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In three or less sentences please describe In three or less sentences please describe what you already know about the what you already know about the American Revolution, the French American Revolution, the French Revolution, or the Glorious Revolution.Revolution, or the Glorious Revolution.

Example: Who was fighting? Why were Example: Who was fighting? Why were they fighting? What was the result?they fighting? What was the result?

The Enlightenment and The Enlightenment and Democratic RevolutionDemocratic Revolution

10.1.210.1.2

The EnlightenmentThe Enlightenment

The The EnlightenmentEnlightenment, an intellectual , an intellectual movement that spread from Europe to movement that spread from Europe to America in the 1700s.America in the 1700s.

It helped inspire democratic revolutions in It helped inspire democratic revolutions in Europe, the United States,and Latin Europe, the United States,and Latin America.America.

Key enlightenment writers included Key enlightenment writers included Locke, Locke, Montesquieu, Montesquieu, and and RousseauRousseau..

John Locke (England)John Locke (England)

People have People have natural rights natural rights to life, liberty, to life, liberty, and the ownership of property.and the ownership of property.

People form People form governments to protect governments to protect these rightsthese rights..

Influence: Influence: Locke’s ideas influenced Locke’s ideas influenced Thomas JeffersonThomas Jefferson, the main author of the , the main author of the Declaration of IndependenceDeclaration of Independence. .

Charles-Louis Montesquieu (France)Charles-Louis Montesquieu (France)

Government should be kept under control Government should be kept under control though though separation of powersseparation of powers—a division into —a division into independent parts so that no part has too much independent parts so that no part has too much power.power.

Influence: Influence: Montesquieu’s ideas influenced Montesquieu’s ideas influenced James MadisonJames Madison, sometimes called the father of , sometimes called the father of the the U.S. Constitution U.S. Constitution because of his many because of his many contributions at the 1787 Constitutional contributions at the 1787 Constitutional Convention.Convention.

Jean-Jacques Rousseau (France)Jean-Jacques Rousseau (France)

A A social contract social contract exists between citizens and exists between citizens and their government. In this contract, citizens their government. In this contract, citizens accept certain rights and responsibilities, and accept certain rights and responsibilities, and grant the government the power to uphold those grant the government the power to uphold those rights and responsibilities.rights and responsibilities.

Influence: Influence: The ideas of Locke and Rousseau The ideas of Locke and Rousseau influenced Latin-American revolutionary leader influenced Latin-American revolutionary leader Simón BolívarSimón Bolívar. Bolívar fought to liberate his . Bolívar fought to liberate his country, present-day country, present-day VenezuelaVenezuela, from Spanish , from Spanish rule.rule.

Documents of DemocracyDocuments of Democracy

Documents of DemocracyDocuments of Democracy

Because of their traditions as English citizens, Because of their traditions as English citizens, American colonists expected to have the rights American colonists expected to have the rights granted in England by the granted in England by the Magna CartaMagna Carta and the and the English Bill of RightsEnglish Bill of Rights. However, they were often . However, they were often denied these rights, and tensions grew in the colonies, denied these rights, and tensions grew in the colonies, leading toward revolution. leading toward revolution.

Many principles of these documents continued in the Many principles of these documents continued in the American Declaration of IndependenceAmerican Declaration of Independence and the and the Bill Bill of Rights in the U.S. Constitution.of Rights in the U.S. Constitution. In Europe, some In Europe, some of the same principles and traditions carried into the of the same principles and traditions carried into the French Declaration of Rights of Man and the CitizenFrench Declaration of Rights of Man and the Citizen. .

Magna Carta (1215, England) Magna Carta (1215, England)

Limited the powers of the king Limited the powers of the king Laid the basis for due process of law—law Laid the basis for due process of law—law

should be known and orderly should be known and orderly Prohibited the king from taking property or Prohibited the king from taking property or

taxes without consent of a council taxes without consent of a council

English Bill of Rights (1689) English Bill of Rights (1689)

Guaranteed free elections and frequent Guaranteed free elections and frequent meetings of Parliament meetings of Parliament

Forbade excessive fines and cruel punishment Forbade excessive fines and cruel punishment Gave people the right to complain to the king Gave people the right to complain to the king

or queen in Parliament or queen in Parliament Established representative government—laws Established representative government—laws

made by a group that acts for the people made by a group that acts for the people

American Declaration of American Declaration of Independence (1776)Independence (1776)

Said that all men are created equal and have Said that all men are created equal and have the right to life, liberty, and the pursuit of the right to life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness; these are unalienable rights—rights happiness; these are unalienable rights—rights that government cannot take away that government cannot take away

Said that governments get their power from Said that governments get their power from the consent of the governed—the idea of the consent of the governed—the idea of popular sovereignty popular sovereignty

French Declaration of the Rights of French Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen (1789)Man and Citizen (1789)

Said that “men are born and remain free and Said that “men are born and remain free and equal in rights” equal in rights”

Said that the purpose of government is to Said that the purpose of government is to protect “natural” rights, including “liberty, protect “natural” rights, including “liberty, property, security, and resistance to oppression” property, security, and resistance to oppression”

Guaranteed freedom of speech and freedom of Guaranteed freedom of speech and freedom of religion religion

U.S. Bill of Rights (1791) U.S. Bill of Rights (1791)

Guaranteed freedom of speech, freedom of religion, Guaranteed freedom of speech, freedom of religion, and freedom of the press and freedom of the press

Guaranteed due process of law, including protection Guaranteed due process of law, including protection from unfair imprisonment from unfair imprisonment

Guaranteed trial by jury; protected people from Guaranteed trial by jury; protected people from “cruel and unusual punishment”“cruel and unusual punishment”

The American RevolutionThe American Revolution

The American Revolution was rooted The American Revolution was rooted in the belief that people possess in the belief that people possess natural rights and that government natural rights and that government has a responsibility to protect those has a responsibility to protect those rights. rights.

