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W9 1
WASH Cluster – Water in Emergencies
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Water in EmergenciesSession 9
Water Facilities & Good Practices
W9 2
WASH Cluster – Water in Emergencies
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Exercise - Meeting the Needs of the Users
1. List the different facilities connected to water provision in an emergency which the beneficiaries will use directly?
2. Select two or three types of facilities and identify the key design features which you think the users would identify as important?
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WASH Cluster – Water in Emergencies
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Water Facilities
Design features from the users’ perspective:
– Acceptable level of service – water quantity, queuing time, distance
– Accessible – to people with different levels of mobility, safe
– Culturally appropriate – level of privacy, availability of water for anal cleansing
– No protection risk – siting, distance, lighting
– Hygienic – good drainage, regular cleaning
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WASH Cluster – Water in Emergencies
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Best Practices for:
• Drainage
• Tapstands
• Handwashing facilities
• Accessibility for people with disabilities
• Bathing units
• Clothes and cooking pots washing
• Cholera treatment centres
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WASH Cluster – Water in Emergencies
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Designing to Meet the Needsof the User
Involve the different groups of users in design facilities:
– Siting / safety / protection ?
– Privacy ?
– Accessibility ?
– Cultural acceptability ?
– Water for anal cleansing ?
– Dealing with menstruation ?
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WASH Cluster – Water in Emergencies
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Designing to Meet the needs of the User
• Early stages - ad hoc questions to women and men and children if possible
• After the immediate situation is stabilised - more discussions, small focus groups, household visits– Consider gender, age and ethnicity for FGDs
• Work with communities together with - hygiene promotion staff
– What staff are available to talk to different groups
W9 7
WASH Cluster – Water in Emergencies
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Drainage ?
REDR
W9 8
WASH Cluster – Water in Emergencies
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Water-Points & Drainage of Wastewater
Burmese refugee camp in Bangladesh
Gary Campbell
Refugee camp, Zaire
S House / WEDC
W9 9
WASH Cluster – Water in Emergencies
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Water-Points & Drainage of Wastewater
Nepal, IDP camp for flood affected population
S House / OXFAM-GB
Soak-pit IDP camp, northern Uganda (to be covered)
S House / MSF-OCBA
W9 10
WASH Cluster – Water in Emergencies
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Soakpits
Davies & Lambert (1995) Engineering in Emergencies, REDR & ITDG
Not essential to cover soak pits
Uncovered soakpits - can become flooded with heavy rains if poor infiltration
Covered soakpits - easier for pipe / entrance to become blocked
Large soakpit constructed under the platform, Pakistan earthquake response
S House / OXFAM--GBThe simpler the better
High O&M
Not always possible – clayey soil
W9 11
WASH Cluster – Water in Emergencies
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Using Wastewater for Other Purposes
Wastewater can be collected for other uses:
– Animal watering
– Collection by bucket for use on small vegetable gardens
– Feed directly into a small garden
Each needs appropriate management
Cattle trough constructed for wastewater on a community water point, Zimbabwe
S House / ACF
W9 12
WASH Cluster – Water in Emergencies
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Package GS Tapstand
OXFAM equipment manuals
W9 13
WASH Cluster – Water in Emergencies
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Hand-Washing Facilities
IFRC REDR
If water supply for hand-washing is not constant:•Who will fill the water containers?
•What will be the mechanism?
•How will it be sustained?
W9 14
WASH Cluster – Water in Emergencies
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Soap
R.Scott, / WEDC
At least 250g of soap available for personal hygiene per person per
month
WASH Cluster Hygiene Project
W9 15
WASH Cluster – Water in Emergencies
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Hand-Washing Facilities
Inter-agency manual on excreta disposal in emergencies, 2007
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WASH Cluster – Water in Emergencies
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Hand-Washing
Hand-washing drum standing on soak pit near exit to latrine / bathing block, NWFP, Pakistan
Hand-washing stand in a school in Tajikistan(drainage from stand could be improved)
S House / OXFAM-GB
W9 17
WASH Cluster – Water in Emergencies
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Accessibility to Water in Emergencies
Ask disabled people, their carers and others with
limited mobility including the aged
Are there improvements which could improve ease of
access?
Work with hygiene promotion and health facility staff to
reach people who may have limited mobility
Not all people are standard sizes or have
the same mobility
All photos / drawings - WEDC
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WASH Cluster – Water in Emergencies
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Accessibility to Water in EmergenciesExample of improvements:
Add handrails, improve difficult paths
Add slopes to access facilities
Add washable seats in bathing units
Provide smaller / adapted water containers
W9 19
WASH Cluster – Water in Emergencies
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Bathing Shelters
Drainage problem from a bathing shelter, northern Uganda
User improved surface inside bathing shelter, IDP camp, northern Uganda
S House / MSF-OCBA S House / MSF-OCBA
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WASH Cluster – Water in Emergencies
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Bathing Units & Privacy for Menstruation
Discuss with users - particularly women & adolescent girls:
• What are their needs?
• Where should bathing units be located?
• Type of doors, locks?
• Needs for dealing with menstruation hygiene?
• Separate male / female facilities
• What is culturally appropriate?
• Will users feel secure when using?
W9 21
WASH Cluster – Water in Emergencies
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Bathing Units
• Hygiene• Privacy• Dignity• Safety
WASH Cluster Hygiene Project
W9 22
WASH Cluster – Water in Emergencies
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Pakistan earthquake response, OXFAM-GB
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WASH Cluster – Water in Emergencies
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Bathing Units & Privacy for Dealing with Menstruation
Screened units for toilets and bathing – Pakistan earthquake response Trial menstrual cloth washing units – located inside
latrine / bathing blocks
(these were used in one camp, not used in another)
S House / OXFAM-GB
W9 24
WASH Cluster – Water in Emergencies
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Clothes & Cooking Pot Washing
S House / WEDC S House / OXFAM-GB
Clothes washing slab, refugee camp, Zaire
Clothes / pot washing slab, IDP camp, Pakistan
W9 25
WASH Cluster – Water in Emergencies
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Cooking Pot Washing Area - Grease Trap
Davies & Lambert (1995) Engineering in Emergencies, REDR & ITDG
W9 26
WASH Cluster – Water in Emergencies
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Cleaning implements, foot bath &
easy to clean surfaces in latrine and cholera ward
F Polo / UNICEF
MSF-B
MSF-B
W9 27
WASH Cluster – Water in Emergencies
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CTCs – chlorinated water for bathing, clothes washing, hygiene
F Polo / UNICEF
Active chlorine
Use
0.02%Hand-washing
Bathing
0.2%Floors, objects, beds
Clothes, footbaths
2%Vomit, faeces
Dead bodies
S House / UNICEF
F Polo / UNICEF
W9 28
WASH Cluster – Water in Emergencies
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Designing facilities
to meet the needs of the
(different groups of) users
Discuss with the beneficiaries
their needs
- ask for feedback
- modify where appropriate