Water Fluoridation and Children's Teeth Audience This presentation has as primary target audience: Parents in Congolese communities in the United States

Water Fluoridation and Children's Teeth

AudienceAudience

This presentation has as primary target audience: This presentation has as primary target audience: Parents in Congolese communities in the United Parents in Congolese communities in the United States.States.


AudienceAudience

It is believed that giving fluoridated drinking water to It is believed that giving fluoridated drinking water to children during tooth forming years protects them from children during tooth forming years protects them from dental decay. dental decay.

This presentation focuses on water fluoridation and This presentation focuses on water fluoridation and children’s teeth; it is particularly intended to all those children’s teeth; it is particularly intended to all those who care for young children. who care for young children.

(CDC, 2009)(CDC, 2009)


AudienceAudience

In general the whole population of the United States In general the whole population of the United States may benefit from this presentation; Healthy People may benefit from this presentation; Healthy People 2010 plan is to have at least 75% of the United States’ 2010 plan is to have at least 75% of the United States’ population supplied with fluoridated waterpopulation supplied with fluoridated water

(CDC, 2009)(CDC, 2009)


Fluoride’s Decay PreventionFluoride’s Decay Prevention

Fluoride is known to Fluoride is known to • Decrease the solubility of enamel in acidDecrease the solubility of enamel in acid• Decrease the ability of dental plaque organisms to Decrease the ability of dental plaque organisms to

produce acidproduce acid• Promote the remineralization or repair of tooth enamel Promote the remineralization or repair of tooth enamel

(Shattuck, 2001)


United States Official’s endorsement of United States Official’s endorsement of community water fluoridationcommunity water fluoridation

Community water fluoridation was Supported and Community water fluoridation was Supported and encouraged by each of the last five Surgeons General encouraged by each of the last five Surgeons General in the United States; it was declared one of the ten top in the United States; it was declared one of the ten top public health achievements of the 20public health achievements of the 20thth century century

(Carmona, 2004; CDC, 2009)(Carmona, 2004; CDC, 2009)


Some Pro-Water fluoridation StudiesSome Pro-Water fluoridation StudiesThree of studies on community water fluoridation Three of studies on community water fluoridation conducted in the United States that mainly influenced conducted in the United States that mainly influenced official endorsement of community water fluoridation official endorsement of community water fluoridation are:are:

- Grand Rapids, Michigan’s study- Grand Rapids, Michigan’s study

- - Newburgh, New York’s study

- Evanston, Illinois’ study

(Shattuck, 2001)


Grand Rapids, Michigan’s studyGrand Rapids, Michigan’s study

A 15-year research in Grand Rapids, Michigan A 15-year research in Grand Rapids, Michigan showed that children consuming fluoridated water from showed that children consuming fluoridated water from birth experienced 50 – 63% less tooth decay than birth experienced 50 – 63% less tooth decay than those who don’t.those who don’t.

(Shattuck, 2001)


Newburgh, New York’s studyNewburgh, New York’s study

Compared to same age group children in Kingston, Compared to same age group children in Kingston, New York, where no community water fluoridation was New York, where no community water fluoridation was supplied, 58% of children 6- to 9-year-old, and 70% of supplied, 58% of children 6- to 9-year-old, and 70% of children 13- to 14-year-old had reduced tooth decay children 13- to 14-year-old had reduced tooth decay after respectively 10 and 15 years of community water after respectively 10 and 15 years of community water fluoridation in Newburgh, New York. fluoridation in Newburgh, New York.

(Shattuck, 2001)


Evanston, Illinois’ studyEvanston, Illinois’ study

A third study was conducted in Evanston, Illinois; after 14 years of community water fluoridation supply, it was observed that 57% of 14-year-olds children experienced reduced dental decay, missing or filled teeth compared to control groups drinking water low in fluoride.

(Shattuck, 2001)


Reviews from the 1930s and 1940sReviews from the 1930s and 1940s

Epidemiologic data from 1930s and 1940s showed Epidemiologic data from 1930s and 1940s showed evidences of lower decay rates in children consuming evidences of lower decay rates in children consuming naturally fluoridated water compared to children naturally fluoridated water compared to children consuming water without fluorideconsuming water without fluoride

(Shattuck, 2001)


Review of 23 countries’ studiesReview of 23 countries’ studies

In 1993, a review of 113 studies conducted in 23 In 1993, a review of 113 studies conducted in 23 countries provided effectiveness data for 66 studies in countries provided effectiveness data for 66 studies in primary teeth and 86 studies in permanent teeth; the primary teeth and 86 studies in permanent teeth; the summary decay reductions was as follow:summary decay reductions was as follow:

40 – 49% for primary teeth40 – 49% for primary teeth

50 – 59% for permanent teeth50 – 59% for permanent teeth

(Shattuck, 2001)


Review of stratified by age group dataReview of stratified by age group dataIn a review of studies conducted from 1976 to 1987, In a review of studies conducted from 1976 to 1987, stratified by age group data provided the following stratified by age group data provided the following decay reductions in communities with water decay reductions in communities with water fluoridation:fluoridation:

30 – 60% for primary teeth30 – 60% for primary teeth

20 – 40% for mixed teeth (Age 8 to 12)20 – 40% for mixed teeth (Age 8 to 12)

15 – 35% for permanent teeth15 – 35% for permanent teeth

(Shattuck, 2001)


50-year history of community water fluoridation50-year history of community water fluoridation

A complete study of the 50-year history of community A complete study of the 50-year history of community water fluoridation in the United States confirmed that water fluoridation in the United States confirmed that higher fluoride concentration in drinking water reduces higher fluoride concentration in drinking water reduces dental decay, as discovered 50 years ago.dental decay, as discovered 50 years ago.

