Wars, Rebellion, Wars, Rebellion, and the Rise of Nation Statesand the Rise of Nation States

History 103History 103The West and the WorldThe West and the World

Focus QuestionsFocus Questions

What measures did the Roman What measures did the Roman Catholic Church take to reform itself Catholic Church take to reform itself and to combat Protestantism in the and to combat Protestantism in the sixteenth century?sixteenth century?

What role did politics, economic and What role did politics, economic and social conditions, and religion play in social conditions, and religion play in the European wars of the sixteenth the European wars of the sixteenth century?century?

Protestant ReformationProtestant Reformation

John Calvin1509-1564

Protestant Protestant Reformaton:CalvinismReformaton:Calvinism

““Original sin . . . appears to be a Original sin . . . appears to be a hereditary depravity and corruption hereditary depravity and corruption of our nature, diffused through all the of our nature, diffused through all the parts of the soul, rendering us parts of the soul, rendering us obnoxious to the Divine wrath, and obnoxious to the Divine wrath, and producing in us . . . ‘works of the producing in us . . . ‘works of the flesh.’” flesh.’” Institutes of the Christian Institutes of the Christian ReligionReligion (p. 229). (p. 229).

Protestant Protestant Reformation:CalvinismReformation:Calvinism

““Predestination we call the eternal Predestination we call the eternal degree of God, by which he has degree of God, by which he has determined in himself, what he determined in himself, what he would have to become of every would have to become of every individual of mankind . . . Eternal life individual of mankind . . . Eternal life is foreordained for some, and eternal is foreordained for some, and eternal damnation for others.” damnation for others.” Institutes of Institutes of the Christian Religionthe Christian Religion (p. 145) (p. 145)

Religions in EuropeReligions in Europe

Religious Situation in Europe

Henry VIII (1491-1547)Reign 1509-1547

English Reformation

Catherine of Aragon1385-1536

English ReformationEnglish Reformation

Thomas Cranmer and Thomas Thomas Cranmer and Thomas CromwellCromwell– Marriage Annulment in English Marriage Annulment in English

Ecclesiastical Court (1533)Ecclesiastical Court (1533)– Act of Supremacy (1534), Monarch Act of Supremacy (1534), Monarch

Declared Supreme Head of Church of Declared Supreme Head of Church of EnglandEngland

– Treason ActTreason Act– Thomas MoreThomas More

Catherine of Aragon Anne BoleynJane Seymour

Anne of Cleves Catherine Howard

Catherine Parr

Elizabeth I (1533-1603)Reign 1558-1603

Edward VI1547-1553

Mary Tudor1553-1558

Ignatius of Loyola (1490-1556) Ignatius of Loyola (1490-1556) and the Jesuitsand the Jesuits

BiographyBiography

Society of JesusSociety of Jesus

Spiritual Spiritual ExercisesExercises

Schools and Schools and EducationEducation

The Miracles of St. Ignatius, Rubens 1617

COUNCIL OF TRENTCOUNCIL OF TRENT1545-15631545-1563

Internal Reform of Corruption in ChurchInternal Reform of Corruption in Church Affirms that both Faith & Good Works Affirms that both Faith & Good Works

Necessary for SalvationNecessary for Salvation Intersession of Saints, Indulgences, Intersession of Saints, Indulgences,

PurgatoryPurgatory Affirms the Importance of Bible & TraditionAffirms the Importance of Bible & Tradition Affirms the Validity of Seven SacramentsAffirms the Validity of Seven Sacraments Affirms TransubstantiationAffirms Transubstantiation

Wars of ReligionWars of Religion

Dynastic & Religious: Political, Dynastic & Religious: Political, Religious & IdeologicalReligious & Ideological

Schmalkaldic Wars (1546-1555) and Schmalkaldic Wars (1546-1555) and Peace of Augsburg 1555 – Peace of Augsburg 1555 – cujus cujus regio, ejus religioregio, ejus religio

French Wars of Religion,1562-1598French Wars of Religion,1562-1598 Revolt in the Netherlands, 1566-1609Revolt in the Netherlands, 1566-1609

Charles V, 1500-58Holy Roman Emperor, 1519-56

Hapsburg vs Valois

Francis I, 1494-47King of France, 1515-47

French Wars of Religion,1562-French Wars of Religion,1562-15981598

Catholic vs HuguenotCatholic vs Huguenot Major Families – Valois, Guise, BourbonMajor Families – Valois, Guise, Bourbon Henry II (1547-1559) Valois DynastyHenry II (1547-1559) Valois Dynasty

– Francis II (1559-1560)Francis II (1559-1560)– Charles IX (1560-1574)Charles IX (1560-1574)– Henry III (1574-1589)Henry III (1574-1589)

Henry IV (1589-1610) Bourbon DynastyHenry IV (1589-1610) Bourbon Dynasty Edict of Nantes, 1598Edict of Nantes, 1598

Catherine de' Medici1519-1589

Power Behind the Throne DuringThe French Wars of Religion

St. Bartholomew’s Day St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre, August 23, 1572Massacre, August 23, 1572

Religious ViolenceReligious Violence The Importance of the State in Catholic RevivalThe Importance of the State in Catholic Revival

Henry IV of France1589-1610

As Duc of Navarre he was the Leader of the Huguenots. Established the Bourbon Dynasty in France

Philip II1556-1598

King of Spain and Ruler of theNetherlands and the SpanishColonial Empire

United Provinces, Spanish United Provinces, Spanish NetherlandsNetherlands

Duke of AlbaEnters Netherlands in 1567

William of OrangeLeads Rebellion in 1568

The Spanish Armanda, 1588

The Thirty Years’ WarThe Thirty Years’ War

Wars of ReligionWars of Religion

The Horror of the Religious Wars leavesa lasting impression on Europe and givesrise to Serious Debates Over the Issueof Religious Toleration

Big Question: What is the Proper Roleof the State in Matters of Religion?