American Patriots believed that the American Patriots believed that the British government had violated their British government had violated their rights. As a result, they declared rights. As a result, they declared their independence from British rule their independence from British rule and sought to create their own and sought to create their own government.government.

Key Events in the Key Events in the American RevolutionAmerican Revolution

1760s American colonists protest unfair taxes and 1760s American colonists protest unfair taxes and other rights violations by the British.other rights violations by the British.

1775 War breaks out as shots are fired between 1775 War breaks out as shots are fired between colonists and British soldiers.colonists and British soldiers.

1776 American colonists issue a Declaration of 1776 American colonists issue a Declaration of Independence from British rule.Independence from British rule.

1781 British Army surrenders; Americans achieve 1781 British Army surrenders; Americans achieve independence.independence.

1781–1787 States agree to a weak central government 1781–1787 States agree to a weak central government under the Articles of Confederation.under the Articles of Confederation.

1787 States accept the U.S. Constitution, creating a 1787 States accept the U.S. Constitution, creating a stronger national government.stronger national government.

1791 The Bill of Rights is added to the U.S. Constitution. 1791 The Bill of Rights is added to the U.S. Constitution.

Unique SuccessUnique Success

The American Revolution occurred during The American Revolution occurred during an era of revolutionary movements. Not all an era of revolutionary movements. Not all revolutions succeeded in creating stable revolutions succeeded in creating stable democracy. democracy.

For example, after the French Revolution For example, after the French Revolution in 1789, France descended into chaos, as in 1789, France descended into chaos, as people rebelled against many traditions. A people rebelled against many traditions. A dictatorship took over in 1799. dictatorship took over in 1799.

By contrast, the American colonists By contrast, the American colonists rebelled mainly against British rule.rebelled mainly against British rule.

Other Revolutionary Other Revolutionary MovementsMovements

The American Revolution was the first of a The American Revolution was the first of a series of wars for independence that shared series of wars for independence that shared some common beliefs. some common beliefs. individual rights individual rights Popular sovereigntyPopular sovereignty

French Revolution 1789–1799French Revolution 1789–1799 Haitian Revolution 1791–1802Haitian Revolution 1791–1802 Batavian Revolution (Netherlands) 1795–1801Batavian Revolution (Netherlands) 1795–1801 Latin-American Wars for Independence 1810–Latin-American Wars for Independence 1810–

18241824 Greek war for independence 1821–1827Greek war for independence 1821–1827

The French RevolutionThe French Revolution

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Like the American Revolution, the Like the American Revolution, the French Revolution of 1789 erupted after French Revolution of 1789 erupted after years of yearning for freedom and years of yearning for freedom and justice. justice.

Revolutionaries overthrew the French Revolutionaries overthrew the French Old RegimeOld Regime that had divided the people that had divided the people into three unequal social classes, or into three unequal social classes, or estatesestates. . old problems of poverty and injustice old problems of poverty and injustice

remained.remained.

Causes of RevolutionCauses of Revolution

Inequality (3 estates)Inequality (3 estates)Monarchy ineffective (Louis XV and XVI)Monarchy ineffective (Louis XV and XVI)Bad Harvests/Financial CollapseBad Harvests/Financial CollapseEnlightenment Ideas and Inspired by Am. Enlightenment Ideas and Inspired by Am.

Rev. Rev.

The Three EstatesThe Three Estates

First Estate: clergyFirst Estate: clergy130,000 owned 10% of land. 130,000 owned 10% of land.

Second Estate: NobilitySecond Estate: Nobility120-350,000 owned 30 % of land120-350,000 owned 30 % of land

Third Estate: CommonersThird Estate: Commoners75-80% owned 35% of land75-80% owned 35% of land

Reign of TerrorReign of Terror

A period in the early 1790s known for A period in the early 1790s known for the mass executions carried out by the mass executions carried out by the revolutionary government’s the revolutionary government’s Committee for Public Safety. The Committee for Public Safety. The ROT was lead by Robespierre and ROT was lead by Robespierre and was aimed at eliminating enemies of was aimed at eliminating enemies of the Revolution. the Revolution.

Napoleon BonaparteNapoleon Bonaparte

Meanwhile, poverty and chaos wearied the Meanwhile, poverty and chaos wearied the nation. Stability came only after the nation. Stability came only after the military leader Napoleon Bonaparte seized military leader Napoleon Bonaparte seized control as dictator in 1799. control as dictator in 1799.

His powers as dictator led again to His powers as dictator led again to instability, however, continuing for instability, however, continuing for generations. generations.

France did not adopt a constitution that France did not adopt a constitution that guaranteed representative government guaranteed representative government until 1875.until 1875.