Water ResourcesWater Resources Describe the distribution of Earth’s water Describe the distribution of Earth’s water

resourcesresources Explain why fresh water is one of Earth’s Explain why fresh water is one of Earth’s

limited resourceslimited resources Describe the distribution of Earth’s surface Describe the distribution of Earth’s surface

water.water. Describe the relationship between Describe the relationship between

groundwater and surface water in a groundwater and surface water in a watershed.watershed.

Two types of water on EarthTwo types of water on Earth Salt – 97%Salt – 97% Fresh – 3%Fresh – 3%o Icecaps and glaciers – 77%Icecaps and glaciers – 77%o Groundwater – 22%Groundwater – 22%o Other - 1%Other - 1%

Surface WaterSurface Water Fresh water on Earth’s surfaceFresh water on Earth’s surface Lakes, rivers, stream, and wetlandsLakes, rivers, stream, and wetlands Provide drinking water, water for Provide drinking water, water for

farming, power for industry and farming, power for industry and means of transportation.means of transportation.

Most large cities built near rivers or Most large cities built near rivers or sources of surface watersources of surface water

River SystemsRiver Systems A flowing network of waterA flowing network of water Aerial view looks like roots of tree Aerial view looks like roots of tree

feeding into a trunkfeeding into a trunk Mississippi, Amazon, and Nile are the Mississippi, Amazon, and Nile are the

largest river systems in the worldlargest river systems in the world Amazon river system is the largest in Amazon river system is the largest in

the world: drains an area of land the the world: drains an area of land the size of Europesize of Europe

Water ShedsWater Sheds Area of land drained by a riverArea of land drained by a river Snow and rain increase water in a Snow and rain increase water in a

watershedwatershed Pollution easily spreadPollution easily spread http://www.des.state.nh.us/http://www.des.state.nh.us/

organization/commissioner/pip/organization/commissioner/pip/factsheets/wmb/documents/wmb-factsheets/wmb/documents/wmb-19.pdf19.pdf

Water sheds of the WorldWater sheds of the World

Mississippi River WatershedMississippi River Watershed Drains water from 30 statesDrains water from 30 states Covers 40% of contiguous land area Covers 40% of contiguous land area

of U.S.of U.S. Supplies fresh water to thousands of Supplies fresh water to thousands of

communities across the central U.S.communities across the central U.S.

Where is the Water?Where is the Water? Canada’s hundreds of thousands of lakes make Canada’s hundreds of thousands of lakes make

ups up about 20% of the world’s surface ups up about 20% of the world’s surface freshwater supply.freshwater supply.

Lake Baikal in Lake Baikal in SiberiaSiberia

Provides about Provides about 20% world’s 20% world’s freshwater supply freshwater supply but serves only a but serves only a small population of small population of people.people.

The Amazon River contains another 20% of The Amazon River contains another 20% of the world’s surface freshwater supply but the world’s surface freshwater supply but only supports a small number of people.only supports a small number of people.

GroundwaterGroundwater Water beneath Earth’s surface in sediment and Water beneath Earth’s surface in sediment and

rock formations.rock formations.

Makes up most of the fresh water that is available Makes up most of the fresh water that is available for human use.for human use.

Water tableWater table – level in ground where rocks and soil – level in ground where rocks and soil are saturated with water.are saturated with water.

Has peaks and valleys that match the shape of the Has peaks and valleys that match the shape of the land.land.

What happens when What happens when ground water is used ground water is used at a faster rate than it at a faster rate than it is replaced?is replaced?

SUBSIDENCESUBSIDENCE

Groundwater, cont’dGroundwater, cont’d AquiferAquifer- an underground formation that contains - an underground formation that contains

groundwatergroundwater Recharge zoneRecharge zone – an area of the Earth’s surface – an area of the Earth’s surface

from which water percolates down into an aquiferfrom which water percolates down into an aquifero environmentally sensitive b/c any pollution in environmentally sensitive b/c any pollution in

this zone can enter the aquifer.this zone can enter the aquifer.o Size of recharge zone affected by permeability of Size of recharge zone affected by permeability of

the surface above the aquifer. the surface above the aquifer. o WellWell – a hole that is dug or drilled to reach – a hole that is dug or drilled to reach

groundwater. groundwater.

Water PollutionWater Pollutionsec.3 ch.11sec.3 ch.11

CompareCompare point and non-point pollution and nonpoint- point and non-point pollution and nonpoint-source pollutionsource pollution

ClassifyClassify water pollutants by five types water pollutants by five types

Explain Explain why groundwater pollution is difficult to clean up why groundwater pollution is difficult to clean up

DescribeDescribe the major sources of ocean pollution the major sources of ocean pollution

Describe Describe laws designed tolaws designed to improve water quality in the improve water quality in the United States.United States.

Water Water Pollution-the introduction of chemical physical, Pollution-the introduction of chemical physical, or biological agents into water that degrade water quality and or biological agents into water that degrade water quality and

adversely affect the organisms that depend on the water.adversely affect the organisms that depend on the water.

