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Gra'r.\^tort195-sEE sEE, T.J.: H A V ET H E O R 0 F G R A V I T A T I 0 N _ D e s p i t e h i g h Y __ r e c o m m en d a ti ob y T e sl a a n d by psychic E. Cayce n ,,[.l av eT h e o r y o f t h e A e t h e r " h a s b b e n ^ l u i t ec o m p l e t e land other s, the y s c i e n t i s t s . T h en o t e da s t r o n o m e ra p t . r . i . J . s . . i g n o r e d b y m o s t a i l c g m a g n e t i c a n de l e c t r o s t a t i c f i e l d s a s t o n g i i u d i n a t e x p l a i n e d r a v i t i o n a l , or;ffi;;;;ion waves in t h e E t h e r , o f a p p r o x i m a t e lty e s a m e a g n i t u d e s h m a t h e d i s t a n c e so v e r w h i c h they operate- Light, heat-and adio ar6 oeiciibed r b / a v e s i n t h e E t h e r .- . l ' l h e n h e l o n g i t u d i n u i - i t n " r a s t r a n s v e r s eo r s h e a r t waveshat radiate from t m a s s e s r e co u p l e d ., a between .th e y p ro ducea r elative Ether vacuum them, and are.pushed.toletner. an associated he E i w p r e v e n t s t r a n s m i : : i 9 l o f t h e g r a v i t a t i o n a l f o rtc e .r v a c u u ms p r o d u c e d h i c h T h i s o p e n st h e w a y t o a n t i - g r a v i t y l e v i t a t i o n . . . f t r e t h e o r i e so f c h . B r u s h , prof N i p h e r( v ' i . ) a l l f i n d u n i f i c a t i o nh e r e i n . . . I n c l u d e s D ; . N i e p e r , b i - -l-i-o g r a p h y , r e v i e w , b J' -v S e e i n t r o d u c l n sh i s i d e a s . . . : o p p . : :::-:_:::l:l::_:r

s il ls c9 d is eb y i n c r e a s i n g - d r a gJ h . i p p u r e n t - r i ao fsa n a i c . i e r a t i n g b o d y t ! a u e sd r e s i s t a n cr r o r i n . u i s c o u E t h e r . I f a b o d y b s ts rotated at a certain speed,

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l."TSriHE Einstein theorl'of relativtt" s''on tnal'fall. and wp ma]'ls1'o 1r' lrlol for gne15p; exyrlanation regarding the m1'sterious tnovr,melits of thr. ur,ivt,rsr,. Professor Einstrin himsr.lf has just admitted it. If results olilair'.rj rp, {,rjtlt' y, ir1'Prof. Da;,'t,rn C. .\lrllr.r at -\tount r.On1:rmed, ht' ty \\'ilson Olrservaturl'arp . :a)'s, it mearu. that the rrlatilit).th,:r) F , i , r r ' sn o t h o l d . F o r P r o f e s s tr l l i l l e r ' s r L * u l t s i n d i , . r t e d the earth's motion thr,rugh the t.ther. '1 lccording to the rei:rtivit;' the,,11., it ,Y should never l,e lrossible for an1' ,)r:e on "' crrth to detert this motion If all thinss I ir the nhole unirerse-pl:rntts. sturs..rnd moring at the s:rmerate and in nF*thpr-are rhe same direction, the rr:ults of t11;eyiments on ernh B'ould Le eractll'the same as if all u'ere standinq stjll. But if the elrth end other bodies sere *),,\rnR thr,,ugh stJtir,r.tn, ethpr. ,)r at r -f

New Theory Suggests ls : Universe ShrinkingIs Tltt uoRlj, kcoming I maller plsc tc llle ln ? To accounl tor receDt drscoveries at Mt $'rtron Obrenatory 1o California, Dr. E Sambursly, pbysrcist at Hebres l-rniversitl. Jerugalem, proposes th( Btartlrnt theorl that the uniler6e and erert'thlDt t! it le rlon.l1. sbri.DklDg, lr.rcludrng even our f undar)eDtal ttaDdards ot lenFth and eDert)'. Just tbe opposite vie\r' s'as be)d a fes' years !go. \t'ben astronomers oboen'ed I puzzliDt reddisi, tiDgc iD ligbt from distaDt oebule. thel' tDterpreted tbe pbenomeDoDer evideDce tbat the8e celestial bodies s'ere rushing a\r.a]' from us aDd outs'ard lntc, space as fast as 25.0Oi)Eils a recoDd-LD otber s'ords, that tbe Iniverge u'as expandint at xplosive rpeed. Tbe result s'ould be to lDr.rea-se tbe epparent n'ave len31b of lrlrht from tbe rtreatiDg DebulE. lhiftirogtbeir color toq'ard the red eDd of tbe sl,ectrum or raiDbo\r' of bues by u'brich scieDtifc observers classif]' light ral.s. Mor rceDtl]. it ba-cbeen discovered that tbe "ted 8bift" ectuall)- observed throuSib t.be big }tt Vl'rlson telescope does Dot quite corresponC s'itb tie amount called for bl sucb I tbeor]'. A6tronomers bsTe been castiDg ebout for a Dew oDe, sbrcb Dr. Samburskl' uou' 6 u p p 1 i e s .A " r e d s h i f t ' c o u l d a l 8 o b e produced, be points out. lf vrytbiDt bt'A'eeDus aDd the nebule u'as graduall)' gettiDt amaller. SubstitutiDg matbematrcal factors based upon bis Bhrrnking-univerB blpothesis tD tbe same calrulatrons used to test tbe expandrDt-uliverse idea, be obtai,os 69ures tbat appear to cbeck g-rtb tbe obsen'ed facts. As llsrtlrDg to pb]'sicists as tle Ei!EteiE tbeories of relativit)', tbe nes' conceptioE i.urplies tbat tbelr basic ulits are colrts.Dtll' drminisbiag iD lize lDstead of remailiDt coDstaDt. One of tbe lbriDklDg qu8.Dtitres is tbe leugtb of tbe radius of aD clectroD. rroallest parUcle of loatter. ADotber ls "H." a unlt of eDergf' upoD q'bieb EeasureEeDts of pboto-electric cells, amoDg otber tbiDgs, are based. Tbe ebrinkiag value of "H" also provide6 Dr. Sambursky s'ltb a neq matbematical exp)aDatioo for tbe familiar but little-u-Dderstood pbeDotr|cDoD of g?avit]'. S'hile tbe cheDges il tbe "meaauring tods" of pb]'stcs are too rmsll to haTe a direct beari-Dg oD aDyoDe'3 deily lUe, Dr. Samburak)' uraiDtaias tbat tbey are Deverlbeless apprciable cDougb to bc detected [n tbe course of time. To prove or dGprove his tbeory, be proposes Eeasurilt tbe preseDt value of tbe s'ave lenglb of a ra]' of ligbt aDd repeatiDg tbe te6t 350 yeara from Doq'. Red hgbt from a cbemical cleEneDt called c8dmium, s'hich caD b tDeBFured in tbe laborator!' \r'ttb tTeat eccuracj', n'ould be suitable. At tbe eDd of tbree aDd E balf ceDturies,lf tbe new tbeory 16 correct, tbe B'ave leDgtb of tb red cadmjum ligbt Ehould be found t o b a v e d e c r e a s e dn l e D g t h b 1 ' a p p r o x i i matel)' one tweDt!'-fir'e-thousandth of aD lDcn

1\'ill Einstein Theorl' Fall?

different ratps. then thprr. should be a drifting of rhe e t h e r i n t h r i r p a t h st h a t c o u i d b e o h s r r v e df r o m e a r t h . P r o f e s s r ' rJ l i l l e r f i r s t m a d e ,. nls expcrtrrrents from an under_ ground chamber.just as prr> f e q o r l \ l i c h e l s o na n d p r o f e s s o r G a l e o f t h e L ' n i r . p r s i t l . oC h i f c a g o h a v c .h e e n d o i n g i n t e s t s oI the Ernsteintheor5.. Like them, he eould detect no motion - ei.idence uhstantis a t i n g t h e E i n s t e i nt h e r , n . . - T h e i r r e s u i t s .h o r e r . e i . p o s _ s i l , l - r ' r n i t n , l , e e r l ; l a i n e db ) . " e t h e r t l r a g" T h a t is, i; some r.a)- hear1. bodies, such as the earth, drag along a certaln anlount of ether in t h e i r m c , t i o r . l.e a r . l n g h e m o r e t otstantetner unaffected To test this, Profess,rr _\liiier repeated hrs cxperiment at l l o u n t \ \ - i i s u n .n . h i c h i s a l , r , ; t a miie hrgh And here he o b t a i n e dt h e s u r l , r i s i n g e s u l t s r that ma]'contradietthe relativity theory He founrj a marked effect that seemed to t"n' .l ,i,rd. "ith _

