ix

WATER TREATMENT PLANT OPERATION

Volume II

Sixth Edition

Chapter Page

12 Iron and Manganese Control ........................................................................... 1

13 Fluoridation..................................................................................................... 27

14 Softening ......................................................................................................... 69

15 Specialized Treatment Processes........................................................................ 121

16 Membrane Treatment Processes(Membrane Filtration and Demineralization)................................................... 155

17 Handling and Disposal of Process Wastes ......................................................... 227

18 Maintenance.................................................................................................... 255

19 Instrumentation and Control Systems.............................................................. 373

20 Safety............................................................................................................... 439

21 Advanced Laboratory Procedures ..................................................................... 491

22 Drinking Water Regulations ............................................................................ 535

23 Administration ................................................................................................ 609

Appendix

Comprehensive Review Questions and Suggested Answers ............................... 705

How to Solve Water Treatment Plant Arithmetic Problems .............................. 727

Abbreviations................................................................................................... 768

Water Words.................................................................................................... 769

Index ............................................................................................................... 849

Index 849

INDEX

A

Abbreviations, instrumentation, 383ABC (Association of Boards of Certification), 630Accident

causes, 447prevention, 448, 473reports, 485, 486, 682, 683, 684

Accountable, 621Accuracy, instrumentation, 388Acetic acid (glacial), 448Acid feed systems, 42, 207Acids

chemical handling, 448safety, 448

Action levels, lead and copper, 557Activated alumina, 143, 146, 147Activated carbon, 136, 138, 139, 462Acute health effects, 468, 559, 566ADA (Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990), 638Additional reading, 23, 65, 114, 131, 140, 223, 297, 367, 485,

696Administration

advertising positions, 626applications, 626backflow prevention, 659budgeting, 647capital improvements, 649certification, 630communication, 641compensation, 626, 629conducting meetings, 643confined space entry procedures, 680consumer complaints, 646consumer inquiries, 645contaminated water supply, 665contingency planning, 661continuing education, 630controlling, 621cross connection control program, 655–661directing, 619discipline problems, 631disposition of plant records, 691emergency response, 661–668employee complaints, 631equipment repair/replacement fund, 648evaluation, performance, 631financial assistance, 650

financial management, 646–650financial stability, 646first aid, 671functions of a manager, 619harassment, 635hazard communication, 671–680interviewing job applicants, 626, 627, 628interviews, media, 644meetings, conducting, 643number of employees needed, 625operations and maintenance (O&M), 652–661operator certification, 630oral communication, 641organizing, 621orientation, new employee, 629paper screening, 626performance evaluation, 631personnel records, 639planning, 621planning for emergencies, 661plant tours, 646policies and procedures, 629probationary period, 629procurement of materials, 689public relations, 644public speaking, 645qualifications profile, 625rates, water, 649recordkeeping, 688–691records, personnel, 625, 639repair/replacement fund, equipment, 648safety program, 668–688SCADA systems, 654selection process, 628sexual harassment, 635staffing, 624–639supervisor, training, 630telephone contacts, 645tours, plant, 646training, 630unions, 639water rates, 649written communication, 641

Adsorption, 136, 138, 143Ad valorem taxes, 650Adverse effects

hardness, 77iron and manganese, 7

850 Water Treatment

Advertising, job openings, 626Aeration

iron and manganese, 12trihalomethanes, 135–136, 140

Affirmative action, 626Air compressor failure, membranes, 180Air-cooled engines, 358Air cushion chamber, 402, 405Air gap, 655, 658, 661Air release assembly, 109Air supply systems, instrument, 422, 424Air temperatures, fluoridation, 33Alarms

annunciator panel, 421fluoridation, 49instrumentation, 421reverse osmosis, 207

Algae counts, 497Alignment, pumps, 302, 316, 322–326Alkalinity, softening, 77, 80, 90Allocations, water shortage, 695Alternating current (AC), 272Alum, 460Aluminum, regulations, 577Aluminum sulfate, 460Alum sludge, 249Amendments to the Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA), 546Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 (ADA), 638Ammeter, 276Ammonia, 452Amperage, 273Amplitude, 272Amps, 273Analog

chlorine residual indicator, 417input control, 402instrumentation, 389, 390output control, 402

AnalysisAlso see Laboratory test proceduresiron and manganese, 8, 9

Annual report, 643, 648Annunciator panel, alarms, 421Antimony, 552Applications, job, 626Aquifer, 8Arch, chemicals, 362, 448Arc-mark trademark, 392Arithmetic assignment, 23, 65, 114, 223, 367, 485Arsenate, 142Arsenic

activated alumina, 143, 146, 147best available technology (BAT), 143blending, 143chemistry, 142compliance, 150endocrine effects, 142engineered blending, 143

field test kits, 150granular ferric hydroxide (GFH), 146health effects, 142ion exchange, 144, 145monitoring, 150, 151new source alternative, 142oxidation-filtration, 146physical separation, 143POU/POE (point-of-use/point-of-entry) devices, 143, 146problem, 142process control, 151proprietary media, 146recordkeeping, 151regulations, 552reporting, 151residuals, 149sampling, 150sources, 142treatment, 142typical plant, 148wastewater, 149

Arsenic Rulecompliance, 548MCL, 548monitoring requirements, 548public health benefits, 548

Arsenic treatment plantbackwash, 148brine, 144, 148chromatographic peaking, 144competing ions, 144compliance, 150configuration, 144, 146empty bed contact time (EBCT), 144, 146hazardous waste, 149, 151ion exchange run, 144maintenance, 146, 149monitoring, 150, 151operation, 148pH, 144, 146plans, 149process control, 151Programmable Logic Controller (PLC), 148records, 151regenerant, salt, 144reporting, 151resin, 144review of plans and specifications, 149rinse, 148safety, 149security, 149service, 148shutdown, 148specifications, 149spent media, activated alumina, 146startup, 148troubleshooting, 149valves, 148, 149

Index 851

Arsenite, 142Asbestos, 555Assessment bonds, 650Assessment of system vulnerability, 661Association of Boards of Certification (ABC), 630Atmospheres, explosive, 482Atomic absorption, 495Atomic adsorption (AA), 150Audience, communications, 641, 642, 644Audiovisuals, 642Audits, water, conservation, 692Authority, 621Autoclaves, 481Automatic

controllers, 421control system, 391valves, 350

Automation systems, computer, 387Auxiliary electrical power, 293

B

Backflow, 14, 655–661Back pressure, 655–661Backsiphonage, 22, 655–661Backup controls, 387Backwash

filters, 15ion exchange, 104, 107, 148membranes, 167, 175recovery ponds, 237, 239wastewater, 249

Bacteriairon and manganese, 7, 22, 23regulations, 554, 562–572

Barium, 555Bases

chemical handling, 452safety, 452

Basket centrifuge, 245, 246Batch process 35Batch systems, 35, 42Batteries, 272, 295Battery-backed power supplies, 418BBP (bloodborne pathogens) program, 400Bearings, pump, 300, 307, 316, 318Beer’s Law, 496Bellows, pressure measurement, 402, 403Belt drives, pumps, 321Belt filter presses, 234, 241, 244Belts, compressors, 333Bench-scale tests

iron and manganese, 10, 14membranes, 174trihalomethanes, 135, 139, 140

Benefitsemployee, 626, 629softening, 78, 82

Benzene, 562Bernoulli Effect, 409Beryllium, 555Best available technology (BAT), arsenic, 143Best management practice (BMP), conservation, 692, 696Billing inserts, 694Black water, 16Blending

arsenic, 143engineered, 143ion exchange, 112

Block grants, 650Block rate structure, 695Bloodborne pathogens (BBP) program, 400Blown fuse, 275, 276Blue baby (methemoglobinemia), 517, 553, 560Bonds, 650Booster shots, immunization, 481Bourdon tube, pressure measurement, 402, 403Brackish water, 183Breakdown maintenance, membranes, 182Breakers, circuit, 273, 277, 280Breakpoint chlorination, 16Brine

disposal, demineralization, 184disposal, process wastes, 234, 235, 248electrodialysis, 214ion exchange, 104, 105, 108recycle, arsenic treatment, 144, 148reverse osmosis, 194, 207

Bromate, 555Bromide, 129, 134Bubbler tubes, level measurement, 402, 406, 407Budgeting, 647Buildings, maintenance, 366Butterfly valves, 337, 340Bypass, ion exchange, 112, 113Byproducts, disinfection, 165, 554, 573

C

CAD (computer-aided design) system, 661Cadmium, 555Cake formation fouling, 167Calcium carbonate equivalent, 78, 79Calcium carbonate saturation test, 514Calcium hydroxide, 453Calcium test procedures, 497, 498Calculations

chemical feeders, 363fluoridation, 60–65ion exchange softening, 110–113lime–soda ash softening, 82, 87, 93–98reverse osmosis, 188–198trihalomethanes, 132

Calibrationchemical feeders, 362curve, spectrophotometer, 496

852 Water Treatment

Calibration (continued)equipment, 425measurement process, 389

California Urban Water Conservation Council (CUWCC), 692, 696

Call date, 650Capital improvements, 649Capital planning, 649Carbonate hardness, 77, 83Carbon dioxide, 83, 90, 457Carbon tetrachloride, 562Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), 400, 448, 457, 459,

471, 671Cartridge filters, 207, 215, 218Casing, pumps, 302, 307Categories, instrumentation, 417–431Cathodic protection, 366Caustic soda

chemical handling, 453softening, 84, 87

Cavitation, pumps, 304, 305CCR (Consumer Confidence Report), 603Cellulose acetate (CA) membranes, 167, 173, 186Central processing unit (CPU), 427, 428Centrifugal pumps, 298, 306, 328Centrifuges, 244, 245, 246Certification, operator, 630Chain drives, pumps, 322Chart recorders, 417, 419Charts, fluoridation, 49–51Check valves, 316, 318, 337–350Chemical analyzer, 415Chemical feeders

acid feed systems, 42batch systems, 35, 42calculating doses, 60–65, 85, 93–98calculations, 363calibration, 362chemical storage, 361chlorinators, 365day tank, 35, 44diaphragm pumps, 35, 36dose, 97, 363drainage, 361dry chemical, 363dry feeders, 35, 39–41, 59, 363electronic pumps, 35, 38, 52feed rate, 93–97, 363gas, 362gravimetric feeders, 35, 41instrumentation, 414liquid, 362maintenance, 20, 58, 362metering, 362, 363operation, 49peristaltic pumps, 35, 37, 52positive-displacement pumps, 35, 36saturators, 35, 42, 43, 58

shutdown, 58solid, 362solution feeders, 35, 42solution preparation, 49startup, 49storage, chemical, 361, 463volumetric feeders, 35, 39, 40, 42

