Washington Division of Geology and Earth Resources Open ... · Grain-size distributions from facies association I core in unit A .. 19 Table 6. Pebble count data for Ringold Formation

LI.I

u

0

I-

c(

The Miocene to Pliocene Ringold For111ation and

Associated Deposits of the Ancestral

Columbia River System, South-central Washington and North-central Oregon

by Kevin A. Lindsey

WASHINGTON DIVISION OF GEOLOGY

AND EARTH RESOURCES

Open File Report 96-8 November 1996

WASHINGTON STATE DEPARTMENTOF

Natural Resources Jennifer M. Belcher· Commissioner of Public Lands Kaleen Cottingham· Supervisor

CONTENTS

1 Introduction 3 Setting 3 Structural geology 4 Late Neogene depositional framework 6 The Ringold Formation 6 Previous studies 8 Age 8 Stratigraphy 10 Methods 10 Sediment facies associations 14 Facies association I 21 Facies association II 22 Facies association Ill 26 Facies association IV 26 Facies association V 26 Facies association distribution 27 Informal member of Wooded Island 33 Informal member of Taylor Flat 34 Informal member of Savage Island 35 Top of the Ringold Formation 37 Ringold correlatives outside the Pasco Basin 38 Conclusions 40 Acknowledgments 41 References cited

Appendices A-D: Measured sections, core geologic logs, cross sections, and isopach and structure contour data, respectively

ILLUSTRATIONS

2 Figure 1. Map showing regional geographic setting of the Columbia Basin and Hanford Site, south-central Washington, and north-central Oregon.

4 Figure 2. Map showing geographic setting of the Pasco Basin and Hanford Site, Washington.

5 Figure 3. Maps showing geologic structures in and near the Pasco Basin, and . Hanford Site.

7 Figure 4. Generalized surficial geologic map of the Pasco Basin.

9 Figure 5. Diagram showing late Neogene stratigraphy of the Pasco Basin emphasizing the Ringold Formation.

15 Figure 6. Outcrop photo of facies association I.

22 Figure 7. Photo of interstratified sand and gravel of facies association I.

24 Figure 8. Diagram illustrating interstratified facies · relationships between fluvial sands (facies association II) and paleosol-overbank deposits (facies association III) of the member of Taylor Flat.

25 Figure 9. Photo showing facies association II.

Illustrations ( continued)

27 Figure 10. Two lake-fill sequences of facies association N found on measured section B-11.

28 Figure 11. Closeup of well-stratified diatomite (facies association IVa) at the base of one lake fill sequence near measured section B-11.

29 Figure 12. Measured sections in strata typical of facies association IV.

30 Figure 13. Simplified isopach maps for the main units forming the member of Wooded Island in the subsurface of the western to central Pasco Basin.

32 Figure 14. Distribution of main depositional systems in the member of Wooded Island in the Pasco Basin.

35 Figure 15. Distribution of depositional systems in the Pasco Basin during deposition of the member of Taylor Flat.

36 Figure 16. Distribution of depositional systems in the Pasco Basin during deposition of the member of Savage Island.

TABLES

11 Table 1. Sediment facies types in Ringold deposits.

12 Table 2. Summary of the characteristics and depositional environments of Ringold facies associations.

16 Table 3. Grain-size distributions from facies association I cores in unit E.

17 Table 4. Grain-size distribtuions from outcrops of facies association I in unit E.

18 Table 5. Grain-size distributions from facies association I core in unit A ..

19 Table 6. Pebble count data for Ringold Formation facies association I gravel in unit E.

20 Table 7. Whole rock XRD data for sand in Ringold unit E.

23 Table 8. Grain-size distributions, silt and sand intervals in facies associations I, II, III.

31 Table 9. 40Ar-39Ar radiometric dates from tephra beds.

The Miocene to Pliocene Ringold Formation and Associated Deposits of the Ancestral Columbia River System,

South-central Washington and North-central Oregon

Kevin A. Lindsey Daniel B. Stephens and Associates, Inc.

1845 Tenninal Drive, Suite 200 Richland, Washington 99352

INTRODUCTION

During the Late Neogene quartzo-feldspathic detrital sediments were deposited in and adjacent to the Columbia Basin of central Washington in a fluvial system interpreted to be the ancestor of the modern Columbia River system (Warren, 1941; Waters, 1955; Tallman and others, 1981; Tolan and Beeson, 1984; Tolan and others, 1984a, 1984b; Baker and others, 1987; Pecht and others, 1987; Smith, 1988; Reidel and others, 1994). This ancestral Columbia River system drained geologic terranes as varied as Precambrian to Paleozoic cratonal sedimentary and metasedimentary rocks to the east and northeast, accreted Paleozoic· and Mesozoic oceanic terranes to the southeast, Mesozoic crystalline terranes to the north, and Late Neogene volcanic terranes to the east and west (Pecht and others, 1987). Evolution of the Late Neogene Columbia River system was influenced by many factors, including emplacement of the flood basalts of the Columbia River Basalt Group (CRBG), the evolving structure of the Columbia Basin, and uplift and volcanism in the ancestral Cascade arc (Warren, 1941; Waters, 1955; Reidel and Pecht, 1981; Reidel and others, 1989, 1994; Reidel, 1984; Tolan and others, 1984a, 1984b; Tolan and Beeson, 1984; Pecht and others, 1987; Smith, 1988).

One of the most extensive sedimentary units preserving a record of the Late Neogene Columbia River system is the late Miocene to middle Pliocene Ringold Ponnation. Ringold strata preserve an essentially continuous stratigraphic record for a period near the end of Columbia River Basalt Group volcanism, from 8.5 Ma until approximately 3.4 Ma. The Ringold Ponnation is unique within the regional Late Neogene stratigraphic record because other Late Neogene sedimentary units are repeatedly interrupted by Miocene volcanic rocks, deposited peripheral to the main tract of the ancestral Columbia River system, or less widespread.

The thickest and laterally most extensive occurrences of the Ringold Ponnation occur on and adjacent to .the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Hanford Site in the Pasco Basin of south-central Washington (Fig. 1). At the Hanford Site the Ringold Ponnation fonns the majority of the shallowest aquifer system generally referred to as the suprabasalt or unconfined aquider (DOE, 1988; Reidel and others, 1992; Lindsey and others, 1994a). The base of this aquifer is at the top of the uppennost basalt underlying the Ringold Ponnation. The water table within this unconfined aquifer usually is found at or very near the top of the Ringold Ponnation beneath the Hanford Site. Most of the ground-water contaminant plumes at the Hanford Site occur at least partially within saturated Ringold strata (DOE, 1988; Pacfific Northwest Laboratories, 1993; DOE, 1994; Lind~y and others, 1994a).

Data upon which this study is based were collected during post-doctoral stratigraphic and sedimentologic research in the Pasco Basin and regionally and environmental investigations at the Hanford Site. This report describes the stratigraphy and sedimentology of the Ringold Ponnation and its relationship with correlative units in the region.

124°

Basins discussed io text QB = Quincy Basin OB = Othello Basin PB = Pasco Basin UB = Umatilla Basin

gags SG = Sentinel Gap SNG = Sunnyside Gap WG = Wallula Gap SP = Satus Pass

122" 120°

Washington

CD O> C C(J

a:

CD Yakima ,, Fold Belt C(J ~HHH ()

s· -4 ,mcoe sP Mountains

Oregon

Structures djscu&&ed io text FH = Frenchman Hills SM = Saddle Mountains UR = Unanum Ridge TYR = Yakima Ridge RH = Rattlesnake Hills HHH = Horse Heaven Hills CH = Columbia Hills HR-NR = Hog Ranch-Naneum Ridge Uplift

118°

N

Idaho ij 490 ~

§ ~

Spokane• ~ ~ ,0 C\ 00

47° Palouse Slope

490 \

H9309012.2

RINGOLD FORMATION 3

SElTING

The Hanford Site and Pasco Basin (Figs. 1 and 2) are situated in the part of south-central Washington commonly referred to as the Columbia Basin. The Columbia Basin is an intennontane basin situated between the Cascade Range on the west, Okanogan Highlands to the north, Rocky Mountains to the east, and the Blue Mountains anticlinorium to the south (DOE, 1988) (Fig. 1). The Pasco Basin is located in the south-central Columbia Basin. The Hanford Site, in the central Pasco Basin, is divided into a series of areas designated the 100 Areas (in the northern part of the Hanford Site adjacent to the Columbia River), the 200 Areas (divided into 200 East and 200 West and situated in the central part of the Hanford Site), and the 300 and 400 Areas (situated in the southern part of the Hanford Site) (Fig. 2). Gable Mountain and Gable Butte divide the Hanford Site into northern and southern halves.

Structural Geology

The Columbia Basin is divided into three geologic subprovinces, the Yakima Fold Belt, Palouse Slope, and Blue Mountains (Fig. 1) (DOE, 1988). The Yakima Fold Belt is characterized by a series of segmented, narrow, asymmetric, generally east-west-trending anticlines that have wavelengths between 5 and 32 km (3.1 and 19.9 mi) and amplitudes commonly less than 1 km (0.62 mi) (Reidel, 1984; Reidel and others, 1989, 1994). The northern limbs of these anticlines generally dip steeply to the north or are vertical to even overturned. Most southern limbs dip at relatively shallow angles to the south. Thrust and high-angle reverse faults with fault planes that generally strike parallel to fold axes commonly are found on the north sides of these anticlines. The anticlinal ridges are separated by broad synclinal troughs or basins, many of which contain Neogene to Quaternary sediment (Fecht and others, 1987; DOE, 1988; Smith and others, 1989; Reidel and others, 1994). The main study area is in the Pasco Basin, one of the larger structural basins in the Yakima Fold Belt. A single major north-south structure, the Hog RanchNaneum Ridge uplift, occurs in the western fold belt (DOE, 1988; Tolan and Reidel, 1989). Defonnation in the Yakima Fold Belt began prior to the emplacement of the Columbia River Basalt Group (beginning approximately 17 Ma), occurred throughout Columbia River basalt volcanism (which ended approximately 6.5 Ma), and continues to the present (Reidel and Fecht, 1981; Reidel, 1984; Fecht and others, 1987; Reidel and others, 1989, 1994).

The Pasco Basin (where the Hanford Site is located) is bounded on the north by a series of anticlines forming the Saddle Mountains, on the west by the Hog Ranch-Naneum Ridge anticline, and on the south by the anticlines forming Rattlesnake Mountain and the Horse Heaven Hills (Fig. 3) (Tallman and others, 1981; DOE, 1988; Tolan and Reidel, 1989). The western edge of the Palouse Slope (occasionally referred to as the Jackass monocline (DOE, 1988)) bounds the Pasco Basin on the east. The Pasco Basin is divided into a series of smaller synclines by east-west-trending anticlines that project into the western Pasco Basin. The two main synclines are the Wahluke syncline and Cold Creek syncline (Fig. 3). Each syncline is asymmetric and relatively flat bottomed, with the north limbs dipping gently (approximately 5 degrees) to the south and the south limbs dipping steeply to the north (Reidel and Fecht, 1981; DOE, 1988).

Figure 1 (facing page). Regional geographic setting of the Columbia Basin and Hanford Site, southcentral Washington and north-central Oregon showing major basins, anticlinal structures, and locations discussed in text (modified from Tolan and Reidel, 1989).

4 OPEN FILE REPORT 96-8

0 20 KIiometers

0 10 Miles

Figure 2. Geographic setting of the Pasco Basin and Hanford Site, Washington; includes study site and data collection locations.

late Neogene Depositional Framework

Late Neogene sediments (including the Ringold Fonnation) are found in structural lows and linear tracts across much of the Columbia Basin. Facies mapping in these sediments has established that a drainage system similar to the one found today existed in the Columbia Basin during the Late Neogene (Warren, 1941; Waters, 1955; Newcomb, 1958; Bak.er and others, 1987; Fecht and others, 1987; Smith, 1988; Reidel and others, 1994; Lindsey and others, 1993, 1996; Tolan and others, 1996). This Late Neogene Columbia River system consisted of the ancestral Columbia River and four main tributaries, the ancestral Salmon-Qearwater, ancestral Snake, ancestral Y ak.ima, and ancestral Palouse Rivers. The modem river names are used here following the conventions outlined in Waters (1955), Fecht and others

iOO MIies OREGON

123° 121°

Figure 3. Geologic structures in and near the Pasco Basin, and Hanford Site. Map shows major structural elements in the area (modified from Reidel and others, 1989).

0 I I 0

10 MIies

I I

15 KIiometers

Frenchman Hills

t t Antlcllne

' t Syncline f

• • • • Thrust Fault

Palouse Slope

H940102i .:?

I b ~ ~ ~ ~

VI


(1987), and Smith (1988). In the remainder of this paper all rivers referred to are the Late Neogene ancestral predecessors of the modern rivers, unless otherwise stated.

Throughout the middle Miocene (prior to Ringold deposition) the Columbia River flowed from north to south along the western margin of the Columbia Basin adjacent to volcanic terranes that predate the modern Cascade volcanic arc (Warren, 1941; Baker and others, 1987; Pecht and others, 1987; Smith, 1988). Throughout the rest of this paper this volcanic terrane is infonnally referred to as the ancestral Cascades. At the same time the Salmon-Oearwater and Palouse Rivers flowed to the west down the sloping paleosurface referred to as the Palouse Slope (Pecht and others, 1987). The Yakima River generally flowed into the southwestern corner of the Columbia Basin. The Snake River did not begin to flow into the central Columbia Basin until the latest Pliocene or early Pleistocene (Baker and others, 1987). Prior to this the Snake River may have entered the Columbia River system to the south, in the western Umatilla Basin (Lindsey and others, 1993, 1996; Tolan and others, 1996).

Prior to 14.5 Ma the position of the Columbia River was controlled by the west-dipping paleoslope of the Columbia Basin and west-flowing flood basalts (Pecht and others, 1987). As flood basalt volcanism decreased in intensity (during Saddle Mountains time, 14.5 to 6.5 Ma), continued uplift in the western Columbia Basin centered on the Hog Ranch-Naneum Ridge anticline, relative to subsidence in the Pasco Basin, began to displace the Columbia River to the east (Waters, 1955; Pecht and others, 1987; Smith, 1988). Near the end of flood basalt volcanism in the late Miocene (approximately 8.5 Ma) the Columbia River began to encroach on the central Pasco·Basin, and Ringold deposition began.

THE RINGOLD FORMATION

Suprabasalt terrigenous elastic sediments assigned to the Ringold Fonnation (and correlative Snipes Mountain Conglomerate) are present throughout much of the south-central Columbia Basin (Waters, 1955; Schmincke, 1964; Newcomb and others, 1972; Grolier and Bingham, 1978; Myers, Price, and others, 1979; Tallman and others, 1979, 1981; Pecht and others, 1987; Smith and others, 1989). Regionally, the Ringold Fonnation consists of interbedded, unconsolidated to cemented clay, silt, sand, and granule to cobble gravel (Newcomb, 1958; Newcomb and others, 1972; Fecht and others, 1987; Smith and others, 1989; Lindsey and Gaylord, 1990; Reidel and others, 1994). Exposures of the Ringold Ponnation are present in: (1) the White Bluffs adjacent to the Columbia River (Fig. 4), (2) on Eureka Flat north of Wallula Gap, (3) in the Quincy and Othello Basins north of the Saddle Mountains, and (4) on benches and slopes adjacent to basalt uplifts such as Rattlesnake Mountain, the Saddle Mountains, and the Frenchman Hills (Figs. 1 and 3). At and near the Hanford Site the Ringold Fonnation is largely restricted to the subsurface, and outcrops are limited to the flanks of anticlinal ridges, the White Bluffs, and Eureka Flat (Figs. 1 and 4).

Previous Studies

All post-Columbia River Basalt sediments (including strata now assigned to the Ringold) in the central Columbia Basin and in the adjacent Washington Cascades were originally assigned to the Ellensburg Formation by Smith (1901). Smith's stratigraphy was later modified by Merriam and Buwalda

Figure 4 (facing page). Generalized surficial geologic map of the Pasco Basin. Ringold outcrops are shown in the black and white mottled pattern. The White Bluffs are found where this pattern is present adjacent to the Columbia River. Significant Ringold outcrops are not present on the Hanford Site (from Reidel and others, 1992).

GENERALIZED GEOLOGIC MAP OF THE PASCO BASIN

-D LATE CENOZOIC SEDIMENTS (SURFICIAL QUATERNARY SEDIMENiS)

HANFORD FORMATION

RINGOLD FORMATION

SADDLE MOUNTAINS BASALT

WANAPUM BASALT

GRANDE RONDE BASALT

0

0

5 10 KILOMETERS

5 MILES

;: .!. ..._ _____ FAULT

+------ ANTICLINE

--+······ SYNCLINE

RINGOLDFORMATION 7

RCP8202-51


(1917), who assigned the clayey, silty, and sandy terrigenous elastic sediments exposed on the White Bluffs of the Columbia River north of Pasco to a new unit, the Ringold Formation. Culver (1937) mapped the Ringold Formation across the central Columbia Basin. Merriam and Buwalda (1917) and Culver (1937) restricted their definition of the Ringold Formation to strata exposed at the surface.

With the establishment of the Hanford Site and increased agricultural activity in the early 1940s, numerous wells were drilled for water production, ground-water analysis, and geologic investigations. Data from these wells revealed a thick sequence (up to 175 m) of conglomerate with lesser clay, silt, and sand overlying Columbia River basalt in the Pasco Basin. Drilling also indicated that these subsurface sediments 'Were contiguous with Ringold exposures in the White Bluffs (Newcomb, 1958). Using subsurface data and surficial exposures Newcomb (1958) redefined the Ringold Formation to include all sediments in the Pasco Basin that overlie Columbia River basalt and underlie Pleistocene glaciofluvial deposits and Holocene surficial deposits.

Age

The Ringold Formation originally was thought to be Pleistocene (Merriam and Buwalda, 1917; Newcomb, 1958; Newcomb and others, 1972). However, detailed paleontologic investigations by Gustafson (1973, 1985) established that upper Ringold strata exposed on the White Bluffs are Pliocene. Paleomagnetic studies of core samples and upper Ringold exposures indicate a Miocene to Pliocene age range for the Ringold Formation (Packer and Johnston, 1979). The Ringold Formation disconformably overlies Miocene basalt dated at 8.5 to 10.5 Ma (Pecht and others, 1987), and Miocene pollen is present near the base of the Ringold (Puget Sound Power and Light Co., 1982). On the basis of these data Pecht

. and others (1987) state the Ringold Formation is no older than 8.5 Ma and no younger than 3.4 Ma, or late Miocene to middle Pliocene in age.

Stratigraphy

The Ringold Formation (Fig. 5) as currently mapped is found throughout the Pasco Basin (including Eureka Flat), north of the Saddle Mountains in the Quincy and Othello Basins, and locally on the south side of the Columbia Hills along the northeastern fringe of the Umatilla Basin. Regionally, strata correlative to the Ringold Formation and displaying many of the same geologic characteristics are found between the Pasco Basin and Portland, Oregon. The most extensive of these units are the Snipes Mountain Conglomerate between the Pasco Basin and The Dalles, Oregon (Schmincke, 1964; Baker and others, 1987; Pecht and others, 1987; Anderson, 1987; Smith, 1988; Smith and others, 1989), the Alkali Canyon Formation in the Umatilla Basin (Farooqui and others, 1981; Smith and others, 1989; Lindsey and others, 1993), the Dalles Formation near The Dalles, Oregon (Warren, 1941; Newcomb, 1966; Farooqui and others, 1981; Smith and others, 1989), and the Troutdale Formation between The Dalles and Portland, Oregon (Tolan and Beeson, 1984; Tolan and others, 1984a, 1984b).

The Ringold Formation and correlative units overlie the CRBG (and intercalated Ellensburg Formation) along a contact that is disconformable to locally an angular unconformity. Various informally named late Pliocene to Pleistocene strata overlie the Ringold Formation in and near the Pasco Basin. These strata are informally referred as the: (1) Pliocene and Pleistocene unit (Myers, Price, and others, 1979; Tallman and others, 1979, 1981; Pecht and others, 1987; DOE, 1988; Lindsey and others, 1994b), (2) pre-Missoula gravel (PSPL, 1982), and (3) Hanford formation (Tallman and others, 1979, 1981; DOE, 1988; Lindsey and others, 1994a). The Pliocene and Pleistocene unit consists of pedogenic calcium carbonate (stage III to VI of Machette, 1985), well-stratified silt (sometimes referred to as early Palouse soil), matrix-rich basalt gravel, and reworked Ringold lithologies deposited on alluvial fans on and adjacent to the Pasco Basin. Mixed lithology, gray to white, quartzose, uncemented sandy pebble to cobble gravel interpreted as a late Pliocene to early Pleistocene Columbia River deposit characterizes the

Age Epoch Oka Cl)

C: Cl) (.) 0 0 J:

13 ka Cl) C:

500ka Cl) (.) 0 -0

700ka G) a:

3.4Ma

8.5Ma Cl) C: Cl) (.)

.2 14.5 Ma :E

15.6 Ma

17.0 Ma

17.5 Ma

Formation

"O 5 ""'·-o-- a:s c: E a:s ... J: 0 -

C: .2 as E ... ~ :s! 0

-~ a:

0

0

RINGOLD FORMATION 9

Eolian and Alluvium

Pre-Missoula, Plio-Pleistocene

member of Savage Island

member of Taylor Flat

Unit E

Unit D

Unit A

member of Wooded Island

r~~;;;;,~~- Snipes Mountain Conglomerate

... Cl) Q.

-== ::J a::2 .!:! C, .o-E ii ::J 0 - a:s 8m

Saddle Mountain Basalt

Wanapum Basalt

Grande Ronde Basalt

lmnaha Basalt

Flood-Basalt Flows and lnterbedded Sediments

Figure 5. Late Neogene stratigraphy of the Pasco Basin emphasizing the Ringold Formation. Column not to scale.


pre-Missoula gravel. The Hanford formation consists predominantly of uncemented silt, sand, and basaltic to mixed lithology gravel deposited by Pleistocene cataclysmic floods (Fecht and others, 1987; Bak.er and others, 1991).

Traditionally the Ringold Formation in the Pasco Basin has been divided into several informal units: (1) gravel, sand, and paleosols of the basal unit, (2) clay and silt of the lower unit, (3) gravel of the middle unit, (4) mud and lesser sand of the upper unit, and (5) basaltic detritus of the fanglomerate unit (Newcomb, 1958; Newcomb and others, 1972; Myers, Price, and others, 1979; Tallman and others, 1979; Bjornstad, 1985; DOE, 1988). Ringold strata also have been divided on the basis of facies types (Tallman and others, 1981) and fining-upwards sequences (PSPL, 1982). All of these stratigraphic divisions are of limited use because they are defined over large areas based on limited information or defined in detail for relatively small areas (Lindsey and Gaylord, 1990).

Methods

Studies began in 1989 to redefine stratigraphic relations in the Ringold Formation across the Hanford Site and Pasco Basin. The initial results of these studies indicated that the Ringold Formation is best described and subdivided on the basis of sediment facies associations and their distribution (Lindsey and Gaylord, 1990; Lindsey, 1991). Later studies confirmed and refined these interpretations for locations on and adjacent to the Hanford Site (Lindsey and others, 1991, 1992, 1994b; Lindsey, 1992; Lindsey and Jaeger, 1993). This report presents a compilation of Ringold Formation geologic information gathered during these studies at the Hanford Site and in much of the surrounding area. The primary data sources are: (1) 25 measured sections from the White Bluffs (Appendix A), (2) detailed lithologic logging of core from 18 boreholes on the Hanford Site (Appendix B), and (3) drill cuttings and cuttings logs from hundreds of boreholes located on and near the Hanford Site (borings studied tabulated in Appendix D). This data set is used to establish the basic geologic characteristics of the Ringold Formation, identify in detail the sedimentary facies comprising the Ringold Formation, and determine physical properties of Ringold sediments. From these data sets geologic cross-sections were constructed (Appendix C) and subsurface data compiled (Appendix D). Additional data used to understand Ringold geology include previously published reports (referenced in text), borehole geophysics, and reconnaissance studies of Ringold correlative strata across the region. The measured sections and cores also are used to establish control points for stratigraphic interpretations and define analogues to use where core and outcrops are lacking.

The basic function of the analogues is to provide a basis for evaluating drill cuttings and cuttings logs. Conditions typically interpreted from cuttings with the aid of analogues include facies type, probable mud content, extent of interstratified lithologies, cementation and compaction, and grain-size range. Analogue analysis also aids in determining how representative samples from uncored boreholes are and to better interpret lateral and vertical continuity of bedding and cementation in the subsurface. Use of analogues also allows identification of geologic properties fundamental to hydrologic interpretations. Reconnaissance studies provide additional analogues for interpreting geohydrologic characteristics as well as regional geologic history.

SEDIMENT FACIES ASSOCIATIONS

Ringold strata are divided into five facies associations on the basis of sediment facies (Table 1) (such as defined by Miall, 1977, 1978, 1985; Rust, 1978; and Rust and Koster, 1984) obseIVed in intact cores and outcrops. Sediment facies are identified from measured sections (Appendix A) and outcrop studies in the Saddle Mountains, on Y ak.ima Ridge, on the White Bluffs, and at Eureka Aat Facies data also are gathered from cores (Appendix B) and from drill cuttings and borehole geologic logs from sites across the Pasco Basin. (See Appendix D for list of boreholes having geologic logs studied for this

RINGOLD FORMATION 11

Table 1. Sediment facies types in Ringold deposits. Facies codes based on Miall (1978, 1985}

Lithofacies Sedimentary Structures Interpretation

Gms massive, matrix massive debris flow deposition supported gravel

Gm massive to stratified planar to low-angle bedding 0.5 bedload deposition on to 12.5 m thick, imbrication longitudinal bars, lag deposits

Gt stratified gravel trough cross beds less than 2 m bedload deposition on thick, dominantly low angle longitudinal bars in channels

Gp stratified gravel planar cross beds 1 to 3 m high bedload deposition on linguoid and transverse bars

Sm fine to coarse sand massive rapid deposition from suspension

St fine to coarse sand, asymmetric trough cross beds dunes deposited in channels minor pebbles <1.5 m high, (av. 1 m)

Sp fine to coarse sand, planar cross beds 10 cm to 1 m linguoid and transverse bar minor pebbles high deposit

Sr fine to medium sand, ripple cross lamination current ripples minor silt

Ser fine to medium sand, climbing ripple cross rapid deposition from minor silt lamination suspension

Sh fine to coarse sand, planar bedding deposition from high velocity minor pebbles currents in shallow water

Sg silty, fine to coarse normally graded beds with sediment gravity flow deposit sand plane and ripple cross

lamination

Se erosional scour less incised beds, crude cross scour cut-and-fill, channel than 3 m deep, bedding, and lateral truncations incision

intraclasts common

Fl sand, silt, and clay fine plane and ripple cross deposition from suspension lamination under waning flow conditions

Fsc silt, clay laminated to massive deposition from suspension

Fr silt, clay bioturbation and pedogenic paleosol alteration present

p calcrete and silcrete bioturbation and pedogenic silica- and calcium carbonate-alteration present, calcium rich paleosol

carbonate precipitates

Facies Assc.

I

II

IIIa

IIIb

Ille

IVa

Table 2. Summary of the characteristics and depositional environments of Ringold facies associations. Facies codes based on Miall (1978, 1985). See Appendix A for measured sections in sediments forming the various facies associations

Lithology Facies Stratification and Contacts Bed Geometry Depositional Environments

clast- to matrix-supported Gm, crudely defined Gm and low Gm in 0.5 to I .5 m thick lenses; gravel bedload deposition on pebble to cobble gravel; fine Gp,Gt, angle Gt common; Gp locally Gm, Gt, and Gp form lenticular braidplain characterized by

to coarse grained sand matrix; St, Fsc well developed; contacts bodies less than 5 m thick shallow shifting channels lenticular sand and silt dominated by low angle scour

interbeds

fine to coarse sand; locally Sp, St, lenticular Sp over Se; Sh and Sr channel fill deposits combine to sandy bedload deposition in low pebbly; silt interbeds may be Se, Sh, form planar sets and cosets; form sheet-like sand bodies 30 m sinuosity braided channels

present Sr, Sm lenticular sand bodies dominated thick and 0.5 km across; by St, Sp, and Se; sheet-like sand interfingers with tabular intervals

bodies consisting of Sh and Sr dominated by facies assc. III

silty fine sand to silt Sr, Sh, moderately to poorly stratified; sheet-like and low-angle tabular proximal overbank, levee, and Fl disrupted and mottled beds intervals dominated by Sr and Sh; crevasse splay deposits on fluvial

common; root and burrow fills interfingeres with Facies assc. I, plain common; gradational contacts II, Illb, and Ille

silt to clay; rare silty sand; Fsc, Fr, bedding generally disrupted; laterally persistent intervals 5- I 0 distal overbank and crevasse peds and calcium carbonate p calcium carbonate forms m thick; interfingeres with facies splay; paleosols

present stringers, nodules, and assc. IIIa and Ille concretions; root and burrow fills

common; gradational contacts

calcium carbonate rich clay, Fr,P extensive calcium carbonate; laterally persistent intervals calcic to silicic paleosols silt, and sand; silica also bedding rare; root and burrow marked by numerous internal

present fills common; silcrete may be truncations; interfingers with associated facies assc. Illa and Illb

clay, silt, and sandy silt, Fl, Fsc, laterally persistent strata laterally persistent geometries deposition from suspension and commonly distomaceous Sg dominated by Sg; contacts sharp forming coarsening upward sediment gravity flow of

and planar sequences l O to 20 m thick; base lacustrine basin plain commonly diatomaceous

-N

Table 2. Summary of the characteristics and depositional environments of Ringold facies associations (continued)

Facies Assc. Lithology Facies Stratification and Contacts Bed Geometry Depositional Environments

IVb interbedded silt, silty sand, Fsc, Fl, fonn fining upward beds <3 m sheet-like geometries dominate; deposition from suspension and fine to medium sand Sh, Sr, thick; these combine to form grades into facies assc. !Va and II mixed with sediment gravity flow

Sg coarsening upward intervals IO m deposition in front of prograding thick delta

V matrix and lesser clast- Gms, massive bedded; Gp and Gt rare sheet-like tabular geometries debris flow, sheet flood, and

supported basaltic gravel; Gm,Gp dominate minor fluvial deposition proximal

muddy matrix to distal subaerial fan


investigation.) Supplemental regional data were taken from reconnaissance studies throughout the region and from previously published reports. The five Ringold facies associations are numbered I, n, Ill, IV, and V (fable 2).

