Warm Up: Describe the process of industrialization in Japan

Warm Up:

Describe the process of industrialization in Japan.

What was the Old Order?

1. Constitutional Governments• Manipulated through appeals to nationalism2. Colonial Empires• Both formal & informal• Maintained by military & economic means3. Free market capitalism• Industrial countries exchanged manufactured

goods for agricultural & mineral products of nonindustrial world

Chapter 29

The Collapse of the Old Order1919-1949

I. The Stalin Revolution

A. Five Year Plans1. Josef Stalin• Wanted to transform

Russia into an industrialized nation

• Wanted to increase the power of communist party, and power of the Soviet Union

• Not focused on consumer goods or profits


2. 1st Five Year Plan (1928-1933)• Goal was to rapidly industrialize Russia- Wanted to prevent a repeat of Russia’s defeat

in WWI• Quintuple electrical output• Double output of heavy industry- Iron, steel, coal and machinery


3. Effects of the 1st Five Year Plan• Cities and industries created from scratch• Millions of peasants trained to work in factories,

move to cities• Hydroelectric dams turn rivers into strings of lakes• Roads, canals and railroads cut across landscape• Forrest and grassland transformed into farmland


B. Collectivization of Agriculture1. Transition to Industrial Economy• Soviet Union was predominately agrarian• Peasants were primary source of money for

industrial investments, labor & food for industrial workers


2. Collectivization of Agriculture• Consolidation of privately owned farms into vast government

owned collectives• Farmers work together in commonly owned fields• Each collective needed to supply the government with a

quota of food- Distributed to industrial workers in the city- Remainder of food was distributed among collective

members • Industrialization of agriculture- Used techniques of mass production & modern machinery


3. Kulak Resistance• Kulaks, the better off peasants- resisted giving up land• Soldiers forced them into collectives at gunpoint• Kulaks burned their crops, smashed equipment

and slaughtered livestock - ½ of horses, 2/3 sheep & goats slaughtered in

months


4. Government Response • “liquidation of the kulaks as a class”• 8 million kulaks arrested- Sent to the gulags, slave labor camps in Siberia- 1 million executed


5. Effects of Collectivization• Only the least successful peasants remained on

collective farms • Not enough draft animals to harvest crops- Poor harvest in 1933-34• What was harvested was sent to the cities• Famine in the countryside- 5 million died of starvation in 1934- 1/20 farmers


6. Economic Effects of the Five Year Plans• 2nd Five Year plan focused on armaments (1933-1938)- Response to the rise of Nazi Germany• Soviet output of metals and machines increased 14

fold• Consumer goods remained scarce• Food rationed• Soviet people were more poorly fed, clothed and

housed than under NEP


C. Terror and Opportunities1. Secret Police• Goal was to prevent resistance & fear• Created an environment of suspicion & fear- Reflected Stalin’s paranoia


2. Great Purges 1937-38• Launched a series of show trials- Tortured political opponents into forced

confessions• Millions of Russians arrested for perceived

disloyalty- Executed or sent to gulags• Killed off the leadership of the “old Bolsheviks”• Destroyed the military officer corps


3. Women • Entered workforce in large numbers- All aspects of Soviet economy- Steelworkers, physicians, office managers

Read pages 834-835

Answer #1-4


4. Effectiveness• Soviet Union industrialized more rapidly than

any other nation• By late 1930’s, the USSR was the 3rd largest

economy• Economy grew while other industrialized

economies suffered during the Great Depression

Warm Up:

• Why was the Soviet Union able to industrialize faster than Japan?

II. The Great Depression

A. Economic Crisis1. Origins• Oct. 24, 1929 New York stock market crashed- Lost ½ value within days- Investors, bankers & brokers lost millions• Depositors in banks rushed to withdraw

funds- Thousands of banks collapsed


2. Great Depression in the U.S.• Consumers reduced purchases• Businesses cut production• Companies laid off workers- 25% unemployment• Unemployed relied on public charity• As demand decreased, farm prices fell- Thousands of farms went into foreclosure• By 1932, U.S. economy shrunk by half

Breadlines & Soup Kitchens in the U.S.

Shantytown “Hooverville”

Central Park NYC


3. Response of the US Government• Wanted to protect American industry from

foreign competition• Smoot-Hawley Tariff- highest import duty in

US history• Other nations responded by raising their tariffs- Global production dropped 36 %- World trade dropped 62%


B. Depression in Industrialized Nations1. Depression becomes global• American banks called on loans from

Germany & Austria• Germany & Austria unable to make

reparation payments to Britain & France• Britain & France could not repay loans to the

U.S.


