Water Based Tourism

Water basesd tourism sport and laisure

• In the half of XXth century and the early years of XXIth century there has been a significant growth in the pursuit of water-based experience as forms of sport, leisure, recreation and tourism

• Types of water related sports:– Boating– Scuba diving– Sport fishing– Motorized water-sports– Sailing– Surfing– Windsurfing– Kayaking– Rafting

Definition of term

WATER BASED TOURISM: relates to any touristic activity undertaken in the relation to water sources such as lakes, dams, canals, creeks, rivers, waterways, costal zones, seas, oceans and ice-associated areas

Determination of participant rates

It is problematic because:

• Some activities are not required to report participation• Some activities are independent in nature and there is

no need for reporting• Equipment purchase are not a sound basis for

prediction (some equipment may be lent, shared, rented, resold)

• Legislation does not require activities to be registered• Club membership only reflects those who are affiliated• Ambiguity exists in definitions of tourism, sport, leisure

and recreation

Theoretical concepts• Theory of Chikszentmihalyi s “flow” or

“optimal arousal”• The need for challenge can be

deconstructed as a need for self-actualization• The challenge is a result of personal goal

settings in a water-based experience with or without a varying degree of technological support

• Adventure is associated with pushing beyond a personal comfort zone with testing personal ability

Theoretical concepts• Chikszentmihalyis theory of “flow” or “optimal

arousal”

• Developed from a work of Maslow, specifically from the notion of “process and product” outcomes of behaviour

• Chikszentmihalyi was interested in understanding the nature of “intrinsic motivation” especially activities that elicit “peak experience”

Abraham Maslow, “A Theory of Human Motivation“ (1943)

Maslow s piramyd

Theoretical concepts

Chikszentmihalyi identified several dimensions of flow:

• intense involvement• deep concentration, clarity of goals and

feedback• loss of a sense of time• lack of self consciousness

Sailing and CruisingMOTIVATIONS:•A pursuit of freedom and a need to escape•Challenge and adventure in an unfamiliar environment•Relationship with partners, family members, spouses, friends•A desire to travel•A dream-goal seeking

ADVANTEGES:a. achieving access to the “back regions” of society and cultureb. traveling with your “home”c. greater interaction between hosts and guests

DISADVANTAGES:1.limited flexibility to change plans due to planning logistics and permissions2.Predominant access to the edge of “destinations” due to costal cruising routes3.Limited interaction with the “locals”4.Boat safety issues5.Seaesickness

Impacts of Sailing and Cruising

Positive:– Increased understanding between people– Extension of friendship network– Engagement in cultural exchange

Negative:• Occurrence and development of social pathology

(petty theft, robbery, physical abuse)• Cultural commodification (cultural transfer)

MotorboatingMotorboating is one of the oldest type of human leisure activity tied to the history of sailing.

Both are derived from the development of boat technology from the earlier propulsion using poling, paddling and rowing

ADVANTAGES:a.Access to suitable facilities to support boating experienceb.Various water and boating rules and regulationsc.Presence of rangers, police to ensure compliance with safety, rules and regulationsd.Travels to compete in races outside home environmente.Opportunities to engage in touristic activities other than boating

DISADVANTAGES:1.Increasing costs of fuel2.Storage issues3.Weather dependency for usage4.Safety issues, accidents and conflicts between users5.Popular sites leading to perception of crowding and congestion6.Difficulties with participation when local and easy accessible area are limited or nonexistent7.Disturbance of ecosystems

Impacts of Boating

Positive:– significant impact on quality of life of participants

by providing them with opportunities to recreate, spent time with family, friends

– Possibility to appreciate and understand nature– Possibility to develop skills and knowledge

regarding boating as a tourism, leisure and recreation experience

Negative:• User conflicts• Perception of congestion and crowding

Impact of motorized watercraftsDirect physical stress on

aquatic organism:a. Impact by propeller

leading edgeb. Impact of hull partsc. Propeller generated

turbulance d. Propeller botton scouringe. Animal disturbancef. Noise pollution

Biological effects of pollutants:1.Thermal loading 2.Increase turbidity3.Disrupt water stratification

Negative impact on physical environment:1.Hydrocarbon increase2.Boat engine emission3.Leaching of toxics4.Spills during fuelling opperations5.Bank vegetation damage6.Erosion of riverbanks7.Carrying capacity on environmental effectsImpact on human leisure experience:1.Noise disturbance2.Crowding3.Fumes4.Safety5.Conflict of fast versus slow moving watercrafts6.Conflicts with other leisure interests

Surfing and windsurfingThe surfing was invented in Hawai, but the evolution is uncertain prior the arrival of the europeans.