Facies Association I

Facies association I (fable 2) consists of clast- and matrix-supported, pebble to cobble gravel with a fine to coarse sand matrix and intercalated fine to coarse sand and silt lenses (Fig. 6). Although the facies association is typically well compacted, cement content ranges from none to well developed. The main cements are calcium carbonate, iron oxides, and silica. Individual cemented zones observed in outcrop generally are less than 1 m thick and rarely extend laterally more than 100 m. Cemented zones several meters thick and continuous laterally over several hundred meters were identified from drill cuttings from several wells in the northern and southeastern part of the 200 West Area (notably wells 699-48-77A; 299-W6-3, -4, -5, -6, -7, -9, -10, -11, and -12; and W299-W7-6 and -8). Evidence of cement in these wells included red coloring of samples, aggregated gravel in some samples, and low water production. Cemented gravel also is directly observed in Basalt Waste Isolation Project (BWIP) cores of Ringold gravel (Appendix B). Based on these observations cemented Ringold gravel is inferred to be present as discontinuous (less than 250 m across) lenses and zones of variable thickness (less than 1 m to 10 m). Unfortunately, subsurface characterization efforts at Hanford have largely failed to provide the infom1ation necessary to detem1ine the physical characteristics and extent of these cemented zones, their influence on contaminant migration, and their influence on well performance during pumping and injection operations. This failing is typical of geologic logs for wells drilled on the Hanford Site as well.

Sieve analyses of samples from outcrops and intact core indicate grain-size distributions for Ringold gravel typically are bimodal (fables 3, 4, 5). Generally, the facies association contains greater than 67 weight percent pebbles and cobbles, less than 5 weight percent granules, and the balance is medium to fine grained sand. Mud content is typically less than 5 weight percent, although it may locally exceed 10 percent. This trend suggests that muddy gravel lithologies typically reported on boring logs in Ringold gravel over-represent the abundance of mud in Ringold gravel samples.

The grain-size distribution described here differs notably from those reported from samples acquired by driven split spoon sampling techniques (Last and others, 1989), which typically have lower pebble-cobble and higher granule and mud contents. The increased granule and mud concenµ-ation probably is the direct result of mechanical breakage of clasts during the driving of the split spoon. The presence of broken clasts in split spoon samples directly affects analytical measurements requiring intact samples (e.g., hydraulic conductivity, density).

Gravel clasts are dominated by weathered and unweathered basalt, quartzite, and intem1ediate to felsic volcanic rocks (fable 6). Less common clast types include greenstone, volcanic and tectonic breccia, silicic plutonic rocks, gneiss, and mud rip-ups. Matrix sand typically is quartzo-feldspathic with a subordinate basalt lithic fraction (fable 7) (Goodwin, 1993).

Stratification in the association includes massive (Gms), planar bedded (Gm), and cross-bedded (Gp, Gt). Oast imbrication is common in the stratified gravel. Low-angle scours and channels less than 1.5 m (4.9 ft) deep and at least 10 m (32.8 ft) across also are found. Facies Gms generally fom1s 0.5-m to 1.5-m (1.6 to 4.9 ft) -thick lenses less than 20 m (65.6 ft) across that are interstratified with and grade

Figure 6. Outcrop photo of facies association I showing large-scale cross bedding at the base of outcrop, sand interbeds next to Jacob's staff, varied cementation emphasized by the discontinuous overhanging ledges, and grain size variations from sand exposed behind staff to cobble rich zone coming across middle of outcrop. Jacob's staff is 1.3 m high. This outcrop is located on eastern bank of Columbia River opposite Wooded Island near the base of measured sections B-5 and B-6.


Table 3. Grain-size distributions (weight percent) from facies association I cores of unit E, member of Wooded Island

Borehole medium fine v.fine

number& cobble pebble granule v. coarse coarse

silt-clay depth (ft)

sand sand sand sand sand

DH6/178 0 74 2 0 0 9 8 5 0

DH6/213 0 73 1 1 1 12 8 4 0

DH6/227 0 82 1 5 4 4 3 1 0

DH6/240 0 71 1 0 1 14 12 1 0

DH6/270 0 64 2 1 1 8 13 11 0

DH6/313 0 82 4 2 2 4 3 3 0

DH6/330 0 72 1 2 1 12 8 4 0

DH6/393 0 72 2 4 4 12 4 2 0

DH6/399 0 69 3 5 4 13 5 1 0

DH12/243 0 88 2 1 1 2 4 1 1

DH12/285 0 76 1 1 3 12 5 1 1

DH12/342 0 75 2 2 1 9 7 2 2

DH12/378 0 71 2 4 3 10 6 1 3

DH12/412 0 79 1 3 4 10 2 1 0

DH13/284 0 88 0 0 1 3 6 2 0

DH13/330 0 84 2 0 0 9 3 2 0

DH13/347 0 87 2 2 2 2 3 2 0

DH13/389 0 77 2 3 4 9 5 0 0

DH13/398 0 80 1 4 5 8 2 0 0

DH13/419 0 74 3 3 4 11 5 0 0

DH13/438 0 75 1 2 2 7 7 6 0

DH28/308 0 80 6 2 2 6 2 1 1

DH28/429 0 79 2 1 1 9 5 3 0

DH28/450 0 76 5 3 3 7 2 4 0

DH28/461 0 78 4 1 5 5 4 3 0

DH28/543 0 78 1 2 2 13 2 2 0

MEAN 0 77 2 2 2 9 5 2 >1

S.DEV. 5.8 1.4 1.5 15 2.5 2.9 2.3 0.8

RANGE 64-88 0-6 0-5 0-5 2-14 2-13 0-11 0-3


Table 4. Grain-size distributions (weight percent) from outcrops of f acies association I comprising unit E of the member of Wooded Island

v. medium fine v. fine Sample# cobble pebble granule

coarse silt-clay coarse

sand sand sand sand sand

SC-1 27 44 0 2 2 21 3 1 0

SC-2 17 62 0 2 2 16 3 1 0

SC-4 23 63 0 0 1 8 4 1 0

SC-5 10 71 0 1 1 15 1 1 0

SC-6 8 82 0 0 0 7 2 1 0

SC-7 0 69 1 2 3 20 4 1 0

SC-10 0 81 1 1 1 12 3· 1 0

SC-11 8 73 1 2 1 9 5 1 0

SC-12 6 79 0 1 1 9 3 1 0

SC-15 16 74 0 0 0 6 3 1 0

SC-17 26 67 1 1 1 2 1 1 0

SC-18 0 82 2 1 1 9 3 2 0

SC-20 0 87 1 1 1 8 1 1 0

SC-21 17 70 0 1 0 9 2 1 0

SC-22 33 57 1 1 0 6 1 1 0

SC-23 8 79 1 1 1 6 3 1 0

SC-24 0 86 0 1 1 7 4 1 0

SC-25 40 56 0 0 0 2 1 1 0

MEAN 13 71 <l 1 1 10 3 1 0

S.DEV. 12.4 11.6 0.6 0.7 0.8 5.4 1.2 0.2 0.0

RANGE 0-40 44-87 0-2 0-2 0-3 2-21 1-5 1-2


Table 5. Grain-size distributions (weight percent) from facies association I core of unit A, member of Wooded Island

Borehole medium

number/ cobble pebble granule v. coarse coarse

fine sand silt-clay depth (ft) sand sand sand

DH6/438 0 77 2 5 6 6 2 0

DH6/448 0 78 3 3 4 6 4 0

DH6/455 0 70 5 2 2 11 7 0

DH6/464 0 67 3 4 4 12 6 0

DH6/473 0 76 3 4 3 9 3 0

DH6/503 0 78 3 4 5 7 3 0

DH13/483 0 71 0 3 3 18 4 0

DH13/498 0 63 0 5 6 11 12 0

DH13/524 0 55 2 7 9 21 4 0

MEAN 0 71 2 4 5 11 5 0

S.DEV. 7.9 1.6 1.4 2.1 5.2 3.3

RANGE 55-78 0-5 2-7 2-9 6-21 2-12 0


Table 6. Pebble count data for Ringold Formation f acies association I gravel exposed in the Pasco Basin. Samples are from the member of Wooded Island unit E. See Appendix A for location and stratigraphic position of specific samples

Sample bslt and fv rhy qt vq/p fv gn gnst brec cht fmet wtf msed

PLl llO 16 13 11 18 8 16 4 4 3 0 0 0 0

PL2 104 17 12 10 16 2 8 0 2 6 4 2 0 0

PL3 124 15 1 9 32 5 8 5 2 3 2 0 0 2

PL4 84 1 5 23 31 9 22 4 2 9 9 2 0 0

PL5 69 17 11 24 27 10 6 2 3 10 6 0 0 0

PL6 95 45 12 38 43 22 21 5 2 6 6 16 2 0

PL7 143 13 6 6 13 5 3 1 3 6 1 4 0 0

PL8 130 5 1 5 18 4 1 2 2 2 1 4 0 0

PL9 61 20 8 33 35 9 17 3 0 2 1 4 0 0

PLIO 86 17 5 15 32 10 27 2 4 0 2 15 0 0

PLll 33 24 3 23 10 12 17 7 1 6 2 5 0 1

PL12 39 13 4 13 32 21 17 4 1 1 1 12 0 0

PL13 47 32 4 10 24 10 7 4 4 1 0 6 3 3

PL14 35 13 4 17 22 9 11 0 0 5 0 7 0 1

PL15 58 27 13 29 32 16 21 2 1 3 4 7 1 3

PL16 118 39 5 33 33 8 11 4 1 5 6 11 0 1

PL17 53 19 3 17 20 12 3 1 1 4 3 11 0 1 Abbrev1auons used m table:

Sample # - sample number or location identified on outcrop measured section. bslt - basalt and - andesite fv - felsic volcanic rocks (exclusive of rhyolite) rhy - rhyolite qt - quartzite, various colors vq/p - vein quartz and pegmatite fp - felsic to intermediate plutonic rocks gn - gneiss gstn - greenstone brec - breccia cht - chert fmet - fine-grained metamorphic rock and homfels wtf - welded and banded tuff msed - banded, fme-grained metasedimentary rock (argillite and siltite)


Table 7. Whole rock XRD data for sand in Ringold unit E from cores in unit E near the 100-N Area (BH numbers), the 200 West Area (DH numbers), and east of the 200 East Area (G numbers) (See Figure 1 for locations of these facilities)

Borehole#/ quartz k-spar plag carb amph mica clay min

depth (ft)

BH16/60 43 10 33 0 2 2 10

BH16no 57 0 29 0 2 2 10

BH16,90 45 11 37 0 2 1 4

BH16,97 43 13 32 0 1 1 10

BH17/55 30 0 37 0 17 3 13

BH17/60 37 7 20 2 5 3 6

BH11no 38 7 42 0 3 2 8

BHI7n5 43 0 41 0 5 2 9

BH17,90 51 9 27 0 4 1 8

BH17/200 39 7 18 6 4 6 20

DH25/194.5 42 5 36 0 1 2 13

DH25/391.5 55 7 18 0 1 1 17

DH24/115.5 50 10 27 0 1 2 10

DH24/152.7 50 8 27 0 2 3 10

DH24/271.5 40 9 15 26 1 1 8

DH24/366 51 9 31 0 2 1 7

DH24/397 54 9 20 0 2 5 10

DH24/419.5 66 0 20 4 2 1 7

DH22/297 53 7 23 0 0 2 15

DH22/415.5 55 0 24 0 2 2 17

G73/302.5 69 1 10 0 0 1 20

G73/323 68 5 11 0 0 2 14

G73/348 63 4 9 4 0 3 17

G73/352 62 3 5 3 0 6 21

MEAN 50.2 5.9 24.7 2 2.5 2.3 11.8

S.DEV. 10.5 4.0 10.4 5.6 3.4 1.5 4.8 Abbrev1auons used m table:

k-spar - potassium feldspar plag - plagioclase carb - calcium carbonate . amph - amphibole minerals mica - mica minerals clay min - clay minerals

RINGOLDFORMATION 21

into stratified gravel (Gp, Gt, Gm). These massive and stratified gravels commonly combine to form lenticular bodies up to 5 m (16.4 ft) thick that overlie low-angle scours. Laterally discontinuous fine to coarse, cross-bedded sand (Sp, St) interbeds up to 2 m (6.6 ft) thick (Fig. 6) are intercalated in the gravel. (Fig. 7). The presence of interstratified sand in the subsurface probably is the primary cause for gravelly sand lithologies reported on borehole cuttings logs. Thin (typically <2 m, <6 ft) intercalated silty deposits displaying some mottling and bedding disruption also are present

The features displayed by facies association I are similar to those described by Miali (1978, 1985), Rust (1978), Kraus (1984), Rust and Koster (1984), and Collinson (1986) for gravelly, bedloaddominated fluvial systems. Bimodal grain-size distribution is interpreted to be the result of sand deposition during relatively low flow and gravel deposition during relatively high flow. The rare sand interbeds found are the erosional remnants of sand channel fills deposited during relatively low flow. Rare muddy gravel horizons are the uneroded remnants of gravel bar surfaces and abandoned channels subject to mud infiltration as a result of subaerial exposure and pedogenic processes. The abundance of low-angle bedding geometries and grain-size distribution indicate facies association I formed in a depositional system characterized by rapid deposition in shallow channels shifting across a gravelly braidplain.

Deposition of facies association I was characterized by alternating periods of high and low flow. During relatively long periods of low flow sand deposition occurred in channels cut into gravelly braidplains. Subaerially exposed gravel flats and bars also underwent pedogenic alteration during low flow. Periodically, high flow events led to incision of broad, shallow channels across the gravel flats, deposited gravel sheets, low-angle gravelly bedfonns, and gravel channel fills, and reworked low-flow sand channel deposits and pedogenically altered gravel flats.

Facies Association II

Facies association II (Table 2) consists of fine to coarse (Tables 8a, 8b, 8c), generally quartzofeldspathic sand similar in composition to sand in facies association I (Goodwin, 1993). The facies association typically is light tan to buff; other colors observed include brown, red-brown, and yellowbrown. Salt-and-pepper colors also may be present where basalt content is above approximately 20 percent. Intercalated silt and pebble beds may be present. Cement is notably absent in most occurrences of the facies association identified in outcrop and core. Where uncemented sand horizons are saturated in the subsurface they will typically flow into borings. The only cemented sand observed is restricted to spherical, tabular, and platy concretions found in outcrops.

Facies association II displays: (1) sandy bedforms consisting of planar (Sp) and trough (St) crossbedded sand lenses overlying scoured bases (Se), (2) sandy bedforms consisting of tabular sheets and lenses of plane laminated (Sh) to ripple cross-laminated (Sr) sand, (3) massive bedded fine sand and silty sand (Sm), and (4) interstratified plane and ripple laminated silt and sand (Fl). Deposits composing the association commonly combine to form channel-fill sequences 1 to 5 m (3.3 to 16.4 ft) thick and as -much as 100 m (328 ft) across (Fig. 8). These channel-fill sequences occur intercalated in facies association I and stacked together to form sand bodies that are up to 30 m (98 ft) thick and 0.5 km (0.3 mi) or more across (Fig. 9). Typical thickness to width ratios for these sand bodies are approximately 1:100.

Facies association II is interpreted to have been deposited in a sandy bedload-dominated fluvial system such as discussed by Cant and Walker (1976), Walker and Cant (1984), and Collinson (1986). The thickness to width ratios of the preserved sand bodies indicate deposition was dominantly in low-sinuosity channels similar to those discussed by Galloway (1985b). Avulsion and channel abandonment are recorded by fining-upwards transitions from this facies association to facies association III.


Figure 7. lnterstratified sand and gravel of facies association I. Gravelly sand reported on borehole logs probably consists of interbedded sand and gravel such as seen here. The gravelly cliff face is approximately 1 O m high. This outcrop is located on eastern bank of Columbia River opposite Wooded Island at the base of measured section B-3.

Facies Association Ill

Facies association III is divided into three types (Illa, Illb, Ille) (fable 2) which grade into each other. The coarsest (Illa) consists of sheets of slightly mottled and bioturbated, brown to light-gray, laminated to massive sand and silt (Sr, Sh, Fl) and rarely gravel. Facies association Ille consists of green to black, unstratified, crumbly weathering silt and clay displaying medium to strongly developed, fine to medium, subangular to angular blocky peds (tenninology based on Birkeland and others, 1991). Soil slickensides, cohesive clay-rich blocky peds (referred to as lumps in measured sections), and calcium carbonate and silica precipitates also are found. Facies association IIIb displays features intennediate between Illa and Ille. Red-brown, massive, fine to coarse, quartzo-feldspathic to slightly basaltic sand can be found mixed with silt and clay and as thin ( <10 cm/4 in.) interbeds. Filamentous, branching root casts less than 2 mm thick to large burrows 1 to 2 cm thick (<1 in.) and 5 to 10 cm (2-4 in.) long are found in the facies association. CaC03 is rare in facies association Illa, stage I and II CaC03 of Machette (1985) is found in facies association Illb. Stage III, IV, and locally V CaC03 can be in facies association Ille.


Table 88. Grain-size distributions (weight percent) from of sand and silty sand interbeds in f acies association I gravel. Cores from member of Wooded Island

Borehole#/ granule v. coarse coarse medium fine v. fine

silt clay depth (ft) sand sand sand sand sand

DH6/269 0 2 4 39 42 9 4 0

DH6/370 0 16 18 28 16 6 13 3

DH12/258 0 2 2 57 33 1 5 0

DH12/369 0 6 5 49 32 4 4 0

DH13/263 0 1 1 15 49 15 16 3

DH13/275 0 7 7 38 36 6 3 3

DHI3/280 0 6 7 74 7 1 5 0

DH13/302 0 4 4 72 14 1 2 3

RANGE 0-1 1-16 1-18 15-74 7-49 1-15 2-16 0-3

Table 8b. Grain-size distributions (weight percent) from outcrops of sand and silt interbeds in facies association I gravel of unit E of the member of Wooded Island

Sample granule v. coarse coarse medium

fine sand v. fine

silt clay sand sand sand sand

SC-3 0 1 1 63 32 3 0 0

SC-8 0 12 12 64 9 1 2 0

SC-9 1 1 1 6 30 30 27 4

SC-19 0 4 4 20 50 18 4 0

RANGE 0-1 1-12 1-12 6-64 9-50 1-30 0-27 0-4

Table 8c. Grain-size distributions (weight percent) from sand and silt beds of facies associations II and Ill in the member of Taylor Flat

Sample granule v. coarse coarse medium

fine sand v. fine

silt clay sand sand sand sand

DH6/137 0 3 4 26 19 10 15 3

SC-13 0 7 8 68 13 2 2 <l

SC-14 0 1 1 29 50 12 5 2

SC-26 0 1 1 69 25 2 2 <1

SC-27 1 2 3 21 48 20 7 <1

SC-28 0 0 1 40 51 5 3 <1

RANGE 0-1 0-7 1-8 21-69 13-51 2-20 2-15 <1-3

-

B-6 rm

--

B-5A rrn

.... ·-----' :-------

__. ---

B-4 rm

UJJ

Horizontal Scale

B-3 B-2

--... ,,-...... __

Vertical

nn rm

C: - - -

WJ -/ _,.

.........

,/ //

UJ.J .Vertical Exaggeration Scale 10><

u.u

- --c- -

B-1 rm

UlJ

Scou1'8d Surfaces

Top of Gravels

Grail Size Scale

'cobb~ pebble sand fl'M..ld H9501005.13

Figure 8. Diagram illustrating interstratified tacies relationships between fluvial sands (f acies association II) and paleosol-overbank deposits (f acies association Ill) of the member of Taylor Flat. Diagram also illustrated the facies architecture typical of the fluvial sand of facies association II. See Appendix A for locations of measured sections.


Figure 9. Facies association II (the two prominent ledges) interbedded with facies association Ill (the slopes). Each ledge consists of cross bedded sand that fines upwards and overlies a basal scour incised into underlying strata. Jacob's staff (leaning against upper sand ledge in the middle of photo) is 1.3 m (4.3 ft) high. Measured section B-1 goes through this outcrop. Outcrop lies on the eastern bank of Columbia River opposite Wooded Island above the outcrops pictured in Figures 6 and 7.

Silcrete is found in facies association Ille deposits near the top of the Ringold Formation. Although dominantly superimposed on silt and sand lithologies the features described here also are locally found superimposed on gravel. Where this occurs the gravel has a mud-rich matrix, CaC03 is present, bedding disruption is prevalent, and clasts are typically weathered.

Facies association III formed in a floodplain-overbank environment where pedogenic alteration occurred. Facies association Illa was deposited as crevasse splays in proximal overbank. areas such as discussed in Bown and Kraus (1987), Kraus (1987) and Kraus and Bown (1988). Evidence of paleosols similar to that described by Collinson (1986), Kraus and Bown (1988), Miall (1978, 1985), and Retallack (1986, 1988) is seen in facies association lllb, which formed on floodplain and subaerial surfaces that rarely were submerged. The calcium carbonate-rich and silica-rich deposits in facies association Ille are calcic and silicic paleosols formed relatively far from active channel tracts.


Facles Association IV

Stratified clay, silt, and sand divided into two end members (IVa and IVb) form facies association IV (Table 2). Laterally continuous, white, diatomaceous clay gradationally overlain by gray, tan, and brown, laminated, sandy silt (Fl) (Figs. 10 and 11) dominates facies association IVa Gray, tan, and brown, plane cross-bedded sand (Sp), ripple cross-laminated sand (Sr), normally graded sand (Sg), and laminated sand, silt, and clay (Fl, Fsc) typify facies association IVb. Bedding in both end members is dominated by planar tabular sheet geometries continuous across tens to hundreds of meters of outcrop (Fig. 10). Locally, facies association IVb has primary bedding dips of 5 to 10 degrees (Fig. 10). Overall, strata in facies association IV form laterally continuous (>30 km [19 mi] across) coarsening-up sequences as much as 40 m (130 ft) thick (Fig. 12). Where the facies association is found in the subsurface, gray to blue-gray colors predominate.

Thin calcium carbonate- and iron oxide-cemented intervals are found in outcrops. Cement is not observed in core of the facies association. Subsurface occurrences and outcrops of the facies association are well consolidated.

Facies association IV was deposited in a hydrologically open lake such as described in Allen and Collinson (1986). The diatomites (IVa) record deposition in clear water, relatively distant from fluvial distributaries. Upward coarsening from IVa to IVb reflects increased detrital sedimentation as the result of fluvial-deltaic progradation into the lake.

Facles Association V

Massive to poorly stratified, weathered basaltic pebble-cobble gravel (Oms, Gm) forming sheetlike bodies dominates facies association V (Table 2). Cross-bedded gravel (Gp) intercalated with these can be found locally. Color typically is gray to black, and matrix varies from sand-size basalt grains to clay. Stage I and II CaC03 development can be present Campbell (1979) describes strata typical of this facies across much of the north side of the Saddle Mountains. Exposures of this facies association are rare in the Pasco Basin, although it can be found in core (most notably DH-33).

The abundance of facies Oms and Gm indicates deposition dominantly by debris flow processes such as described by Bull (1972), Rust and Koster (1984), and Galloway (1985a). These debris flow deposits are inferred to have been part of alluvial fan systems prograding into the. Pasco Basin off surrounding highlands such as described by Tallman and others (1981). Rare stratified horizons (Gp) were deposited in channel systems superimposed on fan surfaces by sheet flood and minor stream flow processes. Local pedogenic carbonate indicates subaerial exposure.

FACIES ASSOCIATION DISTRIBUTION

The Ringold Formation is divided into three informal members· that are designated the member of Wooded Island, member of Taylor Flat, and member of Savage Island (Fig. 5). Each is characterized by different facies associations. Data upon which the following discussion is based are found in Appendix A (outcrop measured sections), Appendix B (corehole logs), Appendix C (basin-wide cross-sections), and Appendix D (structure contour and isopach data).

The member of Wooded Island is dominated by fluvial gravel (facies association I) and forms the majority of the lower half of the Ringold Formation (Appendices B and C). The member of Taylor Flat forms most of the middle part of the Ringold Formation and is dominated by fluvial sands (facies association II) and overbank-paleosol deposits (facies association III) (Fig. 8 and Appendix A). It interfingers with the member of Wooded Island in the northern Pasco Basin where fluvial gravel pinches


Figure 10. Two lake-fill sequences of facies association IV found on measured section B-11. The lower haH of the slope (the darker colored area below the band of sagebrush in the middle of the slope) consists of paleosols of association Ill. The upper half of the slope consists of well stratified silt and sand of facies association IV. Topographic relief between bottom and top of photo is approximately 130 m (426 ft). This outcrop is located on bluffs east of the Columbia River and approximately 1 km north of Savage Island.

out (Appendix C). Strata dominated by lacustrine deposits (facies association IV) fonn the upper member, the member of Savage Island (Appendix A).

Informal member of Wooded Island

The lowennost fluvial deposits of the member of Wooded Island are fluvial gravel and lesser fluvial sand referred to as unit A. Unit A ranges from Oto approximately 41 m (0-134 ft) thick and is found in the subsurface in an elongate belt from Sentinel Gap to the east end of Rattlesnake Mountain (Fig. 13A) (Appendices C and D) (Lindsey, 1995, plate I). This belt crosses the Umtanum Ridge anticline west of Gable Mountain. Fl.uvial sand is common directly overlying basalt in the lower part of the unit in much of the western Pasco Basin (Appendix B: DH-20, DH-22, DH-25, DH-33). Basalt is overlain by similar sand exposed in Sunnyside.Gap in the southwest corner of the Pasco Basin. In the northern Pasco Basin unit A gravel interfingers. with paleosols and overbank deposits of the member of Taylor Fl.at. Unit A is younger than 8.5 Ma, the age of the youngest CRBG flow underlying the Ringold Fonnation (Pecht and others, 1987), and older than 6.7 Ma, the approximate age of a tephra horizon


Figure 11. Closeup of well stratified diatomite (facies association IVa) at the base of one lake fill sequence near measured section B-11. Darker colored strata (marked by unlabeled arrows) in upper haH of photo are sand interbeds that mark the beginning of the coarsening upwards transition from the diatomaceous (IVa) (labled A) into elastic lake deposits (IVb). Jacob's staff is 1.3 m (4.3 ft) high. Outcrop is located on the bluffs along the east side of the Columbia River approximately 2 km north of Savage Island.

;: CD I C,)

CD C .E CD .:: ::, fl) C" ::, CD C,) fl)

!!

CD C,) C CD ::,

i" fl)

;: I

CD C ;;: ui ::, C,)

!!

;: CD d, C,) cC

- CD .:: ::, fl) tr ::, CD C,) fl)

!!

8-14

Lil.l

8-11A

uu 8-11 rm

IVb

IVa

IVb

IVa

--interbedded

fluvial sands and

overbank-paleosol deposits

xx X

X

X X

X

X X

WJ


Figure 12. Measured sections in strata typical of facies association IV. Sections show the vertical trends and characteristics of the association. See Appendix A for detailed measured sections and locations of measured sections.

Lggea!;I

Grain size scale, indicates dominant grain size in interval

ITT1

~Boulders Pebble/cobble Sand Silt/clay

-- Ripple cross-lamination --~''''" Planar cross-bedding "''"" ,,,,,,,,

~ Trough cross-bedding

~ Low angle bedding

-- Planar stratification --Scours

...... __ Facies contacts

"T"..,.-r Pedogenic calcium carbonate 'T..,.

xl Peds and other soil structures

',',' Strong cementation

a0a Burrows

~ >r- Root castes

IV Intervals dominated by different facies associations

I Vertical scale 5 meters


Frenchman HIiia

10 20 KIiometers Cl = 25 m ~===::;---' ...,.,... Thrust Fault ·

0 5 10Mlles

0 20 Kilometers Cl= 10 m CZ2! Unit 0 ~===::;---' ...,.,... Thrust Fault c:s3 Unit B

10

Pasco Basin Boundary~~-

~ )

Pasco Basin Boundary

~ )

10

10 20 KIiometers Cl = 25 m .···. •\ •..

~=====:;-, _, ...,.,... ·~ ·-10 MIies Thrust Fault 5

B.


~ )

D.


~ )

H9309012.3,4,5,6

Figure 13. Simplified isopach maps for the main units forming the member of Wooded Island in the subsurface of the western to central Pasco Basin: A) fluvial gravel-dominated unit A, B) lacustrine and paleosol-dominated lower mud unit, C) fluvial gravel-dominated units B and D, and D) fluvial graveldominated units C and E. Modified from plates in Lindsey (1995) and based on data presented in Appendix D.


Table 9. 40Arf9Ar radiometric dates from tephra beds in the lower mud unit, member of Wooded Island. Data are from an unpublished report provided by Lewis Hogan, College of Oceanography, Oregon State Univ., Corvallis, OR, to Rockwell Hanford Operations in 1984

Borehole #/depth (ft)

GE19/621.7

073/173.9

DH18/504.9

Isochron Age

6.79+0.13 Ma

6.62+0.09 Ma

6.67+0.18 Ma

Geologic unit

lower mud unit

lower mud unit

lower mud unit

(Table 9) in deposits overlying unit A. Quartz-feldspar-lithic (QFL) plots for unit A show higher quartz contents than the other gravel units (Goodwin, 1993). In addition, volcanic lithics are less abundant (Goodwin, 1993).

Unit A is interpreted to have been deposited in a Columbia River braidplain that existed from approximately 8.5 Ma to 7 .0 (?) Ma. It extended from Sentinel Gap across the area now occupied by Gable Butte and into the western Cold Creek syncline. This fluvial system exited the Pasco Basin at both Sunnyside Gap and around the eastern end of Rattlesnake Mountain. Floodplains and upland subaerial surfaces flanked the main channel belt in the northern Pasco Basin (Figs. 14A and 14B). The distribution of this unit and its mineralogy (described in Goodwin, 1993) indicate Salmon-Clearwater River deposits are not present in unit A.