Two typesTwo types1.1. Point-source pollution – discharged from Point-source pollution – discharged from

a single source.a single source. Ex.’s leaking septic-tanksEx.’s leaking septic-tanks unlined landfillsunlined landfills water discharged by industrieswater discharged by industries leaking underground storage leaking underground storage

tankstanks

Water Pollution, cont’dWater Pollution, cont’d2. Non-point source pollution – comes from 2. Non-point source pollution – comes from

many different sources that are often many different sources that are often difficult to identify.difficult to identify.

Ex.’s Ex.’s a river being polluted by runoff from any of the land in a river being polluted by runoff from any of the land in

its watershed. its watershed. precipitation containing air pollutantsprecipitation containing air pollutants Water runoff from city and suburban streetsWater runoff from city and suburban streets Fertilizers, pesticides, herbicides from lawns, golf Fertilizers, pesticides, herbicides from lawns, golf

courses, and residential lawnscourses, and residential lawns

Non-point source pollutionNon-point source pollution

Water PollutantsWater Pollutants Waste water Waste water – – contains waste from homes contains waste from homes

or industry. Cleaned by a wastewater or industry. Cleaned by a wastewater treatment plant, filtered, and treated to make treatment plant, filtered, and treated to make the water clean enough to return to a river of the water clean enough to return to a river of lake.lake.

Sewage sludge Sewage sludge – the solid material that – the solid material that remains after water treatment. Contains remains after water treatment. Contains dangerous concentrations of toxic chemicals dangerous concentrations of toxic chemicals = hazardous waste.= hazardous waste.

* very costly to cities and towns to dispose of* very costly to cities and towns to dispose of * many communities seek new uses for this * many communities seek new uses for this

waste – like fertilizerwaste – like fertilizer

Principle Water Pollutants, Principle Water Pollutants, cont’dcont’d

EutrophicationEutrophication – the natural process – the natural process where organic matter builds up in a where organic matter builds up in a body of water, decay, and decompose, body of water, decay, and decompose, using up oxygen.using up oxygen.

Artificial eutrophication Artificial eutrophication – caused by – caused by humans when fertilizer from farms, humans when fertilizer from farms, lawns, gardens, and other runoff from lawns, gardens, and other runoff from phosphates in detergentsphosphates in detergents

Effects of Artificial EutrophicationEffects of Artificial Eutrophication Algal blooms Algal blooms – excessive growth of – excessive growth of

algae due to phosphorus.algae due to phosphorus. As the algae die and decompose , most of the As the algae die and decompose , most of the

oxygen is used and fish and other organisms oxygen is used and fish and other organisms suffocate to death.suffocate to death.

Red-Tide –Red-Tide –type of algae that type of algae that produce red pigment and toxinsproduce red pigment and toxins

Thermal Pollution – Thermal Pollution – occurs when occurs when the temperature of a a body of water the temperature of a a body of water

increases, causing death of fish and other increases, causing death of fish and other organismsorganisms

Caused by power plants and industries using Caused by power plants and industries using water to cool systems, then discharging the water water to cool systems, then discharging the water into a lake or river.into a lake or river.

Groundwater Pollution Groundwater Pollution – – polluted polluted surface water percolates down from Earth’s surface water percolates down from Earth’s

surfacesurface Pesticides, herbicides, chemical Pesticides, herbicides, chemical

fertilizers, and petroleum products.fertilizers, and petroleum products. Mostly from millions of underground Mostly from millions of underground

storage tanks in the United States.storage tanks in the United States. Groundwater pollution Groundwater pollution is one of the is one of the

most challenging environmental most challenging environmental problems that society faces.problems that society faces.

Ocean Pollution Ocean Pollution Pollutants dumped directly into oceansPollutants dumped directly into oceans

85% of ocean pollution comes from activities 85% of ocean pollution comes from activities on land ( oil, toxic wastes, medical wastes)on land ( oil, toxic wastes, medical wastes)

Oil spills – account for only about 5% of the Oil spills – account for only about 5% of the oil pollution in oceans.oil pollution in oceans.

200-300 million gallons of oil enter the 200-300 million gallons of oil enter the ocean from non-point sources on land.ocean from non-point sources on land.

BiomagnificationBiomagnification Buildup of pollutants at higher levels Buildup of pollutants at higher levels

of the food chain.of the food chain. Has alarming consequences for Has alarming consequences for

organisms at the top of the food organisms at the top of the food chain.chain.

Ex. DDT in the early 1900’sEx. DDT in the early 1900’s

Federal Laws Designed to Improve Water Quality in the United

States( pg.313)1972 Clean Water Act1972 Marine Protection Research, and

Sanctuaries Act1975 Safe Drinking Water Act1980 Comprehensive Environmental

Response Compensation Liability Act1987 Water Quality Act1990 Oil Pollution Act

The Clean Water Act