Water Treatment Final 2

8/12/2019 Water Treatment Final 2

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Raja Aneece Ahmed PEME 2020

1

School of Process, Environmental

& Materials Engineering

PEME2020

Safety, Health & Environment

2012-2013

Student Name Raja Aneece Ahmed

Student ID 200564028

Title Water Treatment

FAO Dr. Tim Hunter

Date 08/03/2013


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Content Page

Introduction......................................................................................3

Present and future

Requirements for recycling water..................................................4-7

Recycled water uses and regulations

for potable water and grey water...................................................7-9

Current technologies and methods

implemented for water recycling.................................................9-11

Advances in water

recycling technologies..................................................................11-13

Alternative methods for

recycling water..................................................................................13

Conclusion.........................................................................................14

References....................................................................................14-15


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Introduction

Water can be considered as the foundation of life, without water our existence would not be

possible. Water has such great importance to this earth and to every living being that is an

inhabitant of this planet that it is considered as the driving force of all nature. Even the

location for the development of cities was decided upon depending on the water reserves that

area of the land had to offer. All living creations depend on this important commodity which

in todays society, especially in the developed nations of the world, has lost its superiority

and people have forgotten its importance. The reason for this is mainly due to the incorrect

public perception as many believe that water is an infinitely available commodity. The ease

of obtaining water is also a reason to why many people have forgotten the importance of it, as

all it takes to obtain it, is to rotate a tap. However, water is not available at an infinite quantity

and suppliers are struggling with providing water to the masses as it is in more demand in

todays modern world than it ever has been in the past history. This is due to the growing

population and increasing industrialisation and because of this, demand for clean water isincreasing and suppliers are struggling to keep up with the demand (Richard 2010).

What many people also do not realise is that a complex system and technique is used to

obtain pure quality water safe enough for consumption. It has been reported that an estimated

800 million people throughout the world have not been granted the opportunity of having

clean, safe drinking water and this has resulted in the death of almost 3.5 million per year

from water related illnesses. These figures mostly reflect the current situation in developing

nations; nevertheless, even developed countries are showing signs of emergency measures.

America, the richest country in the world, is finding it difficult to supply hygienic water to

the citizens of Los Angles, a city that was built in the desert. This goes to show that, on aglobal scale, the supply of clean water is a concern and requires to be corrected by

introducing changes to the current system that is used to obtain clean water to ultimately

reduce the death toll of the suffering people (Richard 2010).

As our soul existence depends on water it can be described as one of the most precious

commodities on the face of this earth. A human body cannot function or survive without

water for even a couple of weeks without resulting in serious health consequences and most

likely death. For this reason this commodity needs to be preserved and must be used in a way

that would result in minimal wastage. One way of achieving this is by recycling the water.

The definition of recycling is to recover useful materials from garbage or waste and to extractuseful material and reuse them. This has great importance and is a topic mostly discussed in

the media and various government campaigns are preceded so that governments promote the

increase of this practice. People are becoming more aware of this problem due to the

alarming rate at which global warming is taking its affect on this planet which is causing

rising sea levels to unexplained weather conditions resulting in draught in many areas. The

advance in technology has created the opportunity for the recycling of many materials such as

metals and plastics, which are vital processes that need to become more popular amongst

nations throughout the world to help sustain this planet for future generations to come. Even

though methods have been established to create perfectly safe drinking water through themeans of recycling it, this process is still avoided by the majority of society. Sorely the


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mentioning of consumable recycled water is congregated with great hostility by the general

public, even though on a scientific level, research has made it clear that even natural water is

in fact to some extent recycled but through natural methods. Activists, leaders and

environmentalists across the globe have realised the scale at which water reserves are

consumed and that they are being used at a higher level than they are being replenishedleading to a decrease in the reserves and plans are being made for the investment into

research for new water recycling technologies as a way of overcoming this problem and most

importantly the general public is being educated about the benefits recycling water has to

offer.

This report will explore this matter in greater detail by explaining the current and future

trends of water recycling technologies and a description upon the advantages and

disadvantages of recycling water will be made.

Present and future requirements for recycling water

The earth contains a total of 1.4 billion km3of water out of which 97.5% is salt water and

only 2.5% is fresh water. This amount of water covers an astonishing 70% of the earth and

the remainder is landmass. The total volume of fresh water has been calculated to be 35

million km3 out of which only an estimated 90,000 km3 is readily available for human

consumption being safe and clean enough to drink without treatment. The readily available

water accounts for only 0.036% of all the water found on earth. These figures clearly prove

that water availability even at a global scale is remarkably low and these reserves are being

consumed at a record high rate. These figures give a further indication upon the requirementof the importance of the conservation of water through the process of recycling it (Barlour

2010).