Chemical feed rate, instrumentation, 414Chemical flush system, 220Chemical handling

acetic acid (glacial), 448acids, 448activated carbon, 462alum, 460aluminum sulfate, 460ammonia, 452bases, 452calcium hydroxide, 453carbon dioxide, 457caustic soda, 453chlorine, 455Chlorine Manual, 456drains, 463ferric chloride, 460ferric sulfate, 460ferrous sulfate, 460fluoride compounds, 461gas-detection equipment, 469gases, 455gas mask, 457–458hydrochloric acid, 451hydrofluoric acid, 451hydrofluosilicic acid, 449hypochlorite, 454muriatic acid, 451nitric acid, 451potassium permanganate, 461powdered activated carbon, 462powders, 461, 462safety, 448safety shower, 449, 450, 451salts, 459self-contained breathing apparatus, 456–458, 482sodium aluminate, 461sodium carbonate, 454sodium hydroxide, 453sodium silicate, 454storage, 361, 463sulfur dioxide, 457sulfuric acid, 451

Chemical metering pumps, 308, 362, 363Chemical reactions

lime–soda ash softening, 83–86THM, 129, 133

Chemicalslabeling, 463laboratory, 480

Chemical storage, 149, 361, 463

Index 853

Chemistryarsenic, 142softening, 79trihalomethanes, 129, 133

CHEMTREC [(800) 424-9300], 269, 485, 662Chloramination, 571Chloramines, 138, 139Chloride

regulations, 577test procedures, 498, 499

Chlorinationiron and manganese, 10–12, 14, 18, 21reverse osmosis, 207

Chlorinators, 10–12, 365Chlorine, 129, 133, 134, 136, 139, 455Chlorine dioxide, 135, 138, 139Chlorine Manual, 456Chlorine residual substitution, 569Chlorite, 556Chloroform, 129, 135“Christmas Tree” arrangement, reverse osmosis, 194, 197, 207Chromatographic peaking, 144Chromium, 556Chronic health effects, 559Circuit breakers, 273, 277, 280Circuits, 272, 274Circular-chart recorders, 418, 420Civil rights, 626Classification, fire protection, 464Cleaning

membranes, 167, 211safety, 467stacks, 220tanks, 236, 238, 239

Clean-in-place (CIP), membranes, 177Closed-loop control system, 391, 392CMMS (Computer-based Maintenance Management System),

661Coagulants, 90Coagulation/sedimentation/filtration, 135, 136Code requirements, fuel storage, 360Coliform

Colilert™ system (ONPG-MUG), 564Colisure test, 564community water system, 551, 565compliance, 566laboratory procedures, 564MCL, 554, 563membrane filter technique (MF), 564monitoring frequency, 565, 566multiple-tube fermentation (MTF), 564noncommunity water system, 565notification requirements, 566presence-absence (P-A), 563, 564reporting requirements, 566routine and repeat sampling, 565rule, 563–567

sampling plan, 564sanitary survey, 563

Colilert™ system (ONPG-MUG), 564Colisure test, 564Collecting samples, 8, 558, 580–591Collection of sludges, 234Collection systems, wastewater, 248, 249Colloidal suspensions, 7Colloids, 206Color

iron and manganese, 7regulations, 577removal, 90test procedures, 500

Colorimeter, 8, 9Commercial, industrial, and institutional (CII), conservation,

694Commodity rates, 693Communication, 641–643Community water system, 551Compensation, 629Competing ions, arsenic treatment, 144Compilation of Quick Reference Guides, EPA, 548Complaints

customer, 646employee, 631procedure, 631

Compliancearsenic, 150Arsenic Rule, 548

Compounds, fluoride, 34, 59Compressors

belts, 333controls, 333drain, 333filter, 332fins, 332lubrication, 332maintenance, 332types, 332unloader, 332use, 332valves, 332, 334

Computer-aided design (CAD) system, 661Computer automation systems, 387Computer-based Maintenance Management System (CMMS),

661Computer control system, 418, 427, 428, 429Computer lockup, membranes, 180Computer recordkeeping systems, 690Concentration polarization, 194Concrete tanks, 366Conditioning of sludges, 235Conducting meetings, 643Conductivity, 521Conductors, 274Configuration, arsenic treatment plants, 144, 146

854 Water Treatment

Confined spaceentry permit, 399, 470, 681procedures, 468–471, 680safety hazards, instrumentation, 397–400

Conservationaudits, water, 692best management practice (BMP), 692, 696commercial, industrial, and institutional (CII), 694commodity rates, 693coordinator, 695elements of programs, 692–696high-efficiency clothes washers, 693large landscape, 693leak detection, 692metering, 693need, 691pricing, 695public information programs, 694public relations, 644residential plumbing retrofits, 692residential water surveys, 692school education programs, 694system water audits, 692water audits, 692water waste prohibition, 695wholesale agency assistance programs, 694

Consumercomplaints, 646inquiries, 645

Consumer Confidence Report (CCR), 603Consumer Confidence Report (CCR) Rule

information included, 551public health benefits, 551purpose, 550

Contaminants, unregulated, 547Contaminated water supply

contamination, 665–668countermeasures, 666Cryptosporidium, 666emergency contaminant limits, 665emergency treatment, 666, 667lethal dose 50 (LD 50), 666maximum allowable concentration (MAC), 666protective measures, 666response, 666toxicity, 665treatment, emergency, 666, 667

Contingency planning, 661Continuing education, 630Contract negotiations, 639Control

electrical, 149, 327iron and manganese, 7, 8loop, 387, 389, 392panels, 149, 393, 478pumps, 319room, 429, 430

systems, 387–401, 427, 428, 429Also see Instrumentation

trihalomethanes, 131, 134, 139Controllers

automatic, 421modulating, 422pump, instrumentation, 422, 423

Controlling, administration, 621Controls, backup, 387Conventional filtration, 549Cooling systems, engines, 357–359Coordinator, conservation, 695Copper, 556, 577Coprecipitation, 143Corrective maintenance

administration, 652membranes, 182

Corrosion control, lead and copper, 557, 558Corrosivity

lead and copper, 557Lead and Copper Rule, 548secondary contaminants, 577

Couplings, 302, 323–326Coverage ratio, 646, 649CPR (cardiopulmonary resuscitation), 400, 448, 457, 459, 471,

671CPU (central processing unit), 427, 428Cranes, 468Crenothrix, 578Criteria for avoiding filtration, 568Cross connection, 312, 655–661Cross-flow filtration, 166, 171Cryptosporidium, 165, 549, 562, 571, 666CT calculations, 758–767CT values, 570, 573, 758–767Current, electrical, 272, 273, 274, 276, 280, 477, 478Current imbalance, 276–278Customer

complaints, 646inquiries, 645

Cuvette, 495Cyanide, 556Cycle, electrical, 272

D

Dangerous air contamination, 397Dateometer, 321Day tank, 35, 44DCS (Distributed Control System), 427D/DBP (Disinfectants and Disinfection Byproducts) Rule, 549,

573Dead-end filtration, 167, 170Debt service, 646Decant, 237Dechlorination, 14Decibel, 472

Index 855

Deficiency, oxygen, 400Deionization, 165Delegation, 621Demand-initiated regenerating (DIR) models, 695Demineralization

Also see Electrodialysis and Reverse osmosis (RO)brackish water, 183brine disposal, 184distillation, 184, 185electrodialysis, 184, 185, 213–223feedwater, 184freezing, 184, 185ion exchange, 184, 185membranes, 165mineralized waters, 183processes, 184, 185reverse osmosis, 184, 185, 186salinity, 183seawater, 183total dissolved solids, 183

Derivative, controller adjustment, 392Desalination, 165Desiccant, 432Design review

electrodialysis, 220fluoridation, 47

Dewatering of sludges, 234, 235, 240Dial indicators, 325, 326Diaphragm, pressure measurement, 402, 403, 404Diaphragm-operated valves, 350, 351Diaphragm pumps, 35, 36Diarrhea, “traveler’s,” 5621,2-Dichloroethane, 5611,1-Dichloroethylene, 561Diesel

engines, 354–358fuel storage, 360

Differential pressure, flow sensing, 408, 409, 412, 413Digital, instrumentation, 389, 390Digital readouts, 417Direct current, electrodialysis, 215, 216, 220Direct current (DC), 272Direct filtration, 549Direct hydrostatic pressure, level measurement, 402Directing, administration, 619Dirty water

black water, 16iron and manganese, 7red water, 16, 23

Disciplinary problems, 631Discrete control, 402Discrete I/O (input/output), 402Discriminatory hiring, 625, 626Disinfectants and Disinfection Byproducts (D/DBP) Rule, 549,

573Disinfection, CT values, 570, 573, 758–767Disinfection alternatives, 138, 571

Disinfection byproducts, 165, 554, 573Displacers, level measurement, 402Disposal of

records, 691sludges, 234, 235, 249spent brine, 106, 234, 249

Disposition of plant records, 691Dissolved organic carbon (DOC), 173, 174Dissolved organic matter (DOM), 165, 167Dissolved oxygen (DO)

samples, 502saturation table, 505test procedures, 502

Distillation, 184, 185Distributed Control System (DCS), 427Divalent, 7, 77DO (dissolved oxygen)

See Dissolved Oxygen (DO)Documentation, administration, 625Dose, chemical feeders, 97, 363Downflow saturators, 45Drainage waters, plant, 251Draining tanks, 236, 238, 239Drains

chemical feeders, 361chemical handling, 463compressors, 333

Drinking Water Contaminant Candidate List (DWCCL), 547Drinking water regulations

See Regulations, drinking waterDrinking Water Standards, 548, 552–575, 576–580Driving equipment, pumps, 327Drowning, 484Dry chemical feeders, 35, 39–41, 59, 363Drying beds, 240, 242, 243, 249Duplex motor control panel, 393Dust, fluoridation, 59DWCCL (Drinking Water Contaminant Candidate List), 547Dynamic types of pumps, 299