(Shattuck, 2001)


Contaminants in fluorideContaminants in fluoride

In the United States, drinking water is not fluoridated In the United States, drinking water is not fluoridated with natural fluoride; most of the substances utilized to with natural fluoride; most of the substances utilized to fluoridate public drinking water contain various toxic fluoridate public drinking water contain various toxic contaminants such as: Lead, arsenic, cadmium, and contaminants such as: Lead, arsenic, cadmium, and radioactive isotopes.radioactive isotopes.

(Shattuck, 2001)


Contaminants in fluoride (continued)Contaminants in fluoride (continued)

Shattuck (2001) say that fluorine is poisonous, and the Shattuck (2001) say that fluorine is poisonous, and the ingested amount accumulates in the body.ingested amount accumulates in the body.

(Shattuck, 2001)


Environmental Protection Agency’s opinionEnvironmental Protection Agency’s opinion

After reviewing all the evidence of community water After reviewing all the evidence of community water fluoridation, Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) fluoridation, Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) concluded that fluoride is toxic and useless, and concluded that fluoride is toxic and useless, and shouldn’t be disseminated using public water supply.shouldn’t be disseminated using public water supply.

(Shattuck, 2001)


Food and Drug Administration’s opinionFood and Drug Administration’s opinion

For the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), fluorideFor the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), fluoride- Is a prescription drug with its side-effects- Has never received FDA approval- Does not meet the legal requirements of safety and effectiveness- There is no control over individual dosage

(Shattuck, 2001)


American Dental Association American Dental Association

and water fluoridationand water fluoridation

The American Dental Association (ADA) opposes fluoride prescription drugs to infants before 6 months of age.

Children aged 6 months to 3 years have the equivalent of the supplement controlled dose of fluoride in one cup of fluoridated water.

(Shattuck, 2001)


American Dental Association American Dental Association

and water fluoridation (Continued)and water fluoridation (Continued)

Most children under 3 years old have an overdose of fluoride when they drink from community water fluoridation supply

The ADA keeps commending the consumption of fluoridated water

(Shattuck, 2001)


What dental records sayWhat dental records say

A study of dental records conducted for 26,000 children in Tucson, Arizona, in 1992 evidenced an increase of tooth decay in children associated with an increase of the natural level of fluoride from 0.2 to 0.8 ppm

(Shattuck, 2001)


Cost effectiveness of Water fluoridationCost effectiveness of Water fluoridation

Compared to areas where there are no community water fluoridation supplies, Dentists make 17% more profit in areas with community water fluoridation supply; this is far from evidence of cost effectiveness of community water fluoridation supply

(Shattuck, 2001)


Opinion of other countries in the worldOpinion of other countries in the world

Most of countries in the world have banned the use of community water fluoridation; in Japan, in China, and in 98% countries of Europe, they don’t put fluoride in their public water supplies

(Shattuck, 2001)


Learning outcomesLearning outcomes

Officials of the United States should pay more attention to evidences of uselessness and adverse effects of community water fluoridation; they should ban it as did most of industrialized countries

Young children should be prevented from drinking fluoridated water.


Reference listReference list

Carmona, R. H. (2004). Surgeon General's Statement on Community Water Fluoridation, 2004. Center for Disease Control and Prevention. Retrieved from web site: http://www.cdc.gov/fluoridation/fact_sheets/sg04.htm

Center for Disease Control and Prevention. (2009). Community Water Fluoridation. Retrieved from web site: http://www.cdc.gov/fluoridation/

Shattuck, A. (2001). A critique of the ADA’s promotion of fluoridation. The Fluoride Debate. Retrieved from web site:

http://www.fluoridedebate.com/


Congolese Community Organizations in the United Congolese Community Organizations in the United StatesStates

Congolese Community of Atlanta: http://www.cocomatl.com/index.php?option=com_rsgallery2&page=slideshow&gid=1&Itemid=62

Congolese Community of Colorado: http://congocolorado.org/ Congolese Community of North Carolina- Raleigh:

http://www.cocomnc.com/


Congolese Community Organizations in the United Congolese Community Organizations in the United States (continued)States (continued)

Congolese Community of Oregon: http://congolesecommunity.org/ Inga Association: http://ingaassociation.org/default.aspx The Congolese Community of Chicago:

http://www.congochicago.org/

Documents

Water Fluoridation and Children's Teeth Audience This presentation has as primary target audience: Parents in Congolese communities in the United States