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Waking and Sleeping Rhythms
Waking Consciousness
Consciousness our
awareness of ourselves and our environments
Levels of Consciousness
Preconscious Not aware of information/memory but
you can recall it if necessaryUnconscious/subconscious
Information is not at all accessible Freudian idea
Theories of Sleep
Restorative Theory Why do we sleep?
Preservation and Protection Theory (a.k.a. Adaptive Non-Responding Theory)
Why do we sleep at night?Memory Consolidation Theory
What happens when we sleep?
Biological Components of Sleep
Brain
Neurotransmitters
Hormones
Sleep and Dreams
Biological Rhythms periodic physiological fluctuations
Circadian Rhythm
the biological clock regular bodily rhythms, such as of
wakefulness and body temperature, that occur on a 24-hr. 11 min.cycle
Sleep and Dreams
REM (Rapid Eye Movement) Sleep recurring sleep stage vivid dreams “paradoxical sleep”
muscles are generally relaxed, but other body systems are active
Sleep periodic, natural, reversible loss of
consciousness
Sleep Across the Lifespan
Sleep and Dreams Measuring sleep activity
Brain Waves and Sleep Stages
Alpha Waves slow waves of a
relaxed, awake brain
Delta Waves large, slow waves
of deep sleep Hallucinations
false sensory experiences
Stages in a Typical Night’s Sleep
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
4
3
2
1
Sleepstages
Awake
Hours of sleep
REM
Stages in a Typical Night’s Sleep
Hours of sleep
Minutesof Stage 4 and REM
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 80
10
15
20
25
5
Decreasing Stage 4
Increasing REM
Sleep Deprivation
Effects of Sleep Loss fatigue impaired
concentration depressed
immune system greater
vulnerability to accidents
Sleep Deprivation
2,400
2,700
2,600
2,500
2,800
Spring time change(hour sleep loss)
3,600
4,200
4000
3,800
Fall time change(hour sleep gained)
Less sleep,more accidents
More sleep,fewer accidents
Monday before time change Monday after time change
Accident frequency
Sleep Disorders
Insomnia persistent problems in falling or
staying asleep Narcolepsy
uncontrollable sleep attacks Sleep Apnea
temporary cessation of breathing during sleep
momentary reawakenings
Sleep Disorders
REM sleep behavior disorder: when a person moves during REM sleep – this can be harmful…
Somnambulism: sleepwalking
Somniloquy: “talking in one’s sleep, with no subsequent recall” Sullivan
Hypersomnia: “getting or needing too much sleep, sometimes to point of impairing day to day functioning” Sullivan
DREAMS
Do dreams have meaning?
Dream Theories
Freud’s Wish Fulfillment Theory
Activation-Synthesis Theory (Hobson & McCarley)
Memory Consolidation Theory
Dreams: Freud
Dreams sequence of images, emotions, and
thoughts passing through a sleeping person’s mind
hallucinatory imagery discontinuities incongruities delusional acceptance of the content difficulties remembering
Dreams: Freud
Sigmund Freud--The Interpretation of Dreams (1900) wish fulfillment discharge otherwise unacceptable
feelings Manifest Content
remembered story line Latent Content
underlying meaning
Activation-Synthesis Theory
During REM sleep – random neural stimulation (activation) takes place & then our brains create a story (synthesis)…
Night Terrors and Nightmares
Night Terrors occur within 2
or 3 hours of falling asleep, usually during Stage 4
high arousal-- appearance of being terrified
seldom remembered
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
4
3
2
1
Sleepstages
Awake
Hours of sleep
REM
Memory Consolidation
Our brains process information during REM sleep
Dreams
As Information Processing helps facilitate memories
As a Physiological Function periodic brain stimulation
REM Rebound REM sleep increases following
REM sleep deprivation
Information YOU need to obtain from Myers/Sullivan:
Stages of Sleep -5 stages What happens in each stage for how long?, Types of waves?, Types of
behaviors? REM Rebound & Paradoxical sleep
Drugs Differences between categories – example: amphetamines vs.
barbituates paradoxical effects of alcohol, addiction, tolerance, withdrawal
Hypnosis What does it do and not do? Placebo Effect? Neo-Dissociative Theory, “the hidden observer”, post hypnotic suggestion,