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Tiniest Partble Mar Be Fslvron

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i ARE l-he electron end its eonsort, tle protoD, aA J I efter dl, tle ultimatr lriniest units of matter? U frt, then rhet fu f[q-;mll651

lritish Phvsicist, necentJl' dearr..d hir belief thet even thesr .Lfinrtesimal eleetrifed partiiDto ttill E o rr" dirisible Eropler piera ol the Ett,afo.'5[.{p.-{lfry, -volume- As t-be |tet 193C) t}.at Li.te ama ter:i extensite work oi .i--l--t" foliorrs tbe iaw bere it;i"d"^Jta;;;o li;Ny-mathe'.. '.!?{.matica].c.baracter,.F.e'rreobugedto.le_:-_indietg] -_^.:';:';'-j*",,-t,,.,1',=-_..,'-t b e - . d r s c u r s t - o Dt o . T e r t :gl::s3tcl ',4 -..-'-!A--= dmp)e ootllnes rrhicb rrlu coD--i::,y'i:'. '::'j:-.",.-:--+;, H'J'J[;.'lffi,Ttf: j_il,- z i . . ' / , / i-i:*, . -,_.

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lijes oi ihe moving plrlictes be r, and m; t-beii. rnass; then their LiDetic ereryies ; rrill be represenied by 1p mr.. ln the, sptrerical erpaesioi oi tbe elbci rinies r there wit] be no loss o{ ener;r tn iree .-

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fac.esof thiclressCr,tjreoer_; :iequal, so s tlar q'ee : tp e i - ea;eequa! o t L a t e . e h a 'ha'e: r ,.

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i'st f,HtS;,'ff;;RJ?*H,...,,,I:=:' J'*,,'&,',*':--,:...C\ J\.Cr A.'.-... .t . \t

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a s s h o r v n i D t h e a c c o r n n a n s r , n s - 6 r n ; _- c _ l: To understand the nrechanism oi rrra3:-

r.]_..: ilr"" ;;;";';;;e.tbeorr, lt G proved-tu rr-or]:s on p)r3'sics lrom tlte iarger n:agtrei, as sborvn in ttre tn wht.b tlt -,+9, tle eDergi of tie xs\-es u t,rot,rr- dtagram' and let the srualier ura'net (ll) -;i"...- atom5 are supposed to be vibratiog uod,,'!at grvur+o}']p,o.slt:,polqt Tlit corn:J$rrC-r u ) n 8 l t o t n c $uare o J t n c a l n p [ . L r u d c , . a l J r . J ,r.- I n C e s s a n t l y s e n d i n g o U t \r2r^s rhrnnsh ,l,s- ttional to the E q u 4 f e ol thc anpritu'dc,'.and !I5"o! -qenitin-nnr w a \ - e t - h r o u g h t h e . _ In('Rsanilv t o t h e r - s r ' s eo f s t r r a e t i o n . n':r\tss n r r n n n 6un . . ' r uu! i r! rpf hp. . :' ' . ..: tlus tbe for(ilqt aiaar be

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-".:s d { i,.? :::.-:ar'i',ifi!i :S t,'r'r ttl L.'j; :lpse "::l lir3 s-;:trlirt \:ll\(5 riln ii;:-rr::gb .' --: '..ca^ill..'< ctll;,;x= oa (\,:lt i;1cl1()n '-:; (':. l l i n e o l ' t h e a t o r u s . s f r o m n t a g n e t . l Ju n d o a s f a r a s p o s s i b l et h e o l r l r o s i t t ' f o t u t i u U s It is *'cll krtorvn tlrat lLlroltt rSzz.lttt!itr llrst nrlile f r o m m a g n e t z / . , \ c c o r d i n g l y t h e s t r e s s c si n t h e n r c t l i u m d u c e l c c t r o - n r l g r . r e t s( ) u t o l - c o r r r n o n s t t : e l , l J v n r e u n s o l ' : L n c l c c t r i c to rotations of ..the aether, in the lrelcl bctleen .-1lncl /i, 'l'he s av irr which the u ire c L l r r e l l t s e n t t h l o u g h a s o l en o i c i . is and also beyond .1 a,nd /,i, are rcdttcctl : the rrteiliLrru tbtts is rr'ouncl aborrt tltc bar i,reing rnugnctizerl sr.r{qrsts, urttl, irt everyrvhere less agitated than before, and si)rinks, so as tc) llcornpressibilitl'< n e t i s m , r v i t h b o t h a t t r a c t i o na n d r e p u l s i o n , i t w i l l n o t g r e a t l y c h a n g e o f v o l u n r c . O n t h e o t h e r h a n d t h e is r.neasrrred by ,f L: rf{rt=tf ..,,,). surprise us to learn that he \vas utterly bervilderecl by the \32)

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experienced by x particle, so that rvhen undisturbed the coordinates T,et a, p,, y be the component clisplacenrents 'l'hen a strain of arry magnitttde is specifiedby six elelnents: a r e . 1 . , J , , : , r n d r . h e n c l i s t u r b e d . . u - + _ a ,' - t B , z + - 7 , . 1

, ( ? ,-,, \ . n - \ 3 . a ' ' / :_ \ a . .*+ -)t. * / e d/\*'\_ ../)a r \ '-\a, \? . C /.t : 1 ?/,, , \ j op* ', \), * ( a ,, ) \ , \e. ( '.: / P , , \ ' , ( f o \ ' * / a , ' * , \ ' |(a., / \?: / \?: )

- ) * . ,* ' " + , *\(4?rB- ,))?? p 2 _C\r?*,'r \ a :_ ? " a tl a . ,a ,(1 , : - ? - a /,' _ u -:" a .,* ', ))* ? ,dae'* (a ,t*',)) :,r ' * a l. - \ ? \ / ? u* ' ) ? ?,, ' * A BA P* , ) * \. l 2.,r 2 , .' ',: / o 'o 1 3 . '\ ? , \a. (.lr)

u,,

:\ll particles in tn unstraincd statc, rvhich lie on a spherical sLtrface: r.,::;c,?-c11e-+(r, n i l l , i n a s t r a i n c c l s t a t c , l i c o n a n e l l i p s o i c l a ls u r f a c c : - r 1 2. / Er-+litl2-+C,i.-+za ri1-+z/(..-r- ztlrl , ' , \ c c o r d i n g l l ' , i f t h c c x t c r n a l f o r c c s a t . / ' ( . r : , r: ) a l o n g t h e a x c s o f : t : , , t ': , l r e , \ b internal strcsscs c:

(:+) (gS) \', Z, per unit of mass, and the

cr, * * o', : (:| ('fl,' 1f;' 1f;') r1r,c,: * i,f * i,1') c,r,d:*:;)d,cr-r,cr: * cr:: (tl,'* "j;,' "1;')o'd.r (i,:l* i,,u(s6)

cr' ,'., : (':: ('ll,'* 'lli'.-'ll"') u t e d l a c k i n g , a r - r r ll o n g p r o v e c l i r e r l ' i l t l c r i n g t o t h c c e o n t e t e r a n r l 'lire s e c o n d e ( p r r t i o n o f ' ( 6 7) i s t h e n a t u r a l p h i l o s o p h e r . as to be in equilibriunr. satisfied by this condition, ancl l'c hlvc, z. If this \\'ere not tnre, the generale(lurtior)s for an : (z ' ) i n t i n i t e e l a s t i c s o l i d c o u l r i n o t l r a v e L e c n i n t e g r r i t e c i l r y L o r r i O,f/dc-t ct Yf d1-+dZf d: : f I/''. . \ c c o r d i n g l y b y ( + r ) * ' e h a v e t h c o r i g i n l l e q r i r i t i o n o l - a r - r | t ' r / u i u t t s o u t l i n e r l r b o v e ( c l ' . C r i n r l - r r i t j g ce n c l I ) u L l i n f l a t i t e uirrtit'al -Jonrnal, r S4E). l.iut as this cr'lcbratcd .geonrcter ef. e l a s t i cs o l i d : (u-+n) V, d-+V, ll,': (Z,) o l-ected sr.tch art intcgration for thc gctrcral erlurrtions o1-arr - Il','\ttt+-tt). rvhich is satislled by the assunrptir..rn d intlnite isotropir; clastic solid, rvitirout givine a 1ih1'sicli intcr'fhe Aether as an lnfinite Iilastic Solicl. trrtion to tlre solutiort liruncl, *'c scc that Lortl KL/t'iti sl)re

