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Philip L. Anthony
Director, Orange County Water District - California, USA
Presentation to
12th International Riversymposium and
7th IWA World Congress on Water Reclamation and Reuse
Brisbane, Australia – September 21, 2009
WATER RECYCLING AND REUSE…
KEYS TO MANAGEMENT OFWATERSHEDS WORLDWIDE
CALIFORNIA WATER
1913
1939
Delta1960s
Central
Valley
Project1931
State Water
Project 1960s
41%
42%
19%
42%
Sac River66%
Owens Valley71% Colorado
90%
RESERVOIR & SNOWCAP
CONDITIONS
(August 16, 2009)
CALIFORNIA’S WORSENING WATER CRISIS
Hardest Hit – the Western San Joaquin Valley
• Imported Water Lost from Both State and Federal Projects
• Groundwater Storage Failing Fast – 100,000 GL Less
than 1962
• 120,000 Hectares of Farmland Idled
• 35,000 Farm Jobs Lost
• $830 Million in Farm Revenue Lost
SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA IMPACTS
• 3 - 4 Years of Drought
• LA Aqueduct Losses
• Metropolitan Water District’s
Imported Water
Colorado River Losses
State Water Project Losses
20% Rate Increases
“Allocations” Started
July 1, 2009
• Groundwater Overdrafting
Everywhere
San Luis Reservoir
Before and Now. Gov.
Schwarzenegger
Declares Emergency
2007 2008 2009 2010
3,000 GL
2,200 GL
1,700 GL
METROPOLITAN STORAGE RESOURCESEnd of Year Balances
900 GL
THE SANTA ANA RIVER
• Longest Coastal River in Southern California
• 130 Km from Highest Mountains to Pacific Ocean
• Watershed of 690,000 Hectares
• Historically, a Seasonal Stream, with Winter Storm Flows
and Occasional Heavy Flooding
PacificOcean
OrangeCountyBasin
SanGabriel
Mtns..
LosAngeles
San Bernardino Mtns.
SanJacintoMtns.
SantaAna
Mtns.
The Santa Ana River Watershed
ChinoBasin
Mojave Desert
SanBernardino
Basin
Santa Ana
River
1850s: Early Agriculture Diverts All River Base Flows
1877: First River Litigation… between Two Private Companies
1905: USA Study Says Groundwater Basin Being Overdrafted
1909: Three Counties Start Water Spreading Below Mountains
1925: Basin Over Drafted by 48.5 GL and “Water from Outside the
Basin Needed”
1927: State Forms Metropolitan Water District as Independent
Agency to Import Colorado River Water -- Three County
Cities Members
1930: County Farmers Lobbying for a New Groundwater Basin
Agency
SANTA ANA RIVER HISTORY IN
ORANGE COUNTY
SANTA ANA RIVER HISTORY IN
ORANGE COUNTY
1933: State Forms OCWD as an Independent Agency to Manage
the Basin
1945: Basin Overdrawn 14.8 GL per year and Several Coastal
Wells Lost to Seawater Intrusion
1952: Farm Bureau and Chambers Form the “Committee of
Twelve” to Save the Basin
1954: Committee’s Recommendations Added to OCWD Act
1955: Long Drought Dropped 3,400 Wells in OCWD 11.7 Meters on
Average, Below Sea Level
1956: Basin at Lowest… Seawater Intrusion 5 –7 Km
1963: OCWD Imported 289.6 GL Of Water…Most Ever
1964: Basin at 1944 Levels, but “Tilted”
ORANGE COUNTY WATER DISTRICT
1933: State Law Formed the Orange County Water District
(OCWD) as a Local Government Agency with Three
Main Purposes:
1. Manage the Groundwater Basin in Orange County
2. Conserve Groundwater Supplies, Both Quality and
Quantity
3. Protect Orange County Rights to River Flows and Handle
All Litigation
THE ORANGE COUNTY WATER DISTRICT
Desired Seawater
Holding Point Injection
Wells
Talbert Aquifer
Production
Wells
Pacific Ocean
Current Extent of Seawater Intrusion
SEAWATER INTRUSION!
