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Warm-up DiscussionWhat are the
important “steps” in developing and analyzing scientific investigations?
Is the process linear (meaning one step always leads to the next in the same order)? If not, explain why.
AgendaWarm-upBrainstorm: characteristics of good experiments
Special notes on hypotheses (including null hypotheses)
Design an experiment to investigate the response of isopods to environmental factorsBring bugs by Friday!!All procedures, raw data, and analysis should be
written in your lab notebook! Revisit characteristics of good experimentsGroup activity: evaluating and critiquing
experiments
Characteristics of Good Experiments
HypothesesBest to use “if-then” form
Indicates IN THE HYPOTHESIS what your independent and dependent variables will be (what you’ll change and what you’ll measure)
Examples:Poor: I think the color green is more soothing than
the color red. Doesn’t tell you enough about the experimental design!
What are you measuring?
Better: If rats are soothed by green more than red, then rats in a green chamber will have lower heart rates and respiratory rates than rats in a red chamber.
HypothesesFix these!
Poor: I think cats like tuna more than they like chicken.
Poor: I think my dog pees more on trees that other dogs have marked than on fresh trees.
Null HypothesesBasically says that there will be no significant
correlation/preference/difference/effect in your outcomes
Examples:Hypothesis: if cats prefer tuna over chicken, then cats
will eat the tuna meal more often than the chicken meal when they are given both options.
Null: if cats have no preference of tuna over chicken, then they will eat both meals with equal frequency when given both options.(or cats will have no preference between tuna and chicken)
Null HypothesesYou Try!
Hypothesis: If a white Chrysler 200 and black Chrysler 200 are left in the blazing Texas sun for 9 hours, then the white Chrysler 200 will have a lower interior temperature than the black Chrysler 200.
Null:
Null HypothesesYou Try!
Hypothesis: If bacteria grow more in sweaty versus dry environments, then more bacteria will be found on a sweaty sock than on a dry sock.
Null:
Null HypothesesYou Try!
Hypothesis: If Oxyclean is a more effective stain-fighter than Shout, then a grass-stained t-shirt washed with Oxyclean will be cleaner than a grass-stained t-shirt washed with Shout.
Null:
Null HypothesesWhy bother with a null hypothesis?
You can’t really “prove” anything in scienceIf you can statistically reject your null hypothesis,
you’re saying there is not “no difference” which is very similar to saying that there IS a difference
ExampleAbbrHyp: Cats prefer tuna over chickenNullHyp: Cats eat tuna and chicken in equal
frequencies
I can never prove unequivocally that cats prefer tuna, but I can disprove that they have no preference which supports the idea that they prefer tuna
Design an experiment to investigate the response of isopods
to environmental factorsIsopod Behavior
(or The Roly-poly Lab!)Objectives: Observe various aspects of a terrestrial isopod Conduct experiments examining the responses
of isopods to various environmental factors Design and conduct an investigation of animal
behavior
Isopod BehaviorToday: Design the LabNote any important background information that will help
you form a question about the isopod’s response to the environment
Form a questionForm a testable hypothesisForm a null hypothesisDesign an experiment that will allow you to support or
reject your hypothesis and null hypothesisIdentify independent and dependent variables (what will you
change? What will you measure?)Determine materials: choice chamber, # pill bugs, etcDetermine procedures – BE SPECIFIC! I should be able to
read your procedures and do your EXACT experiment!Sketch out what data tables you’ll need
THIS STUFF GOES IN YOUR LAB NOTEBOOK – DUE TOMORROW!! (you will type up a nice, pretty lab report later)
Tomorrow: Do the Lab (gather data, begin analysis, etc)
Factors to Investigate…Factor Materials (suggested)
Temperature cold pack, warm pack
Light lamps, flashlights, dark construction paper, aluminum foil
pH low pH (HCl), high pH (NaOH)
Substrate (surface)
soil, sand, sandpaper, bark, paper, cedar chips, gravel
Odor ammonia
Food apple, potato, fish food, lunchmeat
Revisiting Characteristics of Good Experimental Design
Critiquing ExperimentsIn your groups, you will evaluate and critique four
experimentsEach student will write their OWN answersUse “if/then” format for hypothesis, but you are not
required to use “if/then” for the null hypothesisBe sure that your conclusions are concise and
specific – it’s never enough to say that something “changed,” you must always say HOW it changed (increased, decreased, got __ °C warmer, etc…) and do not make broad generalizations that aren’t supported by the data
HypothesesPoor: I think the bugs will move toward the wet
side of the chamber.
Better: If the bugs prefer a moist environment over a dry environment, then when they are randomly placed in a choice chamber and allowed to move freely for ten minutes, more bugs will be found on the wet side of the chamber than the dry side of the chamber.
Null Hypothesis: If pill bugs are randomly placed in a choice chamber and allowed to move freely for ten minutes, then they will have no preference for moist versus dry and the same number will be found on each side of the chamber.