Hence if this anall'sis applies to thc tct)rcr, as un nrtthcnraticul gc'nius iruilclcrl lrrtter than lrc kntrv, ancl nrrturtl i n t r n i t e e l a s t i c s o l i d , t h e d e n s i i l ' o l ' t h e n r e d i u r r rn r u s t l r e p h i l o s o l i l i c r s u r c n o \ \ ' e n : L l r l c i l l o r t l t e l r r s t t i r r r t . t ( ) i n t c r l i r u t t a r r a n g e d s o a s t o g i v e a p o t e n t i a l r L u g r n e n t i n g l r o u t c a c : l r l r l r y s i t : a l l 1 'r r n e o l t l r t , s r r l r l i r r r c s r e s u l t s i n t l r r l h o l c r u r r g c u n r a s so f m a t t e r e m b e d d e d i n i t , a s s l r o r v n i n n r ) l ) v n a n r i c l L l o l - u r a t h e n r a t i c u l s c i e n r . . . 'l'his 'fheory l a t t c r c o n d i t i o r " ro l of Globular Clusters, rg r z. :\i'tt,/ort srrrnrisrti thet i1-the clcnsity o1'tire actiter varierl tlre potential is described analytically as lbllon's: t l i r e t : t l 1 ' a s t l r c r i i s t u n t : eI l - o r n t l r e t : c n t r c , i t u o u l d l t r c s s t o l l r r t l s 'rl't o t l . rt'] t ' t l : tlrc cerrtrc so ils to tlcvclr>p tlie lort:e of tnLvitutiort. ,lla.t tt t// t' I' t' : l 1 * u : l t i . l ) I I - . , , . -,: ' ) r , l r o l d s t h a t , \ - tt r t l o ) / r ' o n c c i v c r l t l r i s l c t i o r r a s l r n u l o . g o u s t r - r , I l(.u- r'):-+(-,1,-.r')i-+( J J J ./ '.1'heorr', t i r l t t l r c l r o t e n t i l l ) r 1 ' t l r o s t u t i cl ) r e s s u r c , l r t t t r v e -I u r v c s h o s ' n t l l l r t t h c r c a t : t i o r r o l a n d t h e i n f e r e n c e ,l i o n r I ) 1 ' n a r n i c a l l ' , / r -p r o t l u c c s t l r i s a r r e n g c n r c n t i s g r e a t e r t o \ \ ' a r d st h e c e n t r e s o f n ) r r t t c r l, l n r l s o l i v i o t r sl r l rv s i c a l t h e l r r v c s r i ' i t i r a r r r p l i t r r d e s- - l ger)eritt( iul rllu( t sirnillrr to lt)erc i l l u s t r a t i o ni n t b e a c c u t n u l a t e d r r a n g c n r e t ro l t l l o l i u l r L tr' l u s t c r s , o l - t l e r r s i t l ' a n t l r i ' o r r l r l u t l r y r l r o s t u t i < :l ) r e s s u r c ( c l - . l l ) l e c t r o t l . \ \ ' a v c - ' l ' l r c o r l ' o l l ' l i l s . i , ' o r c . , i r v i t h t h e s t a r l i g h t i n c r e a s i n g i n l - r r i g i r t r r e sts l l i t u t t r r i n s u r r;r 7). p e r f e c t b l a z e n e a r t h e c e n t r e , i n s ! r c hs p l c n r l i t lg l o l r r r i a rr : l u s t c r s l . r - ; . 1 , 'I'ucani ancl o Centauri. as 47 \\tlry tltc liorr:t's lretrvt:cn thc Sun lntl l)lunrts 'lhis i n c r e a s e i n l ) o t e t i a l t o r i ' u r r l s h c < : e t r t ' s o r : t ; r r g r i c t l( ) l r e r u t c i r r l t i g l r t L i n c s : \ \ ' c i c r s t r a s s i l n ' l ' l r e o r y o l ' n n t b y m i r t t e r c a n o n l y ' b e a t t r i b u t e d t o c c n t r i l ) L , t i Lsl t r e s s c si n t h e l i c s u l t i n g L c r r s t r \ c t i o n . t h e a e t h e r : t h e n i e d i u m i s t h u s { l l i c r i r i i t h r rr i v c s r ec c t i i n g c ) I r n u g i n c \ \ ' : . r v r sI ) r o l ) u g u t e r l l i o r u t l r e s u n l n c l e a r t l r f i o n r t h e s e r n a s s e s , n d t h e d e n s i t f i n t h c a g i t a t e t l r u r t l i u r r r : r s s l r o r r ' n i n t l i c r t c t : o r r r p r r n v i n r lr i i a g r r r n r : l u r r l l e t t l t c v c l o t : i t i c s a i s i n v e r s e l y a s t h c r v a v ea u r p l i t u d c o r t i i r c c t l y r s t ) r c n r c i i L r s o l ' t l r e n r u t u u ) l y ' i n t t r p c n e t r l L t i r r g N a v c s l , o r u t h c c e n t r e s . \ ( c f . I i t e c t r o d . \ / a v e - ' f h e o r y o I ' h 1 ' sl.i o r t : . L r : 1 . + ,r 5 7 - 3 , r 9 r 7 ) . : r r i r l - 1 i l r c l ' t a n d / r . \ f Since the tlilatation

-+Ay [ : 0uf1t -rDBl?-y lD' is rerluired fulfrl ,',;.r"i;,:';; to : o :;:)

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rvhere I/ is the potential, rve sce at ol)ce thirt tlle clilrrtation 'l'lic potcntial t h r o u g h o u t t h e a e t h e ri s s i m i l a r t o t h e l ) o t c n t i a l . i s r n e r c l y a n e x p r e s s i o nf o r t h e t o t i t l r c c u l r r L l l a t c r, is t r e s s a s c c i b o r r a v e r a g ea n i l i l i t u d e o t ' t h e r r ' l v e s , . l : / , ' 1 , a n t l t h e c l c n s i t l ' I'fA)': -rllf 12. 6:r,r, a n d t h e a t t r a c t i v et o r c e / : t r ' : f r ) - b 'I'his proves the Illectrod. \\rave-'.1'heoryof I'hvs. iiorc. to represent.the true order of nature. Accordingly, u'c have the lbllol'ing tlble {irr thc disp l a c e m e n t o r w a v e a r n p l i t r t d e ,d e n s i t l ' , l r o t c n t i a l a n t l l b r c c : : 1 ' - I ' t fv t - . 1 r : I ) i s p l a c e r r r e n tr e r n p l i t u d e 1 - / : f, ' o / d: yr', y L ) e n s i t yo f t h e a e i h e r 6 : 1 f / ; i : D I ' ' f A ): - , l 1 f r ' | Irotential : lz: Iflr i

\11 " i 1 1..1 . l l l r r s t r r \ l i o n o l - t l r c i r t l c r p c t t c t r a t i o r ro i l l r c ' bctutcn tlrc >urrarr.l c a r t l r , s l r i c h g i r ' . s u r a r i r r r u u r l e r i s i o r ra l o n g t l r c l i r r c . : / : , s l r e r c t l r e i r r t c r l r c r t e t r i r t i o r rs l ' i t l t t l o u l r l c t l r e v e l o c i t v o t l i t 1 h t . i

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S i n c e t h e d i r e c t i o n o f t h e f o r c e a l * , a 1 ' si s c e n t r a l , a n d the rvaves react torvards the origin at the t'e'ntrer.,feravity, rve conclude frour this rvhole investigrrtion: 'I'hat r. t l i e a e t l - r e rb e h a v e s a s a n i n l l n i t e r c o l o t r o l ) i c c e l a s t i c s o l i d , r v i t h d i s p r l a c e r r e n t s v e r l ' r v h e r ei c l t r r t i c a l r v i t h t h e e l e c t r o d y n a r - n irc , a v ee u r p ) i t u d e d a n . l u l s o i r l en t i c a l r v i t l r r