Unit A is overlain by a basinwide sequence of paleosols (facies association III) and lacustrine deposits (facies association IV) referred to collectively as the lower mud unit (Appendices B and C). The lower mud unit is the only unit containing widespread lacustrine deposits in the lower half of the Ringold Fonnation. The lower mud unit is found throughout most of the Pasco Basin and is much as 25 m (80 ft) thick (Fig. 13B). Paleosols are rarer in the lower mud unit in the south-central Pasco Basin than in the western Pasco Basin (Appendix B: G-1, G-78, G-E-19/E-l, DH-18). The extent of interfingering between the lacustrine and overbank deposits is not known. Sandy deposits of facies association IVb present in the lacustrine strata in the east-central Pasco Basin become thinner and less common to the west (Appendices Band C). The lower mud unit underlies almost the entire Hanford Site and Pasco Basin (Lindsey, 1995, plate 2). The only localities where it is absent are the northern part of the 200 East Area, locally just north of the 200 West Area, and in the area between the 200 Areas and Gable Mountain. The absence of the unit is because of post-depositional erosion and not non-deposition. Three 40 Ar/39 Ar detenninations from tephra in lacustrine deposits in the central Pasco Basin yield ages of 6.62+0.09 Ma to 6.79+0.13 Ma for the lower mud unit (Table 9). The lower mud unit was deposited in a lake and on an adjacent subaerial surface that filled most of the Pasco Basin. Intercalated sands are interpreted to have been deposited by sediment gravity flows derived from Columbia River and Salmon-Clearwater River distributaries entering the lake from the west and east, respectively.

The lower mud unit is overlain in most areas by two fluvial gravel-dominated (facies association I) units, B and D, and intercalated overbank/paleosol deposits (facies association III) (Appendices B and C). Unit B is a westward-thinning unit in the eastern to east-central Pasco Basin ranging from Oto 20 m (0-66 ft) thick (Fig. 13C) (Lindsey, 1995, plate 3). Unit Dis an eastward-thinning unit found in the southwestern Pasco Basin and ranging from Oto 20 m thick (Fig. 13C) (Lindsey, 1995, plate 3). Where units B and Dare absent (in the central Cold Creek syncline) laterally equivalent overbank deposits and paleosols (facies association III) containing thin, indistinct, fluvial sands (facies association II) overlie the lacustrine lower mud unit (Appendix C; Q-Q'). The area where units B and Dare absent corresponds to


Frenchman HIiia \.....----

Frenchman HIiia " ----

A.



10

5

Frenchman Hfffa '------- B.

,_6: ••• ... ... ... ..-:.-::--::--:;. ,.~\ Sal ,. .......... . · mon- , •• : •• : ....... .

Cl te ........ ~ ...... ..... earwa r•.·•rl'•a' ··" System L"-":."-: ~;.~ .............

~ ........... .. \ ......... .. .......... ,

-........:::: - ··~":.::\~":.,. Wallula Gap_--~f···

Frenehrnan HIiia " ---- D.

20 Kilometers

10Mllas

Hll3CIII012.10, 11,12, 13

Figure 14. Distr.ibution of main depositional systems in the member of Wooded Island in the Pasco Basin during deposition of: A) sands at the base of unit A (<8.5 Ma), B) gravelly part of unit A approximately 7.5 Ma, C) fluvial gravel of units B (east) and D (west) approximately 6.5 Ma(?), and D) fluvial gravels of units C and E approximately 6.0 to 5.0 Ma.


an area of thinning in underlying basalt described by Reidel and Fecht (1981) and to the easternmost extent of the sand-rich intervals in the underlying unit A. Unit D is interpreted as having been deposited by the Columbia River as it flowed from north to south across the western Pasco Basin (Fig. 14C). Unit B is interpreted to have been deposited by the Salmon-Oearwater River as it flowed across the southeastern comer of the Pasco Basin (Fig. 14C). The area separating the two units is interpreted to have been a paleotopographic high because of the apparent pinchout and separation of the two units and thinning in the underlying basalt

Units B and D are differentiated from overlying gravel-bearing units (C and E) by a locally thick (> 10 m [33 ft]) paleosol sequence typical of facies association IIlb. This paleosol sequence is referred to as the. sub C+E interval in Appendix D. In the eastern and westernmost Cold Creek syncline and the Wahluke syncline the sub C+E interval can be traced over distances of several kilometers in core holes and closely spaced wells (Appendix B: G-1, G-73, G-78, G-E-19/E-l, DH-18, DH-20, DH-22, DH-33; Appendix C: B-B', F-F', G-G', H-H', 1-1', K-K', L-L', M-M', N-N', 0-0', P-P', Q-Q'). Where the sub C+E interval is absent units B and D are not differentiated from overlying gravel of units C and E. In this case the C+E interval directly overlies the lower mud unit.

The uppermost fluvial gravel-dominated units, C and E (Appendices B and C), are separated in the eastern Pasco Basin by an unnamed, but widespread paleosol sequence (Appendix C: F-F', G-G', HH', 1-1', N-N', 0-0', P-P', Q-Q') similar in character to the paleosol sequence overlying units Band D and referred to as the sub E interval in Appendix D. In the western Pasco Basin the sub E interval is absent and units C and E are not differentiated (Appendix C: A-A', B-B', C-C', D-D', E-E', 0-0', Q-Q'). Combined, the C and E interval fonns a northwest-to-southeast-oriented subsurface linear body as much as 100 m (328 ft) thick and stretching across the Pasco Basin from Sentinel Gap to Wallula Gap (Fig .. l3D) (Lindsey, 1995, plate 4). The gravel outrops at Taylor Flat are of unit E. Basalt-rich gravel (facies association V) is found locally in units C and E. Unit C and E gravel interfingers with muddy paleosols (facies association Illa and b) around the fringe of the Pasco Basin, especially to the north where units C and E pinch out (Appendix C: J-J', K-K', M-M') (Lindsey and Jaeger, 1993). Units C and E are older than the 5.0 Ma age of overlying strata detennined by Packer and Johnston (1979). Strata near the top of unit E also have been assigned a late Hemphillian age (6.7 to 4.8 Ma) on the basis of vertebrate fauna (Gustafson, 1985). Units C and E are interpreted to have been deposited by the Columbia River which flowed into the northwestern comer of the Pasco Basin at Sentinel Gap and by the Salmon-Oearwater River as it flowed into the eastern Pasco Basin across the Eureka Flat area (Fig. l4D). The confluence of the two ancestral rivers is thought to have migrated across the area between Taylor Flat and Wallula Gap because of the presence of gravel and sand displaying lithologies indicative of both rivers (Goodwin, 1993). This depositional system is estimated to have existed approximately 6.5 to 5.5 Ma

Pluvial gravel, sand, and overbank fines typical of the member of Wooded Island are found in the easternmost Pasco Basin at and east of Pasco, Washington (Brown, 1979). These strata are not directly correlated to the units described above because of gaps in the borehole coverage of the eastern Pasco Basin, the lack of clearly defined marker horizons in the borehole logs from the area, and the quality of the drillers logs that comprise the vast majority of the data available for the eastern Pasco Basin. However, the presence of facies association I in the eastern Pasco Basin does indicate that fluvial systems like those that deposited the member of Wooded Island in the central to western Pasco Basin also occurred in the eastern Pasco Basin.

Informal member of Taylor Rat

Approximately 90 m (295 ft) of interbedded fluvial sand (facies association II) and overbank fines (facies association Ill) (Fig. 8) fonn the member of Taylor Flat (Appendix A). Outcrops of the member extend the length of the White Bluffs and are found on Eureka Flat (Fig. 4). West of the White Bluffs (in


the central to western part of the Pasco Basin) most of the member was removed by post-Ringold erosion and only a thin (<15 m [50 ft]), discontinuous section remains (Lindsey, 1995, plate 5) (Appendices B and C). This thin erosional remnant has been referred to as the Ringold upper unit (Myers, Price, and others, 1979; Tallman and others, 1979, 1981; DOE, 1988; Lindsey and others, 1991, 1992). The member of Taylor Flat fines from south to north, with sand being rare north of Ringold Coulee and Gable Mountain. Although the member is now absent from much of the Pasco Basin, the distribution of erosional remnants indicates the member once extended across the entire basin.

On the basis of vertebrate fauna (Gustafson, 1985) and paleomagnetic data (Packer and Johnston, 1979) the base of the member is approximately 5.0 Ma where it overlies the member of Wooded Island south of Ringold Coulee and Gable Mountain/Gable Butte. Where the member of Wooded Island is absent in the north.em Pasco Basin, the member of Taylor Flat consists almost entirely of facies association III deposits; it extends downwards to the top of basalt (Appendix C, M-M'), and the two members interfinger. Where this occurs, the member of Taylor Flat may be as old as 8.5 Ma (youngest basalt underlying the Ringold Formation).

The member of Taylor Flat records deposition in sandy fluvial channels and on adjacent floodplains and overbank areas that formed between 5.5 and 4.5 Ma. The change from the underlying gravels of the member of Wooded Island to this member indicates a change from fluvial gravel depositional systems to fluvial systems characterized almost exclusively by sand deposition. During deposition of the member the Columbia River followed a northwest-to-southeast-oriented path (Fig. 15) similar to that followed during deposition of units C and E of the member of Wooded Island. The presence of Salmon-Oearwater sand is yet to be detected in the member of Taylor Flat, but its presence is suspected because of west-directed paleocurrent indicators in the eastern Pasco Basin that are consistent with a Salmon-Qearwater drainage.

Informal member of Savage Island

Lacustrine deposits (facies association IV) dominate the uppermost part of the Ringold Formation, the 90-m (295 ft) -thick member of Savage Island. The member's age is approximately 4.8 to 3.4 Ma on the basis of paleomagnetic studies and vertebrate paleontology (Packer and Johnston, 1979; Gustafson, 1985; Fecht and others, 1987). Three successive lake-fill sequences are present in the member in the eastcentral Pasco Basin (Fig. 12). Each of the sequences has a basal diatomaceous interval (facies association !Va) that grades upwards into interstratified silt and sand (facies association !Vb). The member has been almost completely removed by post-Ringold erosion from the central and western Pasco Basin (Appendix C). Small outcrops are locally found in shallow ravines along the northwest base of Rattlesnake Mountain.

The lower or first lake-fill sequence is the most laterally restricted of the three sequences, being found only in the north.em to central White Bluffs (Appendix A: B-11 to B-22). Comparing measured sections from north of Ringold coulee (Appendix A: B-11 to B-22) to those from south of Ringold Coulee (Appendix A: B-1 to B-10) indicates the lowest lake-fill sequence interfingers to the southeast into fluvial and overbank deposits (facies associations II and Ill) of the member of Taylor Flat. These fluvial and overbank deposits in tum occupy a stratigraphic position similar to that of fluvial gravel (unit E?) of the member of Wooded Island found on Eureka Flat in the easternmost Pasco Basin. The basal diatomite for the first lake sequence is 0.5 to 1.0 m (1.6-3.3 ft) thick. The first lake appears to have been restricted to the north.em and western Pasco Basin, forming adjacent to a fluvial braidplain and adjacent floodplain system located in the southeastern Pasco Basin (Fig. 16). The fluvial system and associated floodplain record progradation of a Salmon-Qearwater generated fluvial and deltaic(?) systems into the basin.


Frenchman HIiia ~--~

Sentinel Gap

~/ -~e~

0 10 20 Kilometers

0 5 10Miles

HQ30II01:Z.7

Figure 15. Distribution of depositional systems in the Pasco Basin during deposition of the member of Taylor Flat approximately 5.0 Ma.

Deposits fonning the second and third lake-fill sequences are found in outcrops across most of the eastern Pasco Basin. The second lake-fill sequence is distinguished by a thick (2-6 m [6.5-19.5 ft]) basal diatomite (facies association !Va) and a capping fluvial-paleosol system (facies association II and III) (Fig. 12). The diatomite is present throughout the eastern, central, and western Pasco Basin. It coarsens upsection into sandy, well-stratified lacustrine deposits (facies association Ivb), which are in tum capped by a well-developed sandy fluvial and paleosol system (facies associations II and III). The paleosol is a readily identified marker horizon characterized in outcrop by red resistant ledges of sand and silt displaying pedogenic calcium carbonate and silica development (facies association Ille) and bioturbation extending as deep as 6 m (19.5 ft) into underlying strata. The fluvial deposits at the top of the second lake-fill sequence record complete filling of the lake with sediment There is no evidence of postdepositional incision into the fluvial-overbank cap overlying the second lake-fill sequence. The lake in which the second lake-fill sequence was deposited appears to have inundated much, if not all of the Pasco Basin (Fig. 16).

The third lake-fill sequence is found in Ringold outcrops across the central and eastern Pasco Basin above an elevation of approximately 274 m (800 ft) above sea level. The basal diatomite (facies association !Va) is less than 1.5 m (5 ft) thick and grades up-section into well-bedded lacustrine sand and silt of facies association !Vb. Deposition of the third lake-fill sequence appears to have tenninated with basinwide incision.

36 OPEN Fll..E REPORT 96-8

Frenchman HIiia '-- ~---

Sentinel Gap

-..;;:::: I --~e~

0 10 20 Kilometers

Frenchman HIiia I.. ~----

0 10

0 5 10 Miles

A.


~

B.


I

HlllilOII012.II. g

Figure 16. Distribution of depositional systems in the Pasco Basin during deposition of the member of Savage Island: (A) first lake-fill sequence approximately 4.6 Ma and (B) the second lake-fill sequence approximately 4.0 Ma.


Top of the Ringold Formation

Post-Ringold stage IV and V pedogenic carbonate (of Machette, 1985) overlies and truncates the Ringold Fonnation member of Savage Island along the length of the White Bluffs and on Eureka Rat (Appendix A). These carbonates are interpreted to be correlative to calcium carbonate- and silt-rich strata(referred locally as the Plio-Pleistocene unit) beneath the 200 West Area and to multilithologic gravel (referred to locally as the pre-Missoula gravel) southeast of the 200 East Area which overlies the lower part of the member of Taylor Rat and upper part of the member of Wooded Island beneath the Hanford Site (Lindsey, 1995, plate 6; Appendix C). This stratigraphic relationship is described further in Lindsey and others (1994a, 1994b). Locations in the central Pasco Basin where the "Plio-Pleistocene" unit and pre-Missoula gravel overlie the Ringold Fonnation correspond to where approximately 120 m of Ringold section is absent. Late Pliocene incision by the Columbia River is the cause of this. This postRingold erosion represents a fundamental change within the ancestral Columbia River drainage system, which was dominated until the end of Ringold deposition by regional aggradation. Erosion by Pleistocene cataclysmic flood waters also has removed part of the Ringold section. This erosion is interpreted to have occurred where "Plio-Pleistocene" strata are absent and cataclysmic flood deposits (of the infonnal Hanford fonnation) directly overlie the Ringold Fonnation.

Ringold Correlatives Outside the Pasco Basin

Strata assigned to the Ringold Fonnation also are found north of the Pasco Basin in the Quincy and Othello Basins. These strata consist of basaltic gravel, paleosols, lacustrine deposits, and minor fluvial sand (Packer and Johnston, 1979; Reidel, 1988; Smith and others, 1989; N. P. Campbell, unpub. data). Packer and Johnston's paleomagnetic data indicate these strata are correlative to the member of Savage Island. The basaltic gravel is thought to have been deposited on alluvial fans fonned adjacent to active faults bounding the north side of the Saddle Mountains during the Pliocene (Tallman and others, 1981). Lacustrine deposits younger than 4.7+0.3 Ma (making them correlative to the member of Savage Island) also are found near Yakima, Washington (Smith, 1988).

Quartzose sand and gravel, similar to that fonning the member of Wooded Island, are found overlying the CRBG in a linear belt stretching from the western Pasco Basin to Hood River, Oregon (Warren, 1941; Schmincke, 1964; Anderson, 1987; Fecht and others, 1987; Reidel, 1988; Smith, 1988). These elastic deposits, now known as the Snipes Mountain Conglomerate (also referred to as the Hood River conglomerate by Warren [1941]), are younger than 10.5 Ma, the age of the youngest underlying basalt, the Elephant Mountain Member of the Saddle Mountains Basalt (Anderson, 1987; Fecht and others, 1987). South of Satus Pass the Snipes Mountain Conglomerate is overlain by the 4.5 Ma to 1.0 Ma Simcoe Volcanics (Anderson, 1987), indicating it is older than the lacustrine deposits of the member of Savage Island. Sand mineralogy and clast types in the Snipes Mountain Conglomerate are similar to those in unit A of the member of Wooded Island (Goodwin, 1993). The Snipes Mountain Conglomerate is interpreted as having been deposited in a Columbia River channel tract that extended from the western Pasco Basin, across the area now occupied by the Horse Heaven Hills, to the position of the modem Columbia River west of The Dalles, Oregon (Warren, 1941; Waters, 1955; Fecht and others, 1987; Smith, 1988). The Snipes Mountain Conglomerate is interpreted to be at least in part correlative to unit A of the member of Wooded Island because they have similar mineralogy and petrology, they overlie the same basalt unit, and they appear to be contiguous along the western side of the Pasco Basin.

An additional quartzo-feldspathic elastic unit correlative to the Ringold Fonnation is found west of Snipes Mountain outcrops. Throughout the late Miocene and Pliocene the Columbia River cut a series of canyons through the ancestral Cascade Range between The Dalles and Portland, Oregon (Fig. 5) (Tolan and Beeson, 1984; Tolan and others, 1984a, 1984b). The Troutdale Formation (<12 Ma to 2 Ma) fills one of these paleocanyons (Tolan and Beeson, 1984; Tolan and others, 1984a, 1984b). Tolan and Beeson


(1984) divide the Troutdale Formation into an informal lower member dominated by quanzose Columbia River silt, sand, and gravel (similar to the Snipes Mountain Conglomerate and Ringold Formation) and an upper informal member dominated by ancestral Cascade-derived volcaniclastic sediments. An early Pliocene age of approximately 5 Ma is placed on the contact between these two informal members. This age makes the lower member correlative to the member of Wooded Island and the upper member correlative to the members of Taylor Rat and Savage Island.

At The Dalles, Oregon, as well as south and east of The Dalles, Oregon, a sequence described by Newcomb (1966), Farooqui and others (1981), and Smith (1988) as largely locally derived andesitic to dacitic volcaniclastic detritus overlies the CRBG. These deposits, referred to as the Dalles Formation, originally were described as containing pebble lithologies foreign to the region, including quartzite, at the base of, as well as within the unit (Warren, 1941). The Dalles Formation overlies CRBG basalt (Priest Rapids Member of the Wanapum Basalt at 14.5 Ma) and underlies and interfingers with younger lavas dated at 5.1 to 8.0 Ma (Farooqui and others, 1981; Smith, 1988). This indicates that at least the upper part of the Dalles Formation is correlative with the Ringold Formation member of Wooded Island.

Ringold-age sedimentary rocks also are found in the Umatilla Basin (and adjacent areas) south and east of a line defined by The Dalles, Oregon, and Wallula Gap. They are the Alkali Canyon Formation in the Umatilla Basin and the Mackay Creek Formation near Pendleton, Oregon. Locally derived basaltic gravel dominates the Alkalai Canyon Formation in the eastern Umatilla Basin and the Mackay Creek Formation (Farooqui and others, 1981; Lindsey and others, 1993). However, quartzitebearing mixed lithology gravel is common in the Alkali Canyon Formation in the western Umatilla Basin, although a quartzite-rich lithology indicative of the Columbia River is not present (Lindsey and others, 1993; Lindsey and Tolan, 1996). Reconnaissance studies in the Klickitat Valley between Satus Pass and The Dalles, Oregon, indicate Alkali Canyon-like gravel underlies the Snipes Mountain Conglomerate (T. Tolan and K. A. Lindsey, unpub. data). In addition to exotic clast-bearing gravel, Hodge (1932, 1938, 1942) described as much as 30 m of stratified sand, silt, and diatomite overlying and interstratified with Alkali Canyon Formation gravel (referred to by him as the Shutler Formation) in the western Umatilla Basin. Later investigators (Farooqui and others, 1981; Dames and Moore, 1987; Smith, 1988) did not report the presence of diatomite-bearing strata. Reconnaissance of the western Umatilla Basin (T. Tolan and K. A. Lindsey, unpub. data) confirms the presence of at least two diatomite intervals. One is as much as 4 m thick and interstratified with mixed lithology gravel near the base of the Alkali Canyon Formation. The other is approximately 2 m thick, consists of laminated fine facies similar in appearance to Ringold facies association IV, and directly underlies thick (>2 m) pedogenic CaC03 that caps the Alkali Canyon Formation. The Alkali Canyon Formation ranges from less than 14.5 Ma (age of underlying Priest Rapids Basalt) to at least late Hemphillian age (6.7to 4.8 Ma) (Martin, 1979; Farooqui and others, 1981). This indicates that at least a part of the Alkali Canyon Formation is correlative with the members of Wooded Island and Taylor Rat. The diatomaceous lacustrine deposits at the top of the Alkali Canyon section that directly underlie thick pedogenic carbonate mimics a stratigraphic relationship similar to that found at the top of the member of Savage Island. This suggests the possibility that the uppermost Alkali Canyon Formation also may be correlative to the uppermost Ringold Formation.

CONCLUSIONS

The Miocene-Pliocene Ringold Formation in and around the Pasco Basin and at the Hanford Site in south-central Washington consists of a variety of interstratified alluvial-lacustrine sediments. These sediments comprise the majority of the suprabasalt "unconfined" aquifer at the Hanford Site. Previous work in the Ringold Formation was too generalized or too localized to adequately document the character of these sediments across the entire region This report presents a stratigraphic interpretation for the Ringold Formation filling that gap. The data presented in this report show that Ringold sediments can be grouped into five facies associations, which are grouped together into three informal members. This report


also briefly discusses Ringold correlatives throughout the region, setting the stage for future regional sedimentologic interpretations.

Ringold Formation facies associations I, II, III, IV, and V are summarized as follows:

I. Auvial gravel-Cast-supported and lesser matrix-supported pebble to cobble gravel with a sandy matrix characterizes the association. Localized intercalated sand and mud also are found. Clast composition varies, with basalt, quartzite, porphyritic volcanic rocks, and greenstone being the most common types. Sand in the association generally is quartzo-feldspathic. Low-angle to planar stratification, massive bedding, wide, shallow channels, and large-scale cross-bedding are found in outcrops. The association was deposited in a gravelly fluvial braidplain characterized by shallow, shifting channels. Calcium carbonate, iron, and silica cements are present. Variations in the amount and distribution of cement probably account for much of the variation seen in aquifer properties.

II. Auvial sand-Quartzo-feldspathic sand displaying cross-bedding and cross-lamination dominates this association. Intercalated strata consist of lenticular silty sand and clay beds up to 3 m (9.6 ft) thick and thin (<0.5 m [1.5 ft]) gravels. Fining-upward sequences less than 1 m to several meters thick are common in the association. Strata comprising the association were deposited in wide, shallow fluvial channels.

III. Overbank-paleosol-This association consists of laminated to massive silt, silty fine sand, and paleosols containing various amounts of pedogenic calcium carbonate. Overbank-paleosol deposits occur as thin (<0.5 to 2 m [1.5-6.4 ft]) lenticular interbeds in the fluvial gravel and fluvial sand associations and as thick (up to 10 m [32 ft]) laterally continuous stratigraphic sequences. These sediments record deposition on floodplains and the formation of paleosols.

IV. Lacustrine-Plane laminated to massive clay with thin, ripple cross-laminated and normally graded silt, silty sand, and sand interbeds displaying some soft-sediment deformation characterize this association. Coarsening-upward packages less than 1 m thick to 10 m thick (<3-32 ft) are common. Strata of the association were deposited in lak~s under standing-water to deltaic conditions.

V. Basaltic alluvium-Massive to crudely stratified, weathered to unweathered basaltic sand and gravel dominate this association. These basaltic deposits generally are found near the basin periphery. The association records deposition by debris flows in alluvial fan settings and in sidestreams.

Sediments comprising the Ringold Formation are divided into three informal members. The lowest member, the member of Wooded Island, contains five separate stratigraphic intervals, designated units A, B, C, D, and E, dominated by fl.uvial gravel (facies association I). Units A, B, C, D, and E, are separated by fine-grained intervals consisting largely of paleosol-overbank deposits (facies association III) and lesser lacustrine deposits (facies association IV). The lowermost of these fine-grained intervals overlies unit A and is designated the lower mud unit. The lower mud unit extends across most of the .Pasco Basin and is the only one of the fine-grained intervals within the member that is typified by lacustrine deposits. Although generally widespread, the other fine-grained sequences in the member of Wooded Island are not given names because of a lack of other distinguishing features. The member of Wooded Island is overlain by the member of Taylor Aat, which is dominated by interbedded fl.uvial sand and overbank-paleosol deposits. Around the periphery of the Pasco Basin and in the northern Hanford Site the member of Wooded Island pinches out, interfingering with the member of Taylor Aat. The third


member, the member of Savage island, consists dominantly of lacustrine deposits that are basinwide in extent Lacustrine strata in this member generally sharply overlie underlying deposits.

Strata correlative to the Ringold Fonnation exist in many basins across the region. These correlatives, found from Portland, Oregon, to north of the Pasco Basin, include the Troutdale Fonnation, Snipes Mountain Conglomerate, Dalles Fonnation, and Alkali Canyon Fonnation. These units display fluvial, paleosol-overbank, and lacustrine facies relationships and lithologies similar to those typical of the Ringold Fonnation. The distribution of these strata indicates Ringold deposits found in the Pasco Basin were part of a regional drainage system extending across the Columbia Basin region, into and through the area now occupied by the Cascade Range.

The data and interpretations presented in this report are the result of an integrated study of outcrops, cores, cuttings, borehole logs, and the geologic literature. Such studies are necessary for accurate and realistic interpretation of both regional and local geology. Locally, these data and insights are central to understanding the geologic characteristics that influence ground-water flow in the suprabasalt aquifer at the Hanford Site. Regionally, these data can be used to address many of the fundamental issues related to the timing of subsidence and uplift in the Yakima fold belt, paleodrainge history of the ancestral Columbia River system, and the uplift and unroofing history of source terranes adjacent to the Columbia Basin throughout the Late Neogene.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

Discussions with Terry Tolan, Steve Reidel, Karl Fecht, Bruce Bjornstad, Pat Spencer, Dave Gaylord, Shannon .Goodwin, and Gary Smith about local and regional geology were invaluable. This report benefitted from reviews at various times by Steve Reidel, Karl Pecht, Newell Campbell, Terry Tolan, Eric Schuster, Kitty Reed, and Leslie Brown. The line drawings in the text and Appendix C where drafted by Denise Dillon, Jeff Ammennan, and Gary Hammond. Research and manuscript preparation was supported in part by a Post-Doctoral grant from the Northwest College and University Association for Science (Washington State University) (now Associated Western Universities, Northwest Division) under Grant DE-FG06-89ER-75522 from the U.S. Department of Energy and DOE grant DE-FG06-91ER14172 to S. P. Reidel at Washington State University.

REFERENCES CITED

Allen, P.A.; Collinson, J. D., 1986, Lake. In Reading, H. G., editor, Sedimentary environments and facies: Blackwell Scientific Publications, p. 63-94.

Anderson, James Lee, 1987, The structural geology and ages of deformation of a portion of the southwest Columbia Plateau, Washington and Oregon: University of Southern California Doctor of Philosophy thesis, 283 p.

Baker, V. R.; Greeley, Ronald; Komar, P. D.; Swanson, D. A.; Waitt, R. B., 1987, Columbia and Snake River plains. In Graf, W. L., editor, Geomorphic systems of North America: Geological Society of America DNAG Centennial Special Volume 2, p. 403-468.

Baker, V. R.; Bjornstad, B. N.; Busacca, A. J.; Pecht, K. R.; Kiver, E. P.; Moody, U. L.; Rigby, J. G.; Stradling, D. F.; Tallman, A. M., 1991, Quaternary geology of the Columbia Plateau. In Morrison, R. B., editor, Quaternary nonglacial geology-Conterminous U.S.: Geological Society of America DNAG Geology of North America, v. K-2, p. 215-250.

Birlceland, P. W.; Machette, M. N.; Haller, K. M., 1991, Soils as a tool for applied Quaternary geology: Utah Geological Survey Miscellaneous Publication 91-3, 63 p.


Bjornstad, B. N., 1985, Late-Cenozoic stratigraphy and tectonic evolution within a subsiding basin, south-central Washington [abstract]: Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs, v. 17, no. 7, p. 524.

Bown, T. M.; Kraus, M. J., 1987, Integration of channel and floodplain suites, I. Developmental sequence and lateral relations of alluvial paleosols: Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, v. 57, no. 4, p. 587-601.

Brown, R. E., 1979, A review of water-well data from the unconfined aquifer in the eastern and southern parts of the Pasco Basin: Rockwell Hanford Operations RHO-BWI-C-56, 63 p., 19 plates.

Bull, W. B., 1972, Recognition of alluvial-fan deposits in the stratigraphic record. In Rigby, J. K.; Hamblin, W. K., editors, Recognition of ancient sedimentary environments: Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists Special Publication 16, p. 63-83.

Cant, D. J.; Walker, R. G., 1976, Development of a braided-fluvial facies model for the Devonian Battery Point Sandstone, Quebec: Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, v. 13, no. 1, p. 102-119.

Collinson, J. D., 1986, Alluvial sediments. In Reading, H. G., editor, Sedimentary environments and facies: Blackwell Scientific Publications, p. 20- 62.

Culver, H. E., 1937, Extensions of the Ringold Formation: Northwest Science, v. 11, no. 3, p. 57-60.

Dames and Moore, 1987, Geologic and hydrogeologic site characterization report for the Chem-Security Systems, Inc., Arlington Facility, Arlington, Oregon: Dames and Moore, Inc., Portland, Oregon, 1 v.

Farooqui, S. M.; Beaulieu, J. D.; Bunker, R. C.; Stensland, D. E.; Thoms, R. E., 1981, Dalles Group-Neogene formations overlying the Columbia River Basalt Group in north-central Oregon: Oregon Geology, v. 43, no. 10, p. 131-140.

Pecht, K. R.; Reidel, S. P.; Tallman, A. M., 1987, Paleodrainage of the Columbia River system on the Columbia Plateau of Washington State-A summary. In Schuster, J.E., editor, Selected papers on the geology of Washington: Washington Division of Geology and Earth Resources Bulletin 77, p. 219-248.

