WASH Sustainability checks in Ethiopia

Marieke Adank (IRC) and Ryan Schweitzer (AguaConsult)

National WASH Multi-Stakeholder Forum 7 Hilton Hotel, December 16-17, 2015

Sustainability checks

Sustainability checks provide insight into

• Status of service provision: Is service provision in line with norms and standards?

• Sustainability: Are the conditions for sustainable WASH service provision in place?

The presentation: Findings from two sustainability checks

Overview: Two Sustainability Assessments ONEWASH Plus (2014-2018)

Your Health is in Your Hands (2009-2013)

Assessment Approach*

UNICEF’s Sustainability Check

USAID’s WASH Sustainability Index Tool (SIT)

Focus Small town and surrounding rural areas

Rural areas (kebeles/kushets)

Intervention types

Water supply Sanitation Institutional WASH

Water supply (handpumps/springs) CLTS-H Institutional sanitation

Location 7 towns and surrounding rural areas

12 woredas

Regions Amhara, Oromia , Tigray, Somali

Amhara, Oromia, Tigray, SNNPR

Status water services 12 11 9

2

Community Handpumps (CHP)

Springs (SPO)

Inte

rve

nti

on

s

Functional Non Functional

12% no improved access

88% access to improved water supplies 48% improved access, but water use <20 lpcd 32% improved, water use at least 20 lpcd, but unreliable, not within 500 m or unacceptable quality 8% improved access with water use at least 20 lpcd of reliable water of acceptable quality within 500m.

7 small towns (Source: One WaSH Plus survey for UNICEF/DFID)

Source: Survey by Tetra Tech / Aguaconsult for USAID

Rural water interventions (YHYH)

Town water services (ONEWASH Plus)

Functionality rate public taps: 68%

2% improved access with water use in line with GTP2 within 250m.

Status sanitation services

Households with latrine: 76%

However,

− Households with well-maintained latrine: 25%

− Households with latrine with water and soap: 12%

Schools with improved latrines: 71%

However,

− Schools with with appropriate number of holes for males and females: 12%

− Schools with clean, safe, private sanitation: 11%

Status institutional WASH

12 11

1 5 9

2 12

31

Community Handpumps (CHP)

Springs (SPO) Institutional Sanitation Facilities

(INS)

Community Led Total Sanitation and

Hygiene (CLTSH)

Functional

Non Functional

ONEWASH Plus towns:

YHYH:

Source: Survey by Tetra Tech / Aguaconsult for USAID

7 small towns (Source: One WaSH Plus survey for UNICEF/DFID)

ODF

Not ODF

Sanitary latrines

Unsanitary latrines

Sustainability

Sustainability Factors:

• Institutional (and management)

• Technical

• Financial

• Social

• Environmental

Levels: • National level • “Service authority” level

(woreda, zone, region) • Service provider level

(WASHCo, TWU, institutions, sanitation service providers)

Scoring: On indicators related to sustainability factors at different levels from 0-100

MSF 7

Maksegnit Abomsa Sheno Welenchiti Kebridehar Adishihu Wukro Average

Roles for cleaning and minor maintenance of institutional latrines 90 86 85 100 0 100 100 80

Roles and responsibilities with regard to pit emptying/desludging

OR decommissioning/reconstruction?100 100 80 100 0 100 100 83

Cleaning programme for sanitation facilities 48 38 41 45 0 66 65 43

Availability of sufficient and appropriately equiped sanitation

facilities including hand washing 0 3 4 13 0 0 6 4

Menstrual hygiene 5 13 7 10 0 6 10 7

Septic tank emptying practices 0 0 14 15 0 13 5 7

Payment for water services 10 38 29 50 25 13 20 26

Financing of capital maintenance of sanitation facilities 40 63 32 50 0 47 44 39

Distance between latrines and water source (hand dug well /

borehole / spring)89 100 100 100 na 100 95 97

Open defecation free environment 20 63 43 60 0 88 85 51

S Social inclusion of latrine facilities 25 25 29 40 0 50 53 32

Maksegnit Abomsa Sheno Welenchiti Kebridehar Adishihu Wukro Average

Clarity on roles and responsibilities related to supporting

institutional WASH50 25 75 na 50 75 75 58

Local government capacity to provide support institutional

sanitaion75 75 75 NA 25 75 25 58

Formalisation of pit and septic pit empties 100 100 50 100 0 100 100 79

Monitoring of sanitation facility use and maintenance and follow-

up support provided by woreda/other support institution from

zonal/regional level

100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

Effective support to institutions related to their WASH facilities 25 25 25 25 75 75 25 39