E

Eccentric valves, 337–339E. coli, 562, 565, 566Effective range, instrumentation, 389Effects of

fluoride, 33iron and manganese, 7trihalomethanes, 129

Efficiency program, water, 693Electrical

control panels, 149energy consumption, 429hazards, 271, 392, 477probes, level measurement, 402, 405symbols, 383–386

Electrical conductivity (EC), 151

856 Water Treatment

Electrical equipmentadditional reading, 297alternating current (AC), 272ammeter, 276amplitude, 272amps, 273auxiliary electrical power, 293batteries, 272, 295blown fuse, 275, 276breakers, 273, 277, 280circuit breakers, 273, 277, 280circuits, 272, 274conductors, 274control panels, 478controls, 327current, 272, 276, 280, 477, 478cycle, 272direct current (DC), 272electric motors, 282–290, 319–320electromotive force (EMF), 272emergency lighting, 294fundamentals, 272–280fuses, 272, 275, 276, 280ground, 281ground-fault circuit interrupter (GFCI), 478hazards, 271hertz, 272instrumentation, 478insulation, motors, 284insulation resistance, 279insulators, 274kirk-key, 294lighting, emergency, 294limitations, 271magnetic starters, 281–282maintenance, 267, 271, 319megger, 279megohm, 279meters, electrical, 274motor insulation, 284motors, 272, 282–290, 319–320motor starters, 281, 477nameplate, 272, 284ohm, 273ohmmeters, 279Ohm’s Law, 273overload relays, 280panels, control, 478phase, 272power requirements, 274, 328protection devices, 280recordkeeping, 267, 268, 285, 290safety, 212, 269, 271, 296, 392, 477standby power generation, 293starters, 281, 477switches, 272, 275switch gear, 280, 295tag, warning, 270

testers, 274thermal overloads, 280transformers, 273, 277, 281, 295, 477transmission, 295voltage testing, 274–276, 477volts, 272, 274, 295warning tag, 270watts, 273

Electrical troubleshooting, 274–280Electric motors, 282–290, 319–320Electrode tab, 221Electrodialysis

Also see Demineralization and Reverse osmosis (RO)additional reading, 223advantages, 213arithmetic assignment, 223brine, 213cartridge filters, 215, 218chemical flush system, 220cleaning stacks, 220description, 213, 214design, 220direct current, 215, 216, 220electrode tab, 221electrodialysis polarity reversal (EDR), 214, 220energy requirements, 213feedwater quality, 215flow diagram, 215, 218fouling, 213Langelier Index, 213log sheet, 221, 222membranes, 213–223multicompartment units, 215, 217operation, 213, 220, 221pH, 220piping, 220power supply, 220pressures, 220pretreatment, 215principles, 214pumping equipment, 220recordkeeping, 221, 222safety, 221scaling, 213, 220specifications, 220stack, 213, 215, 220stages, 213temperature, 220three-cell unit, 215, 216

Electrodialysis polarity reversal (EDR), 214, 220Electrolyte, 294Electromedia process, 15Electromotive force (EMF), 272Electronic chemical pumps, 35, 38, 52Elements, primary, instrumentation, 417Elements of conservation programs

audits, water, 692best management practice (BMP), 692, 696

Index 857

Elements of conservation programs (continued)commercial, industrial, and institutional (CII), 694commodity rates, 693coordinator, 695high-efficiency clothes washers, 693large landscape, 693leak detection, 692metering, 693pricing, 695public information programs, 694residential plumbing retrofits, 692residential water surveys, 692school education programs, 694system water audits, 692water audits, 692water waste prohibition, 695wholesale agency assistance programs, 694

Emergenciesadministration, 661–668contaminated water supply, 665–668phone numbers, 269preparation for, 485, 621, 661–668procedures, 269, 485, 666response plan, 621, 661–668safety, 485team, 269

Emergencyarsenic reporting, 151lighting, 294maintenance, 652response plan, 621, 661–668response procedures, 429treatment, 666, 667

Employeebenefits, 626, 629evaluation, 631–633orientation, 629pride, 630problems, 631, 639

Employee-management relationship, 639Employees, number, 625Employer policies, 629, 636Empty bed contact time (EBCT), 144, 146End bells, 282Endemic, 33Endocrine effects, arsenic, 142Energy

conservationSee Conservation

consumption, electrical, 429requirements, electrodialysis, 213

Enforcement, regulations, 545Engineered blending, 143Engines

air-cooled, 358cooling systems, 357–359diesel, 354–358fuel storage, 360

fuel system, 354–357gasoline, 352governor, 357lubrication, 352maintenance, 352, 358operation, diesel, 354problems, 352running, 352standby, 360starting, 352, 353, 358troubleshooting, 352, 358water-cooled, 357

Enhanced Surface Water Treatment Rule (ESWTR), 549Enrichment, oxygen, 400Entry permit, confined space, 399, 470, 681EPA Compilation of Quick Reference Guides, 548EPA Safe Drinking Water Hotline [(800) 426-4791], 548EPA’s WaterSense, 696Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, 638Equipment

calibration, 425failures, membranes, 177, 180gas detection, 469laboratory safety, 480–481records, 690repair/replacement fund, 648safety, operator, 447, 481, 482–484, 670service card, 267, 268test, 425

Equivalent weight, 79Establishment, regulations, 547–552ESWTR (Enhanced Surface Water Treatment Rule), 549Evaluation, performance, 631–633Evapotranspiration, 693Explosive

atmospheres, 482gas mixtures, 400

Extinguishers, fire, 464–466Eye protection, 483

F

Fail-safe design, 392Failure, motors, 285–290Falls, hazards, 401Family and Medical Leave Act of 1993 (FMLA), 638Feasibility analysis process, 131Federal Register, 129, 131, 139, 573Feedback, controller, 389, 392Feeders, chemical

See Chemical feedersFeed rate, chemical, 93–97, 363Feedwater

demineralization, 184electrodialysis, 215, 220reverse osmosis, 207

Fees, user, 647Ferric chloride, 460

858 Water Treatment

Ferric sulfate, 460Ferrous sulfate, 460Field test kits, arsenic, 150Filter

backwash wastewater, 249compressor, 332maintenance and inspection, membranes, 181membranes, uses, 175presses, 245, 247

Filter Backwash Recycling Rule (FBRR)application, 549public health benefits, 549purpose, 549recycle flows, 549thickener supernatant, 549

Filtration, iron and manganese, 14, 15, 18–21Financial

assistance, 650management, 646–650stability, 646

Fins, compressors, 332Fire protection

classification, 464exits, 467extinguishers, 464–466facilities, 401flammables, storage, 467hoses, 466prevention, 464storage, flammables, 467

First aidacetic acid, 449, 451alum, 460aluminum sulfate, 460ammonia, 453calcium hydroxide, 453carbon dioxide, 457chlorine, 455–456equipment, 450ferric chloride, 460ferric sulfate, 460ferrous sulfate, 460, 461fluoride, 60, 461hydrochloric acid, 451hydrofluosilicic acid, 449, 451hydrogen fluoride, 451hypochlorite, 454lime, 453nitric acid, 451potassium permanganate, 461powdered activated carbon, 462safety program, 671sodium aluminate, 461sodium carbonate, 454sodium silicate, 454sulfur dioxide, 459sulfuric acid, 451, 452

Flammables, storage, 467

Flanges, pumps, 300, 302Flavor rating scale, 526Float, level measurement, 402Flow measurements, 406–414Fluoridation

additional reading, 65air temperatures, 33alarms, 49arithmetic assignment, 65batch mix, 35, 42calculating doses, 60–65charts, 49–51chemical feeders, 35–48

Also see Chemical feederscompounds, 34, 59day tank, 35, 44downflow saturators, 45dust, 59effects on teeth, 33, 556, 557, 578first aid, fluoride, 60fluoride ion, 34formulas, 60hydrofluosilicic acid, 34, 47, 48, 50, 51, 52importance, 33log sheets, 49, 52, 53, 55, 56maintenance, 58operation, 49overfeeding, 47, 54poisoning, fluoride, 59programs, 33public notification, 58records, 49, 53, 55, 56safety, 59safety equipment, 49, 59sanitary defects, 59saturator, 35, 42, 43, 46, 59shutdown, 58sodium fluoride, 34, 35sodium fluorosilicate, 34sodium silicofluoride, 54solution preparation, 49specification review, 47startup, 49systems, 35, 42training, 60treatment charts, 49–51underfeeding, 58upflow saturators, 43, 45, 46

Fluoridecompounds, 34, 59, 461fluorosis, 556, 557, 578ion, 34levels, 556, 557, 578regulations, 556, 557, 578test procedures, 506

Fluxdecline, 188reverse osmosis, 186, 188

Index 859

FmHA loans, 650FMLA (Family and Medical Leave Act of 1993), 638Foaming agents, 578Foot protection, 483Foot valves, 316, 341Forklifts, 475, 476Formation of THMs, 129, 133, 134, 136Fouling

cake formation, 167electrodialysis, 213irreversible, 167membrane, 167pore blockage, 167reversible, 167

Freezing, demineralization, 184, 185Fueling vehicles, 473Fuel storage

code requirements, 360diesel, 360gasoline, 360liquid petroleum gas (LPG), 360natural gas, 360

Fuel systems, engines, 354–357Functions of a manager, 619Fund, repair/replacement, 648Fuse puller, 275Fuses, 275, 276, 280

blown, 275, 276

G

Gaschemical feeders, 362detection equipment, 469explosive mixtures, 400masks, 456–458

Gaseschemical handling, 455safety, 455

Gasolineengines, 352fuel storage, 360

Gate valves, 334, 335Gear train guard, 396General obligation bonds, 650Geobacter, 142Geographic Information System (GIS), 661GFCI (ground-fault circuit interrupter), 471, 478Giardia lamblia, 165, 562, 568–571GIS (Geographic Information System), 661Glassware, laboratory safety, 480Globe valves, 336, 348, 350, 351Gloves, 483Goals, utility, 621Governor, engines, 356, 357Grant programs, 650Granular activated carbon, 138, 140Granular ferric hydroxide (GFH), 146

Gravimetric chemical feeders, 35, 41Graywater use, 696Greensand, iron and manganese, 14, 18–21Greensand filters, 146Grievances, 631, 639Ground, electrical, 281Ground-fault circuit interrupter (GFCI), 471, 478Ground Water Rule (GWR), 550, 563Group 1 and Group 2 THM treatment techniques, 139, 140Groups, protected, 628GWR (Ground Water Rule), 550, 563