Galloway, W. E., 1985a, Ancient alluvial fans and fan deltas. In Flores, R. M.; Ethridge, F. G.; Miall, A. D.; Galloway, W. E.; Fouch, T. D., Recognition of fluvial depositional systems and their resource potential: Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists Short Course 19, p. 127-143.

Galloway, W. E., 1985b, Meandering streams-Modem and ancient. In Flores, R. M.; Ethridge, F. G.; Miall, A. D.; Galloway, W. E.; Fouch, T. D., Recognition of fluvial depositional systems and their resource potential: Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists Short Course no. 19, p. 145-166.

Goodwin, S. M., 1993, Petrography of the coarse-grained facies of the Miocene-Pliocene Ringold Formation, south-central Washington State: Western Washington University Master of Science thesis, 96 p.

Grolier, M. J.; Bingham, J. W., 1978, Geology of parts of Grant, Adams, and Franklin Counties, east-central Washington: Washington Division of Geology and Earth Resources Bulletin 71, 91 p.

Gustafson, E. P., 1973, The vertebrate fauna of the late Pliocene Ringold Formation, south-central Washington: University of Washington Master of Science thesis, 164 p.

Gustafson, E. P., 1985, Soricids (Mammalia, Insectivora) from the Blufftop local fauna, Blancan Ringold Formation of central Washington, and the correlation of Ringold Formation faunas: Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, v. 5, no. 1, p. 88-92.

Hodge, E.T., 1932, Geological map and report of north central Oregon: University of Oregon Publications, v. 1, no. 5.


Hodge, E. T., 1938, Geology of the lower Columbia River: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 49, no. 6, p. 831-930.

Hodge, E. T., 1942, Geology of north central Oregon: Oregon State College Studies in Geology 3, 76 p.

Kraus, M. J., 1984, Sedimentology and tectonic setting of early Tertiary quartzite conglomerates, northwest Wyoming. In Koster, E. H.; Steel, R. J., editors, Sedimentology of gravels and conglomerates: Canadian Society of Petroleum Geologists Memoir 10, p. 203-216.

Kraus, M. J., 1987, Integration of channel and floodplain suites, II. Vertical relations of alluvial paleosols: Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, v. 57, no. 4, p. 602-612.

Kraus, M. J.; Brown, T. M., 1988, Pedofacies analysis; a new approach to reconstructing ancient fluvial sequences. In Reinhardt, Juergen; Sigleo, W.R., editors, Paleosols and weathering through geologic time-Principles and applications: Geological Society of America special Paper 216, p. 143-152.

Last, G. V.; Bjornstad, B. N.; Bergeron, M. P.; Wallace, D. W.; Newcomer, D.R.; Schramk:e, J. A.; Chamness, M. A.; Cline, C. S.; Airhart, S. P.; Wilbur, J. S., 1989, Hydrogeology of the 200 Areas low-level burial grounds-An interim report: Pacific Northwest Laboratory, [Battelle Memorial Institute], Richland, WA, PNL-6820, 2 v.

Lindsey, K. A., 1991, Revised stratigraphy for the Ringold Formation, Hanford site, south-central Washington: Westinghouse Hanford Company WHC-SD-EN-EE-004, 12 p.

Lindsey, K. A., 1992, Geology of the northern part of the Hanford Site-An outline of data sources and the geologic setting of the 100 Areas: Westinghouse Hanford Company, Richland, WA, WHC-SD-EN-TI-011, 27 p.

Lindsey, K. A., 1995, Miocene- to Pliocene-aged suprabasalt sediments of the Hanford Site, south-central Washington: Bechtel Hanford, Inc., Richland, WA, BHI-00184, 42 p., 4 appendices.

Lindsey, K. A.; Gaylord, D.R., 1990, Lithofacies and sedimentology of the Miocene-Pliocene Ringold Formation, Hanford site, south-central Washington: Northwest Science, v. 64, no. 3, p. 165-180

Lindsey, K. A.; Jaeger, G. K., 1993, Geologic setting of the 100-HR-3 Operable Unit, Hanford Site, south-central Washington: Westinghouse Hanford Co., WHC-SD-EN-TI-132, 53 p.

Lindsey, K. A.; Tolan, T. L., 1996, Rediscovery of late Neogene lacustrine deposits in the western Umatialla Basin-Implications for basin evolution and paleodrainage history, north-central Oregon and south-central Washington [abstract]: Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs, v. 28, no. 5, p. 85.

Lindsey, K. A.; Bjornstad, B. N.; Connelly, M. P., 1991, Geologic setting of the 200 West Area-An update: Westinghouse Hanford Company, Richland, WA, WHC-SD-EN-TI-008, 52 p.

Lindsey, K. A.; Bjornstad, B. N.; Lindberg, J. W.; Hoffman, K. M., 1992, Geologic setting of the 200 East Area"An update: Westinghouse Hanford Company, Richland, WA, WHC-SD-EN-TI-012, 47 p.

Lindsey, K. A.; Tolan, T. L.; Reidel, S. P., 1993, New insights into the origin of late Neogene sediments in the Umatilla Basin, north-central Oregon and south-central Washington [abstract]: Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs, v. 25, no. 5, p. 70. ·

Lindsey, K. A.; Reidel, S. P.; Pecht, K. R.; Slate, J. L.; Law, A.G.; Tallman, A. M., 1994a, Geohydrologic setting of the Hanford site, south-central Washington. In Swanson, D. A.; Haugerud, R. A., editors, Geologic field trips in the Pacific Northwest: University of Washington Department of Geological Sciences, v. 1, p. IC 1-16.


Lindsey, K. A.; Slate, J. L.; Jaeger, G. K.; Swett, K. J.; Mercer, R. B., 1994b, Geologic setting of the low-level burial grounds: Westinghouse Hanford Company, Richland, Washington, WHC-SD-EN-TI-290, Rev. 0, 82 p.

Machette, M. N., 1985, Calcic soils of the southwestern United States. In Weide, D. L.; Faber, M. L., editors, Soils and Quaternary geology of the southwestern United States: Geological Society of America Special Paper 203, p. 1-21.

Martin, J.E., 1979, Hemphillian rodents from northern Oregon and their relationships to other rodent faunas in North America: University of Washington Doctor of Philosophy thesis, 187 p.

Merriam, J.C.; Buwalda, J.P., 1917, Age of the strata referred to the Ellensburg Formation in the White Bluffs of the Columbia River: University of California Publications, Bulletin of the Department of Geology, v. 10, no. 15, p. 255-266.

Miall, A. D., 1977, A review of the braided-river depositional environment: Earth Science Reviews, v. 13, no. l, p. 1-62.

Miall, A. D., 1978, Lithofacies types and vertical profile models in braided river deposits-A summary. In Miall, A. D., editor, Pluvial sedimentology: Canadian Society of Petroleum Geologists Memoir 5, p. 597-604.

Miall, A. D., 1985, Architectural-element analysis--A new method of facies analysis applied to fluvial deposits: Earth Science Reviews, v. 22, no. 4, p. 261-308.

Myers, C. W.; Price, S. M.; and others, 1979, Geologic studies of the Columbia Plateau--A status report: Rockwell Hanford Operations RHO-BWI-ST-4, 541 p., 53 plates.

Newcomb, R. C., 1958, Ringold Formation of Pleistocene age in type locality, the White Bluffs, Washington: American Journal of Science, v. 256, no. 5, p. 328-340.

Newcomb, R. C., 1966, Lithology and eastward extension of The Dalles Formation, Oregon and Washington: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 550-D, p. D59-D63.

Newcomb, R. C.; Strand, J. R.; Frank, F. J., 1972, Geology and ground-water characteristics of the Hanford Reservation of the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission, Washington: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 717, 78 p., 3 plates.

Packer, D.R.; Johnston, J.M., 1979, A preliminary investigation of the magnetostratigraphy of the Ringold Formation: Rockwell Hanford Operations RH(?-BWI-C-42; Woodward-Clyde Consultants, 60 p.

Puget Sound Power and Light Company, 1981, Skagit/Hanford nuclear project, preliminary safety analysis report: Puget Sound Power and Light Company, 7 v.

Reidel, S. P., 1984, The Saddle Mountains-The evolution of an anticline in the Yakima fold belt: American Journal of Science, v. 284, no. 8, p. 942-978.

Reidel, S. P., 198.8, Geologic map of the Saddle Mountains, south-central Washington: Washington Division of Geology and Earth Resources Geologic Map GM- 38, 5 sheets, scale 1:48,000, with 28 p. text.

Reidel, S. P.; Pecht, K. R., 1981, Wanapum and Saddle Mountains Basalts of the Cold Creek syncline area. In Myers, C. W.; Price, S. M., editors, Subsurface geology of the Cold Creek syncline: Rockwell Hanford Operations RHO-BWI-ST-14, p. 3-1 - 3-45.

44 OPEN Fll..E REPORT 96-8

Reidel, S. P.; Pecht, K. R.; Hagood, M. C.; Tolan, T. L., 1989, The geologic evolution of the central Columbia Plateau. In Reidel, S. P.; Hooper, P.R., editors, Volcanism and tectonism in the Columbia River flood-basalt province: Geological Society of America Special Paper 239, p. 247-264.

Reidel, S. P.; Lindsey, K. A.; Pecht, K. R., 1992, Field trip guide to the Hanford site: Westinghouse Hanford Company WHC-MR-0391, 50 p.

Reidel, S. P.; Campbell, N. P.; Pecht, K. R.; Lindsey, K. A., 1994, Late Cenozoic structure and stratigraphy of south-central Washington. In Lasmanis, Raymond; Cheney, E. S., convenors, Regional geology of Washington State: Washington Division of Geology and Earth Resources Bulletin 80, p. 159-180.

Retallack, G. J., 1986, Fossil soils as grounds for interpreting long~tenn controls on ancient rivers: Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, v. 56, no. l, p. 1-18.

Retallack, G. J., 1988, Field recognition of paleosols. In Reinhardt, Juergen; Sigleo, W.R., editors, Paleosols and weathering through geologic time-Principles and applications: Geological Society of America Special Paper 216, p. 1-20. .

Rust, B. R., 1978, A classification of alluvial channel systems. In Miall, A. D., editor, Pluvial sedimentology: Canadian Society of Petroleum Geologists Memoir 5, p. 187-198.

Rust, B. R.; Koster, E. H., 1984, Coarse alluvial deposits. In Walker, R. G., editor, Facies Models, 2nd Edition: Geoscience Canada Reprint Series 1, p. 53-70.

Schmincke, H.-U., 1964, Petrology, paleocurrents, and stratigraphy of the Ellensburg Formation and interbedded Yakima Basalt flows, south-central Washington: Johns Hopkins University Doctor of Philosophy thesis, 426 p.

Smith, G. A., 1988, Neogene synvolcanic and syntectonic sedimentation in central Washington: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 100, no. 9, p. 1479-1492.

Smith, G. A.; Bjornstad, B. N.; Pecht, K. R., 1989, Neogene terrestrial sedimentation on and adjacent to the Columbia Plateau; Washington, Oregon, and Idaho. In Reidel, S. P.; Hooper, P.R., editors, Volcanism and tectonism in the Columbia River flood-basalt province: Geological Society of America Special Paper 239, p. 187-198.

Smith, G. 0., 1901, Geology and water resources of a portion of Yakima County, Wash.: U.S. Geological Survey Water Supply Paper 55, 68 p.

Tallman, A. M.; Pecht, K. R.; Marratt, M. C.; Last, G. V., 1979, Geology of the separation areas, Hanford Site, south-central Washington: Rockwell Hanford Operations RHO-ST-23, 134 p.

Tallman, A. M.; Lillie, J. T.; Fecht, K. R., 1981, Suprabasalt sediments of the Cold Creek syncline area. In Myers, C. W.; Price, S. M., editors, Subsurface geology of the Cold Creek syncline: Rockwell Hanford Operations RHO-BWI-ST-14, p. 2-1 - 2-28.

Tolan, T. L.; Beeson, M. H., 1984, Intracanyon flows of the Columbia River Basalt Group in the lower Columbia River Gorge and their relationship to the Troutdale Formation: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 95, no. 4, p. 463-477.

Tolan, T. L.; Reidel, S. P., compilers, 1989, Structure map of a portion of the Columbia River flood-basalt province. In Reidel, S. P.; Hooper, P.R., editors, Volcanism and tectonism in the Columbia River flood-basalt province: Geological Society of America Special Paper 239, plate, scale 1:500,000.


Tolan, T. L.; Beeson, M. H.; Vogt. B. F., 1984a, Exploring the Neogene history of the Columbia River-Discussion and geologic field trip guide to the Columbia River Gorge; Part I, Discussion: Oregon Geology, v. 46, no. 8, p. 87-97.

Tolan, T. L.; Beeson, M. H.; Vogt, B. F., 1984b, Exploring the Neogene history of the Columbia River-Discussion and geologic field trip guide to the Columbia River Gorge; Part II, Road. log and comments: Oregon Geology, v. 46, no. 9, p. 103-112.

Tolan, T. L.; Lindsey, K. A.; Beeson, M. H., 1996, Neogene paleodrainage implications of exotic clast lithologies in the Chenoweth (Dalles) Formation, Oregon-Rediscovery of old truths about the Dalles Formation [abstract]: Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs, v. 28, no. 5, p. 118.

U.S. Department of Energy, 1988, Consultation draft site characterization plan: U.S. Department of Energy DOE/RW-0164, 9 v.

Walker, R. G.; Cant, D. J., 1984, Sandy fluvial systems. In Walker, R. G., editor, Facies models, 2nd ed.: Geoscience Canada Reprint Series 1, p. 71-89.

Warren, C.R., 1941, Course of the Columbia River in southern central Washington: American Journal of Science, v. 239, no. 3, p. 209-232.

Waters, A. C., 1955, Geomorphology of south-central Washington, illustrated by the Yakima East quadrangle: Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 66, no. 6, p. 663-684.

APPENDIX A. OUTCROP MEASURED SECTIONS

Explanation of Symbols and Abbreviations used on Measured Sections

Grain Size Scale, indicates dominant grain sizes

I I I I I I I I ~ boulder gravel ~~~cobble gravel

pebble gravel coarse sand medium sand fine sand silt clay

Sedimentary Structures

~ ... ~ large-scale trough cross-bedding

small-scale trough cross-bedding

large-scale planar cross-bedding

''"'''''''''' ,,,,,,,,,,,, ''''''"''''

small-scale planar cross-bedding

_..-c«-__._ ripple cross-lamination

~ climbing ripple cross-lamination

--.=:::: .==- planar bedding

~ wavy bedding

~~.r: clay/silt rip up clasts

"" ~ load casts and deformed bedding

mottled bedding

soil peds and slickensides

clay balls and lumps

A-1

I 1[ I I I 111 l I ll well indurated ( cemented)

, --.--. .-- calcium carbonate

~ petrified wood

tflPIJ:llpSgo pebbly sand

PL

paleocurrent directions, 0° is straight up to page

sample point for pebble count samples

small (<l cm diameter) root and burrow trace fossils

large (> 1 cm diameter) root and burrow trace fossils

Abbreviations

bn - brown; bk - black; bslt - basal; carb - calcium carbonate; cmt - cement; concr -concretions; dk -dark; Fe - iron stains; frags - fragments; gn - green; gy - gray; lo ang - low angle bedding; It - light; ol - olive; or - orange; rd - red; rp - rip-up clast; slicks - soil slickensides; tn - tan weath - weathering; wh - white

Vertical scale on left side of each column is in meters above base of measured section. Elevation above sea level is given for bottom of sections in feet and meters.

Locations of Measured Sections

Sec. Quadrangle - Location Description B-1 Wooded Island 7.5' and Matthews Corner 7.5' - SEI/4 SWl/4 sec. 12, Tl IN, R28E, 1st

ravine N of Baxter Cn. B-2 Wooded Island 7.5' and Matthews Corner 7.5' - NWI/4 SWl/4 secc 12, Tl IN, R28E,

next ravine N ofB-1. B-3 Wooded Island 7.5' and Matthews Corner 7.5' - NEI/4 SWl/4 sec. 12, Tl IN, R28E, next

ravine N of B-2. B-4 Wooded Island 7.5' and Matthews Corner 7.5' - NWI/4 SWl/4 sec. 12, Tl IN, R28E,

next ravine N ofB-3. B-5 Wooded Island 7.5' and Matthews Corner 7.5' - SWI/4 NWI/4 sec. 12, Tl IN, R28E,

slope W of Baxter BM. B-5A Wooded Island 7.5' and Matthews Corner 7.5' - SWl/4 NWI/4 sec 12, Tl IN, R28E,

slope SW of Baxter BM. B-6/6A Wooded Island 7.5' and Matthews Corner 7.5' - NWI/4 NWI/4 sec. 12, Tl IN, R28E,

A-2

slope W of Baxter BM. B-7/7A Wooded Island 7.5' and Matthews Comer 7.5' - SEI/4 SWI/4 sec. 1, T11N, R28E,

ravines S of Parsons Cn. B-8 Wooded Island 7.5 - NWI/4 SEI/4 sec. 25, Tl IN, R28E, ravine W ofBluffBM. B-9 Wooded Island 7.5' and Matthews Comer 7.5' - SWl/4 NWI/4 sec. 1, Tl IN, R28E, slope

N of Parsons Cn. B-10 Wooded Island 7.5' - SWl/4 SEl/4 sec. 25, Tl IN, R28E, ravine SW of Bluff BM. B-11 Hanford 15' - SEI/4 NEl/4 sec. 33, Tl3N, R28E, ravine N of Savage Island landslide. B-1 IA Hanford 15' - SWI/4 NEI/4 sec. 33, Tl3N, R28E, open slope N ofB-11. B-12 Hanford 15' - NEl/4 SWI/4 sec. 3, TI2N, R28E, slopes E of Savage Island. B-13 Hanford 15' - NEI/4 SWl/4 sec. 3, TI2N, R28E, Send of Savage Island landslide. B-14 Hanford 15' - SEI/4 NWI/4 sec. 33, T13N, R28E, ravines N ofB-11 and B-1 lA. B-15 Hanford 15' - SEI/4 NEI/4 sec. 14, Tl2N, R28E, slope W ofRingold BM. B-16 Hanford 15' - Wl/2 SEI/4 sec. 29, Tl3N, R28E, ravines N of bluff B-17 Hanford 15' - NWI/4 SEl/4 sec. 11, Tl3N, R27E, slope above road S of gate. B-18 Locke Island 7.5' - SEI/4 NWl/4 sec. 21, Tl4N, R27E, bluffs S ofLocke Island. B-20 Hanford 15' - NWl/4 NWl/4 sec. 24, Tl3N, R27E, bluffs opposite old Hanford. B-21 Hanford 15' - SEI/4 SEI/4 sec. 3, Tl2N, R28E, bluffs S of Savage Island landslide. B-22 Hanford 15' - SWl/4 SEl/4 sec. 19, Tl3N, R28E, bluff NW of Savage Island. B-Dl Hanford 15' - NEl/4 NEl/4 sec. 30, Tl3N, R28E, bluff S of Savage Island. B-D2 Hanford 15' - SEl/4 SEI/4 sec. 9, Tl3N, R28E, bluffE of Savage BM

A-3

Sec B-1 Top Elev 640 ft (195 m)

II ll II II 201=:==::i

or-rd

10

sand float

poor outcrop

.150m

silt rp

mbr of Taylor Flat

mbr of Wooded Is.

rd-bn banding

140m

o~~~ ox ·135 m/443ft 11111111

A-4

40

30

20

llllllll

I

I I

J_

170m

gybn

wh-gy It gy bn

crumbly

crumbly

dkgy It gy dk gy crumbly

bn crumbly

dkgy

clay balls 9Y.

dkgy

gy popcorn weath

ol bn crumbly llllllll

Sec B-1 ( cont}

60. llllllll

~)( f-r-

'(-{. -.-{ (

"i y. X.

" 'I. ;,( ~

x~ X X ~ '(

/\

---------

190m

-50 -:::.£

40

.......................... , ... ....... ,,'-,: ~ :'.'<r,.

------------------

scoured top

180m·

ashy

scoured contacts

11111111 60

111\\lll

A-5

Sec B-2 Top Elev 640 ft (195 m)

11111111 ll II II II 20 40

1l. dip to N {). dkgy

140m )( 'J.. 160m +++

ash + + + ""++ +H

'f. {

_J dkgy

'f. X i-

bn-tn-gy

X

~

1 ,

~ I

10 30 I bngy I ~

\ ~ popcorn weath ...._____ 130m. 150m

------- ~ I

wh-gy

~ poor outcrop

~ ~ mbr of Taylor Flat

~ mbr of Wooded Is. PL3

0 ~

121.5 m/399 ft

A-6

50

40

Sec B-2 (cont)

sand float

Fe mottled 180m

cmt

mottled rd gy

170m

crumbly bn-gy-tn

gybn

dkgy

bn

gybn

70

60

A-7

11111111

..,.. ... -,- massive ..... ......

...-..... ..... ..... -.-............ ......

,;" {

). darkens f.. 190m

X f. ,({ ,f 1- dkgy

-l -

'S.-

l T, 1- popcorn weath

-~ gybn

' xf. i <I dkgy

i.,;~

'J.

Sec 8-3 Top Elev 640 ft (195 m)

11 I I I II

--- --

gybn dkgy

tn crumbly

ltgy

150m

1 0 ::: ..:::"' -- -

0

---..-:a-= -------- --..,,;,,,:---::::::: ~-'' ,,, ++H reworked ash "''''''' ~

sand float

140m

r--===c.1..-~t mbr of Wooded Is.

138 m/453 ft 1111111

40

30

1111111

poor outcrop

poor

outcrop

170m

dkgy

gy-bn

gy

160m

tn bn

gy-ol

1111111

A-8

1111111

gy

190m

dkgy

float 1

180m

40 I I II I I I

10

0


lllllll

poor outcrop

whgy

wh dkgy

dk 9Y 150 m tn

dkgy crumbly Fe

, poor outcrop

\lllllll

· mbr of Taylor Flat mbr of Wooded Is.

PL10 140m

138.5 m/454 ft

A-9

40

30

20

llllltl

ash

170m

mottled

I sand float

11111111

dkgy tn

tn

160 m

60

40

Sec B-4 (cont)

"""' float

nodules and conct

- -

------

float

dkgy

crumbly

wh-gy 190m

concr

s1Fc~s

dkgy

180rn

11111111

A-IO

200m

60 11111111


1 I 11 11 II

20 ~ ,,,,

----~

~q ........___

------___,

·---0

\ll\11\I

Fe and carb cmt

140m

130m

40

30

125 m/411 ft 20

A-11

11111111

'J. 'I~ gy

'{ ,t

gy-ol ..... ...... nodules .

tn crumbly

Y. 'f 1 'f- 'i' dkgy

160m

tn crumbly

rd ol

--«' poor outcrop ----------- mbr of Taylor Flat

/ mbr of Wooded Is.

150m

Sec B-5 (cont)

11111111

60

180m

50

170m

gy

tn bn

40 dkgy

llllllll

II 11 I 111

massive

70----' ....

60

A-12

"..,.. .... -,-.,.. " .,.. -r .......,_

nodules

gy

190m

tn bn

gyol

bn tn crumbly

lllllll(

20

10

0

Sec 8-SA Top Elev 686 ft (209 m)

llllllll

------___.,,,

--

float

ll II II II

40

130 m

30

poor outcrop

120m

11111111

-x_

""'l j ..,.. 'j;

'f.nl/. 'lf t../ l/'1

~o& ·~\ '\ (

I ;; I ~ (

~ J

dkgy

mottled popcorn weath

clay balls

150 m

mottled

dkgy

·mottled

mbr of Taylor Flat

mbr of Wooded Is.

mica

)

140m

117 m/385 ft 20.._ ___ .... llllllll

A-13

60

50

40

11111111

sand float

--------__....._

--

170m

mottled

·gyol popcorn·

Weath 160 ITI

'l.('I.,. dk gy 1,. 'I, .,.

llllll\l

Sec B-SA ( cont)

'"'"''" · 80

sand float

,J.. '$. {.'(. dkgy xti ',x popcorn weath 'id

-L I --~ i. t "-" 190m

{ clay balls :1. ... 1c

~ :i:_,

't .... J -:_ 1.,.. dkgy t-

70 'l 90

I!:: sand float - " ---- .......... massive ..... ....,.

'I .. J ( popcorn weath :r I JI 1y f}

"~~ sand float '- t" mottled

180m 200m

60 80 1\11111\ llllllll

A-14

10

0

Sec. 8-6 Top Elev 796 ft (243 m)

11111111

C: :->

\ I

I I

PL9

140m

poor outcrop

hi ang. 130 m PL8 40% bslt

carb cmt

poor outcrop

122 m/ 400 ft 11111111

40

30

lllllltl

\ f ) ~

popcorn weath

rd gy mottled

popcorn weath

PL11

llllllll 60·

160m

~ ~y{i(i It gy '/. '/.

50 'J. 't.,.: l

dkgy It gy

popcorn weath

poor outcrop 150m

mottled· mbr of Taylor Flat mbr of Wooded Is.

lx'nl '{ '1

'<\ '1.

x/} 'l( I I

,ti/ '11 I

i---

y .,:< f/

} ~

gy

mottled gy-bn

gy

It gy popcorn weath

40· 1~\

gy

dkgy

11111111 11111111

A-15

Sec B-6 ( cont)

11111111 80

rtu,11 n-100

..,-

f. ~

1 I

180m -::_(.,. It gy-bn 200m ( j+ popcorn weath

220m

' I ~

...... poor outcrop ~-

l.~·· 0 •• /,> clay balls ~

{'J'. I I gybn -r-...,. ....... ..,..--

y\ I popcorn weath ....... of ...

.... f

loang y.

'{. 70 90 ,,..... __ ...,.. --

~ poor outcrop

170m 190m ~ 210m It bn

-- wh-gy dkgy - 'f.i.../.1.

'I. "

i _,.. ...-'f

" t,{,.. clay balls

'i. "

'{ t carb concr -r-J

~\ X I{

60 -t:--~ 'J. 80

11111111 11111111

A-16

Sec B-6 (cont)

llllllll

--=-. --::::::::. --=---.~-;;;----=-. --=

-:;;_ -.=-= .--"":::..-

. -=-----

.

--

, __ -

.

.

.

.

...,... . ...,.. -,- -r

243 m/796 ft

fissile

alt rd-bn and wh-gy

fissile

crumbly wh-gy

230m

2nd lake+

mbr of Wooded Is .

mbr of Taylor Flat

11111111

A-17

20

.

.

.

i' 10.J I

0

Sec. B-6A Top Elev 675 ft (206 m)

11111111

'-'--'-'-~"-~-....... _, .. /~.,.,,.,,.,,,,,.....,.,.,)

-, ..... ,,

,, .......... , poor outcrop ,,,,,

,,,,, l

140m

llllllll

130m 150m

I I I I I II I 11111111

A-18

Sec B-6A (cont)

50

40

f

--

"'"'" gy

tn bn

gy clay balls

tn bn gy

sandy

dkgy

170m poor outcrop

bn/tn popcorn weath

loang

. poor outcrop

160m ~;::::;~::::>""-mbr of Taylor Flat

mbr of Wooded Is.

301------lll lllll

llllllll 10---

p9pcom weath

poor outcrop

pebbly float

ash rp ash

190m

60. wh-gy gy

ash

absent 50 M to S

80 I•

Fe

180m

bn tn

50. 70 l I I II I I I

A-19

transfe_ r pt for sec. B-6

dkgy X -y-1. .... iy

'{'r f. .....

'Li< 'f._f '(

IX I

I

I 'y.

I

tn bn popcom.weath

200m

I I

,i.4 dkgy

I I II I I I I


11111111 11111111 ~ ~

''" mbr .of Taylor Flat

mbr of Wooded Is.

140m

PL6

10

mottled rd-tn-gy

130m

-------------- poor outcrop -- loang. -------------0 -- 123 m/404 ft 11111111

. I

"-ti;.{ 1.,1 t

t t

1.,.11 ..,.{ ... ...-,T

'{

30 f

--------------s.:

:i ,,,,, ;· \

,,, ........ 20

popcorn weath

gy

bn tn

dkgy

bn dkgy

clay balls

nodules gy

mud partings

poor outcrop

ll II II II

A-20

150m

Sec B-7 (cont)

60

40

111\1111

,~-1 -· I 'J Ir

------

popcorn weath

180m

ash absent 50 m to S

popcorn weath dkgy

loang

mottled

170 m

bn rd to tn bn

,.,,1111

11111\\\ 80

sandy float

60

A-21

clay balls

tn bn:

dkgy'

gy

It gy

dkgy

11111111

200m

19om

Sec B-7 (cont)

11111111

slope wash

90

--~ poor outcrop

210m

-- ........ diatomaceous

-~ndlakef - - mbr of Savage Is.

~,f ,J dkgy mbr of Taylor Flat y :L°'

nodules ..,. ... .,.

\ I I bn rd to tn gy

'r1 mottled t )

80 ,{ / popcorn weath

11111111

A-22

20

10

0

Sec 8-7 Extension Top Elev 567 ft (173 m)

11111111 ,,,,,,,, :-,..,~ 40 .... I I

l...,..

140m

I \ float

\\ '1 I I

I I

, I

poor outcrop \ • 1 \

•

30

130 m

float

PL7 11\lllll 121 m/398 fl 20

'"''"' gy

160m

rd-bn-gy mottled

gy

rd-bn-gy

dkgy

gybn crumbly fissile

150 m

mbr of Taylor.Flat

mbr of Wooded Is.

llllllll

A-23

50

40

base of Sec. B-7 A

\l•~ ,C.f..• I i '" I° 'l(.

w; gyrd

dkbn

rd mottled

crumbly fissile

rd

t\111111

170m

20

Sec B-7A Top Elev 742 ft (227 m)

illlllll

covered

'i1- " ~ ):

i\ I I

lC I 1 l \' P(?PCOrn weath

I

190m

40

10 l 30

) X \ ( mottled '- I.... - dkgy

180m

gybn

IBash

0 173 m/568 ft 20 I I I I fl I I

I 11 I I I II

drape

sandy cover

==--= -=---

_ .................

gy-wh

gyol

mottled

covered

float

11111111

A-24

210 m

.