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From the celebrated letter of Gaussto ll/cbo., Irlarch tg, r 8 4 5 , ( G a u s s ,W e r k e 5 . 6 2 s ) w e l e a r n t h a i a s e a r l 1 ,a s r g 3 5 In the first paper on the Neri,Theory o f t h e A e t h e r , Gauss looked upon phl.sical action across space as conver.ed .\\ 5oa4, n'e have shos.n that the e x i s t e n c eo f t h i s n r e d i u m t n ' m e , a n d ' * ' a s t r ) . i n g t o f o r m u l a t e a larv of this action, r s a n e c e s s a r yc o n d i t i o n f o r c o n v e y i n g physicalaction fronr i t . a - s i d et e m p o r a r i l y , a n d o n ) 1 . r e c u r r e d to it when l:,t,nr,. one bodl' to another across tbe celeitial i p " . a . , a n c l h a v e l l r c b t r h a d f o r m u l a t e d h i s f u n d a m e n t a le l e c t r o d l . n a m i c a l la*., siven the elements of k i n e t i c t h e o r l , o i t h e a e t h e r - g a s p L r b l i s h e id r 8 4 6 : n irs the subtile .r'ehicleof t h e energy. tltaru,c// hacl a verr. clear - (rndfr2) -ft f lr conception of this nredium ll) (arlalz-+-(zr,tc2,1 . (,) d2r,11721 'I-he 4T years ago, rrhen h" f",;;;; first term of this forroula is hbu,lon,s lau, .l.reari.e t ' , u t ,i n . t h c c l o s i n e p l r a g r a p h o f t h e c c , l e t r a t c d of gravitation, on r686, s.hilst the other terms take account of the effects l , l e c t r r c i t r . a n d\ J a e n e r i s m ,E 7 r , r , o l . l l , p . 4 o 3 , l r of t h a t r r r . h e n e r . e ri n d u c t i o n / energ]'is tran,smitted in the relative motion of the trvo bodies f r o n r o n e b o d l . t o a n o ! h e r i n t i n r e t h e r e 'l'he z z ra n d r t , . minor terms thus give the energv effects n r u s t b e a r r e d i u n r o r s u b s t a r ) c ei n n h i c h of the velocitl. the ene.gy:";ir;; l and a c c e l e r a t i o n o r c h a n g e o f v e i o " c i t v ,u n d e r a f t e r i t I e a r . e so n c b o d y a n d b e f o r e i t s . a r . ea c t l o n , reaches thc"ott,er*. i in the direction of the radius r.ector, as re(luired by the \o better dcscription can be given of the aether, as i author's I.,lectrocir-na c \\'ar.e-Theorr. rr th,e veh.ic)eo[.cncrg1., rhan that ju!t o f I , h 1 , sh o r c . , . q u o t e d . A n r ] s i n c e l l :o .t_ r t r o r t . v r ." . ,l[a.ru'r// sar.s that the energy must exist in the rncrlirrnr, I n r h e n . o r kh e r ec i t e d ( p . r + 3 _ r 4 9 ) j l f t e r i t h a s l c f t o n e b o d v , b u t . - t e f o r ei t h a s h a v ec a l c u l a t e d r e a c h e Though I knowthat the thoughts of a philosopher do not depend on the judgnrent of the many, his study being to seek out truth in all things as far as that is permitted by God to human reason: yet when I consideredhorv absurd my doctrine would appear, I long hesitated whether I should publish my book; or rvhether it were not better to follow the example of the Pythagoreans and others, rvho delivered their doctrines only by tradition and to friendsre'judice safe to assume tbat lfansuis values are s'holly wrong, and larv, or other s)'sten)atic cause rvhip{r might thLrs Nervtonian Broutn's entirely right, notrvithstanding the preerninence of une\l)ectedly creeli in. the latter's exhaustive researches in the lunar theory. Iloth U n d e r t h e l ) r e s e n t c i r c u m s t a n c e s ,i t f o l l o r v st h a t i f t h e investigators rnay be somervhat in error, for one reason or 'fhus, the perigee r apparently the o L r t s t a n d i n g e s i c l u a l i n t h e c e n t e n n i a l t r o t i o n o f another, or for several reasorlscombined. : ' * 9 r 1 5 7 t h e e x p o n e n to f t h e l a u ' o f a t t r a c -t- t be l()alAt),)oo safest thing is to assume that the truth lies betrveen 56o, rvould be the saure as that for the planet as found by lfansctt, and -rzz", r'hich restllts frour Brou,tt's tion for the moon (:l) ,'2.oo000or0tn we do not know rvhat weights should Nlercury, narnely, -f : iltrn,f calculations. And ast) In his atldressto the Ilritish Association in Australia, r9r4, p. 3 t 6 , . / i t t ' t r u re s t i n ) a t c st h a t t h e e x l ) o n e n t i n t l t e N e w l o n i a n l a l v d o e s not cliffer fiom z by a fraction greater than r : +oooooooo : o.ooooooooz5; but the present discussion shows that this pretliction probably overrates the accuracy rve are justifred in clairning, from to to 42 tilnes.

': be J"o".i,oit,ntn'i:#; l,g.:.. that the change inrrde exponent for the law of attraction nray sho.ld be combinations of those already.present in the moon,s I be the same for tlre moon and for l\'[ercury.. Rut if futur; -orior. The sixty to seventy years fluctuation stands out in I researches sho'ld develop smaller a conclusion,ft wotrldappear to. r!t1.1n'"rtigation low new periodicities can

i l u l a l t h o t r e ht h e r e c a n b e n o a s s u r a n c e h a t t h i s m o c l i t i of the exponcnt for the earth rvould be the same us for. f,,.:,1:" I the I the sun carth lreing so different in density, ,ir", ^nJ physical con-stittrtionfrom the sun - yet at prescni appaiently i \ r ' e a r e n o t j t r s t i f i e d i n ' u s i n g t h i s s n r a l l e r ' t ' a l u c ,b e c a u r " ; " I ] the existing state of our knowledge therc nrc no definitc I grounds to authorize it. I Accordingly for the sake of simplicity and uniforrr"rit' the value of z appliecl to the rrorion oi the pcrihelion of N l e r c u r yi s p r e f e r a b l c a l s o f o r t h c m o t i o n o f t n e t u n " r r r . ; i ; . ; :

I r r r s 'e q u aaito n l r fr c o nn otli t ln n _ , cqu t ru o co di o o : u t I i h o . . ^ o.o.n ' sn r n + i o-n , i - _erl-a:t^ _ n . ^ 1 """in."irl-1"'|'f,:ttJ.;; L the nr^ , m o t ; n i n r - r i o t o t h ^ e ,cr l: i p s ep e r i o d i c i t i e s . e - vlt-+1frt'-t- ' , I _o,, . o o 8.z z 8 3 f f "): nlr* 648ooo) (:+) N o t r v i t h s t a n d i n h i s ' c o n f i d e n c e f p r o f e s s oB r o u n , r tg o | . therefore ivcs z.: o.oooooooz5jg6. g r e s u l t i n g r o m h i s g r e a te x p e r i e n cie t h e l u n a r t h e o r y , I r v a s f n Ifortunate enough t di..ot.. such long periori inequalities in the moon's. motion, bearing the clo"sest analogy to the to-t.":.acting in the great iner"luality of Jupiter and ,Saturn, of .which the physical cause was discotered by f.a.placcin I 7 8 5 , - a t t e r E u l e r a n d ' L a g a n g : h a d s e a r c h e 4i n v a i n f o r the und.erlying the-celebrated goo-r'ear inecluality ,mlstery o[ t]resegreat planets. Without attempting to give a detailed accountof these in the lunar theory, we.s.hall endeavorto outline :.:.::.1:. b r i c f l v t h e l e a d i n g p o i n t s , b e c a u s et h i s a d v a n c e o f r g r T b e a r s

cent'ry,j o' e*ptnnalion tt" oo-yi".1.,;';?;l;;.";:'ff.:Ttffj of j obse,,;eo nuctuation .o,ii not be basedon rhe theoryof :ir,;,1":::fi":::f:::::rj.':,=:_,._:1,,,-rl l:the ".,,ouni of this secularprogression the perigee in half a lunation. g."uitutionar of disturbancero.p"rai"g 'l'he,

of the fluctu"tiono. lsho*s in the exponent of the modifiedlarv of Atettloyur"- this citation it is-evident thatBottlingez not only lhe.va]ue zz' per century leads to a value about one-fourth f ttro,i . . o t"a not convinced roun of the reality of the fluctuations B found for the planet N{ercrtry,as may be secn from the I j c.p."oirg on the interpositionof our globe in tbe path of fo)lowingconsiderations' the sun's gravitative action, but also that Brouz felt that I The moonmakes r336.85r26 revolutiotr..il,"

difference theotrse..d ;hl ;;;p""i,-rr."li,r""r""'oi.Li'i; in #;'::;i#t;:r:Tl .,1.hI in n'e;e',t ir'. 'oJn', motion anyprobabre or ;lo,;:'::':':*f*":ll]"':j:::: seerns be the -ini,r,i,-'rr]"; I g9.io9 the moon,,p..ioi.."'in'J"";'"i:L:;W:"".1; coni.":':1.I:1^t-:T:., ^s 22' per century, rvhich to il"uii"r-of I now. admissible; thel there would be a smaller'alue ofz this: there is no trace