H

Handling of chemicalsSee Chemical handling

Handling process wastes, 233, 234, 235Hand protection, 483Harassment, 635, 636Hard hat, 484Hardness, water, 77–79, 82, 83, 515

Also see SofteningHardness leakage, 105Hazard communication, 671–680Hazardous gases, 455, 468Hazardous waste, arsenic treatment, 149, 151Hazards

drowning, 484electrical, 271, 392, 477falls, 401gases, 455, 468instrumentation

confined spaces, 397–400electrical, 392explosive gas mixtures, 400falls, 401mechanical, 396oxygen deficiency or enrichment, 400pneumatic, 396

laboratory, 480–481maintenance, 467

Head protection, 484Health effects

arsenic, 142bacteria, 562fluoride, 33, 556, 557, 578iron and manganese, 7nitrite, 560primary contaminants, 553secondary contaminants, 576trihalomethanes, 129

Health regulations, 545, 551, 553, 576Hepatitis B vaccination, 400Hertz, 272Heterotrophic bacteria, 554, 564High-efficiency clothes washers, 693Hiring procedures, 624–629History of drinking water laws, 545

860 Water Treatment

HMI (human machine interface), 421, 427, 428Hollow-fiber membranes, 166, 167Hollow fine fiber, reverse osmosis, 202, 204, 206Homeland defense, 663–665Horizontal centrifugal pumps, 298, 299, 306, 328Horn, alarm, 421Hoses, fire, 466Hot plates, 481Human factors, safety, 687Human machine interface (HMI), 421, 427, 428Hydrated lime, 83, 453Hydrochloric acid, 451Hydrofluosilicic acid, 34, 47, 48, 50, 52, 53, 449Hydrogen fluoride, 451Hydrogen sulfide, 579Hydrolysis, 194, 196, 206Hydrostatic pressure, level measurement, 402Hygroscopic, 361Hypochlorite, 454

I

ICR (Information Collection Rule), 573IESWTR (Interim Enhanced Surface Water Treatment Rule),

571Imbalance

current, 276–278voltage, 277

Immediate threats to health, 559, 562Immunization, booster shots, 481Impeller

flow measurement, 408, 410pumps, 298, 307

Improvements, capital, 649Improving system management, 620Indicators, instrumentation, 417Inferential flow-sensing techniques, 408–414Information Collection Rule (ICR), 573Injury

See AccidentInorganic chemicals, regulations, 552–560Input/output (I/O) control, 402Inquiries, pre-employment, 627, 628Insoluble compounds, 7Inspection

pumps, 330, 331tanks, 366walk-through, membranes, 175, 180

Instrument air system, 422, 424Instrumentation

abbreviations, 383accuracy, 388alarms, 421analog, 389, 390annunciator panel, alarms, 421automatic control system, 391backup controls, 387

battery-backed power supplies, 418Bourdon tube, 402, 403bubbler tubes, 402, 406, 407calibration

equipment, 425measurement process, 389

categories, 417–431chemical feed rate, 414closed-loop modulating control, 391confined spaces, 397–400control loop, 387, 389, 392control systems, 387–401digital, 389, 390discrete control, 402effective range, 389electrical

equipment, 478hazards, 392symbols, 383–386

fail-safe design, 392feedback, controller, 389, 392flow measurements, 406–414importance, 387indicators, 417inferential flow-sensing techniques, 408–414input/output (I/O) control, 402laboratory, 425level measurements, 402, 403linearity, 389loop, control, 387maintenance, preventive, 431–433measured variables, 402–416measurement, 387–401measurement process, 388mechanical hazards, 396motor control stations, 389, 392National Fire Protection Association Standard 820, 401ON/OFF control, 402operation and maintenance, 431–433orifice plate, 409, 412, 413panel instruments, 417power, 416, 418precision, 388pressure measurements, 402preventive maintenance, 431–433primary elements, 417process instrumentation, 414recorders, 418rotameter, 407, 408, 409safety, 397–400, 478safety hazards, 392–401sensitivity, 389sensors, types, 402–416signal transmitters/transducers, 414snubbers, 402, 405span, 389standardization, 389

Index 861

Instrumentation (continued)standby power generators, 418symbols, electrical, 383–386totalizers, 418types of sensors, 402–416ultrasonic devices, 402, 406, 408variables, measured, 402–416Venturi tube, 412, 413, 414VOM (Volt-Ohm-Milliammeter), 425, 426

Insulation, motors, 284Insulation resistance, 279Insulators, 274Interface, operator, 389Interim Enhanced Surface Water Treatment Rule (IESWTR),

571Interim regulations, 551Interlock, instrumentation, 396Interview

job, 626, 627, 628media, 644

Inventory, 689Ion exchange

arsenic, 144, 145demineralization, 184, 185iron and manganese, 12resin, 12, 99, 102, 104, 135, 138run, 144softeners, 99–102trihalomethanes, 135, 138wastes, 249

Ion exchange softeningAlso see Lime–soda ash softening and Softeningair release assembly, 109backwash, 104, 107blending, 112brine, 104, 106, 108bypass, 112, 113calculations, 110–113description of process, 99–102disposal of spent brine, 106formulas, 110hardness leakage, 105iron and manganese problems, 105, 107limitations, 105maintenance, 106monitoring, 105operation, 102–105recordkeeping, 114resin, 99, 102, 104rinse, 103, 105, 108sanitary defects, brine storage tanks, 107service, 102, 103, 107shutdown, 108split treatment, 112startup, 108testing, 105troubleshooting, 107

wastes, 249zeolite, 99

Iron, regulations, 578Iron (total), test procedures, 509Iron and manganese

additional reading, 23adverse effects, 7aeration, 12analysis, 8, 9arithmetic assignment, 23bacteria, 7, 22, 23bench-scale tests, 10, 14breakpoint chlorination, 16chlorination, 10–12, 14, 18, 21collecting samples, 8color, 7colorimetric testing, 8control, 7, 10dechlorination, 14dirty water, 7divalent, 7effects, 7electromedia process, 15ferrous ion, 7filtration, 14, 15, 18–21formulas, 17–19, 735greensand, 14, 18–21health effects, 7ion exchange, 12ion exchange problems, 105jar tests, 19limits, 7maintenance, 16, 20measurement, 7, 8, 17monitoring, 16, 21need to control, 7objections, 7occurrence, 7operation, 18–21oxidation, 12, 14permanganate, 14, 18–20pH, 13, 18, 19, 20phosphate treatment, 10–12polyphosphate treatment, 10–12problems, ion exchange, 105proprietary processes, 15red water problems, 16, 23regulations, 578reservoirs, 7samples, 8sludge handling and disposal, 249stains, 7, 8tastes and odors, 7troubleshooting, 20, 21, 22zeolite, 14

Iron-based adsorption, 146Irreversible fouling, 167

862 Water Treatment

J

Jar tests, softening, 93–97Job duties, 619Job interview, 626, 627, 628Jogging, 288

K

Kemmerer-type sampler, 502, 503Kirk-key, 294

L

Labeling chemicals, 463Labeling hazards, 674Laboratory instrumentation, 425Laboratory safety

autoclaves, 481biological considerations, 481booster shots, immunization, 481chemicals, 480equipment, 480–481glassware, 480hazards, 480–481hot plates, 481immunization, booster shots, 481pipet washers, 481radioactivity, 481sterilizers, 481water stills, 481

Laboratory test proceduresalgae counts, 497calcium, 497, 498calcium carbonate saturation test, 514chloride, 498, 499coliform, 564color, 500dissolved oxygen, 502fluoride, 506iron (total), 509manganese, 512marble test, 514metals, 516nitrate, 517odor, 524pH, 520specific conductance, 521sulfate, 521taste and odor, 524total dissolved solids, 529trihalomethanes, 528

Lagoons, process wastes, 237Lag time, 392Landfills, sanitary, 249, 250Langelier Index, 80, 134, 213, 516Large landscape conservation, 693

LAS (Linear Alkylbenzene Sulfonate), 578Lead, 557Lead and Copper Rule

action level (AL), 548corrosion control treatment (CCT), 548corrosivity, 548lead service line replacement (LSLR), 548public health benefits, 548purpose, 548regulations, 557–559water quality parameter (WQP), 548

Lead service line replacement (LSLR), 548Leakage, hardness, 105Leak detection, 692Legionella, 554, 568LEL (lower explosive limit), 400, 401Lethal dose 50 (LD 50), 666Let’s Build a Pump!, 298–306Level controls, 327Level measurements, 402, 403Library, maintenance, 269Lifeline rates, 695Lighting, emergency, 294Lime, 83, 86, 87, 88, 89Lime sludge, 249Lime–soda ash softening

Also see Ion exchange softening and Softeningalkalinity, 90application of lime, 89benefits, 82calculation of dosages, 85, 93–98carbon dioxide, 83, 90caustic soda softening, 84, 87chemical reactions, 83–86coagulants, 90color removal, 90formulas, 85handling lime, 89hardness removal, 83hydrated lime, 83jar tests, 93–97lime, 83, 89lime softening, 86, 87limitations, 78, 82marble test, 91National Lime Association, 90partial lime softening, 86permanent hardness, 83polyphosphate, 86, 91quicklime, 83, 91recarbonation, 84, 85, 86, 90recordkeeping, 93safety, 89, 91slake, 83, 91sludge, 92, 249split treatment, 86–89stability, 80, 84, 90

Index 863

Lime–soda ash softening (continued)storage of lime, 89supersaturated, 83temporary hardness, 83

Lime softening, 86, 87Limitations

ion exchange softening, 78lime–soda ash softening, 82softening, 78

Limits, iron and manganese, 7Linear Alkylbenzene Sulfonate (LAS), 578Linearity, instrumentation, 389Liquid chemical feeders, 362Liquid petroleum gas (LPG), 360List, priority, 547Listening skills, 641Loan funding programs, 650Location of sampling points, 583Lockout devices, 397Lockout/tagout procedure, safety, 269, 478, 479Log removals, 761Log sheets

electrodialysis, 221, 222fluoride, 49, 52, 53, 55, 56reverse osmosis, 209, 210

Long-term capital improvements, 649, 650Loop, control, 387Lower explosive limit (LEL), 400, 401LPG (liquid petroleum gas), 360LSLR (lead service line replacement), 548Lubrication

compressors, 332engines, 352maintenance, 309–311mechanical equipment, 309–311pumps, 300, 309–311valves, 336

