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Nick Burns, P.E.Director of Water Treatment Technology

Water Reuse as a Means to Provide

ResilienceApril 22, 2020

70th Annual Environmental Engineering ConferenceResilient Engineered Environmental Systems

Gil Hurwitz, Jay DeCarolis, Jo Ann Jackson, and Zeynep Erdal

Santa Clara Valley Water District – Advanced Water Purification Center

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Agenda

• What Is Water Resilience?

• How Does Reuse Improve Water Resilience?

• Case Studies

• Singapore

• Silicon Valley, CA

• San Diego, CA

• Melbourne, Australia

• Orange County, CA

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What Is Water Resilience?

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What is Water Resilience?

�Having a reliable water supply that can

adapt and respond to change

�Reliability/Adaptability

• Affordable

• Treatment flexibility to manage variable

feed water quality

• Robust to produce high quality treated

water

• Minimize environmental pollution

OCWD/OCSD – Groundwater Replenishment System

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How Does Reuse Improve Water Resilience?

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Managing Future Water Challenges

• Water challenges are inevitable

• Growing water stress

• Reuse increases water supply

without requiring new water

sources

These challenges drive utilities to evaluate water reuse to provide a resilient water supply.

Source: A. Boretti and L. Rosa, “Reassessing the projections of the World Water

Development Report” NPJ Clean Water (2019)

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Reuse Driver 1 - Drought

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Reuse Driver 2 -Groundwater Withdrawal

Source: USGS.gov

• Limited withdrawals

• Subsidence

• Seawater intrusion

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Reuse Driver 3 - Water Quality Change

• Algal blooms

• Point- and non-point sources of pollution

• Fires and hurricanes

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Reuse Driver 4 - Cost

• High cost of conventional water sources

• Fit for purpose

• Improved wastewater quality

West Basin Municipal Water District, CAAdapted from WRF, 2014

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Reuse Driver 5 – Wastewater Discharge Limitations

• Increasingly restrictive water quality

requirements for municipal effluent

• Elimination of ocean outfalls through

regulatory action

Eastern Treatment Plant – Melbourne, AU

Hampton Roads and Norfolk, VA

These five drivers are making reuse more attractive in locations often considered water rich.

Our Water Cycle Is Connected, Driving Supply Reliability and Resilience

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Advanced Water Treatment

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Example Potable Reuse Treatment Trains

Source: 2017 Potable Reuse Compendium (USEPA 2017)

Reverse Osmosis

• TDS, inorganic,

and organics

removal

Ozone + BAF/GAC

• Organics removal

Ozone + BAF/GAC + RO

• Improved operation

• Capital and operating

cost savings

• Multiple barriers

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Full Advanced Treatment Is the Benchmark

Carbon Based Alternative Technology Can Reduce Implementation Costs

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Case Study 1 -

NEWaterSingapore

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Singapore

• Land size ~300 square miles

• Population ~ 5.5 million

• Public Utilities Board (PUB)

• Provides management and

regulation of water supply

• Singapore “National Taps”

• Collected Rainfall

• Imported Water from Malaysia

• Reclaimed Water (NEWater)

• Desalinated Water

Singapore is a highly dense region that implements diverse water supply portfolio with reuse being a primary supply.

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NEWater Factories of Singapore

NEWater plants currently supply up to 40% of Singapore's current water needs; by 2060 this is expected to increase to 55%

Facility

CAPACITY

(mgd) Product Water Uses

1Changi 60 • Indirect potable reuse

• Wafer fabrication

• Other non potable and

industrial applications

2Bedok 22

1Ulu Pandan 38

2 Kranji 38

1 Plants owned and operated by a concession company under DBOO arrangement 2 Plant owned and operated by PUB

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Deep Tunnel Sewerage System

The DTSS was developed to meet Singapore’s long term clean water needs through collection, treatment, reclamation and disposal of industrial and municipal used water

• Massive network of deep tunnels to

convey domestic water to centralized

WRPs

• Designed to provide “100 years of

maintenance- free design life”

• Phase 1 DTSS

• Provides used water to Changi WRP

• Phase II DTSS

• Extends tunnels west to Tuas WRP and

NEWater Factory

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ResilienceDrought

Groundwater

Water Quality Change

Cost

Discharge LimitationsWater independence was a fundamental

Ulu Pandan Wastewater Treatment Plant – Singapore

Changi NEWater Plant – Singapore

• Source independence

• Weather resilient

• Potable supply augmentation

• Industrial uses

• Environmental benefits

• Economic benefits

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Case Study 2 -

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Advanced Water Purification Center (AWPC)Santa Clara Valley Water District, CA

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Silicon Valley Advanced Water Purification Center (AWPC)

This project has won several awards including Water Reuse National Project of the Year and Global Water Intelligence Association Reuse Plant of the Year

• Partnership Santa Clara Valley Water District

(SCVWD) and the City of San Jose, CA

• Source water secondary effluent from the San

Jose-Santa Clara Regional Wastewater Facility

• Goal: produce high purity recycled water to

reduce existing recycled water salinity and

increase marketability of existing recycled

water supply

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Silicon Valley Advanced Water Purification Center (AWPC)

