WarmUp #11. At what conference did Joseph Stalin of the Soviet

Union agree to set up democratic elections in Eastern European countries?

2. Why did President Harry Truman & Joseph Stalin not see eye-to-eye as World War II was ending?

3. How many partitions (zones/areas) was Germany divided at the end of World War II? What countries controlled Germany post-World War II?

4. Why was the Cold War referred to as “cold”? What was the name of the “invisible curtain” drawn between the two spheres within this war?

Cold War & War on Terror• !!!MUST KNOW TERMS!!!

– Iron Curtain

– containment

– Marshall Plan

– Berlin Airlift

– Truman Doctrine

– NATO

– Warsaw Pact

– Korean War

– hydrogen bomb

– deterrence

– Khmer Rouge

– Have a copy of these terms defined in your Notebook, for easy access!

• arms race

• Sputnik

• Bay of Pigs

• Cuban Missile Crisis

• non-aligned nations

• Vietnam War

• détente

• Ronald Reagan & Mikhail Gorbachev

• glasnost

• perestroika

• Persian Gulf War

• domino theory

• Al Qaeda

• Taliban

The Cold War in Europe

Harry S. Truman (United States)• U.S. President: 1945-1952• post-World War II: Germany & its capital, Berlin, divided into 4

sectors (United States, Great Britain, France & Soviet Union)• Nuremburg Trials put former Nazi leaders on trial for war crimes…

many convicted & sentenced to death, but some escaped & fled to South America

• March 1946: Winston Churchill gives speech in Truman’s home state of Missouri pointing out a new “polarization” of the Cold War…coins the phrase “Iron Curtain”

• policy of containment: keep communism within borders already set & prevent its spreading (Domino Theory)…NO APPEASEMENT!

• Marshall Plan (1947): U.S. gives economic aid ($13 billion) to Western Europe, to avoid economic chaos…& prevent post-World War I issues & effects of communism

• Truman Doctrine (1947): U.S. promises to intervene on behalf of Greece & Turkey, in defense vs. communism

• 1949 NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization) formed: military alliance vs. communism

Divided Germany, Divided Berlin

Iron Curtain

Marshall Plan

Joseph Stalin (Soviet Union)• Soviet Premier: 1924-1953• Berlin Blockade 1948-1949: cuts supply routes in & out of

Berlin…attempts to force Allies to leave• United States, Great Britain & France flew supplies in

(Berlin Airlift)…Soviet Union backed down• satellite countries: countries between Germany & Soviet

Union (buffer zone to prevent future invasions) – created COMECON 1949…Soviet version of Marshall

Plan• to rebuild the Soviet economy, Stalin increased Soviet

exports– production of machinery for factories…with economy

focused primarily on military– people were not well cared for…cramped living

conditions with very few luxuries• continued purges (Gulags) & paranoia to his death

Berlin Airlift

Satellite Countries of the Soviet Union

Dwight D. Eisenhower (United States)

• President: 1953-1960• hardline, anti-communist• Senator Joseph McCarthy: 2nd

Red Scare (“blacklists”)• 1959 Cuban Revolution: Fidel

Castro led communist uprising by overthrowing dictator & establishing ties to Soviet Union

Nikita Khrushchev (Soviet Union)• Soviet Premier: 1956-

1964• de-Stalinization of USSR• increased freedoms...

Alexander Solzhenitsyn wrote about life in the Siberian Gulags

• 1955 Warsaw Pact: the Soviet version of NATO

• perceptions of foreign failures…leads to ouster!– Cuban Missile Crisis

(October 1963)

Alexander Solzhenitsyn

Communist Takeover: Post-World War II

• all of Eastern Europe from East Germany to the Soviet Union, except Greece, Albania & Yugoslavia– instituted 5-Year

Plans & collectivization

• Tito: communist Yugoslav leader – clashed with Joseph

Stalin, as he refused to be controlled by the Soviet Union

Revolts Against Communism

• 1956 Poland: tried to follow own communist path, but stayed in the Warsaw Pact…because of fears of Soviet military

• Polish success led Hungarians to revolt in 1956

– sought elections, as Hungary was to be a free state

– Soviet military restored communist control in Budapest, as Hungarians received no outside assistance

Hungary (1956)

Prague Spring (1968)• Czechoslovakia: long history of democracy

• writers’ rebellion denounced communist government…called for the people to rise in revolt against status quo

• new government introduced reforms called the “Prague Spring”

• Soviet Union did not want “Spring” to spread…so troops were sent in to crush revolt

Prague Spring (1968)