M

Magneticflow sensing, 408, 411starters, 281–282

Maintenanceadministration, 652–661arsenic plant, 149buildings, 366cathodic protection, 366chemical feeders, 20, 58, 362chlorinators, 365cleaning, 467compressors, 332concrete tanks, 366cooling systems, 358–360corrective, 652cranes, 467, 468diesel engines, 354–358

electrical equipment, 271, 319electric motors, 282–290emergency, 652engines, 352, 354equipment service card, 267, 268fluoridation, 58gasoline engines, 352hazards, 467inspection, tanks, 366ion exchange softeners, 106iron and manganese, 16, 20library, 269lubrication, 309–311manholes, 471manuals, 269manufacturers, 267, 268, 269mechanical equipment, 298motors, 282–290painting, 467POU/POE (point-of-use/point-of-entry), 146power tools, 471predictive, 652preventive, 267, 312, 652preventive, instrumentation, 431–433program

membranes, 181, 182treatment plants, 267

pumps, 298, 312–326recordkeeping, 267, 689reservoirs, 366safety, 467–472, 477service record card, 267, 268steel tanks, 366tanks, 366tools, power, 471types, 652valves, 334, 336, 337, 341, 472vehicles, 473, 474welding, 472

ManagementSee Administration

Manager’s responsibilities, 619, 624, 652Also see Administration

ManganeseAlso see Iron and manganeseaeration, 12greensand systems, 14, 18–21limits, 7manganous ion, 8oxidation, 14regulations, 578test procedures, 512

Manholes, 471Manmade radioactivity, 574Manuals, maintenance, 269Manufacturers, 269Marble test, 22, 91, 514

864 Water Treatment

Mass media, 644Mass spectrometry (MS), 150Maximum allowable concentration (MAC), 666Maximum Contaminant Level (MCL) (primary standards)

chlorine residual substitution, 569development process, 547disinfection byproducts, 573fluoride, 556, 557, 578inorganic chemicals, 547, 552–560manmade radioactivity, 574microbial contaminants, 547, 562–572natural radioactivity, 574organic chemicals, 545, 546, 547, 560radiological contaminants, 547, 574trihalomethanes, 129, 554, 573turbidity, 547, 554, 569types, 547

Maximum Contaminant Level Goal (MCLG), 551MBAS (methylene-blue-active substances), 578MCL (Maximum Contaminant Level)

See Maximum Contaminant Level (MCL) (primary standards)

MCLG (Maximum Contaminant Level Goal), 551Measure, standard, 388Measured variables, instrumentation, 402–416Measurement

chemical feed rate, 414flow, 406instrumentation, 387–401iron and manganese, 7, 8, 17level, 402pressure, 402process, 388safety, 686

Mechanical equipmentcentrifugal pumps, 298electric motors, 282–290hazards, 396Let’s Build a Pump!, 298–306lubrication, 309–311maintenance, electric motors, 282–290maintenance, pumps, 298repair shop, 298seals, 316

Media, news, 644Meetings, conducting, 643Megger, 279Megohm, 279Membranes

air compressor failure, 180backwashing, 167, 175bench-scale studies, 174breakdown maintenance, 182cellulose acetate (CA), 167, 173cleaning, 167clean-in-place (CIP), 177computer lockup, 180corrective maintenance, 182

cross-flow filtration, 166, 171dead-end filtration, 167, 170electrodialysis, 213–223equipment failures, 177, 180filter

maintenance and inspection, 181technique, 564uses, 175

filtration, 166, 169, 170, 171, 172, 173fouling, 167hollow-fiber, 166, 167maintenance program, 181, 182membrane filter technique, 564monitoring, 177, 180operational procedures, 177operation and maintenance, 174–180operator logbook, 180performance, 188performance monitoring, 177pilot-scale studies, 174polypropylene (PP), 167POU/POE (point-of-use/point-of-entry), 165pressure vessels, 166, 168, 174pretreatment, 167, 174, 175preventive maintenance program (PMP), 181process failures, 177, 180properties, 188pump station failure, 180recordkeeping, 180, 181regeneration, 177reverse osmosis (RO), 165, 186, 188, 202, 211routine maintenance, 181SCADA system, 174, 175, 176, 180, 181standby engine generator, 177submerged flow, 166, 172, 173, 174threads, 166treatment processes, 165–182troubleshooting, 177, 180, 181walk-through inspection, 175, 180water quality monitoring, 180

Mercury, 559Metals, test procedures, 516Metering

chemical feeders, 362, 363conservation, 693

Meters, electrical, 274Methemoglobinemia (blue baby), 517, 553, 560Microbial contaminants, 547, 552, 554, 562–572Microbial organism fouling, 206Microfiltration (MF), 165, 167Microwave, level sensors, 406Mineralized waters, 183Mineral rejection, 188, 189, 191Modulating controller, 422Modulating control systems, 389Monitoring

arsenic, 150, 151, 548coliform frequency, 565–566

Index 865

Monitoring (continued)ion exchange softening, 105iron and manganese, 16, 21membrane performance, 177process wastes, 233, 252regulations, 558, 565, 570, 574, 577requirements, Arsenic Rule, 548secondary contaminants, 577SWTR, 570trihalomethanes, 129, 133, 139, 573wastes, 233, 252water quality, membranes, 180

Motorcontrol circuit operation, 395control stations, 389, 392electrical, 271, 282, 478electric motors, 282–290failure, 285–290induction, 290insulation, 284pump, 282, 307safety, 478starters, 281, 477troubleshooting, 285–290

Mottled teeth, 33Multicompartment units, electrodialysis, 215, 217Multimeter, 274, 425, 426Multiple-tube fermentation, 564Muriatic acid, 451

N

Nameplate, 272, 284Nanofiltration (NF)

membranes, 165reverse osmosis, 190

National Electrical Safety Code, 212National Fire Protection Association Standard 820, 401National Labor Relations Act, 640National Lime Association, 90National Safety Council, 685National Secondary Drinking Water Standards

See Secondary Drinking Water StandardsNatural gas, 360Natural organic matter (NOM), 165, 167Natural radioactivity, 574Negotiations, contract, 639Nephelometric turbidity unit (NTU), 569Nessler tubes, 8, 500New employee orientation, 629News media, 644New source alternative, arsenic, 142Nitrate

health effects, 553, 559regulations, 553test procedures, 517

Nitric acid, 451Nitrite, 560

Noise protection, 472Noisy pump, 328Noncarbonate hardness, 83, 84Noncommunity water system, 552Non-permit confined space, 398Nontransient noncommunity water system, 552North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) code,

694Notification, 58, 566, 602NP4, 142NPDES (National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System)

Permit, 106, 233NTU (nephelometric turbidity unit), 569Number of employees needed, 625

O

Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA) regulations, 398, 669

Odorregulations, 579test procedures, 524

Offset, instrumentation, 392Ohm, 273Ohmmeter, 279Ohm’s Law, 273Olfactory fatigue, 449ON/OFF control, 402ONPG-MUG test (coliforms), 564Open-loop control system, 392Operating ratio, 646, 649Operation

arsenic plant, 148chemical feeders, 49diesel engines, 354electrodialysis, 213, 221fluoridation, 49greensand, 18–21instrumentation, 431–433ion exchange softeners, 102–105iron and manganese, 18–21motor control circuit, 395reverse osmosis, 205–212safety

See Safetyvalves, 334, 336

Operational checks, instrumentation, 433Operational procedures, membranes, 177Operation and maintenance, membranes, 174–180Operations and maintenance (O&M), 652–661Operator certification, 630Operator interface, 389Operator logbook, membranes, 180Operator protection

Also see Safetyatmospheres, explosive, 482drowning, 484equipment, safety, 450, 482

866 Water Treatment

Operator protection (continued)explosive atmospheres, 482eye protection, 483first-aid equipment, 671foot protection, 483gas-detection equipment, 469gloves, 483hand protection, 483hard hat, 484hazardous gases, 455, 468head protection, 484noise, 472personal protective equipment (PPE), 400respiratory protection, 456–458, 482safety equipment, 450, 482safety program, 668–688self-contained breathing apparatus, 456–458, 482traffic, 473water safety, 484

Optimum level, fluoride, 35Oral communication, 641Organic chemicals, regulations, 547, 553, 560Organizational plan, 621, 622Organizing, administration, 619, 621Orientation, new employee, 629Orifice plate, instrumentation, 409, 412, 413ORP (oxidation-reduction potential), instrumentation, 414OSHA (Occupational Safety and Health Act) regulations, 398,

669Osmosis, 186, 187Overfeeding fluoride, 47, 54Overload relays, 280Overrange protection, pressure, 402Oxidation

arsenic, 142iron and manganese, 12, 14trihalomethanes, 135, 136

Oxidation-filtration, arsenic, 146Oxidation-reduction potential (ORP), instrumentation, 414Oxygen

deficiency, 400, 468, 482enrichment, 400saturation table, 505

Ozone, 135, 138, 140

P

Packingpumps, 303, 312, 313, 314valves, 334

Painting, 467Panel instruments, 417Panels, control, 478Paper screening, 626Para-Dichlorobenzene, 562Partial lime softening, 86

Parts, valves, 334Pathogenic organisms, 552Payback time, 648, 649Percentile, 90th, lead and copper, 559Performance evaluation, 631–633Performance monitoring, membranes, 177Peristaltic pumps, 35, 37, 52Permanent hardness, 83Permanganate, potassium

See Potassium permanganatePermeability constants, 188Permeate, 188, 202Permeate projections, computerized, 192, 193Permit-required confined space, 398Permits

confined space entry, 681NPDES, 106, 233

Personal protective equipment (PPE), 400Personnel records, 625, 639Pesticides, 553pH

arsenic treatment, 144, 146effects on

electrodialysis, 220reverse osmosis, 194, 196, 206, 207softening, 80, 81trihalomethanes, 134

meter, 415regulations, 579test procedures, 520

Phase, electrical, 272Phosphate treatment, 10–12Physical separation, arsenic treatment, 143Pilot-scale studies, membranes, 174Pink water, 16, 20Pipet washers, 481Piston pumps, 306Pitot tube, 408Plan, organizational, 621, 622Planning

administration, 619, 621emergencies, 621, 661

Plans, arsenic plant, 149Plant

drainage waters, 251maintenance, 467operations data, 688records, 688–691tours, 646

