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Prof. Tjandra SetiadiCentre for Environmental StudiesInstitutTeknologi Bandung (ITB)

tjandra@che.itb.ac.id1

Tokyo

INDONESIA

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http://www.geographicguide.net/globes/pacific‐islands.htm

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IntroductionIntroduction

Indonesia water resource:Indonesia water resource:

6 % of world water resources

21% of Asia Pacific water resources

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Water Resource and DemandWater Resource and Demand

Water consumption tends to increase significantlyincrease significantly

Total water demand:

1. By 2000  ±156,000 millions m³ per annum

2. By 2015 ±356,575 millionsm³ per annum 

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Water resources degradation: up to 15 %per capita annually

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River Quality MonitoringRiver Quality Monitoring(based on class II designated, MoE lab. data)(based on class II designated, MoE lab. data)

Province River Name Province River NameP i Ri NNAD Krueng Aceh

SumutDeli

Percut

Riau Kampar

Sumbar Batang Agam

Jambi Batang Hari

Bengkulu A. Bengkulu

Sumsel Musi

Province River Name

Banten Kali Angke

Jakarta Ciliwung

Jabar Citarum

Jateng Progo

DIY Progo

Jatim Brantas

Province River Name

Bali T. Badung

NTT Dendeng

Province River Name

Kalbar

Kalteng Kahayan

Kalsel Martapura

Kaltim Mahakam

Sulut Tondano

Gorontalo Bone

Sulteng Palu

SulselTallo

Jeneberang

Sultra Konaweha

Province River Name

MalukuBatu Gajah

Batu Merah

Mal-Utara Tabobo

Papua Anafre

Light pollution

Light to medium pollution

Medium pollution

Medium to heavy pollution

Heavy pollution

Light to heavy pollution

Sumsel Musi

Lampung W.Sekampung

Babel Rangkui

NTB Jangkok

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River Quality MonitoringRiver Quality Monitoring(based on class II designated, MoE lab. data)(based on class II designated, MoE lab. data)

Sumatera

KalimantanSulawesi Papua

Maluku

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Light pollution

Light to medium pollution

Medium pollution

Medium to heavy pollution

Heavy pollution

Light to heavy pollution

Java

Bali & Nusa Tenggara

Percentage of river water samples do not comply to Percentage of river water samples do not comply to the water criteria of class IIthe water criteria of class II

80%

90%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

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0%

10%

20%

Sumatera Java Bali and Nusa Tenggara

Kalimantan Sulawesi Maluku and Papua

State of Environment Report in Indonesia 2009

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Water Resource DegradationWater Resource Degradation

Domestic activites

Industry activities either small and big scale

Agriculture and mining

Deforestration in the upper part of the river stream

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Case Study

Banten Province

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CIDURIAN Domestic & industrial wasteAgricultural waste

Problems on Watershed in Banten

CIBANTEN Domestic & industrial wasteAgricultural wasteFluctuation of river flowrateErosion & sedimentation

CIDANAUDomestic & industrial wasteAgricultural waste Mining activities

CILEMER/CIBUNGUR Domestic & industrial wasteAgricultural wasteFluctuation of river flowrateErosion & sedimentation

CISADANE Domestic & industrial wasteAgricultural wasteFluctuation of river flowrateErosion & sedimentation

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Erosion & sedimentation

CIUJUNG Domestic & industrial wasteAgricultural wasteFluctuation of river flowrateErosion & sedimentationMining activities

CILIMAN Domestic & industrial wasteAgricultural wasteFluctuation of river flowrateErosion & sedimentation

The poor water environment quality in The poor water environment quality in BantenBantenmainly caused by several factors:mainly caused by several factors:

• Inadequate coordination among the governmental agencies of neighboring city/regency (Kabupaten/Kota) or province in mitigating water pollution and wate resources management; autonomouswater pollution and wate resources management; autonomous region by Law No 32 Year 2004 amend by Law No 12 Year 2008,

• lack of coordination between the ‘quality-minded’ governmental agencies and ‘quantity-minded’ agencies;

• inadequate management and monitoring of pollution, both by sectoralgovernment agencies and industries;

• the local governments (Kabupaten/Kota) put little interests on improving good sanitation (domestic wastewater and solid waste) inimproving good sanitation (domestic wastewater and solid waste) in general;

• poor public awareness concerning healthy behavior and good management practice in agriculture practices;

• some industries have no commitment for environmental protection.

