Water and Sanitation In Humanitarian Crisis Presented By Roy Hunt, P.Eng. Komex International Ltd

Water and Water and SanitationSanitation

In Humanitarian In Humanitarian CrisisCrisis

Presented By Roy Hunt, P.Eng.Presented By Roy Hunt, P.Eng.

Komex International Ltd.Komex International Ltd.

OutlineOutline

Elements of a Humanitarian CrisisElements of a Humanitarian Crisis Humanitarian Crisis ResponseHumanitarian Crisis Response Importance of Water and Importance of Water and

SanitationSanitation WatSan InterventionWatSan Intervention Case StudyCase Study How to get InvolvedHow to get Involved

Elements of a Humanitarian Elements of a Humanitarian CrisisCrisis

Vulnerable PopulationVulnerable Population ConflictConflict Poor GovernancePoor Governance Geographical Geographical

IsolationIsolation Weak InfrastructureWeak Infrastructure Lack of Disaster Lack of Disaster

Response PlanningResponse Planning Marginalized GroupsMarginalized Groups Demographic ShiftDemographic ShiftIDPs in Sudan

Source: CAREBurmese Refugees in

ThailandSource: ECHO

Natural Disasters

Tsunamis2.0%

Earthquakes7%

Drought51%

Volcanoes0.5%

Floods36%

Cyclones and Hurricanes

4%


Catastrophic EventCatastrophic Event

ConflictConflict PandemicPandemic

ss FaminesFamines Natural Natural

DisastersDisasters

Deaths Caused in the 20th Century (millions)

200

46 32 210

50

100

150

200

250

Confl

ict

Pand

emics

Famines

Natur

al D

isas

ters

300,000 people are killed each year Majority of deaths are civilian 10 Million International Refugees (2004) 25 Million Internally Displaced (2004) 70 to 80% are Women and Children Extended conflicts often neglected by

media Myanmar, Columbia, Cote D’Ivoire, DRC,

Indonesia, Iraq, Nepal, Chechnya, Somalia, Sudan, Uganda


Conflict as a Catastrophic Conflict as a Catastrophic EventEvent


SettingSetting Refugee CampRefugee Camp Hosted in Hosted in

Local Local CommunityCommunity

Population in Population in Disaster AreaDisaster Area

Population on Population on the Movethe Move

Refugees Pakistan BorderSource: MSF

Refugees In BurundiSource: ECHOFlooding in Bangladesh

Source: ECHO

Humanitarian Crisis Humanitarian Crisis ResponseResponseProcessProcess

AssessmentAssessment MobilizationMobilization Program DesignProgram Design ImplementationImplementation Monitoring and Monitoring and

EvaluationEvaluation TransitionTransition

Rwandan Refugee in DRC Source: MSF

Water Provision in TanzaniaSource: ECHOLoading MaterialsSource: OXFAM

Logistics Source: ICRC

Food Distribution in Sudan Source: MSF

Refugee Registration in Sudan

Source: MSF

Myanmar Source: MSF

Humanitarian Crisis Humanitarian Crisis ResponseResponse

Important AspectsImportant Aspects Population Population

AssessmentAssessment Site PlanningSite Planning LogisticsLogistics Health ServicesHealth Services Commodity Commodity

DistributionDistribution Food and NutritionFood and Nutrition CommunicationCommunication TransportTransport HygieneHygiene Water & SanitationWater & Sanitation External LiaisonExternal Liaison

IDP in DRCSource: ECHO

Importance of Water & Importance of Water & SanitationSanitation

Developing CountriesDeveloping Countries - - Causes of Causes of DeathDeath Communicable Communicable

DiseaseDisease

Major Cause of Major Cause of Death in Death in DisasterDisaster

Directly Related Directly Related to Poor Water to Poor Water and Sanitationand Sanitation

Source: WHO 2001

CauseCause DeathsDeaths

HIV / AIDSHIV / AIDS 2,678,0002,678,000

Respiratory InfectionsRespiratory Infections 2,643,0002,643,000

Heart DiseaseHeart Disease 2,484,0002,484,000

Diarrhoeal DiseaseDiarrhoeal Disease 1,793,0001,793,000

Cerebrovascular DiseaseCerebrovascular Disease 1,381,0001,381,000

Childhood DiseasesChildhood Diseases 1,217,0001,217,000

MalariaMalaria 1,103,0001,103,000

TuberculosisTuberculosis 1,021,0001,021,000

Pulmonary DiseasePulmonary Disease 748,000 748,000

MeaslesMeasles 674,000 674,000

Importance of Water & Importance of Water & SanitationSanitation

Diarrhoeal DiseaseDiarrhoeal DiseaseIntervention EffectIntervention Effect

↑ ↑ Water QualityWater Quality ↑ ↑ Water Water

QuantityQuantity Hand WashingHand Washing LatrinesLatrines All MeasuresAll Measures

EXCRETA

WATER FLIES HANDS

MOUTH

FOOD

BARRIER

BARRIERBARRIER

WatSan InterventionWatSan InterventionWater Supply ObjectiveWater Supply Objective

To provide safe and equitable To provide safe and equitable access to a sufficient quantity access to a sufficient quantity of water to meet communal of water to meet communal

needs through effective source needs through effective source selection, collection, selection, collection,

treatment, storage, and treatment, storage, and distribution.distribution.