,lfarruell's theory of t:^tl: u;l':"":,9:::ll:lYl:"-ln:l.,otPhysical F.o1ces, circular rerracrion theeyeof a fish(a";;;i,k;"J"riuur;" in ] 'ol'-r, rsr7, it.issho'nthattheprevio'sly rrne.il,tainecr-r1i;: .t.'ili-.'ll",iiff;'r:"".;::tt:? I xi;;;.1;*"^i"".'.'*ij, ;i;; motion,disco.verecl

ofthe ;;'ir:';:Jl;"i':it:,-i;Tlil':;,;u:;",;i'ii:1J"r:[I:""" ,n",.;"?1.,'ii;:t^i::,1i.,,," Fructuati'..,.'"rIt is shorr'n fronr an extension ol*tl" "::l : y:: ity t\trucortb B.auitationalwaves o.iu.. rvhen the path of these u,avesis I t::l{ r_.-"i.,, (r8,67-r9o9), is

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the eye of concentric shells are each of rr cault ll:::-:l]| oI d i s p e r s i o n , a n d p e r h a p s a b s o r l ; t i o n o f t .duc u n ' s g r a ' ,i t a t i o n a l I I u n i f o . r n c l e n s i t y ,b u t r v i t h t h e he s densitv increasing from layer 'l'hc 'fhus the,solid slobe of the carth. to la.ver towards the centre. a c i r c u l a r r e IfI r a L I t iI o n otf : 4U cU T O : : : s:u l t , s a ps l: itglh t, t l cn u e n s e r e : : i : ^ : l g d t c r * e i n t h e s u n ' se r a ' i t a t i ' e a r : t i o nu l r o n t h e s u n ' s g r a v i t a t i o n a lu ' a v e s ' r * i l l ' o i . " . ; , p . " p " g o t , o n t t r . n u g t the moon rvhen near t!"th"ao*.of our globe in space, br- the globe of the earth, and also of the moon,ssravitationnl! r v r r r r r r c s u r r s L U I r t t ( r r ' a n o I n t h e t e n o cc n c 'l ' t o - -)' tfll]i' nd i rn e end nc) o ccntric

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Bottlingtr deduced some evidence of an t8-yei, pe.ioa, utit result is a rveakening of the sun,s gravitative action in the case of the longer clisturbances 6r.ioo6'years,.ancl | on ( t h e m o o n ; a n d , w h e n o u r s a t e l l i t ei s t h u s p a r t i a l l y r e l e a s e d \ I 2 7 7 ' 5 9y e a r s r e s p e c t irv e llh e y) nrotion at the rneeting of the British Association tr,.bances in the moon's mean longitude depen6ing on the I ".g. ._11-'i.-0,?I Eottttqer."-F6.r principareclipsecycles, incessantty repeated in | . .'I'he this is verydoubtfirl.It ii-cliificult the theorytt tr'" .,,oon',;",i;;-;r;';; I f"ll;;?ii: I ."rp..t to the So.os"o. eclipse cycle.

made bv Dr' ^&-. "Boltlinger, a crowned ?. in p.i'-e Inaugural tr,ot the .r,,tri"it*'fi;;,;;;"r'';;,n" ;;:,;"'t'#',n"J'll,",i I Gravitations-land.noon its li:'::,.j":'"T,^i: i::,:,:l:":.1:r^:j_y:')*,^,1!ll" l,..n9t t'hesamervhenthe earrhinterposes tl::l-: (Freiburg desl\{ondes, i.R., r9,z). I sorirr - mass their path of action. in To,9]1n|vesuns 'r'rr"

T h e a c c o m pn n n iv i g o he ccom any n n t h e t a n s e n t ( , h a s c e r t a i nl o n g p e r i o dd i s t u r b a n c ei s t r o d u c e c l f i g u r e ( r r g . n t i o ) i r r , ' . i r * r . .t h e r e f r a c t i o n f t h e s u n , s a v e s r o w into its meanrnotion. ] :'' ' ^ ^ ^ ^ , - - . L - ^ . - - r -. r - - i o"';t;*,t:*:":i attempt to find such disturbances the rnotion j in ,l]]: ;i:$;. refractionor the gravitationar of the ntoon depencling-.othe r8-year n i P e r i o d , h a d b e e n I r u ^ u e s n p r s s i n g t h r o u g h t h e g l o b e o f t h e e a r t h ,i t f o l l o . w s

