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Wait, What Happened at the Border ?
By, Josh WallkPeriod. 8Mrs. Granfield
Who was involved in WW I ?
o Britain
o France
o Russia
o U.S.
o Germany
o Austria
o The Ottoman Empire
V.S.
2Ottoman coat of arms
What Happened to the Middle East ?
o The Ottoman Empire was broken up into a number of new countries in the Middle East.
o New nations were crossed over existing cultural, tribal, and religious boundaries.
o The League of Nations was formed from the allies to oversee the Ottoman Empire.
o Rulers were appointed by the League of Nations in each of the new nations.
o Many of the Middles East nations had oil, which would be controlled by foreign nations.
o The imperial order that held these countries together for so long was replaced by independent nations.
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The Ottoman Empire at its Peak
How did the borders change ?
o Turkey became an independent nation (forcing the Kurds and Assyrians into Iraq…resulting in conflict).
o Iraq was formed as a new country (combining opposing factions from Sunnis, Shiites, & Kurds).
o Jordan, Palestine, Jewish homeland, West Bank, and Gaza Strip were formed.
o Syria came under French rule and Lebanon was carved out from Syria (which never sat well).
o Bahrain, Kuwait and Qatar also developed their own independency.
o Britain, France, & Russia extended their rule over many of these new countries.
4Middle East Maps Before & After WW1
Why were these border changes made ?
o The allies wanted to carve up the Ottoman territories to prevent future wars.
o Nations wanted to become independent in the early 20th century.
o The League of Nations wanted to oversee the former Ottoman Empire.
o Europeans wanted to reduce Islam’s ability to control the region.
o The British had promised Arabs independence.
o Britain announced support for the Jewish people in Palestine. 5
Cartoon showing League of Nations
Why were these border changes made ?
o Britain made a secret agreement with France to divide up the Ottoman territory between them.
o The Europeans wanted to maintain and expand their colonies.
o Europe & France wanted to get access to oil in the middle east.
o Woodrow Wilson (U.S. President) wanted to help countries become more independent (14 Points). 6
Woodrow Wilson’s 14 Points
What new territories were made ?
o Britain created Iraq (a new country) by putting together pieces from Baghdad, Basra, and Mosul.
o The land east of the Jordan river was carved out for Palestine (which included Israel, Jordan, the West Bank, and Gaza Strip).
o Syria became a territory under France
o France later carved out Lebanon from Syria.
o Kuwait (originally part Basra) was later placed under the control of Britain 7
Post WW1 Map showing new countries
What was the impact of these changes ?
o The collapse of the imperial order led to turmoil, which continues even now.
o The British had installed a king (an outsider) to oversee Iraq and maintain peace between the Shiites, Sunnis, and Kurds.
o The creation of a Jewish home in Palestine was met with anger from Arab leaders.
o Syria was opposed to the creation of Lebanon.
o Middle East did not welcome Foreign powers opposing their will.
o The “West” has become a symbol for the anger and conflict which continues to plague the Middle East.
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Angry Palestinians
o Discovery of oil in the middle East led to exploitation by the foreign powers in the Middle East.
o Religious and ethnic differences led to repeated conflicts within these new territories and between them.
o Iraq’s king (installed by the British) was overthrown in 1958.
o Jordan was granted independence in 1946.
o Israel became an independent state in 1948, which led to numerous Arab and Israeli wars.
o Lebanon gained independence in 1943 from Syria and conflicts between Christians and Muslims resulted in a 15 year civil war.
What has happened since then ?
Cartoon showing Israel at the center of conflict
Could these problems been prevented ?
o Possibly if the British and French had not created that secret agreement.
o Some of the problems could have been avoided if the Europeans did not attempt to colonize these territories.
o Britain’s support for the creation of a Jewish homeland in Palestine may not have been avoidable.
o Yes, if the league of nations had not installed their own rulers throughout the Middle East.
o Possibly if the league of nations had been more sensitive to the religious, ethnic, and tribal differences in the region.
o Possibly not because they broke up an age old imperial order into new groups of people and territories. 10
Cartoon showing how the League of Nations was a failure
Where is the Middle East today ?
o Iraq was recently invaded by the United States and is still in transition to a new government.
o The west bank, which is under Israeli control (as a result of the 1960 war with Egypt), is at the center of conflict between the Israelis and the Palestinians.
o Kuwait was liberated in 1961, invaded by Iraq in 1990, and liberated by the U.S. in 1991.
o The oil rich Arab countries provide most of the oil imports for the U.S., Britain and France.
o Syria and Lebanon continue to be at odds.
o Lebanon continues to exist on the brink of civil war between the Sunnis and Shiites.
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Chart showing Oil Reserves by Country
What can we learn from history ?
o Conquering nations need to be very careful about decisions they make when redrawing boundaries.
o Western countries need to understand the history and cultures in the Middle East.
o Allies in victory need to work together in an open way instead of following their own agendas.
o The nations at war need to be careful about any commitments they make which could come back to haunt them after the war is over.
o Conquering nations should resist the temptation to colonize and control other nations.
o After a war, allies should focus on creating lasting peace.
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WW1 Cemetery
Bibliography
1. "BBC - History - World Wars: The Middle East during World War One." BBC - Homepage. Web. 18 Mar. 2011. <http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/worldwars/wwone/middle_east_01.shtml>.
2. Roberts, Sam. "The New York Times Upfront | The News Magazine for High School." Teaching Resources, Children's Book Recommendations, and Student Activities | Scholastic.com. Web. 18 Mar. 2011. <http://teacher.scholastic.com/scholasticnews/indepth/upfront/features/index.asp?article=f011507_TP_mideast>.
3. Maps of War ::: Visual History of War, Religion, and Government. Web. 18 Mar. 2011. <http://www.mapsofwar.com/>.
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Bibliography
4. Country Studies. Web. 18 Mar. 2011. <http://countrystudies.us/>.
5. Hickman, Kennedy. "World War 1 - World War 1 History Middle East." Military History - Warfare through the Ages - Battles and Conflicts - Weapons of War - Military Leaders in History. Web. 18 Mar. 2011. <http://militaryhistory.about.com/od/worldwarioverview/a/wwiglobal.htm>.
6. "Global Connections . Historic Political Borders of the Middle East | PBS." PBS: Public Broadcasting Service. Web. 18 Mar. 2011. <http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/globalconnections/mideast/maps/pol.html>. 14
