WARM-UP: IN WHAT COUNTRY WERE YOUR SHOES MADE? Top #7 Shoe-Manufacturing Countries in 2016 • China • India • Brazil • Vietnam • Indonesia • Pakistan • Thailand

INTERNATIONAL TRADE: MING CHINA & THE INDIAN OCEAN NETWORK

Learning Goal 3: Describe what characteristic of global trade after the European discovery of the western hemisphere and explain the role Ming China played in global trade.

THE CHALLENGES OF TRADE: GETTING WHAT YOU WANT, FROM SOMEONE IS SELLING IT, AT THE RIGHT PRICE…

IMPORTANT TERMS TO KNOW Eunuch

• castrated male. Important servants in the Ming government

Tribute • gifts offered to show respect

and admiration Colonialism

• Act of one country taking control of another country or region

MING DYNASTY • China: 1368 – 1644 • Peasant revolt and

uprising drove out the Mongols

• Ming Dynasty founded by Hong Wu, peasant soldier and Buddhist monk

• Reestablished Chinese rule and make sure no foreign rule would ever happen again

EMPEROR HONG WU • Buddhist Monk • Brought stability to China • Rebuilt the infrastructure

• Bridges • Canals • Roads • Temples

• Reinstated the civil service exams

• Centralized government and put eunuchs in charge

• Neo-Confucianism, as well as influences from Daoism & Buddhism

MING GOVERNMENT

FORBIDDEN CITY • Located in Beijing • Surrounded by 40-foot high walls and a moat • Highest-ranking civil servants and officials lived

in the city • Emperor’s palace in very center • Only the emperor, his family, and certain

officials/eunuchs were allowed in his palace

DECLINE OF THE MING DYNASTY • China stopped trading with foreigners

• No foreign trade = no market for Chinese goods • No market = no money for producers • No money = widespread poverty

• Political corruption • Emperors would waste money on lavish parties

• Heavy taxes = Peasants get mad!

• Famine = Peasants starve

• Politically Weak = military weak = invaded by the Manchus

• The last Ming emperor hanged himself on a tree in the imperial garden outside the Forbidden City.

BUT BEFORE THE MING DYNASTY COLLAPSED…

INDIAN OCEAN TRADE NETWORK

• Silk Road = used for trading by land • Indian Ocean = trade via ship

• Primary trading nations: ▪ Portugal ▪ Netherlands (the Dutch) ▪ China (until the Ming collapsed) ▪ Spain ▪ East Africa ▪ Islamic Empire (what remained of it after the

Mongols) ▪ Philippines ▪ Great Britain ▪ Japan

WHO WANTED WHAT? • Europeans wanted spices from Asia

• Why? • No refrigerators – need a way to preserve meat • Spices allow meat to stay fresh longer • Make things more delicious ☺

COMPETITION! • Muslims controlled

most of the trade routes

• China stopped foreign trade after the Ming Dynasty collapsed

• Portugal had military advantage • Established military

bases along coast of Africa, Persian Gulf, India, Southeast Asia, and China

PORTUGAL’S TRADING POST EMPIRE • Military bases along coast of Africa, Persian Gulf, India, Southeast

Asia, and China

• Lasted about a century

• Eventually assimilated into local societies in Asia and Africa

• Steep decline by 1600 – overextended and competition

COLONIALISM BEGINS

Spain took over the Philippines • Easy and bloodless • Major missionary effort • Remained part of Spain until

the Spanish-American War of 1898!

Great Britain focused on India Traded for pepper, spices, and cotton textiles

EAST INDIAN COMPANIES • Dutch and English formed private trading

companies to trade with India • Militarily and economically stronger than the

Portuguese • Both will begin to deal in bulk for a mass

market • Trading posts will eventually turn into a

conventional form of colonization

NETHERLANDS (THE DUTCH) • Focused in Indonesia • Controlled small spice-producing islands • Banda Islands

• Dutch killed, enslaved, or left to starve almost the entire population (15,000) and then replaced them with Dutch farmers and slave laborers

• Would sell nutmeg, mace, and cloves at 14 – 17 times the price they paid in Indonesia

• Profits soared, but local economy of the Spice Islands was shattered and people were left impoverished

SILVER TRADE: CHINA • The Chinese wanted silver

• Chinese population was required to pay their taxes in silver • To afford silver, the Chinese had to sell their own goods

• China became central to world market • Silver “went round the world and made the world go round” • Bolivia, Japan, Spanish America, and the Philippines

provided silver

RUSSIA • Fairly new to trading • Major source of furs

for Western Europe and Ottoman Empire

• Profits from furs allowed for rapid expansion

• Tax or tribute imposed on every male between 18 – 50 payable in furs

JAPAN • Used profits from silver to unify

country • developed a market-based

economy • Invested heavily in agriculture and

industry • Families took steps to have less

children • Outcome: flourishing, highly

commercialized economy • Laid foundation for the 19th century

Industrial Revolution

Next Up: Webquest We will explore the Indian Ocean trade using online maps! -Go to http://indianoceanhistory.org/ -Scroll down -In the middle, under “Era Maps” click “Medieval Era” -Use the map to complete the first column

Map of the Indian Ocean Region