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r. The Saros, rnade up ol zz3 synodic lnonths 6 5 8 5 . 3 2 d a y s , d i s c o v e r e db y t h e C h a l d e a n sa n d u s e d a t B a b y l o n f o r p r e d i c t i n g . t h e r e t u r n o f e c l i p s e s ,i n c o n junction with the eclipse year of 346.62 days. 'fhe z. e c l i p s ey e a r o f 3 4 6 . 6 2 d a y s , t h e a v e r a g e time of the sun in passing around the heavens from the moon's node and returning to the same node asain as it retrogracles under'the sr.rn'sdisturbing action in r8.6 years. Nineteen of these ecliltse years nruke 6585.78 days, almost exactly equal to the cycle of the Saros given above, rvhich is 6585.32 dai's. . The difference in these two periods is only o..16 o f a d a y , a n c l t i r e r e f o r ea f t e r r 8 J u l i a n y e t r s r o . 3 : t i a l ' s ( o ' . 1 4 6 e s s t h a n r g e c l i p s e y e a r s ) t h e S a r o s o f e c l i J r ss l e is very nearly repeated, except that the lot:ation on the terrestrialglobe is o{32: Zh4o"'48' lirrthcr west ilr longitude. 'lhe n o c l i < - - a lr d r a c o n i t i c n r o n t h r n a d e u 1 r o :. z o t ' z T l z r z z z : a n d t h u s 2 . 1 x z 7 ' )z r 2 z 2 : 6 5 8 5 { 3 5 7 . 'I'his again is of alniost the same length as the zzl synodic nonths and 19 eclipse years defined in paraI''ig. 3 l i c i r r i c i i , , : r o l t l r c s u n ' s g r a v i t a t i o n a l s : r v e - s i n l t a s s i n g t h r o u g h graphsrand2 above. the cartlr's tnrss, by rvhich tirr: rrrt,on is s)iglrtly releasetl froln 'lhe A n o m a l i s t i cm o n t h m a d e u p o f z 7 ' 1 5 a 6 o ; t h c s L r r r ' ' c ( ) r r t r ( ) lr ) e a r t h e t i r n e o f I t r n a r e c l i l r s e s . 4. 5 a r r dt h u s z 3 g x z 7 9 5 5 4 6 o : 6 5 8 5 { 5 4 9 . Accordinqll', lterzzi a m o n t h s t h e m o o n n o t o n l y r e t u r n s v e r y c l o s e l . vt o i t s o r i . r 4 i n a i position in resltect to the sun and node, but also in respect t o t h e l i n e o f a p s i d e so f t h e n r o o n ' so r b i t ; s o t h a t t h e l ) e r t u r bations near perigee, during the interval of the ditference in t h e s e t w o c y c l e s ,6 5 8 5 9 5 a 9 - 6 5 8 5 9 3 2 : 6 d 2 2 g: 5hzg't'8 are so small as to modify but very slightly the return of rl)e cycle of eclipses composing the Saros. A c c o r d i n g l y , t h e s e l o u r f u n d a m e n t a ll u n a r c y c l e s r e c u r in the follorving periods: :6585932 r . ' T h e g n 1 e 5 : z z 3 s y n o d i cn r o n t h s :6585.78 z . l 9 e c l i p s ey e a r s o [ r z 6 ' 1 6 z e a c h 3. 242 nodical or draconitic nlonths of :6585.357 2 7 l 2 r z z ze a c h 6585.5+q 4 . 2 3 9 a n o m a l i s t i cm o n t h s o f 2 7 1 5 5 4 6 os a 6 t r : N o w . t h e $ 3 1 e 5: 6585932: r8 Julian years ro.8z days, or r8.ozg3 sidereal years of 36592563582 (Ilansttt). l'-ig.+. lllusrration the progress tlre moon'sperigee of of And accordintg to Neison the period of the circulation of the i n r e s 1 . g so t h e n o d e ,i n t h e 6 r . 7 - y c alrl u c t u a t i o n . t1 Iunar perigeeis 8.855 years. In the ro'l'edition of his Outlines of Astronomy, r869, p. 472, Sir JoIn l{crsc/trl uses thc' (r) I)eternrination f the period of tlre 6o-year tiuco period 3z3z{SZS:+::8.85o3r J u l i a n y e a r s ,r v h i c hi s o n l l ' t r r r t i o n . slightly different from the value cited above. It rs very easily shorvn that orving to the relative Accordingly, the forrvard nlotion of the perigee rvill n r r r g r . r i t u t i co f t h e s e d i r e c t a n d r e t r o g r a d e r e v o l u t i o n s ,t h e s . c a r r y i t t w i c e a r o u n d t h e h e a v e n s i n 1 7 . 7 r y e a r s , r v h i l e t h e a n g u l l r c o n j L r n c t i o n s ' r i l lt e n d t o r e c u r i n t h e r e g i o n s o f 36oo, 'fhus n o d e r e v o l v e si n t h e r e t r o g r a d e d i r e c t i o n i n r 8 . 6 y e a r s . z 4 o o , r : o o , I i k e t h e a c t u r l c o n j u n c t i o n so f t h e p l a n e t sJ u p i t e r if rve cail Q the yearly motion of the node, and a' the cor- and Srtunr in the theory of the celebrated goo-year ineresponding nrotion of the perigee, rve have r l t r a l i t v r v l r i c l rr v a s f i r s t t h c o r e t i c a l l y e x p l a i n e d b y L a p l a c e i n - 1 9 ? 3 5 4 8 4n 36o"f18.6 / ^ - \ the year r785. Here, too, as in the theory of Jupiter and \J5i -14o?655o : 61: Saturn, the conjunction lines move foru'ard. 'l'he amount of . 36o"/8.3SS. From the above data, it follorvs tliat the node rvill retro- t h c d i s p l a c e u r e n its 3 6 ? r 8 3 i n r 8 . 6 y e a r s ; a n d i n 3 . 3 r 6 4 8 g r a d e t h r o u g h 3 6 o " i n r 8 . 6 y e a r s , b u t i n t l r e s a m e t i n i e t h e s t r c h l r e r i o d s , 3 . 3 r 6 4 8 X r 8 . 6 ) ' e a r 5: 6t.7oo6-years, the l u n a r p e r i g e e r v i l l p r o g r e s st h r o u g h a n a n g l e o f 7 5 6 ? r 8 r : a n g u l a r c o n j r : n c t i o nr v h i c h s t a r t e d o u t a t t h e a n g l e 3 6 o ' r v i l l 7 2 o " 1 - 3 6 ? r 8 3 ; s o t h a t a f t e r a n i n t e r v a l o f r 8 . 6 y e a r s t h e r e v o l v e f o r r v a r dt h r o u g h r z o " , a n d t h e c y c l e o f a n g u l a r c o n perigee is displaced forrvard by 3 6?r 8 3 ir.r respect to the j u n c t i o n s a t a l l t h r e e p o i n t s r v i l l b e g i n o v e r a g a i n , e x a c t l y restored node. as in the great inequality of Jupiter and Saturn. This leads

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at once to the second long inequality in the moon's mean motion; rvhich,'without suspecting the czmse,Areuconb estimated at >6o years, more or lessoth no,lc and perigce for protlucing the ntoon's great lluctuation in 277.59 ye&rs.

diagram also illustrates the secular progress of t h e l i n e n o d e - p e r i g e e ,t h e r e s t o r a t i o n t o p a r a l l e l i s m i n t h i s c o n j u n c t i o nl i n e , a d v a n c i n g b y r r ? 6 7 o e v e r y r 7 . 9 9 7 r y e a r s , and requiring 2j j.Sgo years for completing the firll c1.cle of a semi-circumference. \Ve may express this result also by obfrving that physically the decrease of gravitation near the shadow'of the earth rvill take place with erlual effectwhether the eclipse l>e ncar the ascending or the descending node; and this clecrcase will always correspondingly affect the moon's mean 'l'herefore, longitucle. the r8-1.earmovement of node-perigee c o n j u n c t i o ni n e o v e r t h e a r c s r , 2 , 3 . . . 2 , w h e r en : l r5.422 at 18o", rvill comprise all possible combinations of the conj u n c t i o n l i n e n o d e - p e r i g e ef o r m o d i f i c a t i o n o f t h e s u n ' sg r a v i t y on the moon when near the shadow of the earth. (3) Determination of the r8-year period of the Saros c1'cle. The Saros c1'cle is so well knorvn that we need scarcely add that a minor disturbance in the moon's mean longitude rvill recur in this period of 6585.32days: r8.oz93 years. I n t h i s p e r i o c l t h e s y n . r m e t r i c ae c l i p s e c y c l e o f z z 3 l u n a t i o n s l is complcte and the eclipses begin to repeat themselves, rvith the moon very near the same relative position with respect to the sun and node, and also with respect to the line of apsides or perigee. This Saros cycle of the Chaldeans gives rise to a minor disturbance in the moon's mean longitude, u ' i t h p e r i o d o f r 8 . o z g 3 y e a r s , a n d a c o e f f i c i e n to f a b o u t r i o . It is the smallest ol the moon's sensible fluctuations. vet indicated by the researches of ,Yeu,contband Boltlingcr, ind, illustrated graphically by the accompanying Fig. 6 (p. tSS).

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l - i g . 6 . G r a p h i c a l i l l u s t r a t i o n o f t h c t h r e e c h i e f f l u c t u a t i o n si n t h e m o o n ' s m e a n m o t i o n . T h e s r n a l l d o t s r e p r e s e n tt h e o b s e r v e d , t h e s m a l l c i r c l e s t h e c a l c u l a t e d ,p l a c e s o f t h e m o o n .

In the case o( LaVlarr's dis,' Za. Saturn,for illusirating ofrhe coyery the conjunction lines ofthe flare's,Jiscovery cause of the great inequality' revolve forward, whereas J)laDets in the case of the lunar fluctuations, it is the angular rroveIrler)t of the conjunction lines norle-perigee rvhich has t o b e c o n s i d e r e d . O n t h i s r e l a t i v e a n g u l a r n r o v e m e n td e p e n d f t h e s n r a l i u n c o n ) l ) e n s a t e do r c e s f o r t h e r e l e a s eo f t h e m o o n lrorn the sun's qravitationai control when near the shado*' o l ' t h e e a l t h , * ' h e n c e a r i s e s t h e l o n g p e r i o d i n e r l u a l i t i e si n t h e r n o o n ' sm e a n l o n g i t u d e . I arrived at the cause of the lunar lluctuations frorrr t h e s t u d y o f t h e c l o s e a n a l o g l ' * ' i t h t l r e g r c a t i n e r l u a l i t yo f J u p i t e r a n d S a t u r n , w h i c h I h a d s u s l r e c t c d ,a n d c a l l e d t o the attention of l'rof. E. W. Broun, in rgr.1, aftcr readinq his addres" to the Ilritish Association in .\ustralia. lt a1r.jJrouttt nor Ilottlitt,gcr had becn encourased lrears tlrat neither b1' results of the researchesthey had rrade ; yet Botlltn.gcr's i n v e s t i s a t i o no f r g l z p r o v e d l ' e r y s u g g e s t i v et o m e , a n d the lnalrrgy with lay'lacc's discovery of r 785 rvas so close that it hnally enabled the cause of the lunar fluctuations to be rnadc out. lrr thc Ol-lservatoryfor -\lay, r g r 8, IIr. Ifarold.Jtif rt-ts has a revierv of rny rcst'lrchcs on the lunar fluctuations. After recounting thc nrethodenrployed,and adrnitting the f o r c e o l t h e r e s u l t sb r o u g h t t o l i g h t , h e f i n a l l y h o l d s ( p . z r 9 ) i t h a t t h e a n s u l a r p r o g r e s s i o n sn t h b t w o l l u c t u a t i o n s ,n a n r e l v a , t h a t i r r 6 r . 7 o o 6 1 ' e a r s n d 2 7 7 . S g y e r r s r e s l ) e c t i v e l ys h o u l d stand in tlre ratio of exactly g: z, and thus that my constants are Dot tluite exact. If the shorter period of 6 t.7 oo6 l ears be exact, Jclfret'J' argument rvould make t h e l o n g e r p e r i o d 2 7 7 . 6 5 2 y e a r s ,i u s t e a d o f 2 7 7 . 5 9 y e a r s found by' nre. 'l'his diffcrence is very trifling, and of no practical irnportance, but the 'relation g : 2 n)llv eventually be of v a l u e t o t h e f u t u r e i n r ' g s t i g a t o r so l - t h e s e m o v e m e n t sw h e n t h e c o u r s e o f c e n t u r i e s s h a l l n r a k e k n o r v n t h e c o n s t a n t so f t h e l u n a r n r o v e m e n t r v i t h i n c r e a s i n gp r e c i s i o n . A t p r e s e n t I think the final value of these'periods can scarcely be a t t a i n e d , b e t : a u s ee a c h f l u c t u a t i o n i n v o l v e s v e r y s l i g h t l y t h e period of the other; so that rve scarcely knorv which period may be chosen, or horv the two nray be adjusted and com' pensated to the exact ratio of 9-: z. o In closingthis brief discussicjn f the luner liuctuations, pronounced the most eniginatical phenomenon rvhich l/r'zzrrarll' presented by the celestial motionsr it is scarcely necessaly to add tbat the result attained is a very notable triumph for the wave-theory. \\/e have seen that the nrotion of the perihelion of Mercury admits of a half a dozen different explanations,