PURIFICATION

PROCESS

FUNCTION NET CAPACITY

(MGD)

SPECIAL

REQUIREMENTS

Microfiltration/

Ultrafiltration

Pretreatment of nitrified

secondary effluent to

reduce TSS

10.5 Preselection of

MF/UF mfg’s

Reverse Osmosis TDS reduction 8 Decarbonization

process to stabilize

product water

Ultraviolet

Disinfection

Disinfection of product

water

10 NWRI Guidelines

UV Validation

Preselection of mfg’s

Silicon Valley AWPC uses a multiple-barrier approach for advanced potable-ready reuse

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Resilience

Drought

Groundwater

Water Quality Change

Cost

Discharge Limitations

Water quality and public perception were major drivers.

• Diversify water sources

• Secure drought-proof supply

• Reduce discharge into San Francisco Bay

• Improve public acceptance of recycled water

SJ/SC Water Pollution Control and Purification Facilities

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Case Study 3 -

Pure Water San Diego, CA

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City of San Diego Case Study

• Limited local water supplies; heavy

reliance on imported water

• Importing water from California Bay

Delta and Colorado River and Northern

results in environmental stresses

• City’s largest WWTP (Point Loma)

operates enhanced primary treatment

EPA NPDES expired; permit modification

contingent on maximizing reuse

Environmental constraints such as endangered protected fish, drought, and NPDES permit modification requirements were key drivers for San Diego to invest in water reuse

Water Reuse in San Diego is an important

component of San Diego Water Supply Portfolio

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2012 San Diego Recycled Water Study

• Water reuse target set as total amount

of wastewater available in the Metro

Service Area (~200 mgd)

• Primary drivers:

• Value of water

• Water quality benefits

• Beneficial project size versus costs

• Reuse program induced savings

Water quality benefits such as improving ocean water quality and reduction of salinity levels via IPR were key drivers used to establish San Diego Reuse targets

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Recycled Water Study Results and Conclusions

• Five integrated reuse alternatives identified:

• 83 mgd new IPR

• 3 mgd new non potable

• Favorable water costs

Reuse for San Diego was identified to be environmentally friendly by reducing imported water, lowering energy use and overall carbon footprint.

Tier 1 – Direct WW System Savings ($557M capital & $28M O&M)

Tier 2 – Salt Reduction Credit($100/acre foot; not including customer savings)

Tier 3 – Avoiding Secondary Treatment

($463M capital & $13M O&M)

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Resilience

Drought

Groundwater

Water Quality Change

Cost

Discharge Limitations

Phased, multi-year program to maximize water efficiency.

San Diego AWPF 1 MGD Demonstration Plant

• Local/reliable supply

• Avoid mounting environmental stress & cost of imported water

• Reduce wastewater discharge flows

• Enhances sustainability

• Improves water quality

• Empowers long term cost control

• Supported by stakeholders

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Case Study 4 -

Eastern Treatment PlantMelbourne Australia

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Non-RO based Reuse – Melbourne

• $10M pilot program with 16 processes

• $440M x 220 MGD Reuse Facility

• World’s Largest Reuse Facility

• Upgraded in 2012 to provide Class A Water

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REUSE FACILTY FLOW DIAGRAM

Non-RO based Reuse Data

8-years of full-scale data

• Pathogen inactivation

• Particle removal

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• EDCs/PPCPs

• Operational data

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220 mgd Advanced Tertiary Treatment Plant

• Class A Water

• Fit-for-use

• International

Awards

Drought

Groundwater

Water Quality Change

Cost

Discharge Limitations

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Case Study 5 -

Groundwater Replenishment System (GWRS)Orange County, CA

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Orange County Water DistrictGround Water Replenishment System

• World’s largest system for IPR

• Protect groundwater basins from seawater intrusion

• Replenish local groundwater supplies

• Provides new potable water for ~850,000 residents

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Orange County Water DistrictGround Water Replenishment System

• Provide multi-barrier treatment system to meet drinking water requirements

• Full Advanced Treatment

• Membrane filtration

• RO desalination

• UV-AOP

• Stabilization

• Currently undergoing expansion to 130 MGD

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Converting 100 MGD from

discharge to supply

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Groundwater Replenishment System (GWRS) at OCWD, CA

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OCWD

• Critical source during 2012-2019 drought

• Improved supply reliability and diversification

• Minimized sea water intrusion

• Reduced dependence on imported water

GWRS

• Both agencies shared the cost of construction (70 mgd @$481M)

• One-half the cost of imported supplies

• Cost savings passed to infrastructure investment and conservation programs

OCSD

• Avoided construction of a second ocean outfall (projected cost ~$350M)

• Good environmental steward

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Reuse can provide water resilience

Drought

Groundwater

Water Quality Change

Cost

Discharge Limitations

Upon looking at holistic costs – utilities are finding reuse to be a financially attractive means to solve multiple issues.

OCWD/OCSD – Groundwater Replenishment System

OCSD Clarifiers

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Nick Burns, P.E.Director of Water Treatment Technology

BurnsNL@BV.com

913-908-2171