50

200m

40

- ....,._diatomaceous -- /wh-gy

- 2 ndlake + --------"'=-----:::.?-------=-\ -(

/" l... .,,..., ~ ~-..::::e __,,,_ --i---::::;. --. ---:::=: --~ ~ ' --------- ;1111#' .,d(':-

.;111111,l!f!JIIP ~,,,,,

contact dips to N

"'-.mbr of Savage Is. mbr of Taylor Flat

220m

mottled

wavy bedding

wavy bedding

I II I I I I I

20

Sec. B-8 Top Elev 879 ft (265 m)

I II I I I I I 111 II I 11

... -i-.• • ....... - .....

1,r:1:( 'J.,J'l:y;

)< /'f. ;,)/i.

" ., ..... _ ....

...,..

dkgy

crumbly

a~hol gy

crumbly 01gy

gy

dkgy

olgy 150m

bn crumbly gy

dkbn bands crumbly

ltgy popcorn weath

gy

bn

crumbly sm caner

140m poor outcrop

gy

40

sand float

'I. \, 170m

q.(

\ < popcorn weath I -- ... mottled

~{ _, rd L ;: ,

bn 30

poor outcrop

160 m

mbr of Taylor Flat float , ol-bn mbrof

0 ..... -====== Wooded ls.

136 m/446 ft 20 , l I I I I 1, I I 11111111

A,. . . . )

11111111 '60

'\.' '\. '\. '\. \...

\ \ I. (

I' Fe

;H'' I _,

fissile ,,_ -, popcorn weath 1'-

poor outcrop 190 m

50

sand float

180m

40 lll\1111

80

Sec B-8 (cont)

11111111

massive

diatomaceous

fissile 2nd lake f wh mbr of Savage Is. mbr of Taylor Flat 100

=---=-.,, '£

70 u ,.,,,

-----,,,,,

,,,,,

60

dkol bn

silty

olbn

gywh

rd silty gyol

dkgy

weath

210m

200m

poor outcrop

llltllll

90

11111111

-==---

--

240m

230m

alt gy or

wh-gy diatomaceous

fissile 220m

1111 fl II

A-26

II I II I I I

I 'f..i I

y..- .,-1 \

tubes

rd

.... -;-v dk gy )-... 260m 1( """T" popcorn weath

...... ....,.. ...... -....-_

...... -,1,u. I'\ -.-.111

rd-gy

alt rd gy

11111111

250m

Sec. 8-9 Top Elev 600 ft (183 m)

llll\111 11111111

20 ~~

40 siltier '{

'f '{.,

~L! mottled .,_,,....,,

-'-"""' '"''''

''''"' low silt poor outcrop

''''"' rdbn ,,,,,~

rd bn

peblenses 160m 140m

:Jft gy -y·r·.-:·:1·f:

10 30 ~)'.·,:: ..... ;r~.;: ...,... ~--~··. gy •)· .. 'f. ..,. ~~,: '1.··. . ....

mbr of Taylor Flat .,. k k.'

mbr of Wooded Is. 1(~ gy ) t

A t .,_, f..

float .(£< Ii gy l, ( ~ clay balls 1 f ..,. 'f. '{::::

l-tn-rd

rd-bn 130m 150 m PL4

0 128 m/420 ft 20 loang

A-27

Sec B-9 ( cont)

50

40

11111,11

-'>-.x ~ f. Y.

~ '\. - ~ -'{. -,---- ----

- ---.... -t.

+ .......

"' "-yl.,rl' \t (

\ t\ '( I

,:P'\ \ '( '{

(J..~Y.

ld yty l

\

gy

rd bn

180m

rd bn

sandy IB's

wh

lt-dk gy

170m

popcorn weath

A-28

Sec. 8-10 Top Elev'879 ft (265 m)

1111 II II lflllll I 11111111

20 40 60

'"""'""'' -- I

''"'"''' float --"""'' - - carb layers '''"'''""' float - I(~ " dk ol-bk ''''''"" - mbr of Taylor Flat 1tl<

tn ol mbr of Wooded Is.

X

( tuff?

PL1 ~ It ol-lt tn

¥ 130m gy-lt ol 150m 170 m

..... carb concr

10 30 ..... 50 rd bn

gy .... It gy crumbly

I ·, I poor outcrop i. ltgy

'( gy 'f '(

" x•t ·gy

>30% bslt soil slicks '{ ...... ,.,..

rd-gy-bn I hi qtzite ~ <:\ I crumbly I dish and pillars

rd bn

float I PL2

wood frags

fissile

120m 140m 160 rr

0 119 ml 390 ft 20 40 11111111 llllllll 111,1111

A-29

Sec B-10 (cont)

80

70

60

11111111 -..... --float

t

t)\.

(f/1' ~

':/..

~.,..{"( :(

"J.(,i J( l

i. 4

t ./ (

( (

r'> 'J._

--------

dkgy

gy

rd bn

It tn-gy

gy

It gy

,rd-bn fissile

lr\11\11

,, 100 ------' -

. -----

.

190m .

90 .

.

.

.

180m .

80

II II II II 120·

\ -+- diatomaceous

J'1 wh fissile

2nd lakef mbr of Wooded Is.

mbr of Taylor Flat

21 Om poor outcrop

dk bn 110

It tn

20 Om

-- 100·

'"""'

A-30

11111111 ------

--

---~ =:!:'"---=_..,.._ ~-----= -....-- ...... ...,.._ -_-.,-_ ~~

----------- ------

...

cmtzones

230m

or-gy banding

220m

llllllll

Sec. B-10 (cont)

\\\1111\ 140·-----

float

---===== =~ ...... -=-== ------

120 ~== 11111111

250m

240m

140

A-31

265m (-r- {~,-\

..,... I / \ I ( \ I rd silcrete -r -:L .,...-.-..,... ...... _ ...,.. ..,...--r --r- -r--.- -r

'"""'

260m

20

10

0

'J_-'{

- ii ,s-

-" ':l j

c, '( 'i. '(

( < ~ i ( I;. }r~ i; :.:_:. . :·{ . . .... ·i::-.. : ~~( . ~ .· . . : :<·. ... '•'J:. .:.·-~-

'I. t.. y

,( f

-< 'f... 1

..( t

Sec. B-11 Top Elev 754_ft (230 m)

,,1_,1111

It bn-gy

massive

wh-gy

mottled

wh

It gy

rd-bn woodfrgs

or-rd stain

dkgy clay balls

crumbly

lt-dk ol

bn-ol

float

150m

40 11111111

,,,,, "-< "< i" ( 4-.."'

r' '(

" y IJ ,-v ,.(

i \I ..... )[" ..,... " ./ ~"~..,..

10-15% bslt

dkgy

It ol

(-:I.if ..... ...-

x/'-i. ---= dkgy :Ll{" ...... ..,..

".it< '(" dkgy ,(. '(

-l~< -..:... clay balls 30 I'{ ...-

~ J I

popcorn weath

fissile gy

fissile ·clay balls

popcorn weath rd bn

60

170 m so

160 m 40 140 m/460 ft 20 11111111 I 11111111

A-32

-I I I I I I I I

-

diatomaceous ! wh-gy 1st lake 1'

mbr of Savage Is.

mbr of Taylor Flat

---..,__+- - rd .__......., __ gy

ol

'( rd bn

rd bn

rd bn ,,,,,

,,,, drapes

,,,,,, -,,,,,, -,,,,,

190m

- poor outcrop ,,,, ,,

'''' '''"

mica

""' "''

11111111 180m

Sec 8-11 (cont)

11111111 80 ---------===-

----------- ---I::==~_ alt rd bn to gy_

60

i===-1--

massive rd-bn

\ ...,.._. diatomaceous

}fissile

wh l 2nd lake'!'

11111111

210m 9

200m.ao

11111111

traverse 0;25 mi north to B-11 A

poor .outcrop --

---------;:;.._ ---~=--220m

11111111

A-33

, Sec. B-11A Top Elev 920 ft (281 m)

11111111 l 20 =-= diatomaceous 3rd lake 1'

-:. --resso~------s.,? ! s gy rd ~...--> "It S S 55 SI y -'-? ...... s s s~-;, ~ hi bslt rd

40 I nl 11 I I

1 1 rd silcrete 1ull!J.. I ...-iju-.-

1111-::;.. -250m 270m

10 pinches out in 50 m 30 - -fissile

--- '>;' ( ... mottled --=-- -------=-==--

-rd bn-gy -:.. ""I'"" Plio-Pleistocene unit

~--_,..-r-

240m 260m ................. - 280m fissile

gy-rd bn -, top of B-11 -- --- -

-- hd

0 236 m/774ft 20 - 40• . I :UJ..1-1,, 111 11111 1u1,111

A-34


tlll1111

;'(.;<>, 4 ~"

i, < ...,.. 20 " ~

,( ..... dk gy

0 " .... .,.. 0 0

..,.. carb stringers 0

~ 0 0 ....

0 0 .....

gy 160m

40

11111111

I

diato"\aceous 1st lake t t

--- ..... .... ...,... ..... .....

" .,. .... i ..,..

mbr of Savage Is .

mbr of Taylor Flat

wh-gy fissile It gy-ol crumbly carb nodules

"' ( ..... gy

60

rd bn crumbly

ltgy ':I. , ......... carb nodules 180m

) (

) ) f

(~

\

----

rd bn mottled

It gy crumbly

fissile dkgy gn

It gy crumbly

gy

30

150m It ol gy popcorn weath gy clay balls

It ol gy crumbly

or

- - micaceous -----------

'l,( (.< {

( (

( i < l ., <,l,, {

f

" ,( "

f.

(

-I:.-< -------

<

..... _ ....

bk

dkgy

clay balls

Fe

carb veinlets -""!!..

0 --11111111

,(

139 m/456 ft2 l v ,c 11111111

A-35

50

170m.

. 11111111

I

I

I

•

gy-lt gy

200m

gy-lt rd mottled

poor outcrop

190m

I I I I II I I

20

10

0

Sec. 8-13 Top Elev 900 ft (274 M)

I I II I I I I ,1111111

-s..- 40 popcorn weath _._. I I

mottles drapes

a, ~ -----= =~ =2' --:::------------ flaser bedding covered ~ --'""==- ~

drapes

drapes

covered

-------------= -----

drapes

rd-or

ylgy

yl-gy

11\11111

220m

30

cemented

drapes

210m --------------------- --206.5 m/677 ft 20 --1 I l I l l I I

A-36

240m

230m

Sec B-13 (cont)

60

--

11111111

poor outcrop

It gy

fissile 260m

,/tomaceous i 50 3rd lake' 1'

40

1----'- ----------s-..s .,..~ ..-_'"{-s-$, ~ ...... bsltic J=-~<cr"

...,........ _...,.. - - bsltgm

1-:if~ muddy ..5-5- rd bn l(llflf(l,.T db ·1 t 111111111~ r ns1cree

float

ltgy

massive

111,,,11

250m

70

....... ........... -................ -- ......

I I I I II I I

A-37

270m

20

10

0

I

.


11111111 I I I II 111

~~ sco 4 -~ ured 1-2 m deep - ------" '{

'< ( .

'/..

'I.. • D' •• ·:.· ~~:::~· ... $0· .•) i,: :•

,,,,,, -

....... .....

..... -r

..,...

-r-...,..

car b nodules gy dk

clayb alls gy

tn

gy-ol crum bly

'''''" -,,,,,, ·- - WO

--

.:::;;.=: -;::....-~===---==-...:; -=----::;.-

~ .. ;) \:~.\ i.:::

30 < < ~( (' I '

::::;.---~-=

,,,,,

-- gy 1st lake'f -- 190m

diatomaceous wh mbr of Savage Is.

mbr of Taylor Flat crumbly

popcorn weath:

od frags · i, 1 ..,.. 'jl y' bk .... ,,,,,

X 'i 'I. ,,,,,

160m 180m . ,,,,,

m weath bn-gy poor outcrop ,,,,, popco

20.1------. 11111111 I I I II I I I

A-38

·Jllltlll

60 =--

50

40

--=--=-----=-=-----=--:=!"

....

_..,.,. ----=--

silt ib's

gy-or

210m.

~wh-gy diatomaceous

wh 2nd lake f

rd stained

poor outcrop

200m

flaser bedding

I I I I I I 11

Sec B-14 (cont}

80

70

fl 1111 II

_.,,,,,. --

---=----=---= ---=---------- --

=-------:::--:._

-

blocky

230m

poor outcrop

----=--=--::. =---~-=--1 -.---- ---= --.. -::.~-'}

-::: I ---=-

60=~i 11111,11

220m

100

90

II 11 11 11

~diatomaceous l wh . 3rd lake f

J::=i.... ---------•t ...,.. -r} /f 1

~\ '"t"

1Jkf...,..1 rd-bn -.-, l11!ft I II I .....

,.. .....

......

' ---

250m

,< 1 f•, hd ox crumbly -

240m

''"""

A-39

11111111 120

gy 270m

110

poor outcrop

alt gy-or

fissile

260m

100 120. 11111111

..,... ..,..... ..,... ....... 280n

\ I II I I I I


llllllll 11111111 )111111' 20- flaser bedding 40

~ -~ - wh . --- fisJl -- -- ~.sSS; ,, .... ,, .... ~,.,,,,.::,,_.._.... rd bands sfs, bslt gns

----- -..-s..,.. f rd bn, -r' .......

r~ ..,... -,-_,..

covered -.-y fJ I

210m 230m i ..,.. gy-rd bn 250m fissile ft¥ ----n- ..,... II crumbly -'l!::;;._ 11..,.. -'Dr

-= - ...- lf, __.__,..__..,.., drapes I I carb weath

1.I..,..

gy-rd 10 - 30 50

popcorn weath gy

-..,-

-=--- -,.,..._ - tn gy -=- "a,. - - - weath

I

=--~ - covered -- \ ..!::.':!!!'

- fissile 200m ...,._ diatomaceous 220m 240m ------

{n

-::.-_ ----- --

- ~"> or wh-lt gy

2nd lake~ ----- fissile ------,J -/----'---- -=-- drapes - / drape w/ 1 m relief --.- --- gy i,,,;;;:,;:-_ . ' -...,.. ------ 643fV1.96 m 20 :::..-=-1 caner -0 :40

I I I I I I I I f I I I I I I I ••••••••

A-40

....... Sec. B-16 Top Elev 920 ft (2S.1.m)

111111\I i ~--J 1~~~T~

10

0

-- . ox wh-lt gy mbr of Savage Is. '1:..:J '(-r mbr of Taylor Flat

.;y:{ carb veinlets ~\:?}: 'J.7~ -T'" ( )( "

rd-bn gy

mottles 180m

poor outcrop

sjlt rp

crumbly

poor outcrop

+---~covered contact 170 m

- gy-bn Fe

165m/541 ft 20 1,111111

I I 1 I I I I I

---

-----'S!!::.

:::--=:!!: ---------= -

----

-=

--gy

l I I I I l II

A-41

200m

190m

11111111

60 - .::..,. \ --

.

'

50

40·

------=-

---==-...:;;;--=-----.1 --

220m

landslide deposits

2nd laket ?-------?

210m

--

rd -11111111

• Sec B-16 (cont)

111\1\1\ ! 80 -=- diatomaceoMs 1' 100 :::= -""""" __ w -gy 3rd lake

"''"''

-- fissile -S5SsS S5~ S weath

5 > -s,.ss ~ rd-bn

-= ---=--::::!!-----'x'1'( / IJ'J '{I{

{fl I gy 'II '/

240m 260m 280m

la, bioturbated ............. :j:_-±f. a, - _...,..

mottled --- -.--...... ..... -70 = 90 110· ----~ poor outcrop -- -- --. ~

s==iiii'" --- -----;;;;;;;;;a -----'230m ==-- 250m 270m - -- -

;;;;;;;; - \ - - --..::;;;----~- ...:::::!""---- :::; -- ---=- -------- I -- -60 -- 80 -- 100 -- I 11111111 11111111 111111 II

A-42

Sec. B-17 Top Elev 890 ft ( 268 m)

20

10

11111111

-- 250m

-- \

-1 diatomaceous

-• / gy-rd _ gy-wh 3rdlakef ----------

S5~5 5 s; s

--

rd bi:,

carb stringers

crumbly rd ltgy

240m

gy-ol

popcorn weath gy rd

fissile crumbly Fe ox

--0 -- 232 m/761 ft \1111111

11111111

-.-...,.. ...,.. ..,.. ..... ...,..

-.......

...,.. -.-...,.. ....,..-

fissile

deformed

-- 260m

flaser bedding ·

I

-:... I

20 11111111

A-43


11111111 40 20 "f y'J. (

' -{ {'ly

clay balls dk ol

~/ 'l,; { ) :Lt ol "{ ...... :1."" '-~<· ~v,. clay balls ""'!!t t,{ y; f. t dk gy-bl '" f " "' popcorn weath '{ i

140m

" gy/tn

i \0 30 )t.

slope wash

130m

0 popcorn weath gy-bn 126 m/413 ft

,,111111

A-44

11111111

--

tn/bn

wood frags olgy

mottled

fissile

160m

- poor outcrop

gy mottled 150 m

ltgy popcorn weath

bk

11111111

Sec 8-18 (cont)

60

('(. j .:!-{i : ioj f·~ 'I. ;5 tt, 'lo • .. I 11 >f. iii . '{..,. :I."

1111111\

I

bk

dkol

or

180m

dkol-gy carb concr

popcorn weath rd-gy , mottled

Fe

.. --i ::;

ltol~~ _, I crum y

t { '{

170m gy

~ ... ~ .: :-_ .... : It ol-gy .. -...

ox

40 I I I I II I I

-=--banded 1st'lakef

wh mbr of Savage Is.

9Y mbr of Taylor .Flat

11111111

A-45


11111111 11111111

20 I i. I

40 I rd-gy 'x

..... 1i,"'1 gy ... ..,..

;-Jr rd-bn y rd

.i...l .:t:' -.-..,.....,.. tn .,.... ..... ...- -=- Fe ""'T""-,-

- rd-bn i I

- I\ wh - I crumbly -

rd-bn

llJt', crumbly gyol

~ ...... .::--.-_,.. :;:.- I

carb ....... -,-

-=:::?:: rd-bn -,.. ...... -,-

:::!:.- fissile 130m slope wash 150m ..,... -.-

10 . - 30 ...... rd-bn

I 20% bslt

J 10-15% bslt dkgy

rd-bn

\(J/ Fe

f:.{: dkgy w{~ rd j·· mottled

rd bn :.1 .

i"i·-l 120m dkgy

. :-J 140m \(:

0 ... } : llllllll 11111111

A-46

Sec B-19 (cont)

11111111

6 ...,..,.,.. j.-,-..,... \ j..,..

\ ~ .....

It gy-ol i..

:I l' Ir- bn ,, i\

\i I I I It tn

\~ J I dkgy . .J 1.: mottled

crumbly

bn 170m

50 \ '{

')(

~

\ x

i I

' 't

{

~ rubble \ wh-gy

\< 160m 180m yl

40

''"'"' 11111111

A-47

20

10


1111\111

landslide deposits

and slope wash

1~111, ol gy

1,'i1 , .... ~ Fe I 1~< lh l ..... ..,.. carb nod

'J IJ.I .,.. ..,...

140m

130m

11111111

40 Ji(•1

1..0

1' f ol gy

30

1P 1' bn-tn 'I{ I

O 126 m/415 ft 20 11111111 11111111

A-48

160m

150 m

II \I II \I 60 --

= or-gy ---=-

--- or-gy -- 1st lake f 180 m

? mbr of Savage Is.

mbr of Taylor Flat

gy

# gybn 50 s \

- crumbly ----rp

?

-~'" ......._,, 170m

''"' Fe

~''''' bk

Sec 8-20 (cont)

II 11 1111 80

.::;-_

== -=---=-----=-- \ --- diatomaceous

-/fissile

wh -

-2nd lake t .200 m -==------- -----------=--=---=----=---=----------::..:=.:::;;.

-70 --------1':f -------=--= ---=----~------= 190m -=--:::;;,_ ---------------60

11111111

11111111

219 m

--

90

-- poor outcrop

·-

--=-=----~

80 _..__ 11111111

A-49

210m

20

10

0

-Sec B-21 Top Elev 820 ft (250 m)

11111111 11111111

40 --

• ... 0

... ...

\ {' ,, { " I If

' { < Jly

1.,:1"9" ' .

I I I ........ 0 1.

bk

dkgy

rd bn

tn gy

clay balls

ol gy bn

tn gy

-rd mottled

gybn

rd mottled

bn tn

olgy

gybn

180m

30

170 m

.1 ....... 161.5 ml 529 ft 20

""""

=----==---...... -==-. -:::::= ---=:::-~-= -=-~ ----=-=---1 ----

cover

l

------~-cover

200m

1st lakef mbr of Savage Is.

mbr of Taylor Flat

rd bn

mica

\ PL13

gy-or

olgy dkgy

crumbly bngy

190m

11111111

A-50

60

50

40

:=.-

--·=-

11111111

!

poor outcrop

diatomaceous

wh fissile

220m

210m

2nd lake+

..

-==---=::.. --=: --:::;.. -=--==--=~ ---------a-::::...-=-

rd

11111111

80

70

60

Sec B-21 ( cont)

11111111

240m

sandier

I

1 poor exposure

I

I

llllllll

230m

90

80 •

..,.. ......

...... J:.."fi~ H,-i 0_--r-y~ fi { ..,.. l"T"' "( 1.S

-,._,..-,- I -r- -.-...,,.., _-.-....... __ - -,. -------T

\ I I I

\

• I I

rd

.rd ' silty rd

gy

sandier

''"''''

A-51

Sec. B-22 Top Elev 920ft (281 m)

11111111

20 --

--=------=----

--- ----------~ -- ---.._. ---_...,.. -

270m

10 thin graded beds

drapes

0

----= ---=--=--

---=--=-·------

-loang

11111111

260m

842 fU257 m 20

muddy _i,;;;;:..;;;..-+- _ gradational --- drapes --

I I II II I I

A-52

280m

20

10

0

Sec B-[?1 Top Elev 685 ft (209 m)

11111111

bn gy

150.m

It gy

ltgy

140 m

poor outcrop

ltgy

11111111 40---

ylbn

cover

gybn

30 I

I

I I

.,.. " 0 t

bn gy 0 ,J 7o ,.,... I

11 I

1, gy

Fe It gy bn

It gy bn

) Fe ~ 37 m/450 ft 20

I I I I I II I ti I II I I I

A-53

170m

160m

Sec 8-01 (cont)

11111111

60 --= - ::;. .:::. .=;:" -----------::::..--=---·=; -= ----

Fe

190m --------== --,_

--50 =:::.:-

-= ------= ,_

yl gy-gy bn ,--

, _-=- diatomaceous l _ £ 1st lake 1' - !tgy 180m

~ mbr of Savage Is. j ...,... mbr of Taylor Flat

j ::: X mottled

. '( _:: It gy-wh

-t 40 -:?::..

11111111

70

60

2nd lake+

slump block

dis :>lace to B-D2

------------, ..:=::::-::::::!'-----

stacked fining upwards

sequences

200m

..... 11111111

A-54

Sec. B-D2 TQp Elev 920 ft (281 m)

I I I I 11 I I

20----. --

ltgy ylgy

powdery

250m

3rd lakef ----------•."D·-. .;,

~ .. :::,,;··.· ':P .. ~:

'gy-wh

....-\. ..... ........... ...... -::;.- ·rd bn _ ...... ....-o . ..,.. . gy -.-...,.. . ..,.. . ..... _.,.. bngy ..,.._

10 - . .,-::-_-, . --I•_ ---.-_ ..... -......

-:_...-....,.. -- 240m --- It gy bn

---.......

_ ...... --------

11111111

40

gy

..::::::-=-~ --30 -=-~ -

---= -- ltgy =.=.. --------'...,._

..... -- Fe ----

....... --~

1..-,~ - _. ---0 234ml767 ft,20 =--11111111 11111111

A-55

270m

50

..,.. ..,.. ...... 260m ....- ..,...

280m __ ...,... ........... =- coatings ...,.. --

40 11111111

APPENDIX B. CORE GEOLOGIC LOGS

Explanation of Symbols and Abbreviations used on Core Geologic Logs

Grain Size Scale, indicates dominant grain size

I I I I I I I I - boulder gravel

~

cobble gravel pebble gravel coarse sand medium sand fine sand silt clay

Vertical scale is in feet below ground surface.

Sedimentary Structures and Subordinate Lithologies

"''''''''''''' all al 1 b dd. ""'"""''" sm -sc e p anar cross- e mg

---~ ripple cross-lamination

_ plane bedding

~ ~ ~ root and burrow trace fossils

X X soil peds and slickensides

-r:_ _;;::::r- calcium carbonate -.-silty

silt and clay rip up clasts

pebbly

ty:;;>ga' pebbly to cobbly

v.,... -, ""' b I "~~£. asa t

---- member and formation boundary

B-1

----- mappable informal unit boundary within a member, arrows indicate direction named unit extends --

bk - black; bn - brown; bslt - basalt; carb - calcium carbonate ( caliche ); cl - clay; cmt - cement present; cmted - cement well developed; deer - decreasing; dk - dark; dom - dominated; Fe -iron stains; Frag - fragments; gn - green; gy - gray; hd - hard; hi - high; incr - increasing; lith -lithology; lt - light; lo - low; N - normal magnetic polarity; ol - olive; orgs - organic debris; por voles - porphyritic volcanic clasts; R - reversed magnetic polarity; rd - red; rp - rip up clasts; tn - tan; weath - weathered; wh - white; wood grags - wood fragments; z - silt

Locations of core holes (locations surveyed at U.S. Dept. of Energy Hanford Site in Washington State Coordinate System, WSC82S).

Corehole # Hanford well number Northing (WSC82S) Easting (WSC82S) 585939.4 580785.9 582358.4 581882.4 567044.7 584471.6 566092.9 567034.2 568012.0 572819.9 585472.4 584592.0 564510.1 561920.7 564184.7 564246.2 560496.9

Golder 1 Golder 73 Golder 78 Golder E-19/E- l DH-6 DH-9B DH-11 DH-12 DH-13/13A DH-17 DH-18 DH-19 DH-20 DH-22 DH-24 DH-25 DH-28 DH-33

699-40-13 699-42-30 699-30-25C 699-17-26 299-Wl 1-26 699-54-18C 299-W15-14 299-Wl4-7 299-Wl4-8/8A 299-E19-1 699-26-15C 699-70-17 699-29-83 699-37-92 699-43-84 699-40-84 699-50-96 699-34-98

135649.9 136213.8 132593.5 128581.9 135563.7 139998.7 135647.9 135654.5 135688.0 135085.9 131330.3 144960.8 132372.6 134597.4 136656.5 135751.6 138598.9 unsurveyed, located west of state route 240 at base of Yakima Ridge

B-2

450

500

G-1 699-40-13 Elev 507 ft (155 m)

I.I I I 111

• • • Fe • • •

bsltic unitB +

tn hd as lower mud

unit t tn ol

ol gy 5-10%

"'

-

...,. 1 .....

.......... ...... ~ -..... ...... _ - .... -,- --...... ...... ._... '\-,.. .....

bslt

gy

gy

gy

woodfrags

gy

·gyol

350

· mbr of Wooded ·Is.

..... ';:' .... "'-"" """.:. '°.r.J '-"-)4,. ................. ,

1".....,,'-_£:: ... .,_ ._ -, .. ... .. weath

Elephant Mountain Member

I II II I I

400

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

I I II II I 1111\11 . ..,..

""i:: .. "' e, t) c:;:, paleosol rp unit J ... -,-.,•,<;:. ,•. ••••••• I

ash unit C t .... --- -- \ 10% bslt

Febk --· -= I - --,-

j

':..,. .... '( --r-:1 j ..,.'I

'I..

- unit Bt --

-

'

ash

- - I

I - I - Fe - - gy - -- -- ---

-== \ -- gy It Fe

I I II 11 I

B-3

.

25

.

.

30 0

.

. · ....... , ....

---- ---

I

I I I I I I I

bk gn

dom bslt and por voles

G-1 (cont)

I II 111 I

quartz gniess

150 . and granitics comm on

. pre-Missoula gravel

...,... mbr of Taylor Flat ..... ...... '{.

-.-..,.. ..,.. ...,... . 'I "r ..,..

.......... ::?:..

').

. ~n mica mbr of Taylor Flat

I mbr of Wooded Is. .. . • ••T unit Et

.

200 . .

. 130 ·

I unit Ef ~~)

I I I 11 I I 111 I I I I

B-4

G-73 699-42-30 Elev 481 ft (147 m)

1111111

350

- - lower mud unit f unit At

300

400.

unit A+ wood frags mbr of Wooded Is. ,

430

.... -,..-<-,-,..-,-,. ... 7- weath '-"'','-"" ., Elephant Mountain Member

1111111

B-5

1111111

1-4. 1

%-" ~ 1 y»

.\. ~ .,.

.... '.( \_ ..... 1

'( 1 .....

..... 1 .,.. ....

..,... X ...-

..,.. y

~ j S.ll

-

,,,,,,,,, ',,,,,,,,

-~-Fe

wood frags

units C & Ef

ol

gngy

_unit Bt olgy

ol

units+ lower mud unit t

If l H II

170

G-73 (cont)

II I I II I

,,,,,,,

,,,,,

.. ,,,,,,,,

,,,,,,,, 250"---

ltlllll

Fe

tn

tn gy

Fe

Fe bngy

B-6

G-78 699-30-25C Elev 543 ft (166 m)

200·

.

1111111

y

=-,:::: --- ----=--- -1

I

bslt, qtz, gniessic

pre-Missoula grave1f

rd bn Fe mbrof t crumbly· Taylor Flat

rd bn

It gy 250· -. : .. \ .. ;. ·: ... ,,,.;., 350

, 300

• I

-.· ...... .. .... ......... ..

--

I

gy

poor record.

crumbly gytn ol

ol

mbr of Taylor Flat f mbr of Wooded Is.

unit Et 1111111 400

1111111 .

.

' • ~ 1"1

I ... .......... ,·· .

.

. =-I

I :.• ·--·'·":.·" .·# Ji..

I

. - :1 --

I

I • . --- .........