Figure 1: Fresh water availability across the World (Hawken 2008)


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The map shown in figure 1 gives an indication on fresh water availability in different areas

around the world. From the map it is clearly evident that most of the fresh water is found in

the northern and southern hemispheres which are mostly uninhabitable areas of the world.

The most densely populated areas do not have a sufficient quantity of water reserves and an

estimated 80% of the worlds total population lives in areas that do not have a secure freshwater supply. One method that is used to overcome this problem is by the construction of

pipelines and canals which are an expensive process that mostly only developed nations can

afford to make. With the financial circumstances across the world which is being experienced

by many nations, and the dramatic rise in water supply, the need for recycling water has

never been greater than it has in todays circumstances (Hawken 2008).

There are numerous benefits involved in recycling water and one of the most important ones

being is that it spectacularly aids in the conservation of the drinking water supplies. This

process assists the reuse of a precious and limited resource and lightens the heavy burden on

the decreasing water reserves. Recycling water is especially important were water supply isvery limited and in drought inflicted areas (Marcus 1998).

This process is also beneficial to the environment as it helps in ecosystem restoration and

reduces pollution. Many ecosystems are very sensitive to a change in the environment and

greatly depend on the water quantity available to that ecosystem. An ecosystem with a large

water reserve has been known to flourish and expand mainly because the wildlife has greater

chance of survival. Plants, animals and fish like us depend on water and require a sufficient

water flow to their habitats for their survival and reproduction. Recycling water would result

in the reduction on the amount of water we extract from the ecosystems (Marcus 1998).

A lot of the wastewater is diverted back into waterways. This wastewater has potential risks ifconsumed as it contains many harmful effluents and nutrients. Recycling water would

significantly reduce if not totally diminish the amount of wastewater that travels back to the

waterways and in doing so would increase the waters quality and reduce the harmful effects

from the content of wastewater which clearly indicates another advantage of recycling water.

Furthermore, the amount of water taken out of wildlife for human use would be reduced if the

water we use was recycled leaving good quality water in an large enough quantity for the

wildlife to survive off (Marcus 1998).

In addition, recycling water has the benefit of saving energy. An increased demand of water

has meant that there has been an increase in the process of extracting, treating andtransporting water, sometimes over great distances. These processes require a lot of energy to

occur. Water is pumped up from the ground and as it gets used up; water requires to be

pumped deeper within the ground. The deeper within the ground that is required to be gone

the more energy that is needed to extract the water. Recycling water on site overcomes these

problems and reduces the need to transport the water as well as the need to pump water from

deep within aquifers. Other ways recycling water helps save energy is that the water that is

used to flush toilets or for gardening purposes needs to be less stringent as compared to the

water that is needed for consumption which requires less energy to achieve when recycled.

Using recycled water made to have lower quality for such purposes requires less energy toachieve. (Reifsheinder 2009).


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Like many process recycling water has its downsides. Recycled water requires several

financial investments to be made mainly done by governments which include cost of labour

and basic maintenance. Pipes need to be built and installed in order to collect the wastewater

and to transport it to the recycling facility and once the recycling process is complete more

pipes would subsequently need to be developed to transport the water to the public.Established cities would require tearing up road to create ways for the installation of these

pipes however undeveloped areas do not have this problem as they do not have many

buildings and roads (Jenkins 2005).

The public perception of recycled water is a downside on its own. Once water exits a

household for example by flushing it down the toilet or through pours down the sink; many

people do not like the idea of re-using and drinking that same water. This is mainly due to the

lack of knowledge the public has on the treatment recycled water undergoes and therefore

there has been a general misconception which has lead people to believe that this type of

water is not safe to be used again. Governments have launched several campaigns to helpeducate people on what goes on during the recycling process and how this in not the case.

Nevertheless, many people still vote against this forcing governments not practice this

procedure (Jenkins 2005).

Even though the recycling of water involves an intense treatment process, some health

concerns still exist. Studies conducted have found that recycled water still contains some

dangerous impurities even after treatment. Some toxic chemical that were found included

components found in medication and estragon. From the research done it was concluded that

the traditional method of recycling water was not sufficient enough in removing some

medication found within the wastewater to safe enough levels as there was still 16 differenttypes of contaminants present within the water. Further studies were conducted and results

from these studies gave an indication that only 92% of antibiotics were able to be removed

with the remainder still present even after treatment. This presence in the water could be

disastrous not only to the consumer but also to the effectiveness of the actual antibiotic.