Pneumatic bubbler tubes, level measurement, 402Pneumatic hazards, 396Pneumatic instrumentation, 406, 422Poisoning, fluoride, 59Pole shader, 288Policies and procedures, administration, 629Policy statement, safety, 479, 669, 670

Index 867

Polymers, 149Polyphosphate treatment

iron and manganese, 10–12reverse osmosis, 206, 207softening, 86, 91

Polypropylene (PP) membranes, 167Ponds, process wastes, 237Population decline, 621Pore blockage fouling, 167Positive-displacement pumps, 35, 327, 331Potassium permanganate

handling, 461iron and manganese, 14, 18–20safety, 461trihalomethanes, 135, 136, 139

POU/POE (point-of-use/point-of-entry)arsenic, 143, 146maintenance, 146membranes, 165

Powdered activated carbon, 138, 139, 462Powders, 461, 462Power, instrumentation, 416, 418Power failures, 418Power requirements, 274, 328Power supply, electrodialysis, 220Power tools, 471PPE (personal protective equipment), 400Precision, instrumentation, 388Precursors, THM, 129, 133, 134, 136Predictive maintenance, 652Pre-employment inquiries, 627, 628Pre-entry checklist, confined space, 399Preparation for emergencies, 485, 661Presence-absence (P-A), 564Present worth, 649Pressure measurements, 402Pressures, electrodialysis, 220Pressure vessel, membranes, 166, 168, 174Pretreatment

electrodialysis, 215membranes, 167, 174, 175reverse osmosis, 205

Prevention of fires, 464Preventive maintenance

administration, 652instrumentation, 431–433

Preventive maintenance program (PMP), membranes, 181Pricing, conservation, 695Pride, employee, 630Primary Drinking Water Standards

bacteria, 562disinfectants and disinfection byproducts, 573establishment, 545–552inorganic chemicals, 552–560MCLs, 553–554microbial standards, 562–571

organic chemicals, 560radioactivity, 574regulations, 545treatment techniques, 552

Primary elements, instrumentation, 417Primary standards, measurements, 388Prime, pumps, 327, 328Priority alarms, 430Priority list, 547Probationary period, 629Probes, level measurement, 402, 405Problem employees, 631Procedures, operational, membranes, 177Process computer control system, 427Process control, arsenic, 151Process failures, membranes, 177, 180Process instrumentation, 414Process variables, 388, 402, 414Process wastes

alum sludge, 249backwash recovery ponds, 237, 239backwash wastewater, 249basket centrifuge, 245, 246belt filter presses, 241, 244brine, 234, 235, 248centrifuges, 244, 245, 246cleaning tanks, 236, 238, 239collection of sludges, 234collection systems, 248, 249conditioning, 235decant, 237dewatering of sludges, 234, 235, 240disposal of sludges and brines, 234, 235, 249draining tanks, 236, 238, 239drying beds, 240, 242, 243, 249filter backwash wastewater, 249filter presses, 245, 247handling, 233, 234, 235ion exchange wastes, 249iron sludge, 249lagoons, 237landfills, 249, 250lime sludge, 249monitoring, 233, 252need for handling and disposal, 233NPDES Permit, 106, 233ponds, 237processing alternatives, 235, 236Public Law 92-500, 233reporting, 252sand drying beds, 240, 242, 243, 249sand filter, 249sanitary landfills, 249, 250scroll centrifuge, 244, 245septic wastes, 252sewers, 248, 249

868 Water Treatment

Process wastes (continued)sludge pumps, 252sludge volumes, 234solar lagoons, 237, 240sources, 234supernatant, 240tanks, draining and cleaning, 236, 238, 239temperature effects, 235thickening, 235vacuum filters, 245, 248vacuum tank truck, 239, 240, 249volumes of sludges, 234wastewater collection system, 248, 249Water Pollution Control Act, 233Winklepress, 244

Procurement of materials, 689, 690Procurement records, 689Productive meetings, 643Profile, qualifications, 625Program, maintenance, 267Programmable Logic Controller (PLC), 148Progressive cavity pumps, 308, 318Propeller meters, 408, 410Propeller pumps, 318Property taxes, 650Proportional-band, controller adjustment, 392Proprietary media, arsenic, 146Proprietary processes, iron and manganese, 15Protected groups, 628Protection devices, electrical equipment, 280Protective measures, water supply, 666Prussian blue, 336Public health benefits

Arsenic Rule, 548Consumer Confidence Report (CCR) Rule, 551Filter Backwash Recycling Rule (FBRR), 549Lead and Copper Rule, 548Radionuclides Rule, 550Stage 1 Disinfectants and Disinfection Byproducts Rule, 549Stage 2 Disinfectants and Disinfection Byproducts Rule, 549Total Coliform Rule (TCR), 549

Public information programs, conservation, 694Public Law 92-500, 233Public notification, fluoride, 58Public relations, 644–646Public speaking, 645Public water systems, 551Pump controllers, instrumentation, 422, 423Pumping equipment, electrodialysis, 220Pump maintenance

alignment, 300, 302, 316, 322–326bearings, 316, 318belt drives, 321chain drives, 322check valves, 316, 318, 337–350controls, 319couplings, 323–326

dial indicators, 325, 326electric motors, 282–290, 319–320foot valves, 316, 341mechanical seals, 316packing, 303, 312, 313, 314preventive maintenance, 312progressive cavity pumps, 318propeller pumps, 318reciprocating pumps, 317shear pin, 317, 325shutdown, 316, 327variable speed belt drives, 323wearing rings, 316

Pump operationcentrifugal pumps, 328–331discharge, 328driving equipment, 325, 327electrical controls, 325, 327inspection, 330, 331level controls, 325, 327noisy pump, 328positive-displacement pumps, 35, 331power requirements, 328prime, 325, 327, 328rotation, 328shutdown, 325, 327, 329starting, 325–331troubleshooting, 327

Pumpsalignment, 300, 302, 316, 322–326bearings, 300, 307, 316, 318casing, 302, 307cavitation, 304, 305centrifugal pumps, 298, 306, 328chemical metering, 308, 362, 363couplings, 300, 323–326displacement, 299dynamic types, 299electric motors, 282–290flanges, 300, 302horizontal centrifugal pumps, 298, 299, 306, 328impeller, 298, 307Let’s Build a Pump!, 298–306lubrication, 300, 309–311maintenance

See Pump maintenancemotors, 271–293packing, 303, 312, 313, 314piston type, 306progressive cavity, 308, 318reciprocating, 306, 317rings, wearing, 303screw flow, 308seal, 303shaft, 300, 307sleeves, 300, 307stuffing boxes, 303

Index 869

Pumps (continued)suction, 300, 302, 303, 304vertical centrifugal pumps, 306wearing rings, 303

Pump station failure, membranes, 180Purchase order, 647, 689, 690

Q

Qualifications profile, 625Questions

management, 620pre-employment, 627, 628

Quicklime, 83, 91, 453Quick Reference Guides, Compilation of, EPA, 548

R

Radio, 644Radioactivity, 574Radiological contaminants, 547, 574Radionuclides Rule, 550Radon, 575Range, instrument, 389Rate of flow, 406Rates, water, 649Recarbonation, 84, 85, 86, 90Reciprocating pumps, 306, 317Recognition, employee, 629, 630Recorders, 418Recordkeeping

accident reports, 682arsenic, 151bacteriological, 602chemical, 602computer, 690disposition of records, 691electrical equipment, 267, 268, 285, 290electrodialysis, 221, 222equipment, 690fluoridation, 49, 53, 55, 56inventory, 689ion exchange softening, 114lime–soda ash softening, 93maintenance, 689membranes, 180, 181operations data, 688personnel, 625, 639plant, 688–691process wastes, 252procurement, 689purchase order, 647, 689, 690purpose, 688requisition, 647, 689, 690retention of records, 602, 691reverse osmosis, 207, 209, 210safety, 682

sanitary survey, 602softening, 93types of records, 688variance and exemptions, 602

Recovery, reverse osmosis, 194, 207Recycle flows, 549Red water problems, 16, 22Regenerant, salt, arsenic treatment, 144Regeneration, membranes, 177Regulations, drinking water

arsenic, 552bacteria, 554, 562–572barium, 555cadmium, 555chloride, 577chlorine residual substitution, 569chromium, 556coliforms, 554, 563–567color, 577community water system, 551copper, 556, 577Drinking Water Standards, 548, 552–575, 576–580establishment, 547–552filtration, 568–571fluoride, 578foaming agents, 578Giardia lamblia, 562, 568–571health, 545, 551, 552, 553–554, 576immediate threats to health, 559, 562inorganic chemicals, 552–560iron, 578lead, 557maximum contaminant levels (MCLs), 547, 552–575membrane filter, 564mercury, 559microbiological contaminants, 547, 554, 562–571monitoring, 558, 565, 570, 574, 577multiple-tube fermentation, 564natural radioactivity, 574nitrate, 553, 559nitrite, 560nontransient noncommunity water system, 552notification, 566, 602odor, 579organic chemicals, 547, 553, 560pH, 579Primary Drinking Water Standards, 552–575radioactivity, 574radiological contaminants, 547, 574reporting procedures, 566, 591required sampling, 558, 564, 565, 566, 570, 574, 577, 580–

591Safe Drinking Water Act, 580sampling points, 583sampling procedures, 580–591Secondary Drinking Water Standards, 576–580selenium, 560

870 Water Treatment

Regulations, drinking water (continued)setting standards, 545silver, 579solvents, 560sulfate, 579total dissolved solids (TDS), 580treatment techniques, 552trihalomethanes, 129, 139, 573turbidity, 547, 551, 569zinc, 580

Regulations, OSHA, 398, 669Regulatory agencies, safety, 669Rejection, mineral, 188, 189, 191Repair/replacement fund, 648Repair shop, 298Replacement cost, 648Reporting

arsenicemergency, 151routine, 151special, 151violations, 151

procedures, 566, 591safety, 485, 486, 682waste disposal, 252

Report writing, 641–643Representative sample, 131Required sampling, 558, 564, 566, 570, 574, 577, 580–591Requisition system, 647, 689, 690Reservoirs, 7, 366Reset, controller adjustment, 392Residential plumbing retrofits, 692Residential water surveys, 692Residuals, arsenic, 149Resin

arsenic ion exchange, 144ion exchange, 12, 99, 102, 104, 135, 138

Respiratory protection, 456–458, 482Responsibilities, safety, 447, 668Responsibilities of managers, 619, 624Responsibility, 621Retaliation, 638Retrofits, residential plumbing, 692Revenue bonds, 650Reverse osmosis (RO)

