WATER RESOURCESName: _________________________________ Date: _________________________Period: ________

Water may seem _________________ to us but globally is it ___________. About ____________ of the water on the Earth is _______water found in the oceans. The other _________percent is fresh water found in lakes, rivers, streams, and glaciers, tapped in soil below the Earth’s surface and in the atmosphere. Of that proportion of fresh water, _______ is ice, 20% _______& only ___________ is surface water. Fresh water is a _____________resource.

What makes water so special?o Exists in three states of mattero ___________________________________________________o Necessary for life…you are 70% water.o Distributed unevenly in time as well as space….dry seasons vs. rainy

GROUNDWATERGroundwater is water ________________beneath the Earth’s surface. Water is pulled down by ______________underground where it contacts different layers of ___________& _____________. Layers that water can pass through ____________are called______________. Layers with few pores are called ________________. Aquifer’s upper layer is called the zone of aeration. This layer has pores and water flows through. The ____________________is called the _________________________and these spaces are saturated with water. The boundary between the two zones is the ________________. The water table depth is determined by the shape of the _________and the amount of available water. The water table will rise during times of heavy ____________________ and will fall in times of drier weather.

This water is accessed through ___________and supplies most of ___________ ________. The world’s largest known aquifer is the____________________, which resides below the _______________________of the US. This massive ______________has supplied water to American farmers to grow the most abundant crop of ____________________in the world.

This water is ___________ often because it provides us with much of our __________water. SURFACE WATERJust 1% of water is _________________ found on the Earth’s surface. Sources of surface water are rain, melting snow, ______________& ice caps. Water travels from these sources to bodies of surface water as_______________. Runoff is water that flows over land and has not been __________________into the ground. ______________can flow into streams, lakes or ponds.

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River systems are a network of connected______________. These systems begin with a small stream flowing into a larger stream. River systems flow into bigger areas called_______________. A watershed includes all the ________________area that supplies water to a particular river system. Watersheds are sometimes referred to as ______________________________. The _____________ nature of watersheds greatly influence how they are managed.

PA Watersheds Where does all fresh water in PA eventually drain? ___________________

6 major PA Watersheds: Great lakes Basin- only 1% lies in PA Ohio River Basin- 2nd largest, provides drinking water for 13 million people Susquehanna/Chesapeake Basin- largest watershed in PA covers 46% of the

State Potomac Basin Delaware Basin- 3rd largest Genesee Basin – smallest watershed

Uses of Fresh Water_______________________of the world’s people are affected by water _____________. Many sources of surface water & groundwater are _________________drying up.

Globally, about ________ of our fresh water is used on agriculture. _____________ accounts for approximately 22%. Personal water usage is about_____. These numbers can vary based on the ___________in which you live. Lower income nations use ___________water for agriculture than _________________________countries.

Agricultural UsesFarmers & _____________________must use water for their crops & livestock to provide ____________for you. About 1500 liters (400 gallons) of ______________are needed to produce 1 kilogram (2.2 pounds) of_______________. That’s more water than an average person drinks in one year! It takes _________________that amount of water to produce 1 kilogram of grain-fed beef.

Industrial UsesAlmost all the _____________that you use are created through a process that needs water. American factories use about ____________________________(18 billion gallons) of water to make & transport their_________________.

Water is also used in the _______________industry to generate electricity. Engineers use the water to _____________________the machinery when it gets hot. Water is also used to refine ____________________& oil. It takes between 1-2.5 gallons of water to refine a single gallon of gasoline.

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Personal UsesEach day the ___________person in the US drinks 2-5 liters of water. We also use water for_______________, cooking, cleaning, doing laundry & flushing the toilet. Water keeps our _____________looking nice & fills our_________________. Personal uses happening inside the home are called___________________________________.

HOW MUCH WATER DOES IT TAKE TO……Fill the average swimming pool 72, 000 liters (19,000 gallons)Water the average lawn 2800 liters (750 gallons)Take a 10 minutes shower 50 liters (40 gallons)Flush the toilet 25 liters (6 gallons)Run a load of dishes in the dishwasher

25 liters (6 gallons)

USING SURFACE WATERBecause of overuse, surface water resources are being depleted. Most of water we use is surface water and it must be pulled from its sources to our industries and homes.