... : .... . ,

-,,

I

"""' B-7

111 1111

---

wh

wh wood

--- frags .::;..~C.t1,,•

- ---=-- -bsltic --gybn

bsltic .,,,,, --45 0 ~ .. ; ....... · ..

orgs bsltic

unite f bsltic

woodfrags

gy

wh

olgy

bsltic

olgy org gn gy

gyol

unit Et :tlQQg fcags unit Ct

500 ll(llll

G-78 (cont) 1111111

.... . :. :. · ..... ~ l,:lf

\:t~ -,. l J. ~1 t.1- .,.. y.i> 'I A. '4 ~

gygn

ltgy tngy

gy

bslt

ol gy Fe ltgy

unit et

1111111

,_ -6

. banding

---

orgs

lower mud unit t unitA t

olgy

5501==':#===>.----__;u::.n:::it.=B..!f_ .650 lower mud unitt

600

gy

It gy

gy

orgs

orgs

gy-wh

orgs lllllll

~ ~" )[ ~

>' ,\. ~

multi lith

~ l ),. mbr of Wooded Is. 690i::::::::::::::!:::::==i.._-~__:.;.~::.:..!!~~:?.:-

I.,... "'",.. .... weath ,._1..' J... .._ ..

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Elephant Mountain Member

B-8

G-E-19 and G-E-1 699-17-26 Elev 525 ft (est.) (160 m)

1111 I I I II I 111 I 11 I I I II

}. .....

l x It gy ..... ~

650 gy org f X lower mud unit wavy bedding X

unit At org wavy bedding X

mixed lith

gy

<10% bslt org

>50% bslt org

org ol ------ - bk Fe 500 ----- org

woodfrags org

unit Bt 5-10% bslt mica

mica 600 --- >5% bslt -- org --.. ,•.;,~ ...... :. ... • ....

700

>10% bslt f unit A

gy

-r- ~ ,I... ash (BNB sample) -r-

"' 1' .,....1

'1'.-,-~1

-,--

~ t ..... l. ash mbr of Wooded Is.

missing bsltic

~L..._\,.f '-.t:/~1- ...... weath

unit sf ~~I..~...,~.., .... ":::;., ...__ _.,,. Elephant Mountain Member org <5% bslt

-=- Fe lower mud unit t --730 550

l I I 111 I I I II I II II I 11 I I

B-9

G-E-19 and G-E-1 (cont}

,·

I l II I l I

top of E-19

Y. ...... 'I. '/.

1:1-xr .J-i:;'( ::;:t y.-:;_'f.

11 I I JI I

unit c+

400

11 I 11 I l

• • • •

massive hd

unit Ct <<5% bslt.

cl rp

mica

<10% bslt l==::::::3--- Fe

..,..

......

Fe

unite+

bottom of E-1 I 11 I I 11

B-10

280 .

-

300-

-

.

-

35 O·

-

-

I I I I 11 1

-- -

I l

I

\

'"''''''''\.._ -,

l 5% bslt

-- bsltic

mixed lith -..::--, dk Fe

- 1

-·\ Fe .,, b:r::;;: .: .... unit E + 1 .

'{. massive

) hd

~ I I l I I 11

G-E-19 and G-E-1 (cont}

II I I I I r

200 pre-Missoula gravel mbr of Taylor Flat

ashy?

gy

gy y.-,;. 'of mottled

130·

- --.. , .... - .

1-2ft graded beds

150· - -

5% bslt . wood Fe

'L .\.

f i. hi qtz

~ ix lo bslt . ~

. mbr of Taylor Flat

mbr of Wooded Is.

unit Et .

. . I I I I II I I I I II II

B-11

.

.

450 .

.

.

.

500 .

510 .

DH-6 299-W11-26 Elev 694 (212 in)

lllllll

( unitsC & E

--i R lower mud unit • . al .•• •• --

gy

lower mud unitf ... :. . .:.: ...,.. _.,.'I>.:: ... .!\.

unit At

,, .. - 41 mudrp

3

'"'" s.,.P e R?

It bn-rd

unit A f 4

mbr of Wooded Is ~'-.,.4-~A~'°'

.c.111it."""°" ' Elephant Mountain Member

I II I II I

" \'

50·

.

ll 11111

-

-silty

-

-- .... >25% bslt

rd bn -- - >25% bslt

. - - ->25% bslt

00 .,__ ___ _,

bedded

1111 If I

B-12

. -·

.

-.. 250

.

.

300 .

'

111111\

- "" m ud rp

I

~

1111111

Fecmt hd

dkgy cmted

DH-6 (cont}

.

15 O·

.

.

200·

11 I 1111 1111111

..... ,...,..

mica -,. I

~

! 0 c:,01 -,-_-,- I

. :":": .: ... : ....... ~ Plio-Pleistocene un it

r~rb

---~d ; :.-,-90 -_-:::::.;:-J bslt >25%

: :..:.:- .. :. -::i::.....J...

......... J> • ._.:.:··~

>25% bslt 20% bslt

bn

mbr of lor Tay

Fl at

--r' mbr of Woode 100,

d I~. units C & E t

incrbslt j

deer bsl

incrb sit

\11\111

B-13

bn i------,..1 bsltic -r-..... _,.., bn

lllllll

300

350

DH-9B 699-54-18C Elev 404 ft (123 m)

lllllll

olgy

tngy

unit Bt

N

N?

lllllll

--· ;:;:.:..> .. ·,.

.. . . . . • : •• f • ., ·.: .... •,

0 O

0 O

>5% bslt

200 ---- unit Ct ----=:..;;;...:.-_

unit st gy ol lower mud unit t

mottled

gytn

gy

- ..,...- ..:--r-'\.:-,.

lower mud unit t mbr of Wooded Is.

,"'w:::, -,:,...=-"" -::::.- .., ~ - ... :: "' Elephant Mountain Member

"'\ .c.. ' 1 ....... "'- c.. ... "' < ... "'\ ~., , ~

1111111

.... ....,.. gy hd

ash?

It gy

gytn

1111111

B-14

1111111

100

,r~ 150 'X"'"

..... k

hd

rd bn

mbr of Taylor Flat f mbr of Wooded Is.

unit ct

I I 111 I I

550

570

DH-11 299-W15-14 Elev698 ft (212 m)

-1111111 .

400

gy

lower mud unit

unit A

10% bslt

.

450 I•

unit A mbr of Wooded Is. woodfrags

.....,. -- -....... _"" -J:.-...... _ ';,_~°:Elephant Mountain Member _,, ... ... -, <I\

""':- .. ~ 1"' ::,.c. '

-

- -

--------=====

11 11111

. -=- l

I

I

--

gybn

rd bn

rd bn

>10% bslt

units C & E lower mud unit

-X X 'f.) ash rumbly C

B-15

111 It 11

'

.

·350 .

--.

-- ,__ - r-

I

.

I

DH-11 (cont)

1111111 .

-

.

.

250

.

300·

1111111 120

. \

.I

. . -·-=-.\ . ........... :;.~

150· _

.

200·

,_,] r"""..,..... I

-- -r-1 ....... :;:-.-, ...,... ......

....... ..,.. l ....... ...,_ .....-_ I ............ ...,... ...... ' -- ..... ,

..,... -.- J

I I I \ . :~ .... ; .. =·:. -:• •. •

I I

'

B-16

-- -

bsltic

elastic dike

bn

bn Hanford fm

Plio-Pleistocene uni

caliche

mbrof Taylor Flat

>15% bslt

tn mbr of Wooded Is.

units C & E

>50% bslt

.J

DH-.12 299;.w14-7 Elev. 677 ft (206 m)

11111111 I I fra°l U . .... · .. ·· l(

x

0 O

.. :..· -·· · .. ,. ..

500

gy rd-bn ash

.ol gy lower mud unit f

unit At

rd bn <10% bslt

bslt sand

gran

unit A+ mbr of Wooded Is.

520 ,. <- .... ,. ~ .. ,,. ,. weath I I I I I I I I Elephant Mountain Member

. I

. :.:.:.: ,,;.- .. -·· \

.

>10% bslt matrix

bsltic muddy weath

---..-• XB? I

---=

y 1. j . . .

11111111

B-17

5-10% bslt

unitsC & E f · lower mud unit t

Fe

IIIISlll

5-10% bslt

-- I

300 .

.

I dkbn

.

. bslt incr

.

] 350

11111111

DH-12 (cont)

11111111

more bslt

-

bslt incr.

250·

__ ,

more bslt

llllllll

11111111

150

200 11111111

B-18

Plio-Pleistocene unit

mbr of Wooded Is. units C &Et

bsltic

bsltic

111\llll

DH-13/13A 299-W14-8/8A Elev. 725 ft (221 m)

11111111 1111 II II ll \I II ll ..

DH-13

DH-13A

400 . -. .

-It gy

- .::::- -:::: -- cl/z matrix bsltic 500 mud matrix

. >5% bslt 0 " .. .. 0

350 --- --

( Fe

units C & E

- - lower mud unit -- - ash? wh -- -- lower mud unit

450 unit A+

' unitA t -'"""~\ 1.: .. ;·,. ·:~ -~-.:..

bn mbr of Wooded Is I •• ,:.~-. rd-bn gy

540

'- " .. <- " <- " weath 4\<.'-1..1""

4 Elephant Mountain Member I I I II II I .

. I I I I I I I I

lllll\11

B-19

DH-13/13A {cont)

llllllll .

250

. .

\ ( I ( '

' ' ' . I

\ \ \

I ·---

.

300

' .

ll ll II ll

tn

hd

bk hd gy

190

200·

-

.

B-20

llllllll

>75%bslt

Plio- Pleistocene unit

--===a::.? ? mbr of Wooded Is.

unitsC & Et bsltic

-11111111

500

530

-

.

'

: .

'

'

X.

DH-17 299-E19-1 Elev. 7;J6 ft (224 m)

11111111

-

-

XI

wood frags

>5% bslt

unit A+ mbr of Wooded Is.

1,,,r..:,_,,..,..."" (. ,.. weatherd bslt

t Mountain.Member (..

"' Elephan II I I I I I I .....

B-21

360

.

.

.

400 ·

.

.

I I I I I- t-1 I

..... , .. :.,.,.~\

units C & E

R lower mud unit t

R It gy-ol

R

R

N?

R?

Fe

dkgy N? lower mud+

unit

wo~d frags unit A t

bslt dom

11111111

550

600

610

. DH-18 699-26-15C Elev. 444 ft (135 m)

llllllll

--- gy-bn

---~ -··-·~~ .. :-.. :; . .:

-- It gy 4 50

- gy orgs· - ..:, - crnt - ........... ~ .. -· .. .... ,

-~ gy

··-·---~--~

.

.

orgs

-gy

---- -----

- wavy -

-- ashy R !

lower mud unit 1'

unit A f mbr of Wooded Is. fo-------------

..: •• :: .. :: ElephanCMountain Member -'-,-=. ..:-c.. .... ·~~ 6.. ...

.,£.."'c.("\<."'I .,. 4 ... L &.

11111111

llllllll

,,,,, ,,,,,, ,,,,,

0 0

----

It gy (Ash?) ltgy gy

wavy

orgs

Fe

gy

N bn

N

unit sf

N

R

woodfrag gy

B-22

- llllllll

350· --,- -.-

-,-

'I. y..

.

-

400 --=.\ ---~~ • .; •• i • ••• ·.,

unit c+ R

tn/gy

gywh

-bn

bn

R

N t--.. -0--0,,...., __ _,'--..,__

unit Bt

.

· II II II II

DH-18 (cont)

11111111

bn

. 1------.:::----...... , ...... t .- • .. • •• ~

(

.

300·

bsltdom

-

11111111

11111111 11111111 .

X >. -,-

i ~ ..... . ~ >i--

t l-

. .\. t

.

.. 200

.

250 I

g bslt

y-ol

eath w

N R

, mb~of Taylor Flat f mbr of Wooded Is .

unitE t

110

150

R

------

--1 ...,.... y-,- f(

...,.... 'i '( ...... 'i ......


mbr of Taylor Flatt

5% bslt

N

R R N

\1111111 llllllll

B-23

700

750

770

DH-19 699-70-17 Elev 875 ft (est.) (267 m)

..........

11111111

600

unit Bf gy lower mud unit t

gy wavy bedding

gy

gy Fe

Fe

wh

wavy bedding

650

gy

gy ! lower mud unit 1'

mbr of Wooded Is.

Elephant Mountain Member

llllllll

.

.

.

.

.

.

I 11111 I I

g

... -:.: .. ~ ..... g

y

y

:::6 m ica

burr ows

-~ - ------- --r-..,..-,-.,- -,-..,....,..

'"'T"" ....-....... -.-...-..,...

.·.:./JO ••• . ,

- -- -- -- -- ---- ....... -1

.. -::.:·-:. .... : ,~.::.~ \

............. ..,..~ -- -'1, -r1 ....... 'I .x...-

)( /.. ( ..,...

'( ""T"'"

-,- )( 'I -,-

..... ,. 'j. -,- -r-'1..-r--r--r'!!!. ....... ..........

-r-.......

···-~·-··'

b n

g ytn

1 Fe

wh-gy

d kgy

mbly

y

cru

g

wh -gy

r dbn

llllllll

B-24

llllllll 500·

-.,.. N . '( .,..

-- r R -,-

..... 'L,...

....-

. Y: ...... ':(

dkgy

'£ ""T" R ..... ....... N ..,.. '(

y -,-R

. ...... ...,.. -.-'(_

R -,-N

-.--,-

. -,-N

.....,.. -r R

-r-N

550· -,-

.,... .,...

.,.. ;gy

-,- burrows R . ..,_ N .......

-,-

-,- ...... -,-

..,...

..... '{

" -- "{, crumbly

..... -r-.,.. "$ -- unit B t \ rdbn

.. ..: ;_ -:: .. .:; gy

I

\ rd bn

11111111

DH-19 (cont)

11111111 11111111 llllllll

dkgy 'j. J.

l -·-· - gy - wh

blgy

'l'. ~1 . olgy 'i ----,.

dkgy it 'i

gy

tn tnbn

..,... poor recovery .

ltgy ..,. 250

gy gy ..,.. -woodfrags 35 0 .

R N --

crumbly gy tn bn

450 . gy . -- gy ---

mbroff gy Fe N Taylor Flat

I av B -~I I

mbr of Wooded Is . .. .. : .. :.:.•,."'. :. : gy

R rdbn N

N tn gy massive --

R -.--- It gy -gy unit"ef . N

R

_-..----- g!atomaceous It gy

ltgy . woodfrags

'I. .

1 300 ?.

mbr of Savage Is. f ?

mbr of Taylor Flat t -

--'i. woodfrags l( ..,. R 40 ..,..

N

_-, gy

'/.

. j

l.

0

_,.. gy 4 -.-Y-r"-

..... '"T'"

'j. i. ~').

} X X:

I woodfrags . l . $- '/.. ol tn

11111111 11111111 IIIIIUI

B-25

DH-19 (cont)

llllllll

150· --

----~ --~ -. --. ------ - -- -----_)

--L ......... ?,

200·

-

Fe

orgs

Fe

Fe

"'- wh diatomaceous

/

11111111

R N

11111111 111111 fl 50 ·

.

.

. -

N ..,.. R ..,.. . silcrete ..,..

..,... ..,..

-,-

-.- ...,.. 100· ~

burrows .

gytn . --

.. - - I

111\1111 11111111

B-26

DH-20 699-29-83 Elev. 623 ft (190 m)

550

ll\lllll

. " . _:._. :· ·..:.~._ i. ... : ... '\ <5% bslt

.

] Fe .,__ __ ,_ ....

gy

-

, . Fe gy -:-:- _. -:-.... ~

I

1

<5% bslt .-... · .. -: .. : ....... ' .... ... rp .. ,, .... ~

__,.. .. ..:=.. --·t·-~ .. -:..- ~ ·Fe - .. mudcmt

' unit A f 450

mbr of Wooded Is. I,. .. -,.._,.. , .. _

-: .t. "":. Elephant Mountain Member "1 ::-=_., _,. "",..:;.. :.

. ":---..., -,...,... :-: : ..... '"' I,.. ...

11111111

570·

500

--

llllllll

lam

ash

dkgy bn

dk gy-ol hard ....... ........ ~,__ muddy

hard

bkol

olgy

<Jj-r

-Jj.1" gybn lowermudf

unit

: •• 1i

rd bn

olgy

orgs gy orgs

gy wood frags

<5% bslt

weath

Fe

rd bn

hi org dk gy

rd bn Fe

I I I l I If I

B-27

350

400

11111111

........... :, : ... ·: ..

. unitsC & Ef It gy

gy

Fe dkgy

unit D

Fe

It gy ash? lower mud unitt

gywh

11111111

250

300

DH-20 {cont) 11111111

- .... :..: .. -:., .............. -: ...

11111111

.

.

Fe

150 .

<10% bslt

>25% bslt > 20% bslt

dk gy>25% bslt

bk

. Fe bk Fe

200 .

11111,11 11111111

Hanford fmf

r >25%bslt

mbr of Taylor F lat

.. ~.~

--2' .>40% bslt ..,......_ .......... , ... mbr of Wooded Is.

unitsC& Et

- - -- muddy matrix . --- ---.

l

70 · bslt deer

>75% bslt carb rinds

>15% bslt

100 llllllll 11111111

B-28

650

680

DH-22 699-37-92 Elev 645 (197m)

11111111 I --\ I

-------rd bn gy

rd bn Fe muddy weath

bn cmt 500

-

gy

wh

wh hd

5% bslt

Fe Fe

scour Fe

-- .wh-lt gy

550

o•o:•.,o unitA+ o •o • • mbr of Wooded Is.

~~'-...., ... ~~ weath ...,,.. ... Elephant Mountain Member \.-t- ... .. - ... ,..

&I II II II

11111111

- ( 1

gy

orgs olgy bn bn

" 1 - dk bn "- 'f ..,,

1---....----' - 'I

~ --J: l _v.. --bn

muddy

crumbly muddy bn

---,. __ .- bn .• :.: .. :-::r: ... : ,·

---gy

ashy reworked ash

400

--,; .. : .: : . •. ~.:.

ash lower mud unitf

unit At

450

0

l&llllll

B-29

- -----muddy

bn muddy

It rd bn

<5% bslt 1----t--

: ~ ··.: ....

f

unit Dt

lo bslt

unitof

lower mud unitt

ltgy

gy-tn Fe

It gy

wh-gy

gy

--, l \ I I I I I

300

350

DH-22 {cont)

11111111

........ ,...,, ,,_. ,._ ---"'"'"

llllll I

200

250

units c & e+ 11111111

B-30

80

.

100·

.

.

.

.

150 .

.

11111111

I

---;_---1 ------

top at 54 ft

carb rinds

bsltic muddy

muddy bn

bsltic

Pli o-Pleistocene unit f mbr of Taylor Flat

mbr of Wooded Is. units c & Et bslt incr

lltl\1\1

500

550

570

DH-24 699-43-84 Elev 634 ft (193 rr :

11111111 + ·.~· ,.·. '·· gy bn lower mud ... · ... · .. :.-.. ·,~

.

unit At 0 •

0 • gy Fe 400 ,. • 0

woodfrags mica

.

.

.

11111111

}i-:D.\ ... ·:.. .. -... , .. ·.

I

-- -- ---t 1

'I t '{.

•

t nbn

I

"' I

units C ~ Ef ower mud unit t

wavy bedded

450 i.. -,- -.-_,..

bsltic

..... - ' Fe

woodfrags

unit A f ..._ ____ ......,,..mbr of Wooded Is.

1- " .. :; EIEtphanf Mountain Member LL.•~.-- .

"\ II. Y' ,; ,.. t..

llllllll

. f. 'i i 7.C::t -,- -r-1 i .,.."

. ...... 'l 'C;:1

....,....t..,.. 'ii~ .....,....'( ~ " -,-

.

I

bu rrows

m w

olgy

ottled h-gy

11111111

B-31

11111111 .

.

.

.

350

.

• rd bn

1

I I I I 111 I

DH-24 ( cont)

11111111 llllllll

I

. . bsltic

. 150 . I

bsltic 250 . . -

.

- -bslt incr . I

·1 .

.

. -"1 200

300 . 11111111 11111111

B-32

111~1111

80 -r- ....,_

,.....

::=....,.. Plio-Pleistocene unit

-.- ~ bn 'J..:;.:.T .. ":· ... ·:

100 .,... ..,... bsltic ..........

~--:---· .. . ... ; .. -...... --=~ ...... ..

- ----- -

mbr of Taylor Flat

bsltic bn

~ mbr of Wooded Is. t

bn

bslt deer 1111\111

DH-25 699-40;.s4n Elev 638 ft (1 ~ 4 m)

11111111

rd bn

-1-------· >10% bslt

I

c, Oe o o I

5501===·===-

. . . \ ':. . : .. .. .... .... \~· ... : • ...... '

' -

.. ·\ ...... ... •::· .... :• .... .,. ..

gy org

gy woodfrags

woodfrags

Fe

wood frags

<5% bslt

unitA f mbr of Wooded Is.

~ ~--;.~ ~ ~ weath -'--... '-..... _ ... _-... . 600 "'.,..... Elephant Mountain Member

""'"'

''""" gy --- ---

--- -------- -- -- ---

.

,

mottled

gy

wavy bedding

ball and pillow

450 ·-

500·

-' 'I, 'o

j t

olbn

ash bn muddy

gyol

gyol bn

lower mud unit f unit At

I

I 11111111

B-33

350

400

DH-25 (cor.t),

.

.

.

11111111

J

I

---=--1 - gy-rd -:. j mottl

.... .... ----=---

tn ed

- f tied mot -_, flllllll

1111\lll

250

300 >15% bslt

unitsC & E+ lower mud unit t

llllllll

B-34

200

DH-25 (cont)

.

.

.

\1111111

.>25%bslt

>15% bslt

j

I

>10% bslt

l

11111111

80

100

.

.

.

150 A

llllllH

Plio-Pleistocene

sand and gra unit

vel ...,.. -..--,- ..,...

....,--,- -,---r-

-,- -.---,- -,-

mbr Woode

of d Is. its - - _ I un

.._. -. C &E

t \

•a'" ,o ... ,

.. • ... : . -·-

>50% bslt

. ..,,,111111

B-35

650

700

720

DH-28 699-50-96 Elev. 800 ft (245 m)

1111111 I

18

lower mud unit+

.. ··-··.·.· ..

~...,... ...... ...,... -,- '{

...,... ...,...

'1.-r-...,..

-r- 'I. ..,.yr

-r-

T_'f ...,.. _....-_ ...,...

e O;:;>

unit At Fe

N

crumbly N

weathered

buff N

<5% bslt mixed litho

hi porvolc

gy

crumbly rd-bn

weath

ol-gy

N

-::::., - ,,_ ,,_ ,_ ,._ _, ...._. :::: weath ----- voles 0 • • 0 N

550

low·bslt

1-----..J...-mixed lithounit A+ 4 ...

4 ,._ ..... ,._ ~ ,:: mbr of.

11111111 Wooded Is.

11111111

bslt > 10% N

\ I \ \

hi bslt

450

I I Fe units c & ef ---~ lower mud unit t

I 'I -,--..... 'J.7 -,-'j -r"

R N

Fe

dkgy

N

R wavy N

R alt It and med gy

dkgy

gy

R N R

-r" V

'4-"3" R • carb stringers N

11111111

B-36

500

111111\1

5-10% bslt

- -

11111111

350

DH-28 (cont) 11111111

I

.

.

I

.

- -,.._ --- - -- -. - -- --- -,_,.

I• 400

. 11111111

>50% bslt

<5% bslt

R

5-10% bslt

111 ll I 11

I =--=- I rd bn ) >50% bslt

1-------,.

11 II Ill I 120-----

... ···:··,·· . J >35% bstt

mbrof Taylor

250·

300·

----- -- ----- -- -__ l

Flat

silty

15-20% bstt R

~bslt rdbn

mbr of Wooded Is.

units C & Et150 ° • •

lo qtz

-.-""T" -,--:-r- massive

10-15% bslt

deer bstt

2ooi;;;=:;;:::J

hi bslt

I

bslt N R

bsltic

Plio-Pleistocene unit l

bslt 1'

bn

gy-bn

>60% bstt

llllll\l l\lll\11

B-37

650

700

DH-33 699-34-98 Elev 670 .ft (204 m)

11111111

--.... ~,,

minor Fe

<5% bslt

cmt

Fe

Fe

<5% bslt

Fe cmt

Fe It

Fe dk

Fe

Fe

Fe wh-gy

550

Fe unitAf

1----...a.--~/Jl-dk gy 600 ,__, ,..._, ,._ -- .... --,... - .r:. - .. - mbrof :: ;: ._ '"'.._ -.... Wooded Is.

:-- Elephant Mountain Member ""' "' &.. ......

I 111 I I I I

11111111

" • 0

I

. I hd

gy 450

It gy ! lower mud unitf

unit At

I

.=1 dkgy matrix sup

500

111\llll

B-38

-11111111

~!: .. 7, ..

- -

- -- -

.....

,.., ..... - --..,...,,._ ,..._

_ bn

unit Dt bsltic

bsltic

bsltic

bsltic gy bn

muddy

unit of lower mud unit t

wh ash?

tn gy

dkgy

dkgy

...,...,..,.. llllllll

DH-33 (cont}

11111111 '"""' 11111111

160

350. . . bslt >10%

J

.

It gy

unitsC&Ef .

dkgy bslt incr 300·

bslt deer 400·+--

wh

'!::..Y..-:,:: bn 250 Jlllllll llllllll llllllll

B-39

60

150

160

DH-33 (cont)

llllllll

bn

bsltic

bsltic


bn

bsltic

l=:=:!'!!!!;=:.~0% bslt

. ·- ..... . . -~·-• .......... .....

mbr of Taylor Flatt elastic dike tn

tn

It bn

>15% bslt ! , .. ~ mbrofTaylorFlat1'

:.· . .-. . :., . .-:, mbr of Wooded ls.t , , a , 1 1 1 I units c & E

B-40

APPENDIX C. GEOLOGIC CROSS SECTIONS SHOWING DISTRIBUTION OF RINGOLD FORMATION STRATIGRAPHIC UNITS.

Locations of cross sections are shown on inset maps of the Hanford Site on each cross section page.

Explanation of Symbols and Abbreviations used in Cross Sections

Grain Size Scale, indicates dominant grain size

1111..,_ ~ cobble-boulder gravel ~ granule-cobble gravel

fine to coarse sand clay and silt

699-72-92, example of typical well number for geologic logs used in cross-section.

Subordinate lithologies and other lithologic symbols

oo~ ·

0 o O O bouldery 0 O o

-~:-: pebbly ·.·-::· /\/:( sandy

silt-rich ..:::::--.....-- _......_

clay-rich

\( 'I: 'I "" x )( paleosols X ~JC,)(

_,... -.--.- calcium carbonate -,- -.-

....... •• ash (tephra)

1' V

7 f ';. 7-.~ basalt

X no record

unit contacts, ? where inferred

C-1

Depths on individual geologic logs on the cross sections are in meters bel<:>w the surface.

Stratigraphic unit abbreviations

PM - pre-Missoula gravel of Plio-Pleistocene interval

EP - early Palouse soil

PP - Plio-Pleistocene unit

UR- upper Ringold, Ringold Formation member ofTaylor Flat

E - unit E, Ringold Formation member of Wooded Island

C - unit C, Ringold Formation member ofWooded Island

B - unit B, Ringold Formation member of Wooded Island

D - unit D, Ringold Formation member of Wooded Island

LM- lower mud unit, Ringold Formation member ofWooded Island

. A - unit A, Ringold Formation member of Wooded Island

(?) - unit uncertain

P.S. - paleosol, unassigned

C-2

A

Elevation Above Mean

feet

800

700

600

500

400

300

200

100

0

-100

(j I w

Seo Level

Meters

250

200

150

100

50

0

North

H

EP+PP

E

l.··

:\l" E(?)

I ti I ?~---i

1---==::::::?--? 0

LM

A

1111~ 2640 ft

?......__?_? 100 ft I VE=26.4x

Cold Creek S)'lcllne

-"' South O> I .... ,,, ,,,

I'> I I o,

s!

UR

1111

A'

Elevation Above Meon Seo Level

feet Meters

250 800

700

200

600

500 150

400

100 300

200 50

100

0 0

-100

Approximate ~ocotion of Cross Section

46°32'30"

I

120°00'

KAI. \031893A1

A

Elevation Above Mean Seo Level

feet Meters

250 800

700

200 "' "' I 600 "' " I

"' "' co 500 150

400

100 300

200 50

100

0 0

-100

North

Umtonum/ Gable Mtn. Structure

"' "' J, "' I O>

"' co

2640 ft

100 ft I YE=26. 4x

-co "' I 0

CX)"' N I I en

a!

H

EP+PP

E

• -?~--.., ?~ -------1-----i~-o~~~~~~P.!'i'~~~

LM

A

,;~.~ 1

'----1-1 1111

Cold Creek S)'lcline

South

A' Elevation Above • Mean Sea Level

feet Meters

250 800

700 Approximate location

200 of Cross Section

600

I 500 150

400

100 300 45°32•::io·

200 50

100

0 0

120°00·

-100 KAL \OJl8?JAI

B

Elevation Above Mean Sea Level

feet Meters

8

-2

250

0

-50

(i I

V,

~ I

O>

$

North

200 ft

JJ40 ft

Vertical Exaggeration

16.7X

~

"" I ,., ...... .. , I o, a.e 1111

1111

~

"" I 0 .., ... .. ,

I o,

a! 1111

Cold Creek Syncline

0

¥ o!?l NI I o,

s! 1111

1111

Hanford fm.

Yakima Ridge

Approximate Location of Cross Section

Benson Ranch Syncline

South

Rotllesnoke Mtn .

B'


F'eet Meters

250 800

700

'200

600

150 500

400

100 300

200 50

100

0 0

-100

-50

-200

KAL\011693-A

C


Meters

800

700

600

500

400

JOO

200

100

0

-100

f'eet

250

200

0

150

100

50

0

-50

(") I 0\

North

1o' N

'j J. U) ; ~

u, I I

"' I°' ~ ae

1111 1111

Approximate L?cotion of Cross Section

200 West

i::-I ..

~¥ 1"' :,:~ o-

1111

0 0

s 'j "' ;

,._ I I°' a; 1111

1111

3340 ft

Vertical 200 ft Exon~;~tion

0

1111

1111

Honford fm.