2. Germany • Unemployment rate hit 30% in 1932• 50% of population lived in poverty• Government began printing money to pay

reparations- Led to hyperinflation- Inflation wiped out the savings of the middle

class

Hyperinflation

Hyperinflation

1914: 4 marks to $11919: 9 marks to $11922: 500 marks to $1Jan. 1923: 15,000 marks to $1July 1923: 350,000 marks to $1August 1923:5,000,000 marks to $1

Highest Rate of Exchange:11 trillion marks to $1


C. Depression in Non-industrial Nations1. Export Economies• Export based economies suffered as world wide

demand decreased- Sugar from Caribbean- Coffee from Brazil & Columbia- Tea from Ceylon and Java- Rubber from Southeast Asia- Cotton from Egypt


2. Latin America• Unemployment & homelessness increased• Declining economies led to military takeovers - Imposed totalitarian control over economies

III. The Rise of Fascism

A. Mussolini’s Italy1. Post WWI Italy• Disappointed by the lack of territorial gains of

war.• Inflation, unemployment, talk of revolution.

Read: Futurist Manifesto


2. Benito Mussolini• Persuasive speaker• Founded Fascist Party- Nationalistic- Glorified warfare


3. Fascism Goal of Fascism• Destroy the notion of the individual • Instead push for a common national identity.Differences with Communism• Identity based on nationality, not class.• Did not advocate end to private property.


4. Rise to Power• Used violence to intimidate political rivals- Paramilitary, the Black Shirts• Threatened to overthrow government if

Mussolini not appointed Prime Minister - Government gave in, Mussolini made Prime

Minster in 1922


5. Consolidation of Power• Installed Fascist Party members in all

government jobs• Outlawed opposition parties• Jailed critics• Mussolini declared Il Duce (the Leader)- Head of State- Right to govern by decree


6. Propaganda• Applied techniques of mass communications &

advertising to politics• Controlled newspapers, radio, films• Media used to glorify the state & Mussolini- “The Duce is always right”- “Believe, Obey, Fight”- American razor blades inadequate for toughness of

Mussolini’s beard- Speed driving race cars frightened experts


7. Fascist Rule• Civil liberties curtailed • Industries nationalized- Unions, strikes outlawed- Lowered living standards - Per capita output and wages declined• Provided social security, public services- “ he made the trains run on time”

Warm Up:

Compare the rise to power of the Communists in Russia and the

Fascists in Italy


B. Hitler’s Germany1. Adolf Hitler • Undistinguished artist- Rejected by the Academy in

Vienna• Served in German Army in

WWI without distinction• Joined German Workers Party

in 1919, renamed the National Socialist Workers Party (Nazi)

• Skilled orator

Read: Nazi Party Platform

Answer questions

Warm Up

What were the basic goals of the Nazi party?


2. Early Political Career• Became leader of the Nazi Party• Led failed coup of the government in 1923- Beer Hall Putsch• Thrown in jail• While in jail, wrote Mein Kampf, my struggle

Read: Mein Kampf


3. Goals of Hitler• Repeal of the Versailles Peace Treaty• Annexation of all German speaking people

into Germany• Conquest, Lebensraum – room to live, at

expense of Poland & USSR• Elimination of Jews from Europe


4. Depression & Rise to Power• Nazi party grew with the economic crisis of

Great Depression• Unemployed were encouraged by promises

for jobs• Property owners were afraid of growing

popularity of Communists• Hitler became chancellor in 1939


5. Hitler in Power• Nazi party members put in charge of all government agencies• Banned all opposition parties- Sent leaders to concentration camps• Jews denied citizenship & civil rights- Marriage between “Aryans” and Jews banned- Jews not permitted to attend universities- Jewish property confiscated• Hitler proclaimed “Fuhrer” – leader• Used propaganda to build support for Hitler


6. Nazi Rule & the Economy• Government undertook massive public works projects• Business gained contracts to manufacture weapons to

rearm German military• Women urged to leave workplace, freeing up jobs for

men- “Kinder, kirche, kuche” – children, church, kitchen• Unemployment rate decreased, standard of living rose• Germany exchanged civil liberties for economic

prosperity


C. The Road to War, 1933-19391. Towards War• Germany withdrew from League on Nations (1933)• German army began conscription (1935)- Violating the Versailles Peace Treaty• Italy invaded Ethiopia (1935)- Last independent state in Africa- Member of the League of Nations• Hitler sent troops to the demilitarized Rhineland (1936)- Violating the Versailles Peace Treaty