1. ________________________ – When you live near a ______________________ it is easy to get the water that you need. However, if you live in the ___________, water has to be transported to you from farther away. The process of moving water from its source to places where people live is called ________________________. For example, water from the ___________________________ is diverted by canals to major cities including LA, Las Vegas & Phoenix. This ____________________comes at a high price and has turned some areas near the Colorado into deserts and the local economy has been harmed.

COSTS BENEFITSHABITAT ALTERAION CLEAN POWER GENERATION

FISHERIES DECLINE CROP IRRIGATION

POPULATION DISPLACEMENT FLOOD CONTROL

SEDIMENT CAPTURE SHIPPING

LOSS OF FERTILE FARMLAND NEW RECREATIONAL OPPORTUNITIES

RISK OF FAILURE

LOST RECREATIONAL OPPORTUNITIES

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2. Dams are built to ______________the flow of the river and build a _____________supply of water. A dam is any obstruction placed in a river or stream to block its flow.

Dams will create artificial ________________________of water for human use.

SURFACE WATER DEPLETIONDrought & _______________________have significantly reduced surface water resources. Sometimes the diverted Colorado River dries up before reaching the Gulf of California. Reduced __________________ flow has altered the ecology of that region. Many populations of plants and animals have declined in numbers….including the pike minnow, humpback chub and razorback sucker.

USING GROUNDWATERGroundwater takes much longer to replenish and it is being used faster than it can be replenished. ____________________ is a major use of groundwater.Agriculture UsesMost irrigation is very _________________ Too much water can lead to _____________ and salinization. Salinization if the buildup of ____________in the surface layers of the soil. Too much ________________can make the soil unusable.Groundwater miningGroundwater mining is __________________groundwater faster than it can be______________. This turns water into a _______________resource. Las Vegas is trying to win approval to do this to supplement its water supply. Las Vegas is running out of water.

Many __________________are being depleted as groundwater is mined. When this happens, the water tables drop and water becomes more ___________________to use.

Solutions to Freshwater DepletionWhen areas are out of water we can do two things: increase our ______________or decrease our ________________.

Solutions that increase our supply:1. Desalination: method uses machines to heat saltwater until the water evaporates, leaving the salt behind. The water vapor can then be condensed into fresh water.

2. Reverse osmosis: a method that forces water through artificial membranes to filter out salts.

Solutions that decreases demand:1. Agricultural solutions: create efficient irrigation systems, only choose crops suitable for the land & climate.2. Industrial solutions: find new processes that use less water, recycle water within the plant

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3. Personal solutions: reduce ________________uses of water, water lawn at night – prevents evaporation, choose outdoor plants for your climate – xeriscaping, fixing _____________pipes & turning off the tap when you are brushing your teeth. Simple steps can go a long way in reducing your personal water footprint!

WATER POLLUTIONEvery type of water pollution comes from either a point or a nonpoint source. ___________________________ come from a ________________________ such as a factory pipe. _______________________ pollution can come from a _______________of sources spread over a large area. Runoff produced by _____________________flows across the land to pick up fertilizers, ____________________, salt, oil and other pollutants. Major categories of pollution include nutrient pollution, toxic chemical pollution, sediment pollution, thermal pollution and biological pollution.

1. Nutrient pollution is when water has a high content of ___________________& low oxygen. _________________________ occurs naturally when nutrients increase in the water supply. When the nutrients build up, algae growth and aquatic plant growth______________ . More growth means more decomposition. Decomposition requires oxygen, so the level of dissolved oxygen____________________. When this happens naturally, it takes a long time. But humans can increase this process by using products that contain ________________….like fertilizers and detergents. When the algae growth is uncontrollable it is called an______________________. The algal bloom will cover the water’s surface depleting the _______________that can be found underneath and blocking the sun’s rays. Therefore many ___________________will die.

2. Toxic Chemical pollution is when fresh water is contaminated by toxic chemicals. Toxic chemicals are released during many _________________and manufacturing processes. These chemicals can __________________ aquatic animals and plants as well as cause human health problems…including ________________ .

3. Sediment Pollution is when _________________is transported by rivers & runoff which can harm an_______________ . Sediment pollution is a result of ________________. When large amounts of sediment enter the water, it causes the water to ____________,the rate of ____________________will decline, food webs may be _________________and make the water quality poor.

Steps to prevent erosion:a. _____________________________b. Avoid land clearingc. ____________________________d. ____________________________

4. When water is warmer is holds less_____________. This is_____________________. The most common example of this is when industry uses water to cool down its plants. Water can also become _________________when trees that shad the river are cut down. Thermal pollution harms ________________& other aquatic organisms.