NEED FOR A TALBERT GAP SEAWATER BARRIER
• Large Breach into OCWD Groundwater Basin from the Pacific
Ocean
• 1955-1965: Seawater Already Intruded 5 - 7 Km and Wells Lost
• 1960: OCWD Managers and Board Support Concept of Treating
Wastewater for Injection
• 1963: USA Supreme Court Decision Cut Metropolitan’s Firm
Share of Colorado River by 70%... Down to 816 GLY
• 1971: OCWD and State Health Department Agree that Tertiary
Water plus Deep-Well Water or “Desalter” Water Could Be
Injected
• Many Predict No Surplus Imported Water in 20 Years
• How Could OCWD Find a New, Dependable, Everyday, Long-
Term Supply of Fresh Water for a Talbert Gap Barrier???
WATER FACTORY 21
PRADO DAM… A NEW SOURCE OF WATER FOR
OCWD!
1941:
1990:
1992:
2005:
Dam Completed by USA After Destructive 1938
Santa Ana River Flood
OCWD Funded USA Study of Using Dam for Water
Conservation
USA Modifies Dam Operations to Hold Up to 10.6 GL
Between Storms
Dam Operations Modified to Hold Up to 32 GL During
Non-Flood Season
OCWD Persuades USA Congress to Vote for More
Conservation at Prado
Contract to Hold 16 GL During Flood Season and 32 GL
During Non-Flood Season
1985:
2006:
GOVERNMENT REGULATORY AGENCIES
FEDERAL• Army Corps of Engineers
• Bureau of Reclamation
• Environmental Protection Agency
• Fish and Wildlife Service
• United States Geological Survey
STATE OF CALIFORNIA AND COUNTIES• Department of Public Health
• Department of Fish and Game
• State Water Resources Control Board
• Regional Water Quality Control Board
• County Flood Control Districts
• County Health Departments
Ranching Farming
Population Growth and Urbanization
SANTA ANA WATERSHED CHALLENGES
Wastewater Discharges - Growing with Population=
WATERSHED ISSUES/CHALLENGES
• Salt Imbalance: 0.5 Million Metric Tons Per Year
• Dairies: 350,000 Cows on 10,100 Hectares
• Wastewater Discharges: Growing with Population
9 People to Each Cow
MAJOR WASTEWATER
TREATMENT PLANTS
# 1
• 1937: OCWD Takes Over Irvine
Ranch Suit Against Upstream
“Spreaders”
• 1942 : Settled with Reduced
Upstream Spreading and Water
Rights for OCWD
# 2
• 1951: OCWD Sues Four Upstream
Cities to Limit Upstream Production
from the River and to Protect River
Flows into Orange County
• 1957: Settled with Upstream Cities
Held to River Water Used in 1946
# 3
• 1963: OCWD Sues All Upstream…Over 4,000 Defendants…to Adjudicate
Water Rights of All Users Tributary to Prado Dam
• 1969: Settled…
• Allocated Natural River Flows
• Guaranteed 51.8 GLY Base Flow to OCWD
• Gave OCWD Rights to Store and Conserve Water Behind Prado
Dam
• Required Discharged Wastewater to Meet State Standards
• Established Water Master to Oversee Judgment
LAWSUITS…LAWSUITS…LAWSUITS
THE SANTA ANA WATERSHED PROJECT AUTHORITY
“SAWPA”
During Final Negotiations to Settle Lawsuit #3, Four of the Major
Parties Decide They Needed To Find Ways to Work Together
Instead of Suing Each Other!