Availability of septic tank empiers 50 50 50 50 0 50 50 43

Sufficient financing of woreda staff to monitor and follow-up on

institutional WASH service provision50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50

Sufficient logistics for woreda and town staff to monitor and

follow-up on institutional WASH service provision0 25 25 25 0 25 25 18

Safe disposal and / or reuse of sludge in an environmentally sound

manner0 0 25 0 0 0 50 11

Safe disposal and / or recycling of solid waste in an

environmentally sound manner0 0 0 0 25 25 50 14

National monitoring system or database

National support to Regional, Zonal and Woreda/service

authority, including capacity building training and technical

TNational/regional standard/guideline/norms for design,

management and support of institutional WASH

F Availability of national budget related to institutional WASH

ENational environmental protection standards are established and

applied to institutional WASH

F

E

I

Service provider Indicator

Service authority Indicator

National Indicator

I

T

F

E

I

T

75

25

50

25

25

7 small towns (Source: One WaSH Plus

sustainability check for UNICEF/UKAid

Example: School WASH

Example: Water service sustainability

Service provider Indicator Score

I

Well-composed and trained

WASHCo 54

41 By laws and legal status of the

WASHCo 29

T

Presence of WASH artisans in

the woreda 0

14 Spare part supply 32

Routine (preventive)

maintenance 11

F

User payment and tariffs 49

43 Financial management 50

Revenue/standard annual

expenditure balance 31

E WASHCo Water safety plan 32 28

Sanitary Inspection 25

S

Election of WASHCo by entire

community 89

64 Women representation in

WASHCos 39

Service authority Indicator Score

I

Woreda WASH Team 50

56 Woreda Water Office 50

Woreda level plan 75

Regional standard WASHCo by laws 50

T

Checks on construction quality 100

83

Monitoring of O&M and WASHCo

performance 75

Scheme inventory and maintenance

plan 75

F

Woreda water office annual recurrent

budget 0 25

Woreda water office logistics 50

Rural water services around Wukro town

National indicator Score

I National monitoring system 25

National support to service authority 25

T Norms for rural water services 25 F Availability of national budget 25

E National environmental protection standards 25

0

25

50

75

100

Maksegnit Abomsa Sheno Welenchiti Adishihu Wukro Total

Institutional Technical Financial Environmental Social

0

100

200

300

400

500

Maksegnit Abomsa Sheno Welenchiti Adishihu Wukro Total

Institutional Technical Financial Environmental Social

Example: Overall sustainability scores per level (YHYH)

EXAMPLE PRESENTATION TITLE

Source: Survey by Tetra Tech / Aguaconsult for USAID

Lessons learnt: Main barriers to water service

sustainability

Rural water:

• Preventive maintenance;

• Spare part supply;

• Gender balanced WASHCo;

• Water Safety Plan;

• WWO recurrent budget.

Urban water:

• Asset management;

• Town water utility staffing;

• Catchment management;

• No regulatory agency.

Lessons learnt: Main barriers to sanitation service

sustainability CLTSH:

• Design/construction of latrines;

• Availability of low cost sanitation products and microfinance to increase ability of users to pay;

• Continued monitoring and support of communities.

Urban sanitation:

• Access to fund for sanitation service providers;

• Sufficient logistics for town staff to monitor and follow-up;

• Safe disposal of solid and liquid waste.

Lessons learnt: Main barriers to school sanitation

sustainability

• Menstrual hygiene facilities;

• Septic tank emptying practices;

• Sufficient logistics for woreda staff to monitor and follow-up;

• Safe disposal of solid and liquid waste.

Way forward USAID and the WASH Sustainability Index Tool:

• Fund/pilot the further refinement of sustainability assessment tools

• Adjust implementation approach

• Inform development of WASH portfolio

UNICEF and ONEWASH Plus sustainability check:

• Annual sustainability checks

• To inform Sustainability Plans in intervention towns

• To adjust project interventions

Questions for the way forward:

• Development of simplified version, to be applied by (local) government under OWNP?

• Integrate sustainability indicators in the national monitoring framework?

Thank You

Information available:

WASH Sustainability Index Tool (SIT):

Report can be found at https://dec.usaid.gov/dec

Resources on tool: http://www.washplus.org/rotary-usaid

ONEWASH Plus:

http://www.ircwash.org/projects/onewash-plus?tab=info