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Wageningen IMARES is een samenwerkingsverband tussen Wageningen UR en TNO
IMARESEcological sensitivity in the Netherlands part of the North Sea J.A. van Dalfsen
Ecological Risks
Main aspects of oil pollution:- risk to ecological vulnerable areas- risk to birds- risk to organisms in the water column, the seabed and shores
What is sensitive or vulnerable?
Fishing areas & Benthos diversity
Important sea bird areas at the North Sea (Skov et al.)
Avg/year Ranked
according to densities
Risk to Birds Different species vary in terms of their sensitivity
to oil The sensitivity of seabirds depends largely on
behavioural characteristics and species-specific differences in terms of the risk of exposure to oil
Seabirds are particularly vulnerable to oil because even the smallest amount destroys the insulating and waterproofing abilities of their feathers
TernPuffinGuillemot
Oil Vulnerability Indices
Factors used by Camphuysen (1989) in evaluating an oil vulnerability index for birds in the southern North Sea
Range Behaviour Exposure
1 - Breeding 5 - Roosting 11 - Spring2 - Migration 6 - Foraging 12 - Summer3 - Wintering 7 - Reaction to disturbance 13 - Autumn4 - Marine orientation 8 - Flocking 14 – Winter
9 - Nesting density10 - Specialisation
The scale of vulnerability of seabirds depends not only on numbers present but also on behavioural and other characteristics of the species involved. An Oil Vulnerability Indices assesses these characteristics and species-specific sensitivity to oil pollution
Most sensitive seabird families (Camphuysen, 1989) Mean oil vulnerability index (OVI) scores for seabird
families of the North Sea
Family Mean OVI Min MaxAuks 77.2 65 - 86Divers 66.3 65 - 68Cormorants and shags 66.0 59 - 73Gannets and boobies 65.0 65 - 65Sea ducks 64.2 45 - 75Petrels and shearwaters 59.2 47 - 65Diving ducks 58.0 58 - 58Grebes 53.3 46 - 58Storm-petrels 50.3 49 - 54Terns 47.9 46 - 51Gulls 45.1 36 - 66Skuas 42.6 36 - 58Phalaropes 38.0 37 - 39
Vulnerability to Oil spill
Time and place
(UK Atlas)
Azs1991p3pred
0.0 - 1.4
1.5 - 3.0
3.1 - 4.6
4.7 - 6.0
6.1 - 7.1
7.2 - 8.4
8.5 - 10.1
10.2 - 12.0
12.1 - 14.9
Azs1992p3pred0.0 - 1.7
1.8 - 4.0
4.1 - 6.6
6.7 - 8.7
8.8 - 10.7
10.8 - 13.0
13.1 - 15.2
15.3 - 17.0
17.1 - 28.5
Azs1994p3pred0.0 - 0.4
0.5 - 0.9
1.0 - 1.3
1.4 - 1.8
1.9 - 2.3
2.4 - 2.9
3.0 - 3.7
3.8 - 4.5
4.6 - 5.8
Azs1996p3pred-0.1 - 2.1
2.2 - 4.8
4.9 - 6.9
7.0 - 9.0
9.1 - 11.3
11.4 - 14.0
14.1 - 16.9
17.0 - 20.8
20.9 - 25.8
Azs1997p3pred
-0.1 - 0.8
0.9 - 1.6
1.7 - 2.1
2.2 - 2.8
2.9 - 3.7
3.8 - 5.0
5.1 - 7.1
7.2 - 9.8
9.9 - 14.4
Azs1998p3pred-0.1 - 1.0
1.1 - 2.4
2.5 - 3.8
3.9 - 5.7
5.8 - 7.9
8.0 - 10.4
10.5 - 13.1
13.2 - 15.9
16.0 - 20.4
Azs2000p3pred-14.6 - 2.1
2.2 - 5.8
5.9 - 9.5
9.6 - 15.1
15.2 - 26.2
26.3 - 44.8
44.9 - 72.6
72.7 - 136.5
136.6 - 222.7
Azs1999p3pred0.0 - 0.4
0.5 - 1.0
1.1 - 1.5
1.6 - 1.8
1.9 - 2.2
2.3 - 2.4
2.5 - 2.7
2.8 - 3.0
3.1 - 3.2
Azs2001p3pred
-1.5 - 2.8
2.9 - 5.2
5.3 - 8.1
8.2 - 12.0
12.1 - 16.5
16.6 - 20.7
20.8 - 25.2
25.3 - 31.2
31.3 - 46.6
RIKZ
Natural variation 9 years of December countings
Auk - Guillemot
Data density
Information covers not the total DCS
Aug - Sep Oct - Nov
Dec - Jan Feb - Mar
Apr - May Jun - Jul
common scoter, coastal gullsguillemot, kittiwake, fulmar, gbbgkittiwakefulmar, gannetgannet, gbb gull, razorbilllittle gull, common gull
eider, common scotereider, scoters, coastal gullsguillemot, kittiwake, fulmar, gullskittiwake, gbb gull
fulmargbb gull, fulmar, razorbillcommon scoter, common gullrazorbill
common scoter, eidercoastal gulls, kittiwakefulmar, kittiwake, guillemot, gullskittiwake, gbb gull, razorbillgannet, guillemotrazorbill, gannet
coastal gulls, common scotercoastal gulls, ternscommon scoterfulmar, kittiwake, guillemot, lbbg
guillemotgannet
coastal gulls, terns, scoterslbb gull, fulmarfulmar, kittiwake, guillemotherring & lbb gull, fulmarkittiwake, gannet, guillemotguillemotgannet
coastal gulls, ternscoastal gullscoastal gulls, terns, eiderscommon scoterfulmar, guillemotguillemotgannetcommon tern, cormorant
Aug - Sep Oct - Nov
Dec - Jan Feb - Mar
Apr - May Jun - Jul
common scoter, coastal gullsguillemot, kittiwake, fulmar, gbbgkittiwakefulmar, gannetgannet, gbb gull, razorbilllittle gull, common gull