Pathogens are well known to develop immunity towards antibiotics and this would aid them

into doing so meaning further treatment with the same antibiotics would be ineffective.

According Richard Gerseberg, a researcher and professor at San Diego state university, has

found that even deadly microbial pathogens such as bacteria like salmonella and E. coli and

viruses such as the hepatitis virus to name a few, can also present in wastewater. Despite the

vigorous treatment that is undergone before water is released to the public and the checkups

made by environmental protection agencies, these microbial contaminants have the potential

risk of still being present in potable water sources, which is the water used for drinking and

bathing (Smith 2008).

If population and industrialisation growth continues in the same manner in the future as it has

in the past century; the demand for water will only increase at a momentous rate which calls

out for changes that are needed to be made to the current system of acquiring drinkable water

to help prevent the total collapse of the existing system which itself signifies the importance

of recycling water. An increase in industrialisation has been shown the most in the far east,

and many of these industries that are being built require huge amounts of water for their


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process to transpire. This will result in the exhaustion of the current supply of water as well

as pollute existing supplies which would ultimately result in reducing the amount of fresh

water for both nature and human use. Due to the advances made in medication, which has

allowed the treatment for many illnesses and diseases possible, human populations have

increased. This is because the fatality rate has decreased because of the many medicationsavailable for a whole range of diseases and illness. More humans means that there is an

increased need for water as every individual uses and consumes water. Even the food we eat

such as fruit and vegetation uses a vast quantity of water to produce. It is believed that by

2050 the population will increase to 9.2 billion people while the amount of people moving

into cities would also rise which would put further strains on water infrastructure and reserves

in the coming future (Asano 1999).

Recycled water uses and regulations for potable water and grey

water

Potable water is defined as water sufficiently sterile for human consumption. Gray water is

waste water obtained from certain domestic activities such as showers, washing clothes,

washing dishes, baths and wash basins. This water does not require vigorous treatment and

can very easily be recycled with little treatment for landscape irrigation and other non-potable

uses. Using grey water is very beneficial to the environment but can have certain harmful

effects. Some of the benefits included in using grey water is that it contains nutrients that

promote the growth of plants. Grey water also requires very little filtration which saves costs

in the treatment process. However, grey water contains microbes in the form of viruses andpathogens which if used can have harmful effects on the environment. Grey water can also

contain chemicals used in households such as the chemicals found in cleaning agents and in

shampoo for example which also have the potential to have detrimental effects on the

environment. It can also be used for the cleansing of toilets via flushing which is a process

that requires a large amount of water as it accounts for 50% of the total indoor water use. Due

to the large amounts of water required for these processes it is possible to save enormous

amounts of water by making the use of grey water more popular especially in the flushing of

toilets (Casey 2009).

As explained earlier recycled water do carry some risks when used. May it be in the form ofgrey water or recycled water if they are not treated and used in a correct manner they could

entail serious consequences to both the health of the individual that gets in contact with this

water and the environment. To prevent this from occurring environmental agencies have put

together a vast amount of strict rules and regulations which are required to be followed.

Below are some of these regulations made by the UK Environmental agencies

(Environmental Agency 2011):

Water quality: This describes the physical, biological and chemical characteristics of

the water. When looking at the water from a physical perspective it includes on how

clear the water is and its colour, total suspended solids and its temperature. Thebiological qualities relates to the presence of any microbes such as bacteria and


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viruses which further indicates, by looking into the type of microbes and its

abundance, if there are signs of any faecal contamination. Finally, the chemical

characteristics of the water looks into things like the pH of the water, the quantity of

disinfectants present such as residuals of chlorine and bromine and measurements are

taken to see the amount of organic material present in the water Type of contamination: Grey water obtained from showers, baths and washbasins

has potentially been contaminated with intestinal bacterial or dead skin particles and

hair. Chemicals found in shampoos, detergents and other cosmetic products contain

nutrients together with other organic matter present and the high temperature provide

ideal conditions for the growth of bacteria. This is why rules have been set out so that

this water cannot be stored and then used for more than a few hours

Potential risk: The most prominent risk to grey water is derived from microbes

present from faecal contamination. The physical and chemical risks need also to be

considered if correct levels are not reached they can interfere with treatment and make

the water unsuitable for its intended use. This means that the grey water quality must

be good enough for its intended use

The required cleanliness of the water: While drinking water needs to meet very

high standards, however, the UK regulation for the quality of grey water has no

known regulatory standards. Many groups have advised that set standards must be

met before the release of this water to help overcome concerns of potentially

hazardous situation and to help bolster the confidence of the publics use and

conception of non-potable water

Water quality: Guidelines for the monitoring arrangements are represented by the

tables below:

Table 1: Guidlines needed to be met for bacterial monitoring (Enviromental Agency 2011)

Table 2: Interpretation of results obtained in Table 2 (Environmental agency 2011)


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Water fittings: the water supply (water fittings) is governed by the regulations set out

in 1999 are used to indicate the efficient use and protection to drinking water in

England and Wales. The rules and regulations apply to all plumbing systems, water

fittings and equipment which are used to supply water from the public water supply.

These are mandatory and require a correct level of backflow prevention to be attained.In grey water systems this is usually controlled by an air gap, which is used to prevent

any of the grey water from mixing with the public potable water.

Labelling water supply equipment:To prevent any cross-connection between grey

water and the potable water supply from the mains all pipes installed must be labelled

and marked accordingly. These guidelines can be found on the WRAS (Water

Regulation Advisory Scheme).

Providers of recycled potable water are required to abide by the law and entail to meet the

mandatory requirements set by the UK environmental agency as listed below (EnviromentalAgency 2011):

It is compulsory according to the regulations that before using indirect potable

water that it must be treated by putting it back into a water cycle before

mandatory requirements are met and therefore water can be collected for potable

use

Most importantly, any recycled potable water must meet the same quality

standards and be free from any contamination as normally treated non-recycled

water is

Current technologies and methods implemented for water recycling

There are several different methods implemented in todays water treatment systems to

achieve clean potable water. These include biological, chemical and physical methods.

Biological methods that are used to treat wastewater apply the use of microorganisms which

decompose most of the contamination found in the wastewater to produce sludge or convert

waste materials into products such as carbon dioxide, other gases or even water itself. The

following list outlines some of the biological methods used by many water treatment

industries (Zhou 2002):

Activated sludge process

Anaerobic Digestion

Aerated lagoon

Trickling filters

Rotating biological contactors

Anaerobic digestion

Biological nutrient removal

The activated sludge process is the most common biological method used world-wide. Theprocess involves the use of a tank or basin in which a population of biological microorganism


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are suspended. To help increase the population of the suspended microorganisms nutrients

and oxygen are fed into the tank making this process aerobic. These microorganisms are in

the form of bacteria or single celled eukaryotic protozoa. The system is continuous and uses

these activated microorganisms to stabilize organic matter and other waste materials. The

process involves delivering the wastewater to the aeration tank where these activemicroorganisms are allowed to come into contact with the wastewater. The degradation

process begins once this occurs where the microorganism aerobically convert the organic

matter into carbon dioxide through the process of degradation. Other side-products are also

formed in this process which include: new cells, water and other end products (Zhou 2002).

Chemical methods are the most common methods applied for wastewater treatment. They

involve chemical reactions to help generate pure water. The following are some examples of

chemical methods used for treating wastewater (Zhou 2002):

Chlorination

Ion exchange

Dechlorination

Chemical precipitation

Chemical coagulation

Adsorption

Disinfection

Out of the above list one of the most common chemical methods applied for wastewater

treatment is chlorination. This process involves using chlorine to kill bacteria present in the

wastewater. Addition of chlorine also has the benefit of reducing the rate of decomposition of

the wastewater. Another strong oxidizing disinfectant that also works similar to chlorine and

which can also be used is ozone.

In industry, combinations of all three methods are applied to the treatment of the wastewater.