2. Appeasement• belief that by giving Hitler what he wanted,

war could be avoided(1) Fear of repeating WWI(2) Fear of communism- Democracies did not trust the USSR as an ally(3) Trust- Believed that Hitler was a man of his word


3. German Aggression• Occupation of Austria (March 1938)- Anschluss, Union • Demanded annexation of the Sudetenland- German speaking region of the Czech Republic• Munich Conference (Sept. 1938)- Leaders of France, Italy, & Britain gave Hitler the Sudetenland

to avoid war- Without consultation of Czechoslovakia • German army occupied the rest of Czechoslovakia (March

1939)

German aggression in Czechoslovakia


4. Alliances & Agreements• Germany and Italy

agree to Alliance- Axis Powers


• Nazi-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact (Aug. 1939)

- Hitler and Stalin agree not to attack each other

- Divide up Poland • German invasion of

Poland (Sept. 1939)- France and Britain

declare war on Germany

IV. East Asia

A. The Manchurian Incident of 19311. Japan & the Great Depression• China & the U.S. created trade barriers against Japanese

imports- Collapse in demand for silk and rice- Ruined Japanese farmers• Ultra-Nationalist resented Japanese dependence on

foreign trade- Wanted to create a Japanese Empire to lessen dependence

of foreign nations for natural resources- Saw conquest of China as solution to nations problems

IV. East Asia

2. Invasion of Manchuria• Japanese army used an explosion at on the

South Manchurian Railway (Sept. 1931) as an excuse to conquer Manchuria

- Probably staged• Attacked without approval of civilian

government

IV. East Asia

3. Militarization• Japanese focused of military production- Focus on creating a strong navy• Built railways and heavy industries in Manchuria- Rich in coal & iron• Military officials overthrew the civilian

government- Government grew more authoritarian- Political dissidents jailed

IV. East Asia B. The Chinese & the Long March1. Communist Persecution• Chinese Republic was led by

Chiang Kai-Shek- Guomindang – Chinese

Nationalist Party• Biggest rival was the Communist

party• Chiang Kai-Shek arrested &

executed members of Communist party and labor leaders in 1927

- Survivors fled to Jiangxi in southeastern China

IV. East Asia

2. Mao Zedong• Communist party leader• Advocated redistribution of

land- Give land from wealthy to

poor- Supported by peasants• Advocated women’s equality- Allowed divorce- Outlawed foot binding- Banned arranged marriage

IV. East Asia 3. The Long March (1934-35)• The Guomindang army pursued

the Communist into the mountains

• Communist avoided direct confrontation

- Guerilla Warfare• Communist marched from Jiangxi

to Shaanxi- Constant attack and aerial

bombardment- 1 year- 6,000 miles- Of 10,000 who left, only 4,000

reached Shaanxi

IV. East Asia

C. The Sino-Japanese War, 1937-19451. Japanese Aggression• Attacked Beijing in July, 1937• Seized Beijing, Tianjin, & Shanghai within

weeks• Western powers did not respond to Japanese

aggression

IV. East Asia

2. Chinese Resistance and Economic Effects• Both Guomindang army and Communist guerilla

forces fought Japanese invaders• War with China became a drain on the Japanese

economy- Taxes rose- Food & fuel became scarce• Japan became increasingly dependent on U.S.

for steel and oil

IV. East Asia

3. Rape on Nanjing• Japanese forces took the city on Nanjing

(1937-1938)• Raped 20,000 women• Killed 200,000 civilians & prisoners

IV. East Asia

4. Environmental Disaster• Chiang ordered Yellow River dikes destroyed

to slow Japanese advance• Caused massive flooding- 4,000 villages destroyed- 890,000 killed- 12.5 million homeless

IV. East Asia

Chaing Kai-Shek• based in Sichuan• Built massive army to fight

Japanese & Communist- Poorly equipped• Raised taxes on peasants

during famine• Corruption in government• Printed money to avoid

taxing wealthy supporters- inflation

Mao Zedong• based in Shaanxi• Listened to grievances of

peasants• Redistributed land• Strict discipline, no dissent• Obtained intelligence fro

farmers in Japanese held territory

• military victories

5. Dual Resistance to Japanese Aggression

Using your textbooks, pages 843-844, compare the nature of warfare in WWI to that of WWII

How was the war fought

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Warm Up: Describe the process of industrialization in Japan