5. ________________________________________is when ________________(disease-causing organisms) make their way into our water, air & soil.

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CLEAN WATER ACT (1977)This federal law is the most important law to prevent water pollution in the US. It made is illegal to release pollution from a point source without a permit. It also sets standards for pollution levels in surface water and industrial wastewater. Our water is cleaner now than they have been in decades.

STREAM CHARACTERISTICS Source- place where stream or river _____________________ Mouth- place where stream or river ___________ by flowing into another body of

water Sediment load

o Dissolved load - carried as water flows over rocks mostly from groundwater

o Suspended Load - silt and ______________ suspended in the water

o Bed load – sediment _________________on the bottom of the stream. This sediment is usually larger: sand, _______________and pebbles.

Velocity- the distance water __________ during a period of __________ usually meters per second. The flow is either laminar or turbulent

o Laminar- __________________________________o Turbulent- ________________________________

STREAM BIOLOGY AND WETLANDSStreams are aquatic ecosystems teaming with life. Types of organisms that can be found are algae, animal-like protests, invertebrates and vertebrates. Sometimes these organisms can be indicators of the healthiness of the stream.

FACTORS THAT AFFECT FRESHWATER ECOSYSTEMSFresh water ecosystems can be affected by ____________and _____________ factors.

1. Stream _________________ - the size or order of a stream relates directly to the organism that lives there.

2. Temperature- change in temperature affects the kind and number of organisms that live there.

a. Seasonal change, _________________, and velocity3. Current and ______________________4. Substrate- material that organisms live in or on.5. Sunlight- amount received affects the ecosystem’s _________________________.6. _________________________________________

*What are the different types of wetlands?*Why are they important?

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*What factors can affect wetlands and watersheds?

A ____________________ is an area that contains unique types of soil and is home to plants that are adapted to ______________ conditions.

Types of wetlands1. _______________________________ 2. _______________________________ 3. _______________________________

BOG A bog is a wetland where the soil is composed of decomposed plant material called

peat or _______________________. ________________ are the dominant plant. Other plants: water lilies, _______________ , shrubs Very _______________and contain little ________________because the water does not

move Can support ____________ , turtles, insects and certain birds.

SWAMP A swamp is a __________________________ where trees and bushes are dominant. Swamp soil drains very slowly can be rich in ________________. Swamps are classified by the type of ___________that is dominant.

_________________ swamp – cedars, pines, spruces, etc. ___________________ swamp – Maples, willows, aspens, birch, elms, and oaks.

Animals – frogs, turtles, snakes, herons, egrets, _____________MARSH

A freshwater marsh generally forms at the ________________________ of a river or in an area of poor drainage.

Soils are rich in ___________________. Supports vegetation such as grasses, shrubs and _____________________ . Animals – beavers, frogs, turtles, ___________________, birds, and insects.

WETLANDS AT WORK1. Great _________________ – especially to threatened and endangered species2. _______________ factories –High primary productivity rates3. Spawning and _____________________4. Cycling _______________________

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5. _____________________________ – They act as “natural sponges.” They absorb excess _______________ and slowly release it back to the _________________ .

6. They also protect _______________ and hold the soil _________________7. _____________________ control

*The number one pollutant in PA is ______________________.*_____________________ help to reduce sediment by holding the soil in place and thus improving water ______________________.*Also prevent air _________________ by storing carbon rather than releasing it into the air as carbon dioxide. Carbon dioxide is a ________________________. FACTORS THAT AFFECT OUR WETLANDS

1. Human activities2. ___________________________ 3. Urbanization & construction4. Mining5. ______________________________ 6. ________________________ Disposal

REASONS TO PROTECT OUR WETLANDS Function and _____________________ ________________ and wildlife __________________ protection Shoreline __________________ Water ______________________ Economics _______________________ and _________________________

Unit Learning Map Ecology- Mrs. Sim

Class: PA Standard: 4.1.10A&B: Describe the changes that occur from a stream’s origin to its final outflow. Explain the relationship among landforms, vegetation and the amount & speed of water.

Unit Essential Question(s): OptionalInstructional Tools:

Looking to the River videoPersonal Water inventoryStream Testing

Why is water so important to our quality of life?

Water Planet Uses of Water Watershed and Stream TestingConcept Concept Concept Concept

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Water Planet Uses of Water Watershed and Stream Testing

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