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WATER TANKS
Bro Sr Azrin bin Mohd DinOctober 2014
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Water Tanks
• container for storing water• the need is as old as civilisation• storage of water for
– drinking water, – irrigation agriculture, – fire suppression, – agricultural farming, – both for plants and livestock, – manufacturing, – food preparation – many other applications
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Water Tanks -History
• Material - wood, ceramic and stone• Indus Valley Civilization (IVC) was a Bronze
Age civilization (3300–1300 BCE; mature period 2600–1900 BCE) extending from what today is northeast Afghanistan to Pakistan and northwest India
• prominent in hydraulic engineering• had many water supply and sanitation devices
that were the first of their kind
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Water Tanks -History
• Mohenjo-daro is one of the best excavated and studied settlements from this civilization
• The Great Bath might be the first of its kind in pre-historic period
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Water Tanks -History
• This ancient town had more than 700 wells• Most houses had one private well
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• Dholavira, located in Gujarat, India, had a series of water storing tanks and step wells, and its water management system has been called "unique“
• completely built out of stone
Water Tanks -History
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• storing the fresh water brought by rains• to store the water diverted from two nearby
rivulets• advantage of the slope of the ground within
the large settlement, drop of 13 m from northeast to northwest
• cut through stones vertically
Water Tanks -History
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Water Tanks -History
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Water Tanks
• three kinds of water tanks, resting – on ground
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Water Tanks
• three kinds of water tanks, resting – underground
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Water Tanks
• three kinds of water tanks, resting – elevated
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Water Tanks
How a water tower works:1. Pump station2. Reservoir3. Water user
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Water Tanks
• reservoir in the tower may be – spherical, – cylindrical, or – an ellipsoid
Tri-axial ellipsoid with distinct semi-axis lengths c>b>a
Water tower in Rochester, Minnesota painted as an ear of corn
Water Tower in Gyöngyös Hungary
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• plastics (polyethylene, polypropylene),
Water Tanks - material
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• plastics (polyethylene, polypropylene),
Water Tanks - material
IN THE Budget 2013, a sum of RM 100 million is allocated to Sabah and Sarawak to supply 40,000 plastic water tanks for the rural districts to harvest the rain water. This works out to be RM2,500 per tank.
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• plastics (polyethylene, polypropylene),
Water Tanks - material
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• plastics (polyethylene, polypropylene), – light, – variety of colours and – long serviceable life– material is made from petrochemicals– take generations to break down and – will release toxins as it does so– easily recycled after 15 years
Water Tanks - material
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• fiberglass, – composite material made of a plastic matrix
reinforced by glass fibre, woven into a mat– watertight– strong lightweight material– its raw materials are much cheaper– readily moulded into complex shapes– resistant to UV exposure and weather elements– thicker and more durable than plastic– storage in extended depths– easy Installation
Water Tanks - material
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• fiberglass, – tend to allow more light in than other types of
tank materials, this can encourage the growth of algae
– brittle, leaving it prone to cracks
Water Tanks - material
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• fiberglass
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• Fiberglass– typical storage tank has
• an inlet, • an outlet, • a vent, • an access port, • a drain, and • an overflow nozzle• access ladder• level gauges
– size of FRP Vessels is rarely limited by manufacturing technology, but rather by economics
Water Tanks - material
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• fiberglass
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• fiberglass
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• fiberglass
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• Concrete– Advantages• Easily adaptable to different shapes & architectural
treatments• Many contractors have the capability to place
reinforced concrete• Durability• Proven track record of over 100 years
Water Tanks - material
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• Concrete– Disadvantages• Owner preferences may dictate against using
reinforced concrete• Cost considerations due to quantity of materials
required• Construction detailing• Cracking & durability
Water Tanks - material
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• Concrete– Design consideration• Seismic loads• Floatation• Abnormal pressure loads• Retaining elements• Influence of adjacent / superimposed structures• Integration into existing facilities• Security (Access & Defensive)• Construction details• Lining systems (waterproofing)
Water Tanks - material
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• Concrete– design working life of waterworks structures shall
be 50 years – dense impermeable concrete is required– compaction by vibration is essential– permeability of the thoroughly compacted
concrete is dependent on water cement ratio• increase in water cement ratio increases permeability, • while concrete with low water cement ratio is difficult
to compact
Water Tanks - material
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• Concrete– causes of leakage in concrete are • defects such as segregation and • honey combing
– joints should be made water-tight as these are potential sources of leakage
Water Tanks - material
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• Concrete
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• Concrete– Contraction Joint. • a movement joint with
deliberate discontinuity without initial gap between the concrete on either side of the joint• purpose of this joint is
to accommodate contraction of the concrete.
