Water and Sanitation Aspects of Tsunami Recovery

Mark Toy

May 1, 2008

ICRCNationalSocieties

Federation

International Red Cross & Red Crescent Movement

Fundamental Principles of the International

Red Cross & Red Crescent Movement

International Services Mission

International Services helps vulnerable people & communities around the world prevent, prepare for & respond to disasters, complex humanitarian emergencies & life-threatening health conditions.

“Core” International Services

Humanitarian Humanitarian EmergenciesEmergencies

Humanitarian Humanitarian EmergenciesEmergencies

DisasterDisasterDisasterDisaster

HealthHealthHealthHealth

Maternal & Maternal & Child HealthChild Health

Maternal & Maternal & Child HealthChild Health

ResponseResponseResponseResponse

PreparednessPreparednessPreparednessPreparedness

Infectious Infectious DiseasesDiseases

Infectious Infectious DiseasesDiseases

Promoting the Fundamental Principles & International Humanitarian Law throughout

Restoring Restoring

Family LinksFamily Links

Restoring Restoring

Family LinksFamily Links ArmedArmedConflictConflict

ArmedArmedConflictConflict

FoodFoodFoodFood

Water &Water &SanitationSanitation

Water &Water &SanitationSanitation

PsychosocialPsychosocialSupportSupport

PsychosocialPsychosocialSupportSupport

International Services Finances International Services 4 Year Expenditure History by Funding Source

$0.00

$50.00

$100.00

$150.00

$200.00

$250.00

FY2003 - Actuals FY2004 - Actuals FY2005 - Actuals FY2006 - Forecast

To

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in M

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Gen Ops - ISD Services * Gen Ops- Bareme (De-escrowed Program Exp & Est FY06 Fees)

US Government Grants Private Foundations/Corporate Grants

Public Contributions - Tsunami Public Contributions - Non Tsunami

IRF Unrestricted - ISD & Other Department Support *

Note: All costs except those covered by restricted donations are covered by tsunami interest in FY 2006.

“Fog” of International Disaster Response

NGOs

WFP

NGOs

MIL

OCHAGeneva

HumanitarianCoordinator

AffectedAffectedPopulationPopulation

Affected

Government

CMOC

NGOsNationalSocieties NGOs

UNDACMEDIA

NationalSocieties

HumanitarianCoordinator

HumanitarianCoordinator

DonorGovt’s

Ambassadors

DART

Host National Society

IFRC

UNICEF

UNDP

OSSOC

HCR

ICRC

International Disaster Response

Vulnerability & Capacity

Disaster Planning &

Preparedness

Disaster Response

DisasterStrikes!

Cash

Relief Supplies

International Response

Teams

Linking Relief to Development

International Federation of Red

Cross and Red Crescent Societies

International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC)

183 National Red Cross & Red Crescent Societies

ARC International

Disaster

Response

American Red Cross Tsunami Emergency Response

Emergency food assistance to over 1.6 M people Vaccinations to 1.1 M children Relief items: tents, sleeping mats, cooking sets & hygiene kits >400,000 people Psycho-social support >100,000 people Water & sanitation

During the first 6 months:

Goal: Expedite community recovery & reduce chronic vulnerabilities Goal: Expedite community recovery & reduce chronic vulnerabilities

Community Health & Disease Control

Community Health & Disease Control

Restoration & Rebuilding

Restoration & Rebuilding

Disaster Preparedness

Disaster Preparedness

Water & sanitation

Psycho-social support

Community & school-based health & nutrition

Disease control

In partnership with US non-governmental organizations (NGOs) & UN agencies, expand recovery & development in affected communities.

Enhancing disaster preparedness & response capabilities

Developing community disaster preparedness plans

Restoring Family Links

American Red CrossTsunami Recovery Program

Total received

1

FY 20052 FY 2006   -     FY 2010

EmergencyResponse

Community Health & Disease Control

CommunityRestoration & Rebuilding

Disaster Preparedness

Direct Support Costs3

Remaining funds to be

programmed

$569 M $110 M19%

$205 M36%

$122 M21%

$15 M3%

$27 M5%

$90 M16%

FY05 emergency response expenditures & projections for Tsunami Recovery FY06-10

1 as of 11/30/05; all totals are approximate. 2Fiscal years (FY), July 1 - June 303Per a Jan. 13, 2005 press release, direct support may represent up to 6% of total costs .

Tsunami Recovery Update

Water and sanitation in Indonesia

• Over 100 million people in Indonesia lack access to safe water

• Only 2% access to sewerage in urban areas is one of the lowest in the world among middle-income countries.