eider, common scotereider, scoters, coastal gullsguillemot, kittiwake, fulmar, gullskittiwake, gbb gull
fulmargbb gull, fulmar, razorbillcommon scoter, common gullrazorbill
common scoter, eidercoastal gulls, kittiwakefulmar, kittiwake, guillemot, gullskittiwake, gbb gull, razorbillgannet, guillemotrazorbill, gannet
coastal gulls, common scotercoastal gulls, ternscommon scoterfulmar, kittiwake, guillemot, lbbg
guillemotgannet
coastal gulls, terns, scoterslbb gull, fulmarfulmar, kittiwake, guillemotherring & lbb gull, fulmarkittiwake, gannet, guillemotguillemotgannet
coastal gulls, ternscoastal gullscoastal gulls, terns, eiderscommon scoterfulmar, guillemotguillemotgannetcommon tern, cormorant
Aug - Sep Oct - Nov
Dec - Jan Feb - Mar
Apr - May Jun - Jul
Bird value map for the DCS
Based on a Ecovalue per species Multiplied with abundance per time period of 2 months
Region Marine Estuary
Habitat Water surface, water column, inter-tidal, sub-tidal, Terrestrial,
Sub-habitat water surface, shallow water, deep water, sandy beach,
dunes, hard substrate, salt marsh, mud flats, reefs & beds,
Type of organism Birds, mammals, fish, plankton, fish, benthos,
vegetation, insects
Risk to the water column, sea bed and land
3°E
3°E 4°E
4°E
5°E
5°E
6°E
6°E
7°E
7°E
52°N
53°N
54°N
55°N
500000 600000 700000
570
000
058
00
000
590
000
060
00
000
610
000
0
Voorgestelde gebieden metbijzondere ecologische waarden
Gebieden genoemd in de Nota Ruimte
Aanvullende gebieden
Duitse gebieden
Vogel- en Habitatrichtlijn gebieden
PKB-gebied waddenzee
Datum: ED50 UTM projectie 31N
Habitats characteristics are mostly physical (MESH), Whereas sensitivity depends on species
Risks to the water column and sea bed Ecotox effects on plankton, benthos & fish Physical stress Reduced feeding efficiency of organisms
Areas of different ecological value, withspecies having different sensitivities to oil
Some habitats depend on certain key species (bio-engineers)
Recovery time
Sensitivity and the use of dispersants
Main aspects of oil pollution:- risk to ecological vulnerable areas- risk to birds- risk to organisms in the water column or on the seabed
Does this change when dispersants are used?
Ecological sensitivity and the use of Dispersants Change from water surface to the water column andsea bed: Increased concentration hydrocarbon components Increased bio-availability of components of oil &
dispersants Toxic effect Physical effect
(Depending type/amount of oil, water depth, water temperature, turbulence etc.)
Change of sensitive areas and species enters more easily in the food web
‘Marine’ food web
Copepod production
Sand eel as example
Feeds on copepods, worms and planktonIt important food for different birds e.g.Terns
What is the fate of dispersed oil and what are the risk to this food chain?Are there long term or chronic effects to expect?
Noorse Stern
Different species and areas vary in terms of their sensitivity to oil
The sensitivity of sea areas depends mainly on the numbers and behaviour of sensitive (seabird) species occurring there
The amount of oil spilled is less important than the season in which spillage occurs, and the location of that spillage.
A small amount of oil in a crucial seabird habitat can be far more deadly than a large oil spill elsewhere.
Information on bird species presence on a European or DCS scale is far from complete. This lack in information prevents a good decision process on the use of dispersants
Conclusions
Conclusions II There is poor environmental baseline data for
comparing the status of a situation prior to and after oiling
The effect of oil hydrocarbons thru the food web is still difficult to quantify
There is a lack in integrated population or ecosystem studies compared to single species studies
1. Collection and compiling information on the ecosystem values of the DCS.
2. Natural variation in ecosystems stresses the need for efficient monitoring
3. Long-term, chronic sub-lethal impacts of oil pollution need to be studied, including food web studies
4. Evaluation of the sensitivity of the ecosystem components on oill spills detergents
5. Produce adequate information for the decisions to safeguard the most valuable areas and populations in the case of an oil spill
Conclusions III what is needed?
Wageningen IMARES is een samenwerkingsverband tussen Wageningen UR en TNO
IMARES
Thank you
© Wageningen UR