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PrinciplesPrinciples and and StrategyStrategy forforWaterWaterPollutionPollution Control (Control (MoEMoE))

• Increase the environmental quality through reducing pollution load entering the environment.

• Guide small scale industries in certain industrial clusters to control thepollution.

• Evaluate and develop guidelines, standards, criteria, and rules of conductin the pollution control.

• Increase capacity building for local government officers in dealing withwater pollution control.

• Release publications on water pollution control as a form of beingp p gaccountable to the public.

Ministry of Environment, Republic of Indonesia

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Academic papers:Technology and Controlling

Instruments Aspects

Plotting of Carrying

Juridical studies: Related legal references,

legal binding forming, etc.

Establishment Establishmentof Determine of

National Programmes

GUIDELINES FOR LOCAL GOVERNMENTSON ESTABLISHING  WATER POLLUTION CONTROL (WPC) POLICY

EnvironmentalBasic Map

Plotting ofPollution Sources

&Their Contribution

y gCapacity

Calculationof Water

Quality Goal

Inventory and Identification ofPollution Sources

Establishment ofWPC Policy

ete e oProgrammesand Activities

Determine ofTarget/Goals

-Time Frame and Detailled Activities

National Policy

Decrease thePollutant Load

Increase theCapacity:

-Infrastructure, -Human resources

Regulation etc

DetermineKey

Performance Indicator

DetermineMonitoring and

Evaluation Mechanisms

Determine of Reporting

Mechanisms

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-Regulation, etc

Increase theCommunityParticipation

Indicator (KPI)

Mechanisms

Discussion ofLegal Draft of WPC with

stakeholders

Legal Draftingof WPC

Decision of WPC Policy as a Legal Document on Implementing

WPCSocialization, Publication and

Implementation of WPC

Ministry of Environment Regulations No. 1/2010

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Climate Change Hazard to IndonesiaClimate Change Hazard to Indonesia

• Surface Air Temperature Increase and P i it ti  ChPrecipitation Change

• Sea Level Rise

• Extreme Climatic Events

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Temperature Increase: Prediction, 2020Temperature Increase: Prediction, 2020

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Change of Annual Temperature in 2020 (Susandi, 2007)

In 2020, it is projected that mean temperature will increase somewhere between 0.36to 0.47oC compared to 2000, with the highest temperatures potentially occurring inthe islands of Kalimantan and the southeastern part of the Moluccas

Java

Precipitation ChangePrecipitation Change

18Indonesia will experience more intense rainfall. (ICCSR, 2010)

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Source: Meliana (2005)

Projected Sea Level Rise in Projected Sea Level Rise in Jakarta (a), Jakarta (a), Surabaya Surabaya (b) and (b) and Semarang Semarang (c) in 2100. Big cities in Java Island(c) in 2100. Big cities in Java Island

Jakarta Surabaya

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Semarang

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Extreme Climatic Extreme Climatic EventsEvents

• Changing ocean environmental condition will also affect climate variability. For example, the projected frequency of climate variability. For example, the projected frequency of ENSO events, El Niño and La Niña, is expected to increase from its current 3 to 7 years interval to happening every 2 to 3 years. El Niño and La Niña phenomena are well known to have impacts on rainfall variation in Indonesia but they also affect sea level

• and ocean weather by inducing more extreme waves. The y goccurrence of El Niño and La Niña is believed to induce wave height variations in the order of 2 to 5 meters

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Indonesia Adapting to Climate ChangeIndonesia Adapting to Climate Change

• In preparation for adaptation and anticipating the impact of climate change in Indonesia, the Government of Indonesia has 

prepared a country report directed by Ministry of National yDevelopment Planning (BAPPENAS).