Also see Demineralization and Electrodialysisacid feed system, 207additional reading, 223alarms, 207arithmetic assignment, 223brine, 194, 207calculations, 188–198cartridge filters, 207chlorination, 207“Christmas Tree” arrangement, 194, 197, 207cleaning membrane, 211colloids, 206

components, 199concentration polarization, 194definition, 186feed, 207flow diagram, 187, 208flux, 186, 189flux decline, 188hollow fine fiber, 202, 204, 206hydrolysis, 194, 196, 206layout, 201log sheet, 209, 210membranes, 165, 186, 188, 202, 211microbial organisms, 206mineral rejection, 188, 189, 191operation, 205–212osmosis, 186, 187permeate, 188, 202pH effects, 194, 196, 206, 207polyphosphate treatment, 206, 207pretreatment, 205pumps, 199recordkeeping, 207, 209, 210recovery, 194, 207rejection, mineral, 188, 189, 191safety, 211scalants, 206spiral wound, 202, 203suspended solids, 205temperature effects, 194, 195, 196, 206threshold treatment, 206troubleshooting, 211tubular, 202turbidity, 205types of plants, 202

Reversible fouling, 167Review of plans and specifications, arsenic plant, 149Right-To-Know (RTK) laws, 671–680Rings, wearing, 303Rinse, ion exchange softening, 103, 105, 108, 148Rotameter, 407, 408, 409Rotation of pump operation, 328Rotor, 282Route, sampling, 585Routine arsenic reporting, 151Routine maintenance, membranes, 181Routine sampling, 558, 565RTK (Right-To-Know) laws, 671–680Rules

coliform, 563–567copper, 557lead, 557surface water treatment, 549, 568–572

S

Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA), 545, 546, 580, 591Safe Drinking Water Hotline [(800) 426-4791], 548

Index 871

Safe procedureshazard communication, 671–680right-to-know laws, 671–680worker right-to-know laws, 671–680

Safetyaccident

causes, 447, 668prevention, 447, 473reports, 485, 486, 682, 683, 684

acetic acid (glacial), 448acids, 448activated carbon, 462additional reading, 485alum, 460aluminum sulfate, 460ammonia, 452arsenic plant, 149atmospheres, explosive, 482autoclaves, 481bases, 452biological considerations, 481booster shots, immunization, 481calcium hydroxide, 453carbon dioxide, 457caustic soda, 453check, vehicles, 473, 474chemical handling, 211, 448chemicals, laboratory, 480chemical storage drains, 463CHEMTREC [(800) 424-9300], 485chlorine, 455Chlorine Manual, 456classification, fires, 464cleaning, 467confined spaces, 397–400, 468–471, 680, 681control panels, 478costs, 686cranes, 468current, 477, 478dangerous air, 468definition, 447drains, 463drowning, 484education, 682electrical equipment, 212, 269, 271, 296, 392, 477electrodialysis, 221emergencies, 485, 671equipment

fluoridation, 49, 59laboratory, 480–481operator protection, 447, 481, 482–484, 670personal protective equipment (PPE), 400shower, 449, 450, 451

exits, 467explosive atmospheres, 482extinguishers, fire, 464–466eye protection, 483

ferric chloride, 460ferric sulfate, 460ferrous sulfate, 460, 461fire protection, 464first aid, 60, 671flammables, storage, 467fluoridation, 59fluoride compounds, 461foot protection, 483forklifts, 476fueling vehicles, 473gas-detection equipment, 469gases, 455gas masks, 456–458glassware, 480gloves, 483ground-fault circuit interrupter, 471, 478handling chemicals, 448hand protection, 483hard hat, 484hazardous gases, 455, 468hazards

empty digesters, 365instrumentation, 392–401laboratory, 480–481maintenance, 467

head protection, 484homeland defense, 663–665hot plates, 481human factors, 687hydrated lime, 453hydraulic equipment, 212hydrochloric acid, 451hydrofluosilicic acid, 60, 449, 461hydrogen fluoride, 451hypochlorite, 454immunization, booster shots, 481injury frequency rate, 686injury severity rate, 686instrumentation, 397–400, 478laboratory, 480–481lime–soda ash softening, 89, 91lockout/tagout procedure, 269, 478, 479maintenance, 467–472, 477manholes, 471measuring, 686membrane, 221motors, 478muriatic acid, 451National Safety Council, 685nitric acid, 451noise, 472olfactory fatigue, 449operator, 447, 481, 482–484, 670OSHA, 680oxygen deficiency, 468oxygen enrichment, 400

872 Water Treatment

Safety (continued)painting, 467panels, control, 478permit, confined space, 470, 680, 681permit-required confined space, 469personal protective equipment (PPE), 400pipet washers, 481plant maintenance, 467policy statement, 479, 669, 670potassium permanganate, 461powdered activated carbon, 462powders, 461, 462power tools, 471program, 668–688quicklime, 83, 91, 453radioactivity, 481regulatory agencies, 669reporting, 485, 486, 682, 683, 684respiratory protection, 456–458, 482responsibilities, 447, 668reverse osmosis, 211safety check, vehicles, 473, 474safety shower, 449, 450, 451salts, 459, 460seat belts, 473self-contained breathing apparatus, 456–458, 482shots, booster, immunization, 481shower, safety, 449, 450, 451sodium aluminate, 461sodium carbonate, 454sodium fluoride, 60, 461sodium hydroxide, 453sodium silicate, 454softening, 89, 91standard operating procedures (SOPs), 469, 478, 479, 671starters, 477statistics, 686sterilizers, 481stills, water, 481storage, chemicals, 463storage, flammables, 467sulfur dioxide, 457sulfuric acid, 451supervisors, 668, 670, 683, 685tailgate training, 448, 685threat levels, homeland defense, 664tools, power, 471traffic, 473training, 629, 682transformers, 477underwater inspection, 484unsafe acts, 670valves, 472vehicles, 473voltage, 477water, 484

water stills, 481welding, 472

Safety Data Sheet (SDS), 180hazard communication 671–677

Salinity, 183Salts, handling and safety, 459, 460Salt solution characteristics, 12Sampling

arsenic, 150coliform, 564iron and manganese, 8lead and copper, 558points, 583procedures, 580–591schedule, 584trihalomethanes, 131

Sampling procedurescheck sampling, 580collection, 558, 580–585frequency, 558, 564–566, 569, 570, 574, 577, 584–585initial sampling, 580lead and copper, 558location, 583number of samples, coliform, 564plan, 564required sampling, 558, 564, 580route, 585Safe Drinking Water Act, 580

Sand drying beds, 240, 242, 243, 249Sand filter, 249Sanitary defects

brine storage tanks, 107fluoridation, 59

Sanitary landfills, 249, 250Sanitary survey, 563, 602Saturators, fluoridation, 35, 42, 43, 46, 59SCADA (Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition) systems

computer control systems, 427distribution systems, 654membranes, 174, 175, 176, 180, 181treatment plants, 654

Scalingelectrodialysis, 213, 220reverse osmosis, 206

SCBA (self-contained breathing apparatus), 398, 456–458, 482Schedule, sampling, 584School education programs, conservation, 694Screw flow pumps, 308Scroll centrifuge, 244, 245SDS, 180SDWA (Safe Drinking Water Act), 545, 580, 591Seal, pump, 303, 304Seal cage, 304Seat belts, 473Seats, valves, 336Seawater, 183

Index 873

Secondary Drinking Water Standardsaluminum, 577chloride, 577color, 577copper, 577enforcement, 576fluoride, 578foaming agents, 578hydrogen sulfide, 579iron, 578iron and manganese, 578manganese, 578maximum contaminant levels (MCLs), 576monitoring, 577odor, 579pH, 579silver, 579sulfate, 579total dissolved solids (TDS), 580zinc, 580

Secondary standards, measurements, 388Security, arsenic plant, 149Selection, employees, 628Selenium, 560Self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA), 398, 456–458, 482Sensitivity, instrumentation, 389Sensors, types, 402–416Septic wastes, 251Service, ion exchange softeners, 102, 103, 107, 148Service cost recovery, 695Service line replacement, 559Service record card, 267, 268Set point, 392Sewers, 248, 249Sexual harassment, 635, 636Shaft, pump, 300, 307Shear pin, 317, 325Shop steward, 639Shots, booster, immunization, 481Shower, safety, 449, 450, 451Shutdown

arsenic plant, 148chemical feeders, 58fluoridation, 58instrumentation systems, 432ion exchange softeners, 108pumps, 316, 325, 329

Signaltransducers, 414transmitters, 414, 653

Silver, 579Slake, 83, 91Sleeves, pump, 300, 307Sludge

pumps, 251softening, 92volumes, 234

Snubbers, 402, 405Sodium

aluminate, 461carbonate, 454fluoride, 34, 35fluorosilicate, 34hydroxide, 453silicate, 454silicofluoride, 54

SofteningAlso see Ion exchange softening and Lime–soda ash softeningadditional reading, 114alkalinity, 77, 80, 90arithmetic assignment, 114basic methods, 82benefits, 78, 82calcium carbonate equivalent, 78, 79carbonate hardness, 77, 83chemical reactions, 83–86chemistry, 79hardness, water, 77, 82, 84importance, 78ion exchange softening, 99jar tests, 93–97Langelier Index, 80lime–soda ash softening, 82, 87limitations, 78, 82need, 78noncarbonate hardness, 83, 84permanent hardness, 83pH, 80, 81recordkeeping, 93safety, 89, 91sludge, 92stability, 80, 84, 90temporary hardness, 83total hardness, 77zeolite, 99

Softening membrane, RO, 190Solar lagoons, 237, 240Solid chemical feeders, 362Solution feeders, 35, 42Solution preparation, fluoridation, 49Solvents, 560Sonar devices, 402Sources, arsenic, 142Span, instrumentation, 389Special arsenic reporting, 151Special assessment bonds, 650Specification review

electrodialysis, 220fluoridation, 47

Specifications, arsenic plant, 149Specific conductance test procedures, 521Spectrophotometer

absorbance, 495calibration, 496

874 Water Treatment

Spectrophotometer (continued)description, 495iron and manganese analysis, 8percent transmittance, 495standards, 496transmittance, 495units, 495