Cold Creek Syncline

South

R I .... 'j O> O> U)

1111

Benson Ridge Syncline

C'

Elevation Above Mean Sea level

Meters Feet

250 800

700

'200

600

150 500

400

100 JOO

200 50

100

0 0

-100

-50

KAl.\121492-C

D m D' x ci

£hwoUon N>ov• North i * y South Elewlion >J;,.(w•

Mff:n Seo Level § 7 Meon Seo level

r .. t Meters § Met111rs Feet

250 g 1111 1111 :! ;!; 250

800

~ J. 800

I

!:I 'i .., I .. 'i

700 I § $ § 700

200 ~ Rotuesnoke

§ 1111 Mtn. 200 1111 1111

600 0

600

500 ISO Hon,ord fm. ISO 500

50 400 400

1111

100 100 300 1111

300

200 200 50 100 ft 50

100 100

Cold Crttk

0 0 46" 32•JO' Syncline 0 0

~proximote loeotion of Cross Section

KM.\t22392•A

E Elevation Above Mean Sea Level

f' eet Meters North

800 200

700 200

600

400

300 100 50

200

100

50

0 0

-100

(') I

00

! 1111

~proximate location of Cross Section

200 East

T O>

,_i'.:i _, Io,

5~ 1111

18

t 1111

?

Cold Creek Syncline

Yakima Ridge

E' Elevation Above Me<m Sea Level

South Meters Feet 200 800

~ I

0 700 T RotUesnake 200 $ Mtn 600

I I II

Hanford fm. 150 500

E 400

100 300

200 Benson Ridge 50

Syncline 100

0 0

-100

JiW..\020893-C

F F' Elevation Above Elevotion Above Mean Seo Level Mean Seo Level

"' Feet Meten North ... South Meters Feet I i::;

600 I ~ 800 <J "' "' "' $ :; 0 ..

I ,!. .. "' I .. "' I ... ... I "' "i ~ I 1111 .... .,

.!, IO 700 I "' I "' .. ... 100

"' $ a, I "' "' I "' I "' 200 "' $ a,

"' "' .... 2 .. "' <O $ I

I 1111 "' 600 Sl 0

m 600 I ltll

"' 1111 m 500

Hanford fm. 500 150 15 0

1-

400 400

100 300 300

200 Yakima Ridge 1111 200

50

100 Approximate location 100 of Cross Soetion

100 ft 0 0 0 0

1111 Cold Creek -100 Syncline -100 '

""-\021193•A

(j I \0

G Honh

Elrvallon Above Mean Seo Level

f"eet

600

500

400

300

200

100

0

:-100

-200

-300

('i I ....

0

Meters 200

150

50 100

100 50

0

-so

-100

0 .., I

5! I .. .. "' 1111

M' N I g

co I ,._ .. I a,

<> irj I

co ~ N

I Ill -;;.-.. I i:i g: I

co 1111 <> 1111

1670 fl

.. .. J. "j

$1111

Cold Creek Syncline

.., .., I

N I .. .. "'

G' South

ElevaUon Above Mean Seo Level

Meters reel • 200

1111 600

Hanford rm. 500

400

300

200 50

100

0 0

-100

-50 -200

-100 -300

KN.\020tt:S-C

H


feet Meters 300

900

800 250

700 200

600

500 150

400

300

200 50

100

0 0

-100

-so

North

... j" "' "' I "' "' "'

(i I .......

.......

.,. la d -.s

~ .,, .... -1 ,., xm o~

1111


3340 ft

Vertical 200 fl Exaggeration

16.7X

§' j" "' "'"' -· '"' x"' oe

LM

-A---

H' South

Elevation Above Mean Seo Level Meters Feet

300

900

~ 250 800

j" ... 700 j"

a> 200 m 600

150 500

400

100 300

200 50

100

0 0

-100

-50

KN..\021093-A

~levation Af>ove eon Seo level

feet Meters 700

200

600

500 150

400

100 300

200

50

100

0 0

-100 200

-50

-200

(i I -N

North

;i1i

' I()

' O> O>

"' I ti I

Hanford fm.

PM

~ I

"' I OI OI

"'

2750 ft

I 00 ft Vertical Exaggeration

27.SX

El I

<O

iii I

$ 1111

Hanford fm.

E + C(?)

South

' &l I

$ 1111

1-50 - ? -?-1- ?-?-? B(?) 50 . . __.-- _,..:s- _.s:-- _,,- - -

LM

Approximate L . of Cross Sect~~at1on

I'

~levation Af>ave eon Seo level Meters feet

700

20

600

15 500

400

300'

200

50

100

0 0

-100

-5

-200

K.AL\011993-C

J

EJevoUon .Above Meon Seo Level

Ffft Meters ISO<) 150

,j{)() 0

100 300

50

200

50

100 100

0 0

North

i " i I .,:;

o,I I ,g; ii i!ie

1111 1111

1111 1111

(") I -w

0 .., ~

v I

! $ 1111

Monford Fm.

UR

Wohtuke 100 ft Synelino

South J'

N N

w ., w I w I Elevation Above ii I 0 Mean Seo Levtl I " i

'"t $ i ! Meter, ISO<) g; 150

1111 .. 1111

,j{)()

100 300

200

lM 50

100

lllf

Vertical Exoggerotion 0 0

27.5X

l'J,(,,\120211-A Approximate location of Cross Section

01\'0Uon Nxrt• Wton S.O Lrn1

FHt ....... 200

""' !00 150

400

100 300

200 so

100

0 0

-100

-so -200

-300 -100

K SoulhwH\

a :a I

i 1111

0

so

Umtonum/CobM Mountain Struc;tur-.

200 ft

(j I -.j::,,.

-

7 9 N 7 I i g

! i I ti I 1111

150

·:::. - - -.r-·__,.- ---r-~ _r- - - ....r-

K' ....,, .... --Meon S4IO UVII

ll i I I

t:"i .,i!i

i! li 8

, ... ....... I •

200

I ""' !

ISO !00 1111

Honford fm. 400

100 300

~ -1--1-s-?---""1--s-?-..x--1--r---~ ~ __,,--

__,,_ -r- ? __...-1 _..--? ----- ? _....-? __.,..- lM 100

200 so

100 1111

0 0

-100 1111

-so -200

-300 -100

L Elevation Above Mean Seo Level

F'eel Meters 500 150

400

300

200

50

100

0 0

-200

-50

-100

Wahluke

Syncline

(i I -Vl

Northwest

~ I

".; -· I o, me 1111

1111

E

50

--- ---1--- -1

8

--1-- -1

LM

--A-- --1--1 __ 1

940 ft

Vertical 100 ft Exaggeration

9.4X

u.u

1111

1111

;;; I

lo Southeast I

$ 1111

1111

-- __..--, , ,~ ___:r-? _.r- ....s--

1 C 100-_s--

1-1-

?-?---1--

?--?--B

-?------

Wohluke

Syncline

LM

,;----!---Approximate Location of Cross Section

L' Elevation Abovs Mean Seo Level

Meters F'eet 500 •

400

300

200

100

0

-200

-100

IQJ.\121192-A

Southwut

., J

--- -._ 8 ~?-?----- 1-1-?-- --r-1- 1-r- 1- ?-----

u., -100

Wahluko Syncline

1111

1111

~proximate Loe of Cross SeetionaUon

46" 32'

M' Etevotion >bov · Mean Seo lev:I Meter, F'eet

900

200

eoo

-50

K>L\02<M93-A

N Elevation Above Mean Seo level

feet Meters West 200

600

0 500 150

400

50 100

300 A

200 1111

50

Elevation Above Mean Sea Level

feet Meters 200

~ 600 I ... "' I O>

500 150 "' 1111 "' 0

400

100 300

1111

200 50

100

0 0

() I --..J

:;i I

" "' I 0,

"' 1111 "' 0

50

_r-

100

1111

3340 ft

Vertical 200 ft Exaggeration

16.7X

"' ... I

0

"' I O>

1111 $ 1111

"' "' I "' IO I

0, 0, 1111 <O

.ii "' I

" ... I

a, $ 1111

0

1

Moy Jn Fault

0

?

?--- -----1 __ -- ---- -

150

A(?) + E(?)


<O

"' ~ I

"' $ II II

1111

PM

E

C

....._ LM

0

5

~ "' I IO

"' I "' 0, 1111 "'

1111

"' 'j "' ... I

a, a, <O

0

50

.ii Elevation Above "' • I .!! Mean Sea Level "' ~~ "' Meters feet ~ !~ a, 200 a, 1111 "' :SJ, 600

£'? _., 00,

Hanford fm. ::,;., 500 150

? ? 400 ~?

--,? 100 ? Rattlesnake 300 100 ln~~~&:d

1111 200

50

N' Elevation Above

,;;- Mean Seo Level 'j East Meters feet S? 200 I

O> O> 600 ~<O

1111 "~ 1111

0 150 500 Hanford fm.

--? ?-400

100 300

200 50

100

1111 0 0 1111

KAL\020l9l-A

(') I .....

00

0 Elevation Above \o' Mean Seo Level a,

I Feet Meters ..,;:,;

200 l'l I

800 I a,

a! 1111

700 200

600

500 150

400

100 JOO

200 so

100

0 0

-100

-so

"' Elevation Above ... I

Mean Seo Level .., .. I Feet Meters a,

200 0 m It 11

600

500 150 50

400

100 300

200 50

100

0 0

-100

-50

N' .. I ..,

il I a,

a! 1111

E

200 West

,;-

l :: ij: I a, se

1111

;:::!

,.; _, I a,

::r: a, c~

11 fl

\o' !

..,; -· I a,

st! 1111

3340 It

Vertical Exaggeration

200 It 16.7X

'i a,

11 II

~¥ I a,

a~ 1111

0

Hanford tm.

n' 12CT 00' 'i 0 .. I

11 "~ 1111

Goble Mtn. Anticline

(Southeost Anticline)

200 East


N' I

O>

a7 I g; .,e

1111

1111 1111

ICAl..\020493-E

Elevation Above Meon Seo Level

Meters Feet 250 800

700 200

600

150 500

400

100 300

200 50

100

0 0

-100

-50

O' Elevation Above Mean Seo Level

Meters Feet 200

600

150 500

400

100 300

200 50

100

0 0

-100

-50

1111

WHt p DMrtlon ~ Mt<tn Seo L .... ,1 T

Feet Meten -2$0 i

""' It

200 It E,i:;:,;,°tkn 16.7X

1111 1111

--1-- --1--1--

1111

i~ A

1111

May Jct. Fault

Ilk) !IOO

46" J2'30"

100 JOO

200

100

12<T 00'

Eott p• Devotion N><ri M,on 5.a • Meters ,;.rel ..

;;; 200

~ l500 I s

Ilk) !IOO

400

100 JOO

200 50

100

0 0

-100

-ll<l -200

-JOO l<Al.\ 121592-C -100

Q Wttl

Elevation Abov• ! Mean Seo Level r .. t Melet11 ::i7 800

2W ,g; i!ie

1111 700 0

200

600

w 600 1W

m

300

200 50

100

200

0 0

-100

-W -200

EJevoUon J.b<:lve Meon Seo L....-et

feot

700

600

600

m

JOO

200

100

0

-100

-200

Mottl'1

200

IW

100

w

-w

(") I

N 0

w

100

. - -- ---...1 - ;;;- -o---? 1W

--- -1 A

A --1

1111

~

~ i ..

1111 1111

------------- 200 ------

ill I ~ ~

§ * 1111

! ~

1111

! J!I 0

I § ,§l

~ I ::,$

Ell"ation Above Me<in S.0 Ltvtl Meters f.et

250 800

700 200

800 w

1!50 WO 1-----

... 100 PU m

1111 100

JOO

1111 200

50

100

?--1-- 0 0

-100 1111

-200

East Q' El~ Ab<we Meon S.a level Mator1 FHl

!l! !-!~ N

.!.~ i;; 700

ii ii' 6 200

!! §! i !

600

1W 600

m

100 JOO

200 w

100

----------_..- _,,--1W 0 0

-100

-50 -200

KM.\123092-9

R Etevotion Above Mean Seo level

f"eet Meters West

600

500 150

0

400

100

300

200

50 46" 32'31)"

100

0 0

(i I

N -

2750 ft

Vertical Approximate location 100 ft Exaggeration of Cross Section 27.5X

120' 00'

East

;s a,

w ... I w

I ;;; co

"' I I a, "' '" "' co co

1111 1111

1111

KA.L\021493-A

R' Elevation Above Mean Seo Level

Meters Feet.

600

150 500

400

100

300

200

50

100

0 0

s Elevation Above Mean Seo Level

F"eet

700

600

500

400

300

200

100

Meters

200

150

100

50

("') I

N N

0

West

1111

Hanford fm.

E(?) + C(?) + B{?)

100 ft

Approximate location of Cross Section

UR

East

1111

?

IQ.L\0211593-C

s· Elevation Above Mean Seo Level

Meters F"eet

700

200

600

150 500

400

100

JOO

200

50

100

(i I

N w

Elevotlon Above Meon Seo level Feet Meters 700

600

500 150

400

100 300

200 50

100

Elevotlon Above Mean Seo Level

f"eet Meters

T West

600 11-~~~.

500 150

400

100 300

200 50

100

0 0

Hanford fm.

Elevation Above Mean Seo Level Feet Meters 700

200

19-58 Motchllne tor =i""im::-------....:.17,--j7µ0~-----------,...:'r':..':...' ______________ .:_1:_1-_:4:;5lA Below Hanford fm.

600

E(?)+

A(?)+

1 111 Benson Ranch S)f'lcline

2640 ft

100 ft I '<£a26.4x

2-33 1111

1111

Benson Ranch/ Cold Creek S)f'cline

1111

46' 32'30"

Approximate Location +---' of Cross Section

S3-25 1111

1111

120· oo· S14-20

1111

S24-19

T' East

500 150

400

100 300

200

50

100

Elevotlon Above Mean Seo Level

f'eet Meters 600

500 150

400

100 300

200

50

100

0 0

KAL \031893-B

APPENDIX D, ISOPACH AND STRUCTURE CONTOUR DATA FOR THE RINGOLD FORMATION FROM THE HANFORD SITE.

Explanation ( all elevations are in feet above sea level)

Borehole # - Borehole designation using Hanford Site well identification terminology Easting - east coordinate in Washington State Coordinate System (WSC82S) Northing - north coordinate in Washington State Coordinate System (WSC82S) Top Bas - Elevation of top of uppermost basalt unit in boring Top Sub A- Elevation of top ofpaleosol sequence locally underlying unit A Iso Sub A - Thickness of paleosol sequence locally underlying unit A Top A- Elevation of top of unit A Iso A - Thickness of unit A Top LM - Top oflower mud unit Iso LM - Thickness of lower mud unit Top BD - Top of units Band D combined Iso BD - Thickness of units B and D combined Top Sub C - Top ofpaleosol sequence locally underlying unit C Iso Sub C - Thickness of paleosol sequence locally underlying unit C Top C - Top of unit C Iso C - Thickness of unit C Top Sub E - Top ofpaleosol sequence locally underlying unit E Iso Sub E - Thickness of sequence locally underlying unit E Top E - Top of unit E Iso E - Thickness of unit E Iso C+E - Thickness of units C and E combined, included Sub E interval where it is present Top UR- Top of upper Ringold (e.g., member of Taylor Flat) Iso UR- Thickness of upper Ringold (e.g., member of Taylor Flat) Top PMPP - Top of redefined Plio-Pleistocene interval (including early Palouse) Iso PMPP - Thickness of redefined Plio-Pleistocene interval (including early Palouse) Top Hf-Top ofHanford formation Iso Hf - Thickness of Hanford formation Iso Eo - Thickness of Holocene eolian and alluvial deposits and backfill Elev - Surface elevation at the borehole (feet above sea level)

D-1

Borehole # Easting Northing Top Jso Top Baa Sub A Sub A

Top A

lao A

1-18 584529.90 123948.86 10-54 513591.40 126572.00 10-E12 593515.00 126577.00 ll-45A 576279.00 126808.00

0 0

11-E4E 590984.65 126738.23

360 72

203 -25 -25 0

90 268 25 89

19 65 50 25 36 0

47 43 55

II-E8B 592319.31 126746.12 64 0 13-2B 13-64 14-E3E 14-E6P 15-15A 15-26 15-E13 16-E4A 17-26 17-26A 17-47 17-70 17-93 19-58 19-88 2-3 2-33A 20-39 20-82 20-El9 20-El2 20-E2 22-70 23-33 24-IP 24-33 24-46 25-26 25-31 25-55 25-70 25-80 26-15C 26-89 28-23 28-30 28-40 28-52A 29-78 29-83 3-45 3-8-5C 30-25C 31-31 31-53A 31-65 31-8 32-22 32-26 32-32 32-42 32-62 32-72 33-14 33-21A 33-42 33-56 34-20 34-41B 34-88 34-98 35-21 35-27 35-28

589353.85 127336.16 -62 570416.00 127309.00 390 590678.16 127637.80 8 591593.89 127703.47 585353.58 128023.99 -160 581875.98 128254.88 593789.00 128200.00 104 591005.01 128299.37 155 581930.00 128750.00 -178

581882 128582 -199 -In 575490.00 128765.00 243 568576.00 128647.00 313 561565.00 128629.00 572153.00 129252.00 368

563168 129299 295 295 588910.91 124096.21 579919.00 124047.00 84 5n999.00 129729.00 564812.00 129506.00 269

564812 129506 225 225 593573.00 129718.00 112 590665.00 129722.00 -13 568800.00 129504.00 492 579924.00 130629.00 589494.53 130705.15 579752.75 130750.99 575888.00 130790.00 582044.00 131062.00 580460.00 131176.00 573083.35 131206.06 568544.00 131172.00

-77 39

-79 -95 -54

565675.00 131106.00 505 585472.44 131330.29 -160 -160 562m.60 131375.20 162 582807.00 132004.00 -172 580816.00 131991.00 577621.40 131932.13 574188.00 132111.00 566212.00 132414.00 58 81 564510.00 132373.60 67 67 576205.00 124401.00 373 373 593386.00 116574.00 202 202 582358.41 132593.SI -147 -135 580550.00 132974.00 573754.SO 132962.41 569981.00 132m.oo 587396.00 132928.00 -64 -64 583196.71 133257.40 581891.00 133144.00 -140 -115 580297.00 133206.00 -200 -200 576961.37 133385.38 571009.41 133217.69 567943.00 133363.00 585534.00 133607.00 583372.00 133474.00_ 577020. 24 133484. 28 572831.60 133535.SO 583653.00 133722.00 577338.20 133913.63 563035.20 133974.10

nr nr 583514.00 134322.30 581659.80 134093.30 581287.00 134019.00

96 -77

-115

-118

-18 41

-59 -84 -87

96 -77

-115

-118

-18 41

-59 -84 -87

0 -26 0 390 0 55 0 98 2 -105

7 170 0 174

22 -132 22 -131 0 250

18 333 0 736 0 368 0 295

0 116 0 -54 0 269 0 225

15 112 0 II 0 492

10 0 0 0 0

13 39

-14 -20 II

56 19 46 46 7

20 0 0 0

32 15 0 0 0

24 0

90 0

65 15 65

0 0 0 0 0

515 10

0 23 0 0 0

12

0

25 0

0 0 0 0 0

-138 22 197 35

-107 65 -48 135 112 >22 99 100

153 72 183 116 373 0 206 0 -92 43

256 > 15 -34 30

-90 -60

217 -27 -65

-65

!05 156 II II 8

25 140

Ill 50 50

53

123 115 70 95 95

Top LM

lao LM

170 353 115 129 29

390 125 153

5

204 246 -23 -23 276 353 736 383 3(0

191 56

309 270 182 91

492 58

114

96 40 81

184 > 15

80 85 90 40 55 0

70 55

110

34 72

109 108 26 20 0

15 15

15 110 40 45 70 80 0

45 15

110 60 70

515 0 -35 103 233 36 -32 75 32 80

182 70 274 175 208 55 250 67 373 0 234 32

95 -71 >50

291 35 II 45

25 115 15 15

302 >97 257 40

3 30 -25 40

316 >40 0 65

226 122 237 122

91 80 106 95 73 65

Top BD

205 353 145 212 149 390 165 178 60

243 296

26 26

295 353 736 383 310

231 70

309 270 246 153 492 113 149

106 95

126

184 515 37

303 18 32

182 274 228 298 373 263 23

-36

291 81

55 15

302 257 83 60

316 15

226 237 126 126 78

lao BD

35 0

30 83

Top SubC

220 353 145 212

120 149 0 390

40 165 25 178 55 120

39 245 50 296 49 94 49 94 19 295 0 353 0. 736 0 383 0 310

40 345 14 146 0 309 0 270

64 246 62 161 0 492

55 35

10 55 45

0 0

72 70 50 0 0 0

20 48 0

29 20 35

70

30 0

0 0

80 85

0 15

0 0

35 20 5

168 193

106 125 196

184 515

95 303

58 32

182 274 217

373 263 80

104

291 116

90 15

302 251 113 80

316 15

226 237 196 146 133

lao SubC

15 0 0 0 0

0 0 0

60

2 0

68 68 0 0 0 0 0

114 76 0 0 0

0 55 44

30 70

0 0

58 0

40 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

57 140

35

35 0

0 0

30 20

0 0

70 20 55

Top C

260 353 145 249 149 390 165 178 160

293 332 148 148 295 353 736 383 310

371 155 309 303 287 201 492 188 234

106 190 261

184 515 182 303 133 32

209 274 217

373 301 129 154

291 216

165 140

302 257 228 115

316 155

226 237 276 146 198

!so C

40 0 0

37 0

0 0 0

40

48 36 54 54 0 0 0 0 0

26 9 0

33 41 40 0

20 41

65 65

0 0

87 0

15 0

27 0 0 0 0

38 49 50

100

15 125

0 0

115 35

0 80

0 0

80 0

65

Top ho Sub B Sub B

217 >30 343 >27 295 35 353 0 205 60 259 10 179 390 216 203 190

341 342 164 164 358 443 736 383 310

381 210 309 340 287 224 492 203 254

196 190 266

184 515 195 343 153 32

247 274 299 311 373 325

30 0

51 25 30

8 10 16 16 63 90 0 0 0

10 55

37 0

23 0

15 20

90 0 5

0 0

13 40 20 0

38 0

71 13 0

24 129 0 159 5 281 >51 291 226 10

165 140

302 257 238 145

316 175

226 237 276 146 198

0 0

10 30

0 20

0 0 0 0 0

Top B 412 420 330 408 330 344

!so B 195 77 35 55

125 85

319 140 443 53 325 109 323 120 290 100 243 341 48 370 28 255 91 255 91 398 40 524 81 736 0 424 41 580 270 382 >51 412 31 380 170 546 237 34 0

352 65 311 87 492 0 318 115 324 70 390 >30 381 185 300 110 351 85 406 >45 442 258 515 60 258 63 513 170 263 110 262 230 379 132 420 146 458 159 490 179 373 0 333 8 250 274 423 471 276 358 > IO

121 115 142 180 so

265 100 285 145 397 482 180 427 170 298 60 285 140 401 >10 431 115 275 100 400 > 10 506 280 528 291 354 78 281 135 283 85

lao C+B

195 77 15 55

125 122 140 53

109 120 140

104 64

145 161 40 81 0

41 270

0 51

179 237

0 106 127

135 111

185 115 ISO

258 60

163 170 185 230 159 146 159 179

0 70

170 165

180 150

175 270

180 170 175 175

115 180

280 291 158 135 150

Top UR

412 420 350 408 330 344 349 443 345 323 330 291 341 370 320 320 398 524 736 424 580 382 412 380 546 340 357 334 492 353 333 390 381 320 351 406 474 575 330 544 308 322 379 420 483 503 373 333 304 329 423 471 321 358 315 285 397 482 472 338 330 401 431 300 400 541 546 354 301 318

lao UR

0 0

20 0 0 0

30 0

20 0

40 54 0 0

65 65 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5

23

35 9 0 0

20 0 0

32 0

70 31 45 60 0 0

25 13 0 0

54 55 0 0

45 0

50 0 0 0 0

40 45 0 0

25 0

55 18 0

20 35

Top Ito PMPP PMPP

412 0 420 0 350 0 408 0 330 0 344 0 349 443 345 323 395 398 341 370 393 408 398 524 736 424 580 382 412 430 546 34

372 398 492 403 404 454 431 405 391 456 499 582 330 544 418 437 449 439 483 551 373 333 398 409 423 471 401 358 460 440 397 505 469 423 435 401 431 355 400 54! 568 456 301 483

0 0 0 0

65 101

0 0

73 28 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

50

3 15 64 0

so 71 64 so 85 40 so 25 7 0 0

110 115 70 19 0

54 0 0

94 80 0 0

80

145 155

0 23 43 85

105 0 0

55 0 0

22 102

0 165

Top Hf 532 507 426 578 440 449 439 552 450 458 545 508 404 459 523 523 571 563 165 573 630 469 531 525 608 430 437 466 614 553 474 507 591 515 5ll 657 599 600 442 643 528 532 559 684 647 66

504 391 543 519 706 676 466 518 510 505 492 105 668 463 485 496 711 415 510 619 638 5ll 531 528

lao Hf

120 87 76

170 110 105 90

109 105 135 150 110 63 89

130 115 173 39 29

149 40 87

119 95 62 90 65 68

122 150 70 53

160 110 120 201 100

18 112 99

110 95

110 245 164 623 131 58

145 110 283 205 65

160 50 65 95

200 200 40 50 95

280 120 170 78 70 55

230 45

lao Bo

5 9 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

15 6

0 0 0 5 0 0 0

15 8

15 6 0 0 0 0 0 0

17 0 0 0

19 30 15 2

10 0 0 0 0 0

0

10 0 5

10 0

10 15 25 0 0

10 15 20 5

25 0

12 0 0 0 5

Elev

537 516 430 518 440 449 439 552 450 458 545 523 410 459 523 523 516 563 765 573 645 477 536 540 614 430 437 466 614 553 474 524 591 515 511 676 629 615 444 653 528 532 559 684 647 623 504 398 543 529 706 681 476 518 520 520 517 105 (,61

473 500 516 716 500 570 631 638 5ll 531 533

Borehole#

35-3 35-66 35-70 35-78B

35-9

36-27 36-46P 36-618

36-92 36-93 36-E3 37-43 37-82B

37-84 38-19 38-34A

38-65 38-70 39-23

39-79

39-7A 39-E2 39-E3 399-l-16C

399-l-17C 399.4.5

40-12B 40-13 40-20 40-32

40-33A 40-36

40-39 40-62 40-80 40-84 41-20

41-23

41-31 41-35

41-40 41-42

42-12A 42-21 42-29 42-3

42-30 42-37 42-40C 42-42A 42-42B 42-88 43-18

43-23

43-41E

43-41F

43-42 43-421 43-43

43-45 43-84 43-89

43-9

44-42

44-43B 44-64

45-24

45-26 45-42 45-18

Ea.sting Northing

588963.00 134190.00 569856.10 134094.00 568566.46 133987.75 566067.00 134273.00

587102.03 134089.57

581805.00 134446.00 575994.10 134518.20

571400.80 134586.90 561650.00 134400.00

561551.00 134420.00 590777.00 134348.00 576828.40 134785.10 564903. 71 134733.44

564247.00 134768.00 584256.00 135160.00 579490.79 135148.73 570091.10 135041.00

568500.94 135089.20 582963.40 135347.20 565890.92 135411.87

587815.53 135440.73 590532.00 135451.00

590532 135451

594312.00 116410.00 594104.00 116409.00 594128.00 115638.00

586325.30 135637.23 585939.00 135650.00 583830.00 135678.00 580007.00 135576.00 579704.81 135811.68 578789.30 135633.80

577938.30 135646.20 571149.10 135755.60 565517.00 135548.00 564246.00 135751.00 583876.00 136150.00

582923.06 135905.92 580525.00 136002.00 579079.60 135947.40 577614.00 135996.30 577122.20 136068.20

586318.00 136457.00

583404.00 136195.00 581045.00 136427.00 588908.00 136319.00

580786.00 136213.00 578476.30 136219.40 571644.50 136418.20 577086.80 136290.00 576998.30 136434.40 562931.00 136346.00 584394.00 136576.00

