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Water seminarBrussels, July 2010
Lessons on transboundary cooperation
A. Liebaert, DG DEV/B/1
Transboundary basins - contextTransboundary basins - context
• Water (surface & ground) crosses boundaries
Political & physical boundaries at local, national, & regional levels
• Management of water at the regional level is in itself a public good - Flood & drought protection, water quality management, ecosystem services
• Sharing benefits from water development vs sharing physical quantities of water– Rationale choice in water scarce regions
• Cooperation on TB waters can support wider regional integration objectives
•Africa’s 63 transboundary river basins account for:
- 93% of the resource
- 77% of the population
- 61% of the surface area
•Climate variability
•Colonial legacy - borders & boundaries
•Regional integration agenda
The transboundary The transboundary water resources water resources challenge in Africachallenge in Africa
Development - key clusters of tangible benefits
1. Hydropower•Storage for hydropower•Electricity trade (power markets)
2. Primary production•Agriculture•Forestry•Bioenergy
3. Industry & Urbanization•Domestic use•Industrial use•Navigation•Flood & drought protection
4. Environmental services• Water quality management•Biodiversity & conservation•Tourism• Fisheries
SIWI, CSIR, DPA 2008
Water activities – adding value Water activities – adding value
Water information
• Monitoring & data collection of all raw water flows
• Classification of water systems
• Water information to support decision making
Water governance
• Water policy choices to guide water use
- Eg cost recovery
• Planning water use in society
-Eg tradoffs
• Water access rights
• Institution building - Several levels
Water services
• Multipurpose water development & storage
• Watershed restoration & management
Service provision including:• Energy production
• Primary production
• Industry & domestic use & treatment
• Ecosystem services Granit, 2010
Lessons from the Nile
• 10 countries: Burundi, D.R. Congo, Egypt, (Eritrea), Ethiopia, Kenya, Rwanda, Sudan, Tanzania, Uganda
• 300 m people in the basin (Egypt and Ethiopia largest)
• 600 m 2025
• Poverty: 4 of 10 poorest
• Climate variability
• Landscape vulnerability
• Limited infrastructure
Nile Basin geography
& challenges
Irrigated Agriculture
Flood mngmt.
WatershedManagement
RegionalTransmissionSystem
LocalCommunityInfrastructure
HydrometSystem
Hydropower
From Single Output …
Growth PoleInvestments
to Multiple Interests (WB, Fields)
Energy for growth
Fisheries & aquatic ecosystems
From sharing water (quantity) to sharing benefits - incentives for cooperation
Environmental: to the rivere.g. water quality & biodiversity
Direct economic: from the riverproductive use e.g irrigation
Reducing costs: because of rivere.g. conflicts
Indirect economic: beyond the riverregional integration
Nile Basin Initiative (NBI)Shared Vision – Shared Goals
“to achieve sustainable socio-economic development through the equitable utilization of, and benefit from, the common Nile Basin
water resources”
• Building Trust• Agreeing to work together in a structured way• Cooperating through accelerated investments
Yet after 10 years, negotiations remain centered around Old Perceptions
SVPApplied Training Project (APT)
Nile Transboundary Environmental Action Project (NTEAP)
Efficient Water Use for Agricultural Production (EWUAP)
Confidence Building and Stakeholder Involvement (CBSI)
Socio-economic Development and Benefit Sharing (SDBS)
Shared Vision Program Coordination Project (SVP-C)
Regional Power Trade (RPT)
ENTROAddis
NBI SECRETARIAT
Entebbe
Water Resources Planning and Management (WRPM)
NELSAP-CUKigali
Potential for ‘cooperative’ investment
• Sufficient water for multi-purpose development in a cooperative framework
• Hydropower development through the Blue Nile storage will have no lasting adverse downstream impacts provided an agreed filling strategy takes into account downstream needs
• The planned aspirations for water withdrawal for consumptive use can be met with only minor impacts on reliability
• There are significant opportunities for water conservation measure in higher rainfall zones (e.g,. In reservoirs, lakes/wetlands and irrigation)
• Climate change is a significant issue facing the Basin. There is need to develop credible methods to examine possible future impacts.
The cost of non-cooperation
• Risk for negative impacts on human security and human development
• Unpredictability, less preparedness for floods and drought
• Mobilising funds for multi-purpose investments and infrastructure is hard without co-operation
• Risk for increased tension and conflict
Lessons from donor cooperation in transboundary basins
in Africa
Note: One donor per bullet
Source: GTZ (2007): Donor activity in transboundary water cooperation in Africa
Financial support for river and lake basins
Donor Support – ODA to transboundary water
Challenges for Implementing Paris Declaration at regional level
• Donor Coordination across basins is weak • Donor coordination around each institution is
weak with only a few exceptions (SADC, Nile)
• Potential for increased coordination through mechanisms such as lead donor arrangements, basket funding, TA-pooling, etc
Support to TBW - Issues
• Improved predictability needed • Alignment and closer links between regional
and national support programs• Lack of investment-ready proposals • Capacity development• Strengthen institutional framework and planning
processes
Lessons from EC support to transboundary basins in Africa
EC support to TBW
• Regional programming : no priority for TBW
• EUWI/Africa-EU Partnership : • 5 basins (Niger, Volta, L. Chad, Kagera, Orange)
• EUWF : direct agreement (NBI, Niger, AWF/Congo), calls for proposals (Niger, Sénégal, ANBO)
• Infrastructure TF : only one out of … - case of Lake Victoria
Lessons
• TIME …• Ownership : no demand channeled through Regional
organisations• Reinforcement of an institutional architecture (AUC,
AMCOW, RECs, RBOs) to prioritise TBW in regional programmes
• Need for ad-hoc donor driven support – to strengthen RBOs and processes
• Complementarity of regional – national WRM plans• Project preparation – pooling of resources for large scale
investment