OCWD and Three Regional Upstream Water Agencies formed the
Santa Ana Watershed Planning Authority
Purpose was to Plan Together to Improve Watershed Water
Quality and Pursue Other Common Interests
Lawsuit #3 Settled with Stipulated Judgment
“Planning Authority” Changed to the Santa Ana Watershed
Project Authority So the Members Could Actually Implement,
Construct and Operate Projects
1967
1969
1973
SAWPA
SANTA ANA RIVER WATERSHED
& SAWPA MEMBER AGENCIES
Santa Ana
River
Interceptor
120 Km Pipeline
System to Take 115
MLD of Non-
Reclaimable Waste
Water from Inland
Counties Directly to
the Ocean
MAJOR SAWPA PROJECTS
Arlington
Desalter
30 MLD RO
Plant to Treat
Groundwater for
Potable Uses
Chino
Desalter I
57 MLD RO and
Ion Exchange
Plant to Treat
Groundwater for
Potable Uses
Chino
Desalter II
38 MLD RO and
Ion Exchange
Plant to Treat
Groundwater for
Potable Reuse
Rapid
Infiltration
System
150 MLD Facility
for Tertiary
Treatment of
City Water for
Discharge to
River
1975 1990 1996 2000 2007
SARI Line
DESALTERS AND BRINELINE IN
THE WATERSHED
GOVERNANCE OF
SAWPA
FIVE
COMMISSIONERS(1 appointed by each
member)
FIVE GM’sCombined staffs
of over 1,200
General
Manager
of SAWPAStaff of about
20
VITAL CURRENT
SAWPA ACTIVITIES
• Operation of Santa Ana
Regional Inceptor (SARI)
• Administrator/Facilitator
of Required Multi-Agency
Task Forces Covering All
or Part of the Watershed
• Leader in Integrated
Regional Watershed
Planning
INTEGRATED REGIONAL WATERSHED PLANNING
• 1996: SAWPA Envisioned Need for Watershed-Wide Plan
• 1998: An “Integrated Water Resources Management Plan”
Prepared and Presented to SAWPA Board. Over Next Two
Years, SAWPA Met with Over 300 Local Entities in
Watershed to Develop Plan
• 2000: CA Voters Approve Prop. 13 with a “Southern
California Integrated Watershed Program” and $235 Million
Allocated to SAWPA to Award Funds to Stakeholders
State Endorsed SAWPA’s Model IRWP. In 2006 a Bond
Passed Mandating All Watersheds use SAWPA’s Model…
“One Water, One Watershed”
SAWPA’s “ONE WATER, ONE WATERSHED”
• Integrated Regional Water Management
Planning for Santa Ana River Watershed
• Over 2,000 Watershed Stakeholders Involved
• Template for Future Statewide Watershed Resource
Planning
• Watershed Planning to Allocate State Bond Funds to
Local Projects
Garry Brown -
Environment
Ali Sahabi -
Business
Marion Ashley –
Riverside Co.
Bill Campbell
Orange Co.
Josie Gonzales -
San Bernardino
Co.
Ron Sullivan –
SAWPAWyatt Troxel –
SAWPA
Ron Loveridge
City of RiversidePat Morris – City of
San Bernardino
Beth Krom –
City of Irvine
OWOW STEERING COMMITTEE
Three Elected County Supervisors
Three Elected Mayors of Large Cities
WHAT IS THE GROUNDWATER
REPLENISHMENT SYSTEM ?
• Larger and Improved Replacement For
World-famous Water Factory 21
• 265 MLD Advanced Water Purification
Facility
• State-of-the-Art Technology
Microfiltration (MF)
Reverse Osmosis (RO)
Ultraviolet Light (UV) With
Hydrogen Peroxide
• Results In Near-distilled-quality Water
• Enough Water for 500,000+ People
Each Year
• Provides 20% of Water Supplies for
OCWD Basin
THE GWR SYSTEM “COLLABORATION” MID-1990s
• Orange County Water District
(OCWD)
Needed 132 MLD GWR System for
Bigger Seawater Barrier
• Orange County Sanitation District
(OCSD)
Needed a New Ocean Outfall for Peak
Flows
• Solution
GWR System Enlarged to 265 MLD With
Capacity to Take 380 MLD Peaks from
OCSD
OCSD Uses Outfall Money to Pay Half of
the Capital Cost of Enlarged GWR
System
TWO GOVERNMENT AGENCIES – TWO BOARDS
OCWD BOARD
• Ex-Mayor/Council 5
• Mayor/Council 3
• Other 2
TOTAL 10
(7 Elected + 3 Appointed
by Elected Bodies)
OCSD BOARD
• Cities 21
• Districts 3
• County 1
TOTAL 25
(All Appointed from
Elected Bodies)
INDEPENDENT ADVISORY PANEL
• Appointed By National Water
Research Institute in 2004
• Leading Experts in Hydrogeology,
Chemistry, Toxicology,
Microbiology, Engineering, Public
Health, Public Communications
and Environmental Protection
• Review Operations, Monitoring
and Water Quality
• Panel Makes Recommendations