Spent media, activated alumina, 146Spiral wound membrane, 202, 203Split samples, 150, 151Split treatment

ion exchange softening, 112lime–soda ash softening, 86–89

Square root extraction, 383SRF (State Revolving Fund), 650Stability, water, 80, 84, 90Stack, electrodialysis, 213, 215, 220Staffing

advertising positions, 626applications, job, 626certification, 630compensation, 626, 629disciplinary problems, 631employee-management relationship, 639employee orientation, 629employee problems, 631, 639employees, 624employer policies, 629, 636evaluation, performance, 631–633grievances, 631, 639groups, protected, 628harassment, 635, 636hiring procedures, 624–629interviewing, 626interview questions, 627, 628manager’s responsibilities, 619, 624National Labor Relations Act, 640new employee orientation, 629number of employees, 625orientation, new employees, 629paper screening, 626performance evaluation, 631–633personnel records, 639policies, employer, 629, 636probationary period, 629problem employees, 631profile, qualifications, 625protected groups, 628qualifications profile, 625retaliation, 638selection process, 628sexual harassment, 635, 636training, 630unions, 639

Stage 1 Disinfectants and Disinfection Byproducts Rulepublic health benefits, 549purpose, 549

Stage 2 Disinfectants and Disinfection Byproducts Rulepublic health benefits, 549purpose, 549

Stages, electrodialysis, 213Standard deviation, 527Standard Industrial Classifications (SIC) code, 694Standardization, instrumentation, 389Standardized Monitoring Framework (SMF)

benefits, 550contaminants regulated, 550monitoring requirements, 550purpose, 550

Standard operating procedures (SOPs), 468, 469, 478, 479, 671Standards, drinking water, 545, 576Standard unit of measure, 388Standby engine generator, membranes, 177Standby engines, 360Standby power generation, 293Standby power generators, 418Starters, electrical, 281, 477Startup

arsenic plant, 148chemical feeders, 49engines, 352, 353, 358fluoridation, 49instrumentation systems, 432ion exchange softeners, 108pumps, 325–331

State Revolving Fund (SRF), 650Stator, 282Steel tanks, 366Sterilizers, 481Stethoscope, 319Steward, shop, 639Stills, water, 481Storage of

chemicals, 361, 463flammables, 467fuel, 360lime, 89

Strip-chart recorders, 418, 420Stuffing boxes, pumps, 303Submerged flow, membranes, 166, 172, 173, 174Suction, pumps, 302, 303, 304Sulfate

regulations, 579test procedures, 521

Sulfur dioxide, 457Sulfuric acid, 451Sulfurospirillum, 142Supernatant, 240Supersaturated, 83Supervising inquiries, pre-employment, 627Supervision, 630Supervisors, safety, 668, 670, 683, 685Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition (SCADA), 427Surface Water Treatment Rules, 549, 568–572

Index 875

Surfactant, 578Surge protection, pressure, 402, 405Switches, electrical, 272, 275Switch gear, electrical, 280, 295Symbols, electrical, 383–386Synthetic organic chemicals, 560Synthetic resins, 135, 136System water audits, 692

T

Tag, warning, 270Tagged off, 397Tagout/lockout procedure, 269, 478, 479Tailgate training, 448, 685Tanks

draining and cleaning, 236, 238, 239steel, maintenance, 366

Target audience, 641, 642, 644Tastes and odors

iron and manganese, 7test procedures, 524

TCE (trichloroethylene), 561TDR (time domain reflectometry) level sensors, 406Teeth, mottling and cavities, 33, 556, 557, 578Telemetering, instrumentation, 653Telephone contacts, 645Television, 644Temperature effects

electrodialysis, 220process wastes, 234reverse osmosis, 194, 195, 196, 206THM formation, 134

Temporary hardness, 83Test and calibration equipment, 425Testers, electrical, 274Testing ion exchange softeners, 105Test procedures

See Laboratory test proceduresThallium, 560Thermal overloads, 280Thickener supernatant, 549Thickening wastes, 235Thin film composite membrane, 188Thread membranes, 166Threshold Odor Number (TON), 524–528, 579Threshold treatment, 206Tier 1 and 2 violations, 566, 602Time domain reflectometry (TDR) level sensors, 406Titrate, 79TON (Threshold Odor Number), 524–528, 579Tools, power, 471Total Coliform Rule (TCR)

MCL, 548public health benefits, 549purpose, 548standards, 563–567

Total dissolved solids (TDS), 183, 185, 529, 580Total flow, 406Total hardness, 77Totalizers, instrumentation, 418Total trihalomethanes, 129, 131, 134, 139, 573Tours, plant, 646Toxicity, 665Traffic, 473Training

administration, 630fluoridation, 60safety, 630, 682

Transducers (signal), 414Transformers, 273, 277, 281, 295, 477Transient noncommunity water system, 552Transmission, electrical, 295Transmitters (signal), 414“Traveler’s” diarrhea, 562Treatment

arsenic, 142emergency, 666, 667processes, membranes, 165–182

Treatment charts, fluoridation, 49–51Treatment techniques, 5521,1,1-Trichloroethane, 561Trichloroethylene (TCE), 561Trihalomethanes

activated carbon, 135, 138, 139additional reading, 131, 140adsorption, 135, 138aeration, 135–136, 140arithmetic assignment, 140bench-scale studies, 135, 139, 140bromide, 129, 134calculations, 132chemical reactions, 129, 133chloramines, 138, 139chlorine, 129, 134, 138, 139coagulation/sedimentation/filtration, 135, 136control strategies, 131, 134, 139disinfection alternatives, 138existing treatment processes, 135feasibility analysis process, 131Federal Register, 129, 131, 139formation, 129, 133, 134, 136formulas, 132, 741, 753Group 1 and Group 2 treatment techniques, 140health effects, 129ion exchange resins, 135, 138maximum contaminant level (MCL), 129, 140, 573monitoring, 129, 133, 139options for control, 134oxidation, 135, 136ozone, 135, 136, 138, 140pH, THM formation, 134potassium permanganate, 135, 136, 139precursors, THM, 129, 133, 134, 136

876 Water Treatment

Trihalomethanes (continued)problem, 129, 131regulations, 129, 139, 573resins, synthetic, 135, 136sampling, 131sources of water, 134synthetic resins, 135, 136temperature, THM formation, 134test procedures, 528total trihalomethanes, TTHMs, 129, 131, 134, 139ultraviolet light, 135, 136variance, 139

Troubleshootingarsenic plant, 149electrical equipment, 274–280engines, 352, 358ion exchange softeners, 107iron and manganese, 20, 21, 22membranes, 177, 180, 181motors, 285–290pumps, 327reverse osmosis, 211

Tubular membranes, 202Turbidity regulations, 547, 551, 554, 569Types of sensors, 402–416Typical plant, arsenic, 148

U

UEL (upper explosive limit), 400, 401Ultrafiltration (UF), 165, 167Ultra-low-flush [flow] toilet (ULFT), 692, 695, 696Ultrasonic devices, level measurement, 402, 406, 408Ultraviolet light, 135, 136Unaccounted for water, 620Unbalanced current, 276–278Underfeeding, fluoridation, 58Underwater inspection, 484Unions, 639Unity of command, 621Unloader, compressor, 332Unregulated contaminants, 547Unsafe acts, 670Upflow saturators, 43, 45, 46Upper explosive limit (UEL), 400, 401Uranium, 574User fees, 647US Terrorism Alert System, 664, 665Utility management, 619

V

Vaccination, hepatitis B, 400Vacuum breakers, 659, 660Vacuum filters, 245, 248Vacuum tank truck, 239, 240, 251

Valvesarsenic treatment plant, 148, 149automatic, 350butterfly, 337, 340check, 316, 318, 337–350compressor, 333, 334diaphragm-operated, 350, 351eccentric, 337–339foot, 316, 341gate, 334, 335globe, 336, 348, 350, 351lubrication, 336maintenance, 334, 336, 337, 341operation, 334, 336packing, 334parts, 334safety, 472seats, 336types, 342use, 334, 337wafer check valve, 337, 340, 342, 347

Variablesmeasured, instrumentation, 402–416process, 388, 402, 414

Variable speed belt drives, 323Variance, THM, 139Variance and exemptions, 139, 602Vehicles

accident prevention, 473forklifts, 476fueling, 473maintenance, 473operation, 473–475safety check, 473, 474seat belts, 473types, 473

Velocity flow sensing, 408, 410Venturi tube, 412, 413, 414Vertical centrifugal pumps, 306Vinyl chloride, 561Violation arsenic reporting, 151Violations, tier 1 and 2, 602Violence, 634Viscosity, 149, 311VOCs (volatile organic chemicals), 553, 560Volatile, 135Volatile organic chemicals (VOCs), 553, 560Voltage imbalance, 277Voltage testing, 274–276, 477Volt-Ohm-Milliammeter (VOM), 425, 426Volts, 272, 274, 295Volume-related charges, 695Volumes of sludges, 234Volumetric feeders, 35, 39, 40, 42VOM (Volt-Ohm-Milliammeter), 425, 426Vulnerability assessment, 661

Index 877

W

Wafer check valve, 340, 342, 347Walk-through inspection, membranes, 175, 180Warning tag, 270Wastewater, arsenic, 149Wastewater collection system, 248, 249Water

safety, 484Water audits, 692Water conservation

See ConservationWater-cooled engines, 357Water efficiency program, 693Water hammer, 329Water Pollution Control Act, 233Water quality monitoring, membranes, 180Water rates, 649Water safety, 484WaterSense, 696Water shortage allocations, 695Water stills, 481Water waste prohibition, 695Watts, 273

Wearing rings, pumps, 303Welding, 472Wholesale agency assistance programs, 694Wilson’s disease, 557Winklepress, 244Wood preservative, arsenic, 142Worker Right-To-Know (RTK) laws, 671–680Working conditions, 626Written communication, 641–643

X

(NO LISTINGS)

Y

(NO LISTINGS)

Z

Zeoliteiron and manganese, 14softening, 99

Zinc, 580