Give priority to quantity Give priority to quantity while respecting qualitywhile respecting quality

Directly involve Directly involve beneficiariesbeneficiaries

Avoid the need to treat Avoid the need to treat water (surface water)water (surface water)

For high population For high population concentrations, concentrations, disinfection is absolutely disinfection is absolutely necessarynecessary

Secure a reserve supply Secure a reserve supply and capacity to cover and capacity to cover contingenciescontingencies

Rainwater CatchmentSource: WSSC

Water Supply in IraqSource: ECHO

WatSan InterventionWatSan InterventionWater Supply PrinciplesWater Supply Principles

Albania Water Storage Tank

Source: ICRC

WatSan InterventionWatSan InterventionWater Supply PrinciplesWater Supply Principles

Account for variations in Account for variations in demand, quality, and demand, quality, and supplysupply

Ensure equitable Ensure equitable distributiondistribution

When minimum survival When minimum survival needs can’t be safely needs can’t be safely met, population must be met, population must be movedmoved

Minimum survival needs Minimum survival needs 7 liters / person / day7 liters / person / day Increase to 15-20 liters Increase to 15-20 liters

as soon as possible as soon as possible

Sudan Water DistributionSource: ICRCWell Construction -

MyanmarSource: ICRC

Tap Stand - SudanSource: ICRC

WatSan InterventionWatSan InterventionSanitation ObjectiveSanitation Objective

CControl and manage excreta, ontrol and manage excreta, solid waste, medical waste, solid waste, medical waste,

dead bodies, and wastewater dead bodies, and wastewater

Promote best hygiene practice in Promote best hygiene practice in to create a safer environment to create a safer environment and minimize the spread of and minimize the spread of

disease in a disaster affected disease in a disaster affected areaarea

Pit Latrine ConstructionSource: MSFCasting Latrine Slabs

Source: WSSC

WatSan InterventionWatSan InterventionSanitation PrinciplesSanitation Principles

Take fast action to Take fast action to prevent water supply prevent water supply contaminationcontamination

Swift provision of a Swift provision of a basic system is better basic system is better than delayed, improved than delayed, improved systemssystems

Account for sanitation Account for sanitation in site selection and in site selection and designdesign

Technology should be Technology should be as simple as possibleas simple as possible

Include continuous Include continuous maintenance of maintenance of facilitiesfacilities

VIP LatrineSource: WSSC

WatSan InterventionWatSan InterventionSanitation PrinciplesSanitation Principles

Latrines best allocated on Latrines best allocated on a family basisa family basis

Refuse disposal arranged Refuse disposal arranged on a community basison a community basis

Safely dispose of medical Safely dispose of medical wastewaste

Burial arrangements are Burial arrangements are required from the startrequired from the start

Provide vector controlProvide vector control Preference for Preference for

environmental measures environmental measures over chemicalsover chemicals

Mosquito SprayingSource: WHOBanda Aceh Body Removal

Source: ECHOTanzania Soap DistributionSource: OXFAM

WatSan InterventionWatSan InterventionCommunity ParticipationCommunity Participation

Establish consultative and participatory Establish consultative and participatory structures and work within local structures structures and work within local structures to support and enhance their long term to support and enhance their long term capacity.capacity.

Essential when unfamiliar with customs and Essential when unfamiliar with customs and culture of those being assistedculture of those being assisted

Make full use of resourcesMake full use of resources Local ResidentsLocal Residents Skilled and Unskilled LabourSkilled and Unskilled Labour Public Health ExpertsPublic Health Experts National InstitutionsNational Institutions Materials & TechnologyMaterials & Technology Traditional PracticesTraditional Practices

SudanSource: ICRC

WatSan InterventionWatSan InterventionIndicatorsIndicators

The crude mortality rate is the The crude mortality rate is the number of deaths in a population due number of deaths in a population due to disease, injury and malnutritionto disease, injury and malnutrition

Specific causes of morbidity should Specific causes of morbidity should be tracked for early detection of be tracked for early detection of epidemics, and indications of epidemics, and indications of inadequate water and sanitationinadequate water and sanitation