to OCWD and Regulatory
Agencies to Assure Quality and
Reliability
GWR SYSTEM FINANCIALS
CAPITAL COSTS:
$481 Million for Entire System
$92 Million Received in Federal and State Grants
O & M COSTS:
Total O&M Costs Approximately $29 Million Per Year
$9 Million Per Year Subsidy from Metropolitan Water District
WATER COSTS:
Currently About $0.46 Per Cubic Meter and Decreasing with Time
Without Grants, Subsidies and OCSD Capital Share, About $0.70
Per Cubic Meter
Water Costs Include All Capital and O&M Costs for the Entire
System
OVERCOMING PUBLIC PERCEPTION
• “Toilet to Tap” Catch
Phrase
• Educating Public on
Science Behind
System
• Allowing Media to
“Try Water for
Themselves”
PUBLIC OUTREACH PROCESS FOR GWRS
• Meetings with All Elected
Officials… Local, State and
National
• Presentations to Community
Groups, Organizations, Clubs,
etc… Over 1,500 to Date
• Tours of the Advanced Water
Purification Plant
• Tours of the Recharge Facilities
• Press Releases, Editorial Board
Briefings, Briefings for Each
New Reporter
• Cable/Local TV AppearancesMembers of
Parliament,
Victoria, AUS
POLITICAL COURAGE
Congresswoman Napolitano
Lt. Governor Garamendi
• Politicizing “Toilet to Tap” in
Past Elections
• Do The Right Thing
• No Rewards Without Risk
• Leadership Means Making
Difficult Non Self-Serving
Decisions
• Important to Secure Support in
Writing
COMMUNITY SUPPORT MINIMIZES
MEDIA POWER
• Balanced Media Coverage
in National, Local and
Trade Publications
• International Recognition
Through Global and
National Awards:
Stockholm Industry Water
Award
ASCE National Outstanding
Civil Engineering
Achievement
Public Relations Society of
America Silver Anvil
SOURCES OF OCWD RECHARGE WATERAnnual Total 398-487 GLY
Santa Ana River
Storm Flows -
62 GL
(16%)
Other * - 9 GL
(2%)
Surplus
Imported
Water – 80 GL
(20%)
Natural Incidental
Recharge – 74 GL
(19%)
Santa Ana River
Base Flows
173 GL
(43%)
GWR
System
89 GL
(22%)
(18%)
(15%)
FOR OUR FUTURE… “NEW BLUE WATER”
New Blue Water Projects Use Advance Water
Recycling Treatments to Produce Water that Meets
Drinking Water Standards... Water Suitable for
Human Consumption
In Southern California Alone, Over 4,900 GLD of
Treated Wastewater are Discharged into the Pacific
Ocean
Currently Proposed New Blue Water Projects Would
Purify 10% of Southern California’s Wasted
Wastewater Resulting in Over 410 GLD of Drinking
Water
Enough New Blue Water to Meet the Needs
of 1 Million Southern California Residents
EARLY INDIRECT POTABLE REUSE PROJECTS
Project Start Size (MLD) Treatment Use
Whittier Narrows, CA 1963 149 Tertiary Percolation
South Lake Tahoe,
CA
1966 25 Tertiary, GAC Injection
Windhoek, Africa 1969 17 Advanced
without
membranes
DPR
Water Factory 21,
OCWD
1976 17 RO,UV Injection
Upper Occoquan, VA 1981 91 Tertiary, GAC Reservoir
El Paso, TX 1986 25 Tertiary, GAC Injection
West Basin, LA 1996 20 MF, RO Injection
Scottsdale, AZ 2002 34 MF, RO Injection
RECENT ADVANCED WATER
PURIFICATION PROJECTS
Project Start Size (MLD) Treatment Use
GWR System, OCWD 2008 265 MF, RO, UV Perc/Inject
Singapore NEWater 2003 34 MF, RO, UV Reservoir
West Basin
Expansion, LA
2006 25 MF, RO, UV Injection
LA Harbor Project 2006 24 MF, RO Injection
Alamitos Gap, LA 2005 10 MF, RO, UV Injection
Western Corridor
Recycled Water
Project (Bundamba,
Luggage Point,
Gibson Island,
Queensland)
2007 Up to 230 MF, RO, UV Reservoir
PROPOSED “NEW BLUE” WATER PROJECTS
Project Start Size (MLD) Treatment Use
GWR System
Expansion, OCWD
2012 101 MF, RO, UV Perc/Inject
Water Replenishment,
CA
54 MF, RO, UV Percolation
Los Angeles, CA 51 MF, RO, UV Percolation
Santa Clara Valley, CA 20 MF, RO, UV Percolation
San Diego, CA 51 MF, RO, UV Reservoir
San Bernardino, CA 34 MF, RO, UV Percolation
Escondido, CA 34 MF, RO, UV Reservoir
Future Australian
Projects
Up to 196+ MF, RO, UV Reservoir
CONTACT INFORMATION
Orange County Water District
Director Phil Anthony
(714) 378-3200
www.ocwd.com
Groundwater
Replenishment System
www.gwrsystem.com
Santa Ana Watershed
Protection Agency
www.sawpa.org