By comparison, windsurfing is a comparatively young sport in that is has a history of little more than four decades.

One of the major appeal of both surfing and windsurfing is the potential that each provides for a sense of a union with the forces of the nature.

For many of its participants, it is this fact that causes them to regard power-based water activities like jet skiing as “lesser sport” being noisy, polluting a.s.o.

The adrenaline high of “surfing the big one” or “sailing in high wind” is for many a quintessetial fulfilment of the concept of “flow”

Csikszentmihalyi define the “flow” experience as “one of the complete involvment of the actor with his activity”

Scuba diving, snorkeling and free diving

Scuba diving, snorkeling and free diving are three water-based experience that access the marine environment using different approach, equipment and technoque.

Snorkeling and free diving use less equipment (mask, the snorkel and fins for propulsion)

Free diving is sometimes described as “breath-holding diving” and was traditionally


Advantages:• Snorkeling is something

that anyone can do• The investment in term of

time and costs for training and education is reduced for free divers and snorkelers

• Has encouraged the growth of underwater photography as a popular hobby

Disadvantages:• Long-term training• Basic open-water

knowledge (sea currents, breathing techniques, dangerous marine life)

• Rescue skills in case of accidents

• Scuba diving restrict the participants

• The investment in term of time and costs for training and education is reduced for free divers and snorkelers


For those involved in maintaining aspects of recreational diving and snorkeling, chalenges ahead include ability to provide a:

• High level of safety• Low level of risk• Quality dive location• Competitive services• Quality experience

Whitewater raftingWhitewater rafting offers adventure during trips to face fate by running the dangerous rapids as well as surviving the uncertainty of life in the river wildness.

Wildwater rafting involves manouvering a boat down a river through a number of rapids

Rapid rating scaleInternational scale Technical description Western scale

Flat water 0

I Easy, small waves, clear passage. No serious obstacle 1, 2

II Medium, rapids of moderate difficulty with passages clear

3, 4

III Difficult, numerous waves, high irregular, rocks, requiring expertise in maneuvering

5, 6

IV Very difficult, long rapids, waves powerful, irregular, dangerous rocks, powerful and precise maneuvering

required

7, 8

V Extremely difficult, exceedingly difficult, long and violent rapids, following each other almost without

interruption, riverbed extremely obstructed, big drops, violent currents

9, 10

VI/U Unrunable U

Kayaking•Kayaking is the use of a kayak for moving across water. Kayaking and canoeing are also known as paddling.

• Kayaking is distinguished from cenoeing by the sitting position of the paddler and the number of blades on the paddle.

•A kayak is defined by the International Canoe Federation (the world sanctioning body) as a boat where the paddler faces forward, legs in front, using a double-bladed paddle.

•Most kayaks have closed decks, although "sit-on-top" kayaks are growing in popularity, as are inflatable kayaks which come without decks but which have air chambers surrounding the boat.

Types of kaiaking• Whitewater kayaking involves taking a kayak

down rapids and waterfalls• Sea kayaking also referred to as ocean kayaking

or touring, involves taking kayaks out on to the ocean or sea or other open water such as a lake. It can involve short paddles with a return to the starting point (or "put-in"), or expeditions covering many miles and days.

• Kayaking of all kinds has become more popular through the 1990s and early 21st century.

Kayaks ClassificationKayaks are classified by their use.

There are eight primary classifications:

• polo, • slalom, • whitewater, • surf, • touring/expedition, • light touring/day tripping, • sprint/racing • general recreation

Sport fishing

Sport fishing, also called Recreational fishing, is fishing for pleasure or competition.

It can be contrasted with commercial fishing, which is fishing for profit, or subsistence fishing, which is fishing for survival.

Sport fishing• The most common form of recreational

fishing is done with a rod, reel, line, hooks and any one of a wide range of baits.

• Lures are frequently used in place of bait. • Some hobbyists make handmade tackle

themselves, including plastic lures and artificial lures.

• The practice of catching or attempting to catch fish with a hook is known as angling.

Sport fishing• Big game fishing is conducted from boats to

catch large open-water species such as tuna, sharks and marlin.

• Noodling and trout tickling are also recreational activities.

• One method of growing popularity is kayak fishing.

• Kayaks are stealthy and allow anglers to reach areas not fishable from land or by conventional boat.

Sustainability of water-based touristic activities

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Water Based Tourism