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Piped water supplies are ordinarily used for
1. Potable water for homes, schools, industries, etc.
2. Fire fighting
3. Nonagricultural irrigation (lawns and gardens)
!"#$ %&PP'
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WATER QUALITY
ater intended for human consumption must meet
etensi*e
physical, chemical, and biological standards for +uality and
reliability. "hese standards include colour, taste, and
transparency
as well as freedom from bacteria and chemicals related to human
or
industrial wastes. %pecific water +uality standards are
published in
the &nited %tates by indi*idual state and federal agencies,
but there
are *ariations between states and counties and these standards
do
change with time. %ome eisting public water supplies do not
meet
all the standards to which they are subect because
(1) most of these standards are *ery conser*ati*e and
(2) some are not related to public health or safety but
rather to
aesthetic +ualities of water (e.g., the ease of use in
washing
machines).
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WATER QUANTITY
The amount of water used in various parts of theworld
varieswith regional legal, and politial traditions! "or instane, in
thenorth eastern United #tates the average water use is
a$out%&gal '()& L* per apita per da+ in rural areas, and
&-gal '&%-L* per apita per da+ in metropolitan areas! This
is a region
- '*where the English ommon.law tradition limits the right
towater /! to non.onsumptive uses 'use and return to stream*,
- '(* where little water is used for irrigation, and
- '0*where water suppl+ s+stems are funded entirel+ with
loalfees and ta1es! In metropolitan areas of the southwest,
where
the #panish law tradition grants preemptive rights to water ona
2rst ome.2rst.esta$lished $asis, average 'pu$lil+ supplied*water
use is a$out 0&- gal '0(&L* per apita per da+!
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"ables 1/01 and 1/02 illustrate the specific water re+uirements
for *arious
land uses and the rates of flow for *arious plumbing
fitures.
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"IRE "I34TIN3 REQUIRE5ENT#
- Elevated tan6s lin6ed to the water suppl+ s+stem,
orsurfae water impoundments ma+ $e used as 2re2ghting reserves for
large $uilding omple1es or densedevelopment!
- "ire h+drants should $e laid out so that at least
twoare within &- to )- m '&--to 7--ft* of ever+$uilding,
with a larger num$er within that distane ofan+ ma8or $uilding or
ongested area!
- The pea6 rate of 9ow in su$ur$an neigh$ourhoods onhot
summer da+s an su$stantiall+ redue the a$ilit+of the s+stem to
deliver water re:uired for 2re 2ghting!Nonessential water use ma+
need to $e restrited!
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#;URed engineering andBor h+dro geologie1pertise
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RE#ERC;IR /E#I3N