Water Tanks - material
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• Concrete– Contraction Joint. • either complete contraction joint or • partial contraction joint• complete contraction joint is - both steel and concrete
are interrupted
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• Concrete– Contraction Joint. • partial contraction
joint - only the concrete is interrupted, the reinforcing steel running through
Water Tanks - material
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• Concrete– Expansion Joint.
• a joint with complete discontinuity in both reinforcing steel and concrete
• to accommodate either expansion or contraction of the structure
• initial gap between the adjoining parts of a structure - closing or opening accommodates the expansion or contraction of the structure
Water Tanks - material
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• Concrete• Sliding Joint. – a joint with complete
discontinuity in both reinforcement and concrete
– special provision to facilitate movement in plane of the joint
– provided between wall and floor in some tank designs
Water Tanks - material
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• Concrete– Construction Joint. • provided for convenience in construction• achieve subsequent continuity without relative
movement• one application of these joints is between successive
lifts in a reservoir wall.
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• Waterproofing– ensure the water tightness, preventing• flow of water from inside the structure to outside, and • infiltration of water from the surrounding soil into the
structure• watertight concrete is achieved by a combination of
– selective materials,– good workmanship and – full attention to details
– prevent passage of water under hydrostatic pressure
Water Tanks - material
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• Waterproofing– base concrete laid, avoid cracks and leakages• Movements due to
– shrinkage and creep– variation of temperature and humidity– dissipation of heat generated by the concrete in the process
of hydration– Damage to the concrete by the percolation of chemically
aggressive liquids from outside– Damage due to uneven settlement of foundations– Cracking of concrete caused by rusting of bars– Hydrostatic uplift force
Water Tanks - material
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• Waterproofing– types of waterproofing classified under four
categories:• Capillary Waterproofing• Flexible Cementitious Waterproofing• Liquid Applied Polymer Coatings• Sheet Membranes
Water Tanks - material
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• Waterproofing– types of waterproofing classified under four
categories:• Capillary Waterproofing
– Soluble salts react with water and forms crystals which blocks the voids to prevent any moisture migration.
– fills voids in concrete to resist water penetration and vapour permeable.
– major drawback it cannot survive any cracks
Water Tanks - material
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• Waterproofing– types of waterproofing classified under four
categories:• Flexible Cementitious Waterproofing
– two-component system, which is a brush-applied and film-forming system.
– it can survive minor cracks. – mostly used when protection systems, especially tiles, are
applied directly with thin bed application
Water Tanks - material
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• Waterproofing– types of waterproofing classified under four
categories:• Liquid Applied Polymer Coatings
– Liquid polysulphide polymers blended with coal tar, but nowadays, acrylic is very commonly available.
– requires experienced applicators to have a controlled application
Water Tanks - material
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• Waterproofing– types of
waterproofing classified under four categories:• Sheet Membranes
Water Tanks - material
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• stone,
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• steel (welded or bolted, carbon, or stainless), – pressed steel sectional rectangular tank is a
versatile bulk storage container of water– sectional construction concept consists of bolting
up together mass produced tank panels (either 1.22m or 1.0m square) into tanks of various sizes and capacities.
Water Tanks - material
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• steel (welded or bolted, carbon, or stainless),
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• steel (welded or bolted, carbon, or stainless),
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• steel (welded or bolted, carbon, or stainless), – Mild Steel Panels – Stainless Steel Panels– individual panel
hydraulically pressed with a combined double flange at an angle of 450 and 900 to the face of the panel on all 4 sides
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• steel (welded or bolted, carbon, or stainless), – mild steel panel• Bitumen painted, • hot-dipped galvanized, • epoxy or polyester,• powder coated
– internal lining of completed tank• High-density polyethylene
(HDPE)• Fibre glass
Water Tanks - material
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• should do no harm to the water• Water is susceptible to a number of ambient
negative influences, including – bacteria, – viruses,– algae, – changes in pH, – accumulation of minerals, and– accumulated gas
Water Tanks - design