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5048

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It can be shown that the action of waves, flat in.planes n o r m a l t o t h e l i n e s o f f o r c e u ' i l l e r p l a i n t h e m e c h a n i c a ld i f ficulties here noted by )[aru'c//. For in his.rvork on tr{atter, Aether and lllotion, Boston, r 3g4, Prof. A. E. Dolltrar describes . 6. Gravitational Action is propagated by an experiment of the follou'ing kincl : Stresses due to Waves in the Aethei, ltttt,,L|atutell:s >If a dozen disks five or six inches in diarneter are conception that. the Stress is bascd on pressure in set loosely an inch apart upon a spindle a foot long, so that the Direction of the I-ine of Force and on irnerlual T e n s i o n i n a l l t t i r c c t i o n s e t r i g h t r n g l c s t h e r c r . , they may lre rotntcd fast, yet left free to move longitudinally t u p o n t h e s p i n c l l c ,t h e y r v i l l a l l c r o w d u p c l o s e t o g e t h e r , a s is irot admissible. the pressurcis less betn'eenthem than outside. Ii' one can F r o m t h e e l e c t r o c l .r v a v e - t h e o r y f g r a v i t a t i o n , o u t l i n e d o inragine the spindle to be flexiblc ancl the ends brought in the rvriter's rvork of r 9 r 7, it follorvs that gravitation is opposite each other rr'hile rotatine, it $'ill be sccn that ihe p r o p a g a t e d b y s t r e s s e si n t h e a e r h e r d u e t o t h e i n t e r p e n e ends rvould exhibit an apparent attraction for each other, tration of rvaves, ancl the action across space therefore tiavels and if free to approach, rvould close up, thus rnaking a s'ith the velocity of Iight. This nrode of action'is already vortex ring rvith the sections of disks. If .the aris of the outlined also in the first l)aper on the nerv theory of the disks rvere shrinkable, the rvhole thing nould contract to a aether, AN 5o44. Forty-scven years aso in the celcl>rated r u r i n i m u ms i z e t h a t r v o r r l d b e d e t e r r n i n e d b y t h c r a p i d i t y o f 'l r e a t i s eo n E l e c t r l c i t y a n d t r I a s n e t i s m ,r 8 7 3 , r , o l . r , C h a p . V , the rotary movement, in rvhich case not onl1, *.ould it be $\ ro3-r r6, 4l[attt,e// qave a remarkabie- theorenr for the plain rvhl' the ring forrn rvas maintained, br.rt rvhy the dias t r e s s e sb e t h e e n t r v o e l e c t r i c a l l l ' c h a r g e d n t a t e r i a l s , v s t c r n s , nrcter of the ring as a rvholc should shrink. So long as it a s p r o d u c i b l e b y a d i s t r i b u t i o n o f s t r e s s o v e r c l o s e c ls u r f a c c s rotatcd it rvould keep up a stressin the air about it. So far about these systetns. a s t h e e x p e r i m e n t a l e v i d e n c e g o e s , i t a p p e a r sJ h a t a v o r t e x . He takes two electrical systems, namely, _6,, u.ith ring in the air exhibits the phenomenon in question.( volume density Qr, of the element rvhose coordinates are The behavior of the flexible spindle in this experirnent a r , ) , r , z r ; a n d s i n r i l a r l y f o r t h e o t h e r s y s t e m ,I j z , i, Q t , . 1 o , . l , r o . is analogous to that of the lines of force, rvhich Farada.r, Then the .T-component of the force acting on the elenrent of long ago observed had a notable tendencyto shorten theniE1, owing to the repulsion of the element of ,8,, uill be: 'fhe selves. gaseous ntediurn of the air between the disks is dX : Qr gz (rr - rr)lrt.dr1 d1,L dz1 dr,, d1,2dz2 thinned out, by the effect of the centrifugal force, just as the (r1-r)2-r(:'t-1')2-+(21,z aether itself is near a magnet, owing to the rotations 1) of z)2 the rvave elements about the lines o[ force. Hence the lines , : SSS: [ lbrd.t'd,r,1 dz1dr2 dz2 dy2 ",)lr3.syst of force tend to shorten themselves, as Farada] observed in T h i s i s a s i n t h e t h e o r y o f a c t i o n a t a d i s t a n c e , a n d his experiments rvith magnets and electric currents. the integrats will not be altered by extending the lintits In view of this experiment it is not remarkable therefrom -oo to -Foo. fore that the lapse of time has confirmed Masutll,s stresses

in addition to the mystical one offered by Einstein, which is devoid of physical basis; and finally the natural and simple explanation based on the wave-theory, and outlined above in section 3. On the other hand, the lunar fluctuations, rvhich are vastly more complicated than the motion of X{ercurv's oeri'no,nely, helion, admit of but a single known explanation, t h a t d i s c o v e r e d b y t h e p r e s e n tr v r i t e r i n r g r 6 . I t i s t h e r e f o r e rvith some reason that the rnost experienced physical mathematician at Cambridge lvrote me, Jan. 28, tgr7.. >I wish the perihelion of Nlercnry could be resolved similarly (to the nervrvork on the lunar fluctuations). Otherwise rve have an unlimited number of ingenious kinds of r e l a t i v i t y o n o r l r h a n d s ; r v h i c h w i t l b e r e n r i r r k a b l ef o r s e l f contradiction of the principle that evcrything is relative{ 7 : . / ' , 't

./

'?r\

u \

gravitational phenomena rvould be explained. In the Electrod. wavc-theory of Phys. l i o r c e s ,r g I 7 , p p . r 3 r - r 3 3 , r v i l l b e f o u n d a n explanation of why the aether tends to contract between any two bodies, as the sun 'fhis nray be rnacie a little more and earth. obvious by the foliowing diagram, in which each body is shorvn surrounded by a wave' field, the aether near either body being so agitated by the n'aves from its own atoms as to be of less density towards either centre than in the renloter spaces betlveen tlie masses. We are to conceive the'rvavesfrom either centre, by interpenetrating rvith those from the other centre, undoing the rvave stress, depending on the other mass, and thus causing a constant tendency of the aether to collapse, which results in-pulling with maximum tension along the right line connecting the two bodies.

F i g . 8 . I l l u s t r a t i o n o f t h e d e v e l o p m e n to f s t r e s s b e t w e e n t h e s u n a n d . e a r t h , o w i n g to the interpenetration of the rvaves, rotating in opposite directions, from these two independentwave'fields, thus causing a tendency to collapse, in the mediunt beiween the two bodies, which furnishes the tensibn required to hold the planets in their orbits.

r65

5048

.