582978.00 136714.00

577479.10 136594.40

577480.00 136579.00 577145.30 136630.70 577006.60 136452.19 576728.80 136576.50

576283.90 136585.90 564184.00 136656.00

562917.14 136618.49

587245.00 136507.00

577099.60 136833.90

576673.40 136897.90 570459.80 136897.40

582552.00 137231.00 582081.00 137280.00

571051.50 137288.20 566027.00 137045.00

Top Baa

26

78

-64

182 201

-38

140 180 30

14 -29

174 225

-19

339 219 140 205

206 202 52 26

-14 199

240 252

107 40 15

194 270

305 186

49 63

272 328 311

17 62

49

364

284 15 68

402 181

Top ho SubA Sub A

26 0

83

-64 0 182 0 201 0

-32 6 140 0 180 0 30 0 14 0

-29 0 174 0 225 0

-19

339 219 140 205 206

202 52 26

-14 199 240

252

107 40 15

194 270

305

186

49

63 272 328 311

17 62 49

364

284

15 68

402 181

0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0

0 0 0

0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

45 0

0

0

0

0 0 0 0

203

Top Iao

A A 26 0

273 > I

168 85

6 70 266 84

251 50

101 133

140 0 264 84 135 105

129 115 -29 0 254 80 302 77

26

339

45

0 219 0 140 0 205 0 206 0

208 6 52 0 26 0 16 30

273 74 310 70 328 76

338 > 10

164 51 156 116 35 20

263 71 352 82 380 > 12 386 81 186 0

74 70 65 40 49 0

125 62

392 120 403 15 394 83 402 >70 132 70 62 0

59 10

406 >38

410 46

406 > 13

153 83

325 0

416 >10

420 >20 340 56 80 0

68 0 402 0 218 22

Top LM

131 325

240

106 341

346

198 220 289 240

216

91 264 360

ho LM

105

52

72

100 15 95

97 80 25

105 87

115

10 58

314 >20 81 55

352 13 239 20 220 80 270 65 261 55 220 12 108 56 90 64

101 85 388 115 403 93 413 85 418 80

374 > 10 216 52 237 81 115 80

369 105 417 65 421 41 414 28

239 53

89 15 80 15

155 106

155 30 427 35 416 13 413 19

424 22 217 85 127 65 89 30

425 >28 426 20 410 0 423 >22 406 0

197 44

325 0

416 0 420 0 357 17

155 85 113 45

402 0 247 44

Top BD

131

325

240

116 341 346

230

250 289 240

216 IOI 304 360 314 151

352 249 250 270 261

231 137

50 146 388

403 413 418 374 216

237 160

369 417 421

414 304

174 165 209

183 427 416 413 424 217 212

144

425

426 410 423 406

197

325

416 420 357

190

138

402 247

!so BD

0 0

0

10 0 0

32

30 0 0 0

10 40

0 0

70

0 10 30 0 0

11 29 60 45 0 0 0 0

0 0 0

45

0 0 0 0

65 85 85 54 28

0 0 0 0 0

85 55 0 0 0 0 0

0

0 0 0 0

35

25 0 0

Top Iso SubC SubC

131 0 325 0

240 0

149 33 341 0 346 0

230 0

250 0 289 0

240 0 216 0 139 38

304 0 360 0 314 166

352 249 250 270 261 231 169 184 156 388

403 413 418 374 216 237 160

369 417 421

414 304

189 210 254

223 427 416 413 424 217 212 154

425

426 410 423 406

197

325

416 420 357

235 213 402 247

15

0 0 0 0 0 0

32 34 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0

15 45 45 40

0 0 0 0 0 0

10 0 0 0 0 0

0

0 0 0 0

45 75

0 0

Top C 226

325

240

216 341

346

230

295 304

240 216

206 304 360 314 256

352 249 295 270

281 231 253 276 216 388 403 413

418 374 216 237 245

369 417 421 414 372

224 260 219 291 427 416 413 424 217 212 184

425 426 410 423 406

197

325

416 420 357

215 273 402

247

l,o C

95 0

67 0 0

0 45 15

0 0

67 0 0 0

90

0 0

45 0

20 0

84

92 60 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

85

0 0 0 0

68 35 so 25 68

0 0 0 0 0 0

30

0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0

40

60 0 0

Top Iao

Sub E Sub E 256 30 325 0

240 0

216 0 341 0

346 0

258 28

345 50 350 46 240 0

216 0 206 0 354 50 360 0 314 256

352 279 295 270 281

251 290 283 226 388

403 413 418 374 216 237 255

369 417 421 414 372

249 300 279 306

427 416 413 424 217 212

194 425

426 410 423 406

197

325

416

420 357

285 278

402 247

0 30 0 0 0

26 37 1

10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

10

0 0 0 0 0

25 40

15 0 0 0 0 0 0

10

0 0 0 0 0

0

0 0 0 0

10 5 0 0

Top Iso E E 316 60 423 98 422 >55 498 258

0 286 70

410 69 436 90

498 240 345 0 293 44 525 285 526 310 301 95 379 25 470 110 464 321

352 219 295 325

326 345 327 328 321 388 403 413 418 435 504 528 315

371 369 417 421 414 384

346 335 279

351 427 416 413 424 442 297

324 425

426

410 423 406

525 501

325

416 420 357

345 333

402 553

150 65

0 0 0

55 45 88 37 45 95 0 0 0 0

61 288 291 60

30 0 0 0

12 97 35 0

45 0 0 0 0

225 85

130 0 0 0 0 0

328

0 0 0 0

60

55 0

306

ho C+E

155

98

258 0

137 69

90

240

45 58

285 310 162 25

110

150 155

0 0 0

55 65 88

190 137 165

0 0 0 0

61 288

291 145

30 0 0 0

80 132 85 25

113 0 0 0 0

225 85

160

0 0 0 0 0

328

0 0 0 0

100

115

0 306

Top Iso UR UR

331 15 423 0

444 22 498 0 323 > 111

321 35 410 0

436 0 586 >1 508 10 345 0 404 10

525 0 531 5 331 30 409 30

470 0 509 45 351 30 522 > 140

352 0 219 345 325 326 345 352 348 336 388 403 413 418 435 504 546 315 371

399 417 421 414 384

346 345 329 351

427 416 413 424 467 327 334

425

426 410 423 406

536

529 325

416

420 460 350 348 402

568

0 50 0 0 0

25 20 15 0 0 0 0 0 0

18 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

10 so 0 0 0 0

0 25 30 10 0 0 0 0 0

11 28 0 0 0

103 5

15

0 15

Top Iso PMPP PMPP

431 423 474 553 334

466 410

436

616 508 375

404

540 565 411 479

470 524 431 532

352 364 375 325 326 345

407 391 425 388 403 413

418 435 542 553 385

371 424 417 421

414 465 393 375 354 406 427 416 413 424 467 417 419

425

426

410 423 406

556 544 325

416

420 460 425

443

402 598

100 0

30 55 49

145

0 0

30 0

30

0 15 34 80

70 0

IS 80 10

0 85 30 0 0 0

55 43 89 0 0 0 0 0

38

70 0

25 0 0

0 81

47 30 25 55 0 0 0 0 0

90 85 0 0 0 0 0

20 15

0 0 0 0

15 95 0

30

Top Hf

466 713 687 658

495 531 701

736

786 643

465 689

625

634

451 519 751 704 476 652

492

ho Hf

35 290 213 105

112 65

291 300 170

135 90

285 85 69 40 40

281 180 45

120

140 404 40 465 90 380 55 371 45 400 55 512 105 508 117 476 51 518 130

518 115 522 109 533 115 744 309 654 112 638 85 470 85 466 95 499 15 517 100 543 122

634 220 504 39 458 65 450 15 434 80 466 60 522 95 546 130 596 183 583 159 637 170 517 100

S19 100

547 122

548 122 564 154 581 158 579 173 595 >202

634 78 629 8S

490 165

519 163 511 151 720 260

510 85 518 15 577 175 688 90

ho Eo

20 10

5 0 5 0 0

10

0 5 0 0

10

0 10 10 0 5

20 0 0 0 0 5 0

0 0

0 4

0 0

15 0

5 0 0 6

10

5 5

10 15 0 0 5 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

13 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Elev

486 724 692 658 500

531

701 746

786

642 465 689

636

634 461

529 751 709 415 672

492 404 465

515 507 532 523 S18 526 538 748 654 638 485 466 504 517 543 640 514 463 455 444 481 522 546 601 583 642 517 519 541 548

564 581 519 595 634 642

490

579 577 720 510

518

577 688

Borehole# Ea.ting Northing Top Bas

Top SubA

46-15 585430.00 137428.00 46-3 588822 137692 19

87 370

79 87

370 46-85B 564038.40 137389.04 47-35B 47-46A 47-50 47-60 48-22 48-71 48-77A 49-lOOC 49-21 49-48 49-57B 49-95 50.30 50.42 50.45 50.48A 50.85 51-36B 51-46 51-63 51-15 52-46A 53-55A 54-15 54-18C 54-42 54-45A 54-48 55-44 55-50A 55-51 55-60A 55-60B 55-10 55-16 55-95 56-40A 56-53 57-83 59-101 59.55 59-80B 6-2A 60-57 61-16A 61-62 61-66 63-55 63-90 63-95 65-50 65-95 66-38 66-91 67-51 69-45 71-30 71-52 71.77 71-78 72.73 72.92 74-44 74-48 77-36 77-54 78-62

579313.48 137793.68 575869.00 137822. 70 574797.80 137888.90 571474.00 137968.00 583116.00 138130.00 568351.00 138045.00 566414.00 137970.00 559305.17 138504.54 583634.00 138555.00 575103.40 138570.30 572536.60 138381.40 560900. 59 138503. 03 580792.00 138827.00 577111.10 138791.40 576172.00 138772.00 575155.00 138685.60 564130.00 138670.00 578921.41 139066.17 575738.00 139004.00 570664.00 139152.00 566980.00 138904.00 575952.30 139394.60 573114.80 139632.00 585187.00 139833.00 584471.64 139998.68 576950.00 140066.00 576317.00 140008.00 575357.00 139823.00 576569.00 140392.00 574642.00 140247.30 572445.00 140119.80 571562.95 140267.37 571550.48 140366.40 568561.00 140328.00 566750.00 140227.00 560942.00 140210.00

367 366 142

218 390 364

159 400 412 438 154 479

388

403 279

63

343 384

368 360

367 366 142

218 390 364

159 400 412 438 154 479

388

403 316

63

343 384

368 360

577561.31 140465.18 505 505 573793.10 140652.40 332 332 564583.00 140825.00 233 233 559199.00 141400.00 465 465 573049.00 141544.20 565637.67 141574.96 416 416 589311.74 125194.36 .78 -78 572624.00 141871.00 325 325 585101.00 142243.00 112 112 570915.00 141922.00 316 316 569788.00 142008.00 307 307 573094.00 142562.00 314 314 562367.00 142612.00 274 274 560915.00 142651.00 407 407 574591.00 143188.00 -108 -108 560815.00 143193.00 396 396 578294.02 143607.67 562175.00 143476.00 369 369 574178.93 143933.22 576157.41 144556.31 580603.35 145226.91 573907. 74 145215.10 566401.95 145098.61 565418.00 145348.00 -213 -213 561551.54 145418.78 561839.42 145359. 75 576393.09 146098.78 575237. 72 146037. 71 578847.55 146868.58 573385.97 146854.80 570877.30 147166.22

1,0 SubA

0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0

0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0

0

0 0

Top A 415

79 187

lao A

0 0

100 420 50 406 0 367 0 366 0 142 0

347 129 390 0 364 0 431 0 389 0 296 >28 159 0 409 9 412 0 438 0 219 65 479 0 430 0 388 0 305 41 403 0 316 0 57 0 63 0

370 0

359 0 378 >20 343 0 384 0

387 19 403 43

0 305 43

0 88 0

0 505 0 332 0 321 0 465

0 436 0 -2 0 325 0 112 0 316 0 307 0 314 0 347 0 407 0 -87 0 432

0 410

0 -153

20 76 0

0 0 0 0

73 0

21 36

41

60

Top IM

415 156 224 440 406 367 366 207

347 398 364 431 389 316 214

Jao LM

11 37 20 0 0 0

65

0 8 0 0 0

20 55

428 19 412 0 438 0 267 48 479 0 430 0 388 0 309 419 16 316 0 150 93 108 45 370 0 389 >5 391 32 418 40 343 0 384 0

403 16 416 13 400 505 332 367 465

436 67

325 170 316 307 314 375 407 22

433

411

-26

95

0 46 0

0 69 0

58 0 0 0

28 0

109

127

Top BD

415 166 224 440 406 367 366 252

347 398 364 431 389 316 234 428 412 438 267 479 430 388 309 419 316 155 134 370 389 391 418 343 384

403 416

lao BD

0 10 0 0

0 0 0

45

0

0 0 0 0 0

20 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5

26 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0

400 0 505 0 332 0 367 0 465 0

436 0 117 50 325 0 186 16 316 0 307 0 314 0 375 0 407 0 97 75

433 0

411 0

195 >9

13 39

Top SubC

415 236 224 440 406 367 366 252

347 398 364 431 389 316 249 428 412 438 267 479 430 388 309 419 316 210 200 370 389 391 418 343 384

403 416 400 505 332 367 465

436 175 325 205 316 307 314 375 407 217 433

411

236

63

ho SubC

0 70 0 0

0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0

0 0

15 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

55 66 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 58 0

19 0 0 0 0 0

120 0

41

50

Top C

lao C

415 266 224 440 406 367 366 297

347 398 364 431 389 316 299 428 412 438 267 479 430 388 309 419 316 265 247 370 389 391 418 343 384

403 416

0 30 0 0 0 0 0

45

0 0 0 0 0 0

50 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

55 47 0 0 0 0 0

0

0 0

400 0 sos 0 332 0 367 0 465 0

436 0 235 60 325 0 269 64 316 0 307 0 314 0 375 0 407 0 287 70 433 0

411 0 324 >50 265 29 276 >25

197 >25 183 120

277 > 15

Top Iso Sub E Sub E

415 266 224 440 406 367 366 297

347 398 364 431 389 316 309 428 412 438 267 479 430 388 309 419 316 265 247 370 389 391 418 343 384

403 416

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0

0 IO 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0

400 0 505 0 332 0 367 0 465 0

436 0 235 0 325 0 269 0 316 0 307 0 314 0 375 0 407 0 287 0 433 0

411 0 324 0 265 0 276 0 368 > 55 297 100 292 109 318 >35

375 >80 362 >25 277 0

344 >25

Top E 415 266 517 440 406 367 424 357 517 590 565 364 431 389 551 419 428 412 438 534 479 430 388 429 419 316 265 247 370 389 391 418 343 384

518 463

lao E

0 0

293 0 0 0

58 60

243 167

0 0 0

241 110

0 0 0

267 0 0 0

120 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

115 47

640 240 505 0 332 0 372 5 465 0

505 69 388 153 325 0 269 0 316 0 307 0 314 0 393 18 407 0 287 0 433 0

411 0 324 0 265 0

276 0 398 30 367 70 387 95 398 80 300 >50 400 25 420 58 277 0 390 >60 425 81

!so C+E

0 30

293 0

0 0

58 105

243 167

0 0 0

241 160

0

0 0

267 0 0 0

120 0 0

55 47 0 0 0 0 0 0

ll5 47

240

69 213

0 64 0 0 0

18 0

70 0

0

29

215

Top UR

415 326 567 440 406 367 424 357 517 607 565 364 431 389 557 440 428 412 438 619 479 430 388 429 419 316 305 327 370 389 391 418 343 384

518 463

!so UR

0 60 50 0

0 0 0 0 0

17 0 0 0 0 0

21 0 0 0

85 0 0 0

0 0 0

40 80 0 0 0 0 0

0

0 0

640 0 505 0 332 0 372 0 465 0

505 0 388 0 325 0 412 143 364 48 307 0 314 0 393 0 407 0 365 78 433 0 409 > 127 411 0 369 45 395 130 366 90 398 0 367 0 387 0

398 0 300 0 400 0 420 0 367 90 390 0

425 0

Top Iso PMPP PMPP

415 0 326 0

519 12 440 406 367 424 397 517 650 590 364 431 389 551 440 428 412 438 674 479 430 388 429 419 316 305 327 370 389 391 418 343 384

518 463 665 505 332 372 465

505 388 325 412 364 307 314 393 407 365 433 409 411 369 395 366 398 367 387 398 300 400 420 367 390 425

0

0 0 0

40 0

43 25 0 0 0

0 0 0

0 0

55 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0

25 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Top Hf

444 381 792 470 580 582 644 517 682 670 773 494 552 547 802 529

lso Hf

29 55

213 30

174 215

0 120 165 20

183 130 121 158 245 89

466 38 448 36 549 Ill 739 65 515 36 443 13 570 182 641 212 454 35 574 258 395 90 402 15 510 140 494 105 449 58 513 95 438 95 552 168 569 >230 572 >289 568 50 583 120 775 110 566 61 432 100 511 205 580 115 405 > 135 581 76 457 69 470 145 412 0 495 131 522 215 425 111 510 117 485 78 467 102 452 19 436 27 467 56 524 155 484 89 401 35 520 122 472 105 442 55 483 85 450 ISO 443 43 487 67 410 43 480 90 468 43

lao Eo

0 0 0 5 0 0 5 0 5 2

17 0 0 4 5 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

10 0 0 0 5 s

2 4 0 0 0

Elev

444 381 792 475 580 582 649 517 687 672 790 494 552 551 807 529 466 450 549 739 515 443 570 641 454 474 405 404 510 494 454 518 443 554 573 572 568 583

0 775 0 566 0 432 o m 0 580 0 405 0 581 4 461 0 470 0 412 2 497 0 522 I 426 0 510 0 485 0 467 0 452 0 436 0 467 0 524 2 486 0 401 3 523 0 472 0 442 0 483 0 450 2 445 0 487 2 412 0 480

469

Borehole# Easting Northing

8-17 584699.64 126006.11 8-25 582298.26 125937.79

80-43P 576703.83 14n29.91 81-58 572185.64 148173.68

81-62 570943.00 148103.00 83-47 575492.04 148705.25

84-35A 579193.10 149093. 73 84-59 571731.00 149176.00 87-55 512969.15 149903.97

89-35 579121.74 150543.51 9-ESA 591479.51 12631220 92-14 585588 15154S

93-48 575094.32 151795.52 576761.65 152605.54

574851.56 152858.31 576672.03 153090.52

Top llaJ

-88

45

-23 273

Top Iso SubA SubA

-88 0

45 0 0

-23 0 273 0

Top A

-65

45 -52

7 273

ho A

23

0 12

30 0

96-43

96-49 97-43 B3-2

D2-5 D5-12 D5-20

B13-l 613-13

El3-18 El3-20 617-4 618-1 819-1 B24-7

624-8 E25-l

B25-l2 E25-l3

E25-l7 E25-18 E25-19

E25-2 E25-28 E25-32P

E25-33 626-l

E26-l0 E26-ll E26-9 827-1 E27-10

827-11 B27-13 B27-5

B27-6 E28-17 628-18 E28-2

E28-22 E28-3 E28-5

E33-18 E33-29 E33-37

E33-4

E33-41 E34-2 E34-4 E34-8

E35-I

E35-2 H3-2C

H4-12C H4-15C

H4-2 K-20

565848.00 145326.00 -206 -206 0 -152 54 573812.47 1S1148.41 573839.81 151557.51 573239.97 152030.15

573664.21 134391.22 573409.07 134085. 72

573119.16 134215.97 573609.57 134312.73 575ll8.14 135370.33

573296.80 135200.37 572819.87 135085.89

574406. 76 135560. 73 574547.00 136271.68 575336.10 136031.30

575978.80 135491.30 575362.90 136139.90 575699.40 135703.20 575816. IO 135698. 70 575855.00 135657.60

575513. 98 136032.15 576011.80 136111.90 576382.30 136044.70

575992.20 135713.20 575251.94 137130.71

575589.30 137023.80 576180.20 137134.90

575576.37 137133.40 574515.60 136537.10 575100. 71 13705280 574653.20 137063.00

575065.10 136489.50 574688.60 136306.50 575245.06 136332.47 573492.00 136331.80

573095.20 136767. 70 573704.48 136863.89 574041.35 136320.83 573708.86 136607.30

574034.10 136856.90

573779.39 137386.32 573228.13 137231.47

574091.71 137185.70

573616.97 137693.40 573707.19 137369.94 574635.18 137220.92

574825.29 Bn44.26 574206.66 137249.88

575460.00 137465.20

575576.50 137255.30 5n632.23 152750.54

578011.97 152920.10

5n907.86 153060.27

578094.00 152502.00 569520.52 147687.24

156

215

271 306

319 319 323 291 393 394 399 397

382

378

336

373

337

363

386 385 385

397

389 388 409 381

402 399

92

84

156

215 271

306

319 319

323 291 393 394 399 397

382

378

336

373 337

363

386 385

385

397 389 388

409 381

402 399

92 84

0

0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0

0

0

0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0

273 > 15 270 ll4

309 94 381 l!O 408 102 408 >40 357 >25 399 >34

386 > IO

399 >25 405 86 407 88

37$ 52 384 93 393 0 394 0 399 0 397 0 428 >70 382 0

378 0

435 >70

404 68 415 >50

438 >50 402 29

430 93 366 >5 380 17

404 18

433 48 385 0 397 0 4ll 22 388 0 409 0 381 0

402 0 399 0

92

84

Top lM

!so lM

38 >30

40 105

119 74 58 110

153 146 273 0

-9 143

328 55 331 61 330 > 15

360 51 381 0

408 0 418 10 362 5 427 28

407 > 18 391 399 0

419 14 413 5 375 0 403 19 393 0 394 0 399 397 428 382

378

440 414 415 438

402 430 366 380

433 433

385

397 433 388

409 381 402 399

194

170

0 0 0 0 0

IO

0 0 0 0 0 0

29

0 0 0

22 0 0 0 0 0

102 86

Top BD

68

110

155 124

218 273

15

328 331 330

360 381

408 418

362 427

407 391 399

419 413 375 403 393 394 399 397 428 382

378

440 414 415 438 402 430 366 380

433

433 385

397

433 388 409 381

402 399

200 229

!so BD

30

70

36

66

65 0

24

0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

6 59

Top SubC

203

235

155 265

218 273

63

328 331 330

360 381

408 418 362 427

407 391 399

419 413 375 .

403 393 394 399 397 428 382

378

440 414 415

438 402 430

366 380

433

433 385

397

433 388

409 381

402 399

200

229

!so SubC

135

125

0 141

0 0

48

0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Top C

1,0 C

308 105 294 >5 245 10

155 0

280 15

218 0 288 15

183

328 331 330

360

381 408 418 362 427

407 391 399 419 413 315 403 393 394 399 397 428 382

378

440 414 415 438

402 430 366 380

433

433 385

397 433 388

409 381

402 399

200 229

120

0 0 0

0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0

Top Sub8

308 349 341

155 353

248 441

!so Sub 8

0 55 96

0 73

30 159

243 60 368 >7 379 >3 363 >2

328 331 330

360 381

408 418 362 427

407 391 399

419 413 375 403 393 394 399 397 428 382

378

440 414 415 438

402 430 366 380

433

433 385

397

433 388

409 381

402 399

200 229

0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0

Top

8

404

!so E

308 0 374 25 406 65

155 0 403 50 418 >50

353 105 464 17

384 141 408 40 418 39 412 49

390 > 10 390 >20

443 115 426 95 410 80

396 385 25 381 0 408 0 418 0 362 0 427 0 407 0 391 0 399 0 419 0 413 0 375 0 403 0 393 0

394 0 399 397 428 382 378

440 414 415 438

402 430

366 380

433

433 385

397

433 388 409 381

402 399

200 229

420

0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

!so C+E

0

105

75

65

105 191

261

115 95 80

25 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0

0

Top tao UR UR

332 > 10 404 0

373 65 374 0 406 0

355 >70

365 210

403 0 418 0

342 >21

353 0 858 394

366 > II 3n >6

359 >40 3n >55 384 0 408 0 418 0 412 0

390 0 390

443 426 410 396 385 381

408 418

362 427

407 391 399 419 413 315 403 393

394

0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

399 0

397 0 428 0 382 0 378 0

440 0 414 0 415 0 438 0 402 0 430 0 366 0 380 0 433 0 433 0

385 0 397 0 433 0 388 0 409 0 381 0 402 0 399 0 356 >95 352 > 160 357

356 420

157 127

0

Top Iao PMPP PMPP

396 64 404 0 373 0 374 0 406 0 355 O 365 0

403 O 418 0 342 0 386 33 858 0

366 0 3n 359 3n 384 408 418 412

390 390

443 426 410 396 385 381

408 418

362 427

407 391 399 419 413 375

403 393 394 399 397 428 382

378

440 414 415 438 402 430

366 380

433 433 385

397 433 388

409 381

402 399 356

352 357 356 420

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Top Hf

509 484 412 439 440 435

400 456 459

396 453 858

429 421

419 422 440 458 468 460 740

!so Hf

113

80 39

65 34

80

35

53 41

54 67 0

63 44

60 45 56 so 50 48

350 724 334

727 284 741 315 717 307 716 320

734 349 714 333 688 280 663 245 673 311 6n 250

687 280 616 285 670 271 675 256 655 242

663 · 288 672 269 616 223 598 204 596 197 600 203 681 253 622 240

640 262 666 >276 685 245 671 257 708 293 692 254 679 2n 700 270

693 327 665 285 643 210 671 238

653 268 612 215 652 219 629 241

585 176 638 257

595 193

599 200 416 60

411 59 406 420 420

49 64 0

!so Eo

13

25 1 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 4

9 I 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0

25

5 5 0 0 4 0 5

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 0 0

15 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Elev

522 509 413 439

440 435

400 460 459

396 453 862 438 421

419 422 440

468 725

740 741

727 716 717 714 734 615 688 688

678 681

687 676 674 615 660 668 672 615

598 596 600 681 622 640 666 685 671 708 692 679

700 693 670

649 671

653

627

652 629 585 638 595 599 416 411 406 420

420

B0tohole # Easting Northing

K-24 568833.85 146934.33 N-2 N-5 N-69 N-80 SI-SH

SII-El2A Sl2-29

Sl2-3 Sl4-20A S18-E2

Sl9-II S19-El3 S22-B9C

S24-19 S27-E9C S29-Bl2

571476.21 149859.43 571405.70 149675.17

571483.89 149804.80 571477. 76 149951.09 587524.94 123302.58 593576.40 120173.85

580953.00 119932.00

589113.03 119761.79 583921.00 119087.00 590549.00 117881.00 586583.82 11n99.so 593835.39 117605.38 592689.00 116753.00

584162.00 116200.00 592721.00 115325.00

593626.16 114569.68 S29-El6C 594742.00 114731.00 S3-25 582459.96 122587.88 S3-B12 593586.00 122615.00

S30-B15C 594366.00 114270.00

S31-l 589749.00 114213.00 S4-E16 594988.00 122405.00 S6-Bl4A 594262.39 121569. 74

S6-B4C 591083.17 121663.59 S7-34 S8-19

WI0-14 Wll-2

Wll-26 Wl4-7

W14-8 Wl5-14 Wl5-5 Wl8-22 Wl9-IO

W19-4

W19-8 W22-19 W22-24 W22-27 W27-2

W6-1 W6-3

W6-6 W7-3

579431.00 121503.00 584226.54 120964.55

566018.00 136609.00

567407.00 136671.00 567045.00 136564.00 567034.00 135654.00

568073.30 135698. 70 566093.00 135648.00 566735.00 135512.00 566089.13 134990.30 566887.00 134925.00 568003.00 135366.40

567564.00 135220.00 567618.44 133981.44 567648.00 134411.00 567151.00 134497.00 566908.55 133670.63 567214.00 137510.00 567118.18 137299.13

567319.00 137638.59 566292.00 137639.00

Top Bal

-57 129

308

185

201

381 189

202

201

239

187 181

64 384

199

190 159

186 134 142

125 176

140

122 120

232

199

Top Iso SubA Sub A

-57 129

308

185

201

381 189

202

201 239

187 181

64 384

199 190 159 186

134 142

125 176

140

122 120

232

199

0 0 0

0

0 0 0 0 0

0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0

39 9

0

Top A

0 160

308

347 185

201 381

189

202

145

201

239 187 181

102 401

272

264 214

265 199

ho A

57 31

0

15 0

0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0

38 17

73 74 55 79 65

188 46

195 70

191 15 235 95

262 101 174 45

267 35 280 > 10

271 >31 308 109

Top LM

ho LM

70 195

332

357 229

222

381

211

258

178

241

274 193 202

136

70 35

24

10 44

21

0 22

56

33

40 35

6 21

34 435 34

246 > II

289 17 281 17 253 39 282 17

240 41 242 54 281 >70 221 26

210 19 267 32

293 31 226 52 250 > 12 2n 10 290 10

285 14 308 0

Top BD

120 225

352

357 274

256

381

252

292

225

271

311 236 280

198 435

246 289

281 253 282 240 242 281 221 210 267

293 226 250 2n 290

285 308

I,o BD

50 30

20

0 45

34

0 41

34

47

30 37

43 78

62 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Top ho Sub C Sub C

120 225 352

357 274

261

381 268

292

245

271 311 236 280

234 435

246 289 281 253 282

240 242

281 221 210 267

293 226 250

2n 290

285 308

0 0 0

0 0

0 16

20

0 0 0 0

36 0

0 0 0 0

0 0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Top C

120 225

352

357 274

310 381 288

292

306 271 311 236 280

291 435

246

289

281 253

282 240 242

281 221 210 267

293 226 250 2n 290

285 308

ho C

0

0 0

49

0 20

0

61

0 0 0 0

57 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0

0 0

Top lao Sub E Sub E

351 >27

349 > 15 356 >3 357 > 29 145 25 255 30 362 10

326 >2

357 0 279

326 16

381 0 314 26

292

313

281 327

270 288

314 435

246

289 281 253 282

240 242 281 221 210 267

293 226 250 277 290

285 308

7 10 16

34 8

23 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Top !so E E 445 > I 386 35 399 50 415 59 417 60 410 265 310 55 427 65 391 65 392 35 364 85 388

316 >5 341 15

403 22 341 27 339 >35 319 27 398 >39 340 27 331 50

387 60

318 48 342

376

54

62 435 0 391 >36

559 313 564 275

552 271 547 294 547 265 517 2n 532 290 521 240 509 288

451 241 490 223 453 >223 450 157 489 263 449 199 602 325 607 317

602 317

568 260

Iao C+E

265 55 65

35 85

64

22 47

27

88

50 60

48 54

119 0

313 275 271 294 265

2n

Top UR

445 386

399 415 417 410 310

427 391

392 364 388

316

341

403 341 339 319 398 351 331

387 318 342

376 435 391 559 564

563 547

547 528

290 532

240 521 288 509 241 470 223 490

453 157 473 263 524 199 474 325 642 317 617

317 . 650

260 593

Iso Top Iso UR PMPP PMPP

0 445 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

II 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

II 0 0

II 0 0 0

19 0 0

23 35 25 40

10 48

25

386

399 415 417 410 310 427

391

392 364 388

316

341

403 341

339 319 398 351 331

387 318 342

376 435 391 566 601

589 558 555 540 549 536 540 546 525 487 500 544 501 662 644

681

639

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7

37 26 II 8

12 17 15 31 76 35 34 27 20 27 20 27 31 46

Top Hf

467 451 454

457 455 550 365

487 430

472 424

483 376

367

426 386 384 374 493 378

399 444 343 378

431 523 484

696 707

694 672

722 693 652 666 680 708 700 678 690 679 672 697 705

710 673

I,o Hf

22 65 55 42 38

140 55 60 39

80 60

95 60

26

23 45 45 55 95 27

68 57 25 36

55 88 93

130

106 105 114 167 153 103 130 140 162 115 191

190 135 171 35 61 29 34

lso Elev Bo

0 467 0 0 0 0 5 0 0

20 10

0 15

4

I 2 0

30

17 2

16

0 0

0

19

0 5 0 5 0 5

18 0 0 5 0

0 0 2 5 0 0 0

451

454 457 455 555 365 487 435

492 434 484

391

371

427 388

384 3n 523 395

401 460 343 378

431 521 503 696

712 690 6n 722 698 670 666 680 713 700 680 690 679 674 702 705 710 673

Documents

Washington Division of Geology and Earth Resources Open ... · Grain-size distributions from facies association I core in unit A .. 19 Table 6. Pebble count data for Ringold Formation