Water Sanitation Techniques

7/23/2019 Water Sanitation Techniques

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Water Purification Techniques

• Boiling

• Sunlight Exposure• Chlorination

• Flocculation

• Filtration - Straining• Three-Pot Treatment



Boiling

• Equipment/Skill equire!"

# Water container

# $ntense heat # fuel %&oo!' gas' etc( # Prefera)l* a fuel efficient sto+e

# ,ust )e a)le to pro!uce heat

• Process"

# Water shoul! )e place! in a container an! heate! until )oiling

# The &ater shoul! )e allo&e! to )oil for at least . minutes

# 0nce coole! the &ater &ill )e rea!* to use



Boiling

• 1!+antages

# Simple an! effecti+e metho! of purification

# Will kill man* &ater)orne )acteria through the intenseheat

# 2ses local a+aila)le materials

• 3isa!+antages

# Can sometimes )e !ifficult' time consuming' an! cost inefficient )ecause of the high +olume of fuel use!

# Will not remo+e mu! from 4murk*5 &ater

# Will not remo+e suspen!e! or !issol+e! compoun!s



Sunlight Exposure

• Equipment/Skill equire!"

# 3isposa)le clear plastic )ottles %glass )ottles shoul! not )e use! as the* !o not letenough sunlight into the &ater(

# Bright sunlight

• Process"

# Fill a clean )ottle' lea+ing a quarter empt*

# Put the top on an! shake the )ottle for 6 secon!s

# The )ottle! shoul! then )e left in sunlight%usuall* on the roof of *our home( for one !a*

%or t&o !a*s if the sk* is clou!*(

# 3rink the &ater straight from the )ottle to a+oi!cross-contamination

# $n the rain* season' paint one si!e of the )ottle )lack

This &ill increase the &ater temperature quicker

# The painte! si!e shoul! )e place! un!erneath



Sunlight Exposure

• 1!+antages"

# 7ills harmful )acteria an! pathogens

# Simple' con+enient an! inexpensi+e # $f use! correctl*' the &ater is as clean as )oile! &ater

# Will not change the taste of &ater

• 3isa!+antages"

# Will not remo+e mu! from 4murk*5 &ater

# 1 8-.6 hour &aiting perio!



Chlorination

• Equipment/skill require!"

# 9ousehol! )leach

# Water +essel # Stirrer

# Clearest &ater possi)le

• Process"

# Boil the &ater for : minutes

# 1!! the )leach to &ater

# Stir thoroughl*

# ;et it stan! for at least < minutes



Chlorination

• 1!+antages"

# Eas* to use metho! of chemical purification of &ater

# Effecti+e at killing )acteria an! +iruses # $nexpensi+e

• 3isa!+antages"

# =ot effecti+e at killing all parasites # Complex compoun!s can form &ith organic material &hich o+er

time can )e ha>ar!ous to health

# $t is )est to use the &ater in a shorter perio! of time an! store it ina plastic container in a cool an! sha!e! place



Coagulation an!

Flocculation• Equipment/skill require!"

# 1 coagulant %ex aluminium sulphate(

# Some skill/training

# 6 +essels # Stirrer

# Filter # a cloth

• Process"

# 1!! a coagulant to &ater an! stir rapi!l* # 1llo& to stan! for some time' an! continuousl* stir slo&l* to form

large flocs

# The forme! flocs clean the &ater )* attracting pathogens an! other

microorganisms

# emo+e the flocs using filtration an! )e careful to not re-contaminate the &ater



Coagulation an!

Flocculation

• 1!+antages" # Pro+en re!uction of +iruses' )acteria' proto>oa

# Pestici!e an! hea+* metal remo+al # Simple technolog* an! use

• 3isa!+antages"

# ,a* )e toxic if use! improperl* # Coul! )e more expensi+e an! complicate! than other

metho!s !ue to increase! num)er of require! materials an!skill

# equires multiple steps



Filtration -Straining


# Porous )arrier" cost an! efficienc* !epen!s on the )arrier" clean&o+en fi)ers %cotton cloth' linen' others( ,oringa tree see! press

cake' ceramic filter # Water +essel

• Process"

# Fix the )arrier on top of the &ater +essel

# $f using cloth it shoul! )e fol!e! ?-@ times to create a thicker )arrier

# Pour &ater through the )arrier into the +essel' trapping soli!s an! particles on top of the )arrier

# Take care to onl* allo& filtere! &ater to reach the )ucket



Settling

• ;etting &ater collecte! !uring the !a* settle o+er night can )e an

effecti+e &a* of impro+ing the clearness of &ater )* re!ucing tur)it*

%+er* murk* &ater( an! is a cheap alternati+e to san! filtering

• 9o&e+er *ou must lea+e un!istur)e! for a sufficient perio! of time%at least . hours(' out of sunlight %at night(' in a seale! container is

)est

• Warning: Must be used in conjunction with Filtering. This is only

a pre-treatment to make Filtering more effective

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esources courtes* of 9ealth E!ucation to Aillagers' http"//het+org/resources/safe&ater/manual/ch:htmfigure:



Filtering Water with !loth

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esources courtes* of 9ealth E!ucation to Aillagers' http"//het+org/resources/safe&ater/manual/ch:htmfigure:







• 1!+antages" # Cost effecti+e

# $mme!iate access to &ater

# Filters out all particles that are larger than the pores in the )arrier

# Can )e cleane! an! reuse!

# 3oes not alter taste of &ater

• 3isa!+antages" # 3oes not guarantee remo+al of all +irus particles an! infectious

contaminants' chemicals' pollutants' chemicals an! poor tastes

# Shoul! not )e use! as a sole purification metho!



Three-Pot Treatment


# < &ater +essels/pots for processingD . for collection of !irt* &ater an! . forcollection of clean &ater

# if possi)le - a flexi)le pipe to siphon &ater as it !istur)s se!iment less than pouring

# if possi)le - a cloth or an* filtration )arrier

• Process"

# Pour &ater into the first pot %pouring it through cloth increases efficienc*(

# ;et the &ater settle for as man* hours as possi)le # a length of ust one !a* ckill of more than : of most )acteria

# Pour &ater into a secon! pot' let it settle again

# Then pour into the thir! pot an! let it settle again

# 3rinking &ater is !ra&n from the thir! pot onl*



Three-Pot Treatment



Three-Pot Treatment

• 1!+antages" # Cost effecti+e

# Eas* to use an! maintain # Bacterial contamination le+els !ecrease through

settlement an! o+er time

• 3isa!+antages" # 3oes not guarantee complete remo+al of some )acteria

an! micro-organisms

# Coul! take a fe& !a*s to treat &ater

Documents

Water Sanitation Techniques