Case Study – Sierra LeoneCase Study – Sierra Leone

Project Area

Civil war began with rebel incursions in in 1991 and escalated through decade

Majority of the population was displaced

Cease fire signed in 2001 Peace process included

deployment of over 15,000 UN peacekeepers

Most of the upland areas remained in rebel control with no security or services

Case StudyCase StudySierra Leone Civil Sierra Leone Civil

WarWar

PeacekeeperSource: BBC

RefugeesSource:

www.sierraleone.org

Case Study - Sierra LeoneCase Study - Sierra LeoneBut Not All BadBut Not All Bad




Case Study Case Study Sierra Sierra LeoneLeone

Joined Medecins Sans Frontieres in 2001 Completed Logistic and WatSan Training Posted to Magburaka, Sierra Leone After briefing, arrived at project Christmas Eve Nine month assignment High security risk

60 International Staff60 International Staff 500 National Staff500 National Staff Restoring HealthcareRestoring Healthcare Mental HealthMental Health Therapeutic Therapeutic

Feeding CentersFeeding Centers

Case Study - Sierra Case Study - Sierra LeoneLeone

MSF In Sierra LeoneMSF In Sierra Leone

Amputee

Source: BBC

Child Soldier

Source: BBC

Returnee population Returnee population Medical facilities Medical facilities

destroyed, abandoneddestroyed, abandoned High infant mortalityHigh infant mortality High maternal mortalityHigh maternal mortality Recent shigella Recent shigella

outbreaksoutbreaks High incidence of watsan High incidence of watsan

related diseasesrelated diseases MalariaMalaria DiarrhoeaDiarrhoea Respiratory InfectionsRespiratory Infections ParasitesParasites

Case Study - Sierra LeoneCase Study - Sierra LeoneTonkoliliTonkolili Project - Local SituationProject - Local Situation

Support Large Hospital Support Large Hospital Pediatrics & MaternityPediatrics & Maternity Emergency SurgeryEmergency Surgery Lab ServicesLab Services Out-Patient ServicesOut-Patient Services

Health Care in DistrictHealth Care in District Remote Locations Remote Locations Mobile ClinicsMobile Clinics Outbreak InterventionOutbreak Intervention Mother-Child HealthcareMother-Child Healthcare Psycho-Social SupportPsycho-Social Support Population MonitoringPopulation Monitoring

Case Study - Sierra LeoneCase Study - Sierra LeoneProviding Primary Health CareProviding Primary Health Care

Case Study - Sierra LeoneCase Study - Sierra LeoneLogistics and WatSanLogistics and WatSan

Human ResourcesHuman Resources CommunicationsCommunications Power SupplyPower Supply RehabilitationRehabilitation ConstructionConstruction Supply ChainSupply Chain PurchasingPurchasing Fleet ManagementFleet Management Financial ControlFinancial Control

WaterWater BaseBase Medical FacilitiesMedical Facilities Temporary FacilitiesTemporary Facilities

SanitationSanitation LatrinesLatrines Vector ControlVector Control Waste DisposalWaste Disposal Wash facilitiesWash facilities TrainingTraining

Case Study - Sierra LeoneCase Study - Sierra LeoneMagburaka HospitalMagburaka Hospital

Case Study - Sierra LeoneCase Study - Sierra LeoneMagburaka HospitalMagburaka Hospital

Case Study - Sierra LeoneCase Study - Sierra LeoneSurgerySurgery

Case Study - Sierra LeoneCase Study - Sierra LeoneHospital RehabilitationHospital Rehabilitation

Case Study - Sierra LeoneCase Study - Sierra LeoneAfter Hospital RehabilitationAfter Hospital Rehabilitation

Case Study – Sierra LeoneCase Study – Sierra LeoneCommunity Health and Hygiene Community Health and Hygiene

TrainingTraining

Case Study - Sierra Case Study - Sierra LeoneLeone

Reconstructed Health OutpostReconstructed Health Outpost

Case Study - Sierra LeoneCase Study - Sierra LeoneProviding WatSan at Refugee Transit Providing WatSan at Refugee Transit

StationStation

Case Study - Sierra LeoneCase Study - Sierra LeoneLatrine ConstructionLatrine Construction

How to get InvolvedHow to get InvolvedInternational OrganizationsInternational Organizations

Many groupsMany groups 1,000 in 19511,000 in 1951 16,000 in 199016,000 in 1990

DifferencesDifferences PhilosophyPhilosophy Area of focusArea of focus EngagementEngagement CapacityCapacity SecuritySecurity

International International Confederation of the Red Confederation of the Red Cross/Crescent Cross/Crescent

Medecins Sans FrontieresMedecins Sans Frontieres Registered Engineers for Registered Engineers for

Disaster ReliefDisaster Relief Maintains a roster of emergency Maintains a roster of emergency

professionals for short term professionals for short term assignments with other agenciesassignments with other agencies

www.reliefweb.intwww.reliefweb.int Job posting site for INGO’sJob posting site for INGO’s

Thank You for Your Thank You for Your TimeTime

Questions and DiscussionQuestions and Discussion

Documents

Water and Sanitation In Humanitarian Crisis Presented By Roy Hunt, P.Eng. Komex International Ltd