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Waste Energy Solutions Co-digestion for Energy and Environment Jane Maxwell, Project Consultant. www.fromwastetoenergy.com. What can Danish biogas technology do?. Handle waste Reduce odour Increase nutrient accessibility Reduce nutrient leaching Provide Carbon neutral energy - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Waste Energy Solutions Co-digestion for Energy and Environment
Jane Maxwell, Project Consultantwww.fromwastetoenergy.com
What can Danish biogas technology do?
• Handle waste
• Reduce odour
• Increase nutrient accessibility
• Reduce nutrient leaching
• Provide Carbon neutral energy
• Provide added revenue
• Enrich the community
• Reduce GHG emissions
The technology: Anaerobic digestion
• Mesophilic and Thermophilic process
• Fully mixed digester
• Co-digestion concept
• Proven in Denmark
• We have made all the mistakes and learned
What is Biogas?
CH4 production capacity
Methane production of selected substances
0
100
200
300
400
500
Cow slurry
Pig slurry
Pig manure
Stomac content pig
Flotation sludge
Fish waste
Bleach clay
Sewage sludge
Sewage sludge conc.
Household waste
Protein
Victuals old
Sudge from edible fats
Kitchen and canteen waste
Remenatns from
flavouring
Maize silage
Gras silage
Design biogas plant
m3
CH
4 / s
t in
pu
t
Biogas Plant design
Biogas technology
• Pre-treatment– Mixing– Macerating– Hygienisation/ sterilisation– +/- other pre-treatment: e.g.
concentration
• Digestion
• Aftertreatmnet– Store– Separate– Upgrade
• End use– Land application– Move and apply– Transport market / or disposal
Anaerobic Digestion of Wastes
Bacteria digest organic compounds in oxygen free environments and produce
Anaerobic digestion is a naturally occurring process that involves complex biochemical processes carried out by a consortium of
bacteria.
Biogas
Biogas is
Up to 65% methane
35% to 40% Carbon Dioxide
Trace amounts of H2, NH3, and H2S.
Used as fuel in internal combustion engine to produce electricity
Used in boilers
Or
Stripped of CO2 and contaminants and injected into pipeline
LNG – Liquefied Natural Gas CNG - Compressed Natural Gas
• 23 Dairies in the middle Suwannee basin– Manure causing serious environmental concerns
• New regulations - grease trap cleanouts required monthly for restaurants – Land application of grease is an environmental problem
• Local town and prison sewage solids being land applied– Increasing population will cause land application to be
problematic
• Large amounts of food wastes either going to landfills or into municipal waste water– Organic wastes increase cost of waste water treatment and
size of landfill
One of our Potential Florida Projects
One WES digester taking in approx 800 tons per day will fix these problems!
– WES consultant with 30 yrs experience with state and federal funding programs assists farmers in acquiring funds for upgrading manure separation equipment
– Farmers get income for selling nutrients after all financial obligations have been paid
– No out of pocket costs to farmers– Farmers get back nutrients in solution – much easier to
regulate and prevent over applying– WES gets income from tipping fees and selling power– Society wastes converted from a problem to a solution– Nutrient and Odor problem solved– Dairy Farmers stay in business– Florida needs Dairy Farmers!
How our program works
– Importing milk uses fossil fuels– Using fossil fuels increases GHG’s– Dairy Manure very necessary for co-digestion –
this will help clean up wastes from many sources including wastes from other renewables (stillage from ethanol, glycerine from biodiesel)
– Dairies can be important contributors to renewable energy
– Florida dairies keep jobs and money in Florida
Why FLORIDA dairy farms are important for meeting GHG reductions and RPS
Methane very reliable – don’t have to wait for wind to blow or sun to shine
• 4 to 6 digesters• At least 3 days feedstock • Three to four 1.6 MW generators • Located near power users –
DISTRIBUTED POWER• Possibility for a number of plants in
Florida
Advantages of Waste Energy Solutions
biogas for Utility Providers
Removing 1 ton methane from atmosphere = getting rid of 21 tons CO2
Burning methane converts the methane to CO2
CO2 Equivalent for methane is 18
Burning methane does not increase carbon in the carbon cycle.
Methane 21 times worse than CO2 in causing global warming
Why burning methane from biogas is so important for the environment
Atmosphere
CO2
Through Photosynthesis Plants use CO2 make carbon compounds
Contemporary Carbon Cycle
Plants consumed
as food
Animal and plant Respiration produces CO2Much of the
carbon consumed ends up in Manure
Carbon sources
Food Wastes from meat or plant sources, decaying
of organic material
CH4 + 2O2 = CO2 + 2H2O
Forest Fires
Burning of biomass
Methane Burned
Grain, grass, food
CO2
In AtmosphereCrops grown and
harvested over several months
Carbon continually recycled
Manure
Plants consumed
as food
FOOD WASTE
Digester
Methane
Burned as fuel
A NEED FOR SPEED A fast carbon cycle is important in order to prevent even
temporary increase in CO2
CO2
In Atmosphere
Will take another 20 to 50 years for carbon to be
taken out of atmosphere
and
only if enough trees are planted
Slower carbon cycle can increase atmospheric carbon for 20 to 50 years – Burning Forest biomass is a slow cycle
20 to 50 years growth cycle
Seedlings
In states with established RPS methane from anaerobic digestion of organic materials is a
Tier 1 renewable energy
RECs from Tier 1 are given 110% to 140% credits
Renewable Portfolio Standards
What is the value of a REC?Wind generation costs - Coal generation costs = price of
RECIn general it costs 4 to 6 cents more per kW to get wind
generation to a customer
This difference in costs = the value of the REC
The concept of REC’s is to equalize the “real” cost of coal and other fossil fuels with the cost of renewables.
It is difficult to estimate this cost but it would include health care costs incurred from pollution as well as environmental costs and global warming risks.
Reasons that a Tradable Renewable Energy Credit system should be used
toward meeting the RPS goal tREC’s can be used to promote the development of new renewable
resources, not simply benefit existing generation Requiring percentage of Renewable Energy Credits to be Tier 1 will decrease the
time it takes to reach GHG reduction goals -favoring the cleanest and the greenest. Methane destruction makes anaerobic digesters Tier 1
Tradable credits have proven to be a successful system of reducing other pollutants (reducing acid rain and ozone depletion)
Renewable energy producers can sell energy and renewable energy credits separately. An electricity provider that does not own or purchase enough renewable energy capacity may purchase credits instead of capacity
RPS legislation using tRECs can add some security to a market for new renewable energy, thereby encouraging investment
REC have proven to help build new renewable generation (for example - wind generation increasing quickly in Texas)
Trading system should be limited to Florida only or to the Southeastern states
If the trading region is not limited renewable energy suppliers in regions where producing renewable energy is cheaper than in Florida will have a big advantage
Encouraging renewable energy suppliers to locate in Florida to build new generation will help Florida meet GHG goals
Encouraging renewable energy suppliers to locate in Florida will be good for Florida’s economy and energy security
THANK YOU!