• The following Laws/Regulation has been addressing the Climate Change as well:– Law on adaptation of climate change in Indonesia is the newly 

adopted Law No. 32 Year 2009 on Environmental Protection and Management

i l l l i

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– Law No. 25 Year 2004 on National Development Planning System

– Law No. 24 Year 2007 on Disaster Management

– President Regulation No. 5 Year 2010 on National Medium Term Development Plan (RPJMN) 2010‐2014

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Based on ICCSR –Water Resources Sector‐March 2010

Projection on Water Sector in the FutureProjection on Water Sector in the Future

• Water Shortage 

• Water Quality

• Flood

• Drought

• Land Subsidence, Sea water Intrusion etc.

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Indonesia’s current (2009) and projection of Water Budget (2015 and 2030)  source: ICCSR, 2010

Water supply shortage riskWater supply shortage risk, , SRA2 Scenario, SRA2 Scenario, 20252025‐‐20302030 (ICCSR, 2010)(ICCSR, 2010)

Java and  Bali

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Water QualityWater Quality

• The use of water depends not only on quantity but also on water quality.

• In particular, the problem of water quality is related to significant losses in public health, in particular in urban areas with large populations, like cities in Java. 

• The general conditions and problems of water quality in Indonesia are as follows: 1) Java‐Bali areas are highly polluted, in particular in cities, town and their surrounding in Java; 2) non Java‐Bali areas still have relatively good 

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in Java; 2) non Java Bali areas still have relatively good water quality. 

• However, the water quality tends to decrease along the years. Due to the population and economic growth.

River Quality Monitoring (based on class II designated, MoE lab. data) 2008

Sumatera

KalimantanSulawesi Papua

Maluku

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Light pollution

Light to medium pollution

Medium pollution

Medium to heavy pollution

Heavy pollution

Light to heavy pollution

Java

Bali & Nusa TenggaraJava

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FloodFlood

• Almost all parts of Indonesia are vulnerable to flood hazard. 

– According to the Indonesian National Atlas (ANI, Bakosurtanal), Sumatera and Java‐Bali region have the largest vulnerable areasand Java Bali region have the largest vulnerable areas.

– Situ Gintung flood, Banten, in March 2009 and the Samarinda flood, in 

November 2008 were the most recent cases of flood, with different causes.

• Sometimes floods are triggered by landslides or occur together with landslides, which is known as flash flood, as occurred in Sinjai, South Sulawesi in July 2006,which caused many casualties.

• Major factors contributing to floods are the extreme rainfall of up to / / th (    BMKG)   l d d  f   t     t  

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400/mm/month (as per BMKG); overloaded surface waters or water reservoirs, such as rivers, ponds, dams, etc; and land characteristics and conditions in upper reaches of the catchment area. 

DroughtDrought

• Drought has recently hit Indonesia and became a usual phenomenon in the dry season.p y

• Drought makes it difficult for people to find freshwater, reduces surface water in reservoirs; and limits the yield of crops, particularly rice or puso.

• Drought can be defined in many ways such as meteorologically, hydrologically, agriculturally, and otherwise.The eastern part of Indonesia is vulnerable to meteorological drought  Drought risk is particularly high in meteorological drought. Drought risk is particularly high in areas with high population like Java‐Bali. Although drought can cause a disaster, it can also create economic opportunity in sea‐fishery sector. 

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Drought Risk Areas based on Scenario SRA2 for 2025‐2030

Java and Bali

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Java and Bali

Land Subsidence and othersLand Subsidence and others

• Land subsidence  is caused by over‐pumping or withdrawal of groundwater in excess of natural withdrawal of groundwater in excess of natural recharge rates. Land subsidence occurs in big cities such as Jakarta, Semarang, and Bandung. 