In the majority of occasions governments have delegated responsibility for the treatment of

wastewater to their provenances and territories. Australia is primary example of a country

struggling with meeting demand of fresh water supply due to high demand and shortages of

the freshwater supply. To overcome this problem the government have set-up schemes such

as recycling water. Coliban water providers is a company based in Australia that deals with

recycling wastewater obtained mainly from domestic sources. They have a specified system

that delivers water good in enough in quality to be termed potable water. The underline

principle Coliban water uses in the recycling process is described below (Zhou 2002):

1) Source control: Ensures that the wastewater entering the recycling system is

liberated from any harmful contamination such as chemicals. This is achieved by

preventing wastewater from being released from non-domestic sources such as

industries, hospitals and other places that deal with high chemical waste

2) Water reclamation plant: The plant used in the recycling process consists of

biological reactors and sand filters which are used to remove and even destroy solids,


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nutrients and organic matter. This process is also capable of destroying some of the

microorganisms that are present

3) Advanced oxidation and Disinfection: The industry uses the chemical sodium

hypochlorite to carry out the advanced oxidation and exposes its content to UV lightfor the purpose of disinfecting it to destroy the remaining bacteria and any other

microorganism that may be present

4) Ultra filtration: this process uses a low pressure membrane to remove the remaining

suspended bacteria, particles and other materials

5) Reverse osmosis: this process is very effective and is capable of removing 98% of

biological matter and 99% of minerals. The process involves forcing the water

through a thin plastic membrane

6) Deliver: This is the final stage of the industrial process where the water is either sent

to the consumer or sent to a reservoir to increase purity via natural filtration

Advances in water recycling technologies

Since the last century technology has greatly advanced. With the new technology there are

many advantages as recycling water has become an increasingly efficient way of obtaining

potable water. One example of such a process includes the Actiflo process. This is a modern

wastewater recycling process which is a common technique applied for the treatment ofmunicipal and industrial wastewater. The Actiflo method is a clarification process which uses

micro sand particles (ballast). The micro sand particles aid in the accumulation of suspended

solids in the water. This process is suitable for the treatment of combined sewer flow,

primary treatment before bio filtration or for the tertiary treatment which require the removal

of suspend solids and phosphorus. At the start of the process a coagulant is added which has

the role of destabilizing suspend matter within the flow. The coagulation of the flow occurs

when it is introduced to a high speed mixing tank which contains chemicals reagents to aid

the process. The flow of the material required to be treated is then transported into a second

chamber which is also a mixing tank but here the speed of the mixer is reduced, at this stage

the micro sand is added which has a large surface area to volume ratio. The suspended solid

matter attaches to the micro sand producing flocs. This facilitates the gravitational settling of

the flocs thus producing a smaller footprint than conventional clarification methods would do

(Pizzi 2005).

The next step of the process includes adding polymers to the maturation tank were the

content flows. In some occasions it is also added to the second tank were the slower mixing

of the material that requires being treated proceeds. In this maturation tank mixing also

occurs at a slower rate allowing viable conditions to be created to induce bonding between

micro sand and suspended matter. Once the floc settles, it is removed from the settling tank

using plate settlers reducing the content in the tank. The treated clarified water exits the tank


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through the overflowing lamellas which are positioned above the plate settlers while the

sludge and sand is collected at the inclined lamellas at the bottom of the tank and are

transported using conveyors to the hydro-cyclone. The fast rotation of the hydro-cyclone

separates the solid material according to density where the high density sand settles to the

bottom and the low density sludge to the top. The sludge is separated and discarded as it hasno further useful function while the sand can be re-used and re-circulated for the next process

(Pizzi 2005).

Figure 2: Actiflo process industrial operation ( CESCO 2011)

Table 2: Summery of the process (Techcommentary 2006)


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Conclusion

Technological advancements have made it possible to obtain high purity water through

method of recycling wastewater. However, much more work needs to be done to make this

process more successful and more popular. The work that needs to be carried should not just

be concentrated at developing industrial operations that function to treat used water, but also

at convincing the general population that this method is safe and the water obtained can

benefit mankind in years to come if procedures are carried out according to strict rules and

regulations. The initial investment required to allow such processes to occur is high and for

this reason only developed nations of the world could benefit from this. For this reason

undeveloped countries who are struggling financially have not got the funding to operate

such industries. Furthermore, negligence and lack of care from local authorities and the

corruption in leadership establishments; make the chances of opening recycled water

facilities and overcoming their water shortage issues less likely. Therefore people indeveloping countries will continue to suffer even though opportunities and technologies like

this exist. The increasing advancement of technology would undoubtedly only result in

improved quality of water and this process has even got the potential of cleansing used water

to such an extent that it creates water purer than currently used methods. I myself believe,

that the pleasures purified and clean water bring to societies should not only be for those that

live in developed countries but should be a commodity accessible to all of mankind especially

those that are suffering the most. A global strategy should be derived, where nations work

together so more recycling facilities are opened so that recycled water technology can benefit

all.

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Water Treatment Final 2