegratedpestmanagementstrategiesonchlorothalonil,metalaxyl,andthiophanate-methyl,runoffatacontainernursery.JournaloftheAmericanSocietyforHorticulturalScience.127(6):1018-1024.

Casey,C.2003.Developmentofintegratedpestmanagementsamplingplansforcontainernurserystock.ProceedingsoftheSouthernNurseryAssociationResearchConference.48:130-132.http://www.sna.org/Resources/Documents/03resprocsec03.pdf

Durham,R.,R.McNiel,J.Hartman,D.Potter,andW.Fountain.1999.Thefloweringcrabapple.UniversityofKentuckyExtensionpublicationID-68.http://www.ca.uky.edu/agc/pubs/id/id68/id68.pdf

Fulcher,A.2012.Integratedpestmanagement-basednurserycropproduction.ActaHorticulturae,inpress.

Fulcher,A.,W.Dunwell,D.Hayden,R.McNiel,andD.Hammons.2005.Pilotnurserycropsintegratedpestmanagementscoutingprogram.UKNurseryandLandscapeResearchReportPR-520.http://www.ca.uky.edu/agc/pubs/pr/pr520/pr520.pdf

Fulcher,A.,F.Hale,andM.Halcomb.2011.Japanesemaplescale:animportantnewinsectpestinthenurseryandlandscape.UniversityofTennesseeExtensionpublication.W277.https://utextension.tennessee.edu/publications/Documents/W277.pdf

Fulcher,A.andJ.Hartman.2003.BlackknotincidenceontwospeciesofPrunusinKentuckynurseries.ProceedingsoftheSouthernNurseryAssociationResearchConference.48:237-239.http://www.sna.org/Resources/Documents/03resprocsec04.pdf

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Week of the Year

Scouting

FebM

arA

prilM

ayJune

JulyA

ugust

56

78

910

1112

1314

1516

1718

1920

2122

2324

2526

2728

2930

3132

Aphids

XX

XX

XX

XX

Calico ScaleO

XX

XX

XX

Eastern Tent CaterpillarO

XX

XX

Flatheaded Appletree

BorerO

XX

XX

XX

XX

Honeylocust Plant Bug

XX

XX

Honeylocust Spider

Mite

OX

XX

XX

XX

XX

XX

XX

XX

XX

XX

X

Japanese BeetleX

XX

XX

X

Japanese Maple Scale

OX

XX

X

Maple Shoot Borer

PP

PP

PP

AA

AA

Maple Spider M

iteO

XX

XX

XX

XX

XX

XX

XX

XX

Potato Leafhopper

XX

XX

XX

X

Tuliptree ScaleO

XX

XX

Yellow Poplar W

eevilX

XX

XX

X

Trap Monitoring

Granulate A

mbrosia

BeetleX

XX

XX

XX

XX

XX

Flatheaded Appletree

BorerX

XX

XX

XX

X

Lesser Peachtree BorerX

XX

XX

XX

X

Peachtree BorerX

XX

XX

XX

XX

Table 1. Nursery scouting and trap m

onitoring schedule for arthropods in Middle Tennessee

1.

1 Overw

intering or production in a Quonset hut can alter w

hen infestation occurs.O

=Scout for Overw

intering life stage or sign of previous infestationX=Scout for A

ctive life stageA

=Scout to Assess dam

age/efficacy of controls, not prevent infection/spread

P=Monitor Phenology to schedule applications

Week of the Year

Diseases

FebM

arA

prilM

ayJune

JulyA

ugust

56

78

910

1112

1314

1516

1718

1920

2122

2324

2526

2728

2930

3132

Apple Scab

EE

EE

EE

EE

E

Bacterial Leaf Scorch

AA

AA

Black KnotO

EE

EE

EA

AA

A

Cedar Quince

RustE

EE

EE

EA

AA

AA

A

FireblightO

EE

EE

EE

EA

AA

AA

AA

AA

AA

AA

Powdery m

ildewX

XX

XX

XX

XX

XX

xx

xx

Southern BlightA

AA

AA

AA

AA

Verticillium W

iltA

AA

AA

AA

AA

Table 2. Scouting schedule for select diseases in Middle Tennessee

1.

1 Overw

intering or production in a Quonset hut and/or irragation can alter w

hen infection occurs.O

=Scout for Overw

intering life stage or sign of previous infestationX=Scout for A

ctive life stagesA

=Scout to Assess dam

age/efficacy of controls, not prevent infection/spread

P=Monitor Phenology to schedule applications

E=Monitor Environm

ental conditions for infection (for fireblight, use Maryblight soft

ware)

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