• The decline in groundwater occurs in many large cities such as Jakarta, Semarang, Surabaya and Bandung from excessive groundwater  pumping  Bandung from excessive groundwater  pumping  for both domestic and industrial uses. 

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Land Subsidence rate in Bandung CityLand Subsidence rate in Bandung City

-2

0BNJR BJNS CMHI DYHK MJL1 RCK2 UJBR

h)

-2

0BNJR BJNS CMHI DYHK MJL1 RCK2 UJBR

h)

-12

-10

-8

-6

-4

side

nce

rat

e (m

m/m

onth

-12

-10

-8

-6

-4

side

nce

rat

e (m

m/m

onth

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-20

-18

-16

-14

Feb.2000 – Nov.2001

Nov.2001 – July 2002

July 2002 – June 2003

Sub

s

-20

-18

-16

-14

Feb.2000 – Nov.2001

Nov.2001 – July 2002

July 2002 – June 2003

Sub

s

Hasanuddin Z. Abidin, 2004

Correlation Between Land Subsidence and Correlation Between Land Subsidence and Extracted GroundwaterExtracted Groundwater

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45 600Penurunan tanah

40

45 600Subsidence A

ve

xtracti

40

45 600Penurunan tanah

40

45 600Subsidence A

ve

xtracti

15

20

25

30

35

40

200

300

400

500Volume airtanahyang diambil

15

20

25

30

35

40

200

300

400

500Extracted groundwater

Subsi

den

ce (

cm)

vera

ge vo

lume

of g

roun

do

n p

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th (in

1000

cu

15

20

25

30

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40

200

300

400

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15

20

25

30

35

40

200

300

400

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Subsi

den

ce (

cm)

vera

ge vo

lume

of g

roun

do

n p

er m

on

th (in

1000

cu

34Hasanuddin Z. Abidin, 2004

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5

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BNJR CMHI DYHK MJL1 RCK1 RCK20

100

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0

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dwa

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BNJR CMHI DYHK MJL1 RCK1 RCK20

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Other conditions and problems related to Other conditions and problems related to water resourceswater resources

• Seawater intrusion can contaminate groundwater and make it unsuitable for drinking water Areas and make it unsuitable for drinking water.Areas like Jakarta and Semarang, in Central Java continue to be affected by seawater intrusion.

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Strategic Issues for the Water Resources Sector Strategic Issues for the Water Resources Sector in Relation with Climate Changein Relation with Climate Change

• Main water resource sector issues: 

M i t i i  th  b l  b t   t  –Maintaining the balance between water availability and demand (water balance).

–Sufficient water infrastructure and the provision of alternative water sources in certain areas.

–Availability of data, technology and research as a basis for water resource management.

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Strategic Issues for the Water Resources Sector Strategic Issues for the Water Resources Sector in Relation with Climate Changein Relation with Climate Change

• Main Water Sector issues:Reduction of vulnerability and risk from water – Reduction of vulnerability and risk from water shortage, flood and drought.

– Finding of synergetic solutions for cross‐sector issues with agriculture, forestry, health, energy, and industry sectors.

– Integrated water resources management and g gflood control.

– Water conservation based on innovation, community participation and local wisdom.

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Policy Recommendations for Adaptation Policy Recommendations for Adaptation for the period 2010 for the period 2010 ‐‐ 20302030

• A development policy for the water resources sector should aim at an efficient use of water resources to meet demands of households, urban areas and the industry, by consideration of the following points: 

– Give priority to the demands of households, developed areas, and strategic areas of the hazard of the water deficit; 

– Control of the utilization of the ground water to meet demands for fresh water and, in line with that, increased efforts in the provisions of fresh water from surface water; 

– Increase the development of water storage as the sources of fresh water, and the optimization of the source of fresh water available by improved management; 

– Increased participation of private enterprises in funding infrastructure development for  water supply (conveyance system). 

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West HallINSTITUT TEKNOLOGI BANDUNG

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