• Women in Jakarta report spending US$ 11 per month on boiling water, implying a significant burden for the poor.

• Decentralized responsibility for WSS, but no funding.

• Annual investment in WSS US$2 per capita (2005 estimate)

Water and sanitation in Indonesia

• Diarrhea second leading killer of children under five in the country and accounts for about 20% of child deaths each year.

• Every year, at least 300 out of 1,000 Indonesians suffer from water-borne diseases

• The absence of an established sanitation network forces many households to rely upon private septic tanks or to dispose of their waste directly into rivers and canals.

• As of 2001, an estimated 90% of Jakarta's shallow wells were polluted by domestic waste.

Source: Wikipedia

Watsan Challenges in Aceh• One of least developed provinces because

of 30 year civil war – distrust of Javanese• Earthquake/tsunami further reduced

professional class by 1/3• High water table exacerbated by earthquake• Logistical difficulties (no road to Aceh Jaya,

islands)• Lack of local capacity – local standards

(cesspit, leaky septic tanks, shallow well)

Watsan Challenges in Aceh

• Competition for staff, materials • Housing construction not considering watsan• Delays in securing land titles, easements• Inconsistent approach by aid groups• Integrating ‘hardware’ with ‘software’• Pressure to build vs. ‘demand-driven’

approach (relief vs. sustainable development)• Sense of entitlement from emergency phase

(cash for work)

American Red Cross challenges

Risk averse culture• Program design, scope• Working through national societies• Construction contracts• Umbrella funding agency to UN, NGOs• Bureaucratic method of decision making

American Red Cross challenges

• Lack of capacity at time of Tsunami– Lack of human resources support– Stretched again after Katrina (9/05)

• Time, scope constraints of funding ‘intent’• Tsunami program separate from rest of

International Services– New staff– Lack of institutional memory– Little staff continuity from emergency phase

Water and Sanitation Program

• “Hardware”– Water supply – Sanitation

• “Software”– Hygiene promotion (PHAST)– Water and sanitation committees

Temporary Shelters

• Cited where land available

• Built quickly

• Short-term considerations

• Trucked water not sustainable

• Poor sanitation

• Lighting/security issues

Temporary Shelters

• Shelter needs – Indonesia - July 2005

Pulo Aceh

• British Red Cross shelter

• 4 villages

• About 250 houses

• Phased construction– Temporary shelters/watsan– Permanent facilities

• Spring supply – gravity fed, 4 km transmission

Aceh Jaya

• Major empasis for Red Cross Movement

• Most severe damage

• Difficult logistics

• District capital Calang – of pre-Tsunami population of 15,000, only 3,000 survived.

• In one neighborhood, only 18/2200 survived

High water table

• Normally high water table – coastal area

• Subsidence caused by earthquake– Drop of over one meter in some areas

• Poor draining soils in many areas• Saltwater intrusion

Competition for staff, materials

• High competition for construction materials– Shelter– Infrastructure– Inflation twice that of rest of Indonesia– Katrina happened Sept. 2005

• Plastic pipe prices increased by 50%

Competition for staff, materials

• Lack of professional staff

• Lack of national staff with English language skills

• Reverse “brain drain”

• Transmigration

• Economic migrants using services meant for Tsunami victims

Housing independent of watsan

• Little consideration of site conditions– Reverse of normal land development– Poor site selection increased costs, difficulties of

installing proper sanitation

• Agencies assigned areas• Shelter construction often not contiguous• Houses often built without provision of water,

sanitation, electricity• Needs of renters not addressed

Innovative techniques

• Shallow septic tanks• Constructed wetlands• Subsurface wetlands• Separate black, gray water disposal• Composting latrines• Biofilters• Rain Catchment• Household water treatment

‘Lessons Learned’

• Better continuity between emergency, recovery phases

• Shelter agencies must integrate water and sanitation when planning

• Coordination, not competition, between agencies• Standardize levels of service for immediate

response, recovery• Be realistic about timeframe – cannot go beyond

community capacity

Tsunami ‘Lessons Learned’

– Tsunami Evaluation Coalition (http://www.tsunami-evaluation.org/ )

– World Bank (http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/EASTASIAPACIFICEXT/INDONESIAEXTN/0,,contentMDK:21164835~menuPK:50003484~pagePK:2865066~piPK:2865079~theSitePK:226309,00.html )

– Aidwatch (http://www.reliefweb.int/library/documents/2006/eoa-idn-28feb.pdf)

– American University Symposium May 2006 (http://www.cpbintl.org/Documents/TsunamiSymposiumSummaryMay06CPBI-AU.pdf