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NEERLS Conference : Water and the Law Banff, AB April 8, 2011 By JOHN DONIHEE

Water Governance and Issues in the NWT & NunavutWATER GOVERNANCE y The water governance framework in the territories is based in the law, processes, rights and institutions set up

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Page 1: Water Governance and Issues in the NWT & NunavutWATER GOVERNANCE y The water governance framework in the territories is based in the law, processes, rights and institutions set up

NEERLS Conference : Water and the LawBanff, AB April 8, 2011

By JOHN DONIHEE

Page 2: Water Governance and Issues in the NWT & NunavutWATER GOVERNANCE y The water governance framework in the territories is based in the law, processes, rights and institutions set up

INTRODUCTIONThe role of water in the development of Canada’s northern territories has been fundamentally important.Industry, transportation, municipal and social infrastructure depend on water.There are no northern communities which are not adjacent to water. They cluster along rivers, and on the shores of lakes or the sea.Northern environments and ecosystems depend on water.    

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Page 3: Water Governance and Issues in the NWT & NunavutWATER GOVERNANCE y The water governance framework in the territories is based in the law, processes, rights and institutions set up

Northern communities and traditional activities depend on water

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Page 4: Water Governance and Issues in the NWT & NunavutWATER GOVERNANCE y The water governance framework in the territories is based in the law, processes, rights and institutions set up

The Mackenzie River Basin is the largest drainage area at1 .8 million km2 . This basin is 1/5th the size of Canada .

Great Bear Lake is the largest lake located entirely within Canada, with a surface area of 31,328 km2 .

Great Bear Lake and Great Slave Lake are two of the cleanest lakes of their size in the world .

The Mackenzie Delta is Canada’s largest freshwater delta,and the 12th largest in the world covering a surface area of13,500 km2 .

(source Northern Water Stewardship Strategy, 2010)

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Page 5: Water Governance and Issues in the NWT & NunavutWATER GOVERNANCE y The water governance framework in the territories is based in the law, processes, rights and institutions set up

WATER GOVERNANCEThe water governance framework in the territories is based in the law, processes, rights and institutions set up to manage and protect northern water and ecosystems.In Canada the division of powers and resources results in provincial ownership of water and a predominant role  for the provinces in the direct management of water.Federal powers are based in authority over interjurisdictional and international waters and specific heads of authority such as fisheries and navigable waters.  

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Page 6: Water Governance and Issues in the NWT & NunavutWATER GOVERNANCE y The water governance framework in the territories is based in the law, processes, rights and institutions set up

Constitutional and jurisdictional arrangements in the northern territories are different.Canada owns Crown lands in the territories and it has reserved ownership of water to itself via northern water legislation. The Northwest Territories Act and Nunavut Act make territorial legislation subject to federal laws. Because Parliament has enacted the Northwest Territories Waters Act and the Nunavut Waters and Nunavut Surface Rights Tribunal Act the is no constitutional “space” for territorial water legislation.Indian and Northern Affairs Canada (INAC) is the quasi provincial water resource management agency in the territories. Territorial governments are minor players. 

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Page 7: Water Governance and Issues in the NWT & NunavutWATER GOVERNANCE y The water governance framework in the territories is based in the law, processes, rights and institutions set up

Wildlife depend on northern waters

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Page 8: Water Governance and Issues in the NWT & NunavutWATER GOVERNANCE y The water governance framework in the territories is based in the law, processes, rights and institutions set up

NORTHERN WATER LEGISLATIONThe governance framework in the northern territories is based on the western prior allocation model and includes a single authority responsible for decisions about water allocation (quantity) and quality.Quasi‐judicial water boards have been the water licensing authorities for over 30 years, established under federal legislation.As a result of land claim settlements these boards are now co‐management institutions in the NWT and Nunavut.

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Page 9: Water Governance and Issues in the NWT & NunavutWATER GOVERNANCE y The water governance framework in the territories is based in the law, processes, rights and institutions set up

Water boards are required by legislation to hold public hearings for major project licensing and these hearings provide important opportunities for public involvement in the water regulation process.Small northern populations and the abundance of water on the landscape result in few issues related to allocation of water rights.Most concerns addressed to the water boards relate to protection of high quality waters and proper closure and reclamation of industrial sites.Other water management agencies (DOE, DFO) participate in the water licensing proceedings thus there is some integration of water management concerns. 

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Page 10: Water Governance and Issues in the NWT & NunavutWATER GOVERNANCE y The water governance framework in the territories is based in the law, processes, rights and institutions set up

DEVOLUTIONWater and land management has been devolved to the Yukon government.The NWT government has signed an AIP on devolution and the government of Nunavut has talked devolution with Canada.Devolution in the northern territories will likely have to await settlement of land claims (NWT) and capacity building (Nunavut).Water legislation would allow devolution of water management but such an outcome is unlikely. 

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Page 11: Water Governance and Issues in the NWT & NunavutWATER GOVERNANCE y The water governance framework in the territories is based in the law, processes, rights and institutions set up

Yellowknife in summer on the shores of Great Slave Lake

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Page 12: Water Governance and Issues in the NWT & NunavutWATER GOVERNANCE y The water governance framework in the territories is based in the law, processes, rights and institutions set up

LAND CLAIMS AND WATERLand claims have resulted in very large blocks of settlement land within which Aboriginal organizations own the beds and banks of water bodies.Land claims also grant special rights to have water quality and quantity protected on settlement lands.Aland claim based water compensation regime protects these rights.Land claims have driven legislative change and will shape any future water governance system in the northern territories. 

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Page 13: Water Governance and Issues in the NWT & NunavutWATER GOVERNANCE y The water governance framework in the territories is based in the law, processes, rights and institutions set up

ISSUES AND CHALLENGESLegislative and policy gaps: water quality standards and criteria needed.

Fragmented governance: multiple actors multiple expectations.

Development on Aboriginal lands.

Need to collaborate to secure balanced protection and development.

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Page 14: Water Governance and Issues in the NWT & NunavutWATER GOVERNANCE y The water governance framework in the territories is based in the law, processes, rights and institutions set up

CONCLUSIONThe governance system is a work in progress.This evolution and the gaps in regulations and policies can result in confusion, overlap and inefficiency.Devolution not likely in the near future.Collaborative efforts needed to protect the resource and ensure sustainable development.Federal leadership is needed.

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