166

This gives us a very simple and direct grasp of the mechanism underlying the planetdry forces, rvhich is not very different from those operative in electricity and maenetism, e x c e p t f o r t h e e s s e n t i a l l yh a p h a z a r d a r r a n g e m e n to f t h e p l a n e s -of the atoms in the heavenly bodies. These bodiesare only slightly magnetic, - this porver depending on the lining up of a srnall fraction of their atoms, in planes rvhich are rnutually parallel, as in common n)agnets; rvhile the great nlass of the 'fhe atoms are tilted haphazard. resultingaction )iields the central force called gravity, instead of the duality of pos'ers r87o, p. ro) for the noted by Air1, (Treatise on 1\1[agnetism, magnetic attraction directed tolvards trvo poles. 'l'heorem, J. Sextuple Integration, und er./?ourir/s ' f o r s o l v i n g f ' o i s s o t t ' s) a r t i a l I ) i f f e r c n t i a l I ' , r l r r n t i o n l y A z r D l D t 2 : a 2 2 ( / )f o r t h e v e l o c i t y - p o t e n t i a l , i n a n r e d i u r n l i k e t h e a e t h e r ,c a p a b l e o f f r e e l y p r o p a g a t i n q u a v e s . We consider the partial differential erluation for the v c l o c i t y - p o t e n t i a l@ i n r r a v e l n o t i o n :

O,Alef : a21'21P (D : !2 (r, y, z, t) dd-r: DA l1x' dn -tA @fAt. dt -r dQt :dz f1z

(:s)

drD 5.;;* an exact differential, to rvhich Poisson (Traite'de N { d c a n i q u e ,r 8 3 3 , T o n r e I I , p . 6 9 7 ) a n d C a u c h l th a v e g i v e n so mnch attention, in the period immediatelyprecedingand f o l l o r v i n g t h e d e v e l o p m e n to f F o u r i c r ' s a n a l y s i s ,( r 8 o 7 - r 8 z r ) . 'fhis method finally appeared in the celebrated Thiorie Analytiqtte de la Chaleur, 18zr. Ilesides the above referenceto I'oisson'sMechanics, rve cite the important memoirs indicated belorv 1). Poissonusually treats his differential equation in the form: A2OfAf .-a2 (0rOf0rz.+-02etf?1,2-+7zqlDrr): o . Thus @ is any solution of the equation(39), which involves t h r e e v a r i a b l e c o o r d i n a t e s ,r , ! , a , a n d t h e t i r n e , / . Ry a rvell knorvn form of -liourier'stheorem we have:-f@ -+6

(.r.) 32 : ,l"n:J

-',r y'(-'). (I).dI _q dt . (+o) .f ,{eand -r-oo: '(at| z)t,.

And as this will apply to the several variables, we Jetby three successiveintegrations between the limits -oo (rf sn,):::::S !)(*,!,",r) : @: cAy'(-').e(E,rt,(,r).a{ drldldtdlt,dv. A:(-r))"-r(r7-,r,)r,-+(6-

If now rve substitutethe derivatives of this result in (39), obseruing by the form of A, in (ar), ttrat we have

upon actualderivation:

- r,.ty'(,-t)(_).2_lJ- 1,2) pzf7s2-rA2fq,2_r12f1z2\c.tt/e)q

Qr)

rve have for the solution of the original erluation involvinq the four variables: ? 2 e t f D t t _ o z ( ? 2 r D , t e _ + 6 z r 1 ? 1 , t _ r ? 2 e t f D : 2:) ,': t (): !)(.',.t,,r,4: (linritsof integration -&and

(rltrrl,l,f (+s) o , f , f , f! - + o o ) . ' l ' h i s e q u a t i o n r v i l l b e s a t i s f i e d , f - Q ( 8 ,q , e , t ) i s d e t e r m i n e d s o a s t o s a t i s f y t h e e q u a r i o n : i a r l l ( L r l , E , t ) f D t " - + a 2 ( i . ? - + 1 r : - + r ,J -)l ( f , t l , , t ) : o . e (++)

r . r r ' , - r ' ) . l e t , ' 0 f + a 2 ( ) . 2 - + 1 t , 2 - t - , , ' ) ) - ( 2 eL 4 . d t r d l d 6 d t d 1 t , d u : q,( ,

We therefore integrate this diffcrential equation, and in place of arbitrary constants, rve introduce arbitrary functions U/r and r/1 of 1,r1,(. Accordingly our solutions yield the follorving particular integrals: ll(.",r/,6,r) : rBhty'(-r) 24(.t,27,6) 9(,t1,(, l) : c-rihtl/(*'),/,,(..,?,() 3:().2-t-1t]-ryz)'\h. (ls)

If norvlve substitnte the first of thcse in (ar), and include the integration factou fSnB in the arbitrary function, rve have (lirnits of integration ---oo and -roo) :

ot :

g2 !, r, 4 : (r,

B/,t) t)trrr(t, . dI dr d( d/.dp dr . t/(Z,0 : I SS: S c(.,1*

(+o)

T h i s i s a p a r t i c u l a r i n t e g r a l o f e q u a t i o n ( a r ) , a n d t h e s e c o n d v a l u e i n ( 4 5 ) w o u l d l e a d t o an identical result, 'I'hus as may be proved b1' actual substitution. it onll' renrains to cornplete the solution from such particular solutions. 0 2 f 0 t 2 - + - A 2 i ? r , 2 + - 0 2 f 0 : 2 :z l Let t:'s\ .. so as to reduce the given equation to the s1'mbolical f o r m : O-IZlD(D-r))czrt'() 'I'hen rD-c-0.AX|A|:Ayfqt rvhere 0/0, : D. the transformation: will give: lvhich is of the same form as the eouation for d) in

-

o

'

(qz) (qs) (+e)

x-lzID(D(qs).

r ) l 7 2 tx ' t

(s " )

t) t. Fourier'. Ocuvres d,e Forrier, T o m e s I e t I I , p u b l i 6 c s s u o s l e s a u s p i c e sd u t r l i n i s t t r e d e l ' I n s t r u c t i o n P u b l i q u e p a r l e s s o i n s d e Coslou J)oiltott:, I'aris. I,388. |'oisson'. a) )I6moirc sur Ia-Thiorie des Ondes, Dic. 18, r8r5; I\{im. de l'Acad., T. I. b ) N l i n r o i r e s u r l ' l n t i ' g r a t i o n d e q u e l r l u e si q u a t i o n s l i n 6 a i r e s a u x d i f f d r e n c e sp a r t i e l l e s , e t p a r t i c u l i E r e m e n d e l ' 6 q u a t i o n t g d n d r a l ed u n o u v c m e n t d e s f l u i d c s i l a s t i q u c s . J u i l l . r 9 , 1 8 r 9 , l l 6 m . d e l ' A c a d . , T . I I I . 'I. c ) M 6 m o i r c s u r l e . N l o u v c r n e n td e I ) e u x I r l u i r l c s l i l a s t i q u e . sS u p e r p o s d s . I I a r s 2 4 , 1 8 2 3 , N I 6 m . d e l ' A c a d . , X. 't. d ) l l i ' m o i r e s u r l ' I i q u i l i b r c e t l c t r { o u v e r n e n t l e s C o r p i I i l a s t i . j u e i . A v r i l r 4 , r 8 2 8 , N i d r n .r l e l ' A c a d . , VIII. e ) M 6 r n o i r e s u r l ' l . i q u i l i b r cd e s F l u i d e s . N o v . 2 4 , r 8 2 8 , l t 6 r n . d c l ' A c a d . , T . l X . f ) M 6 m o i r e s u r l a . P r o p a g a t i o n t l u M o u v e u r c n t d a n s l e s M i l i e u x E , l a s t i q u e s .O c t . I r , r 8 3 o , M 6 m . d e I ' A c a d . , T . N . g ) l l 6 r n o i r c s u r I ' E q u i f i b i e c t l e I ' I o r r v e m c n td c s . C o r p s C r y s t a l ) i s [ ' s . O c t . 2 8 , r 8 3 9 , M 6 m . d e I ' A c a d . , T . X V I I I . -r. ( ) a u r h l , : a ) 1 ' h 6 o r i e d e I a I ) r o p a g a t i o n d c s ( ) n d e s I l a s t r r f l c c d ' r r n I " l u i r l I ' e s i r n t d ' u n e I ' r o f o n c l e u r I n d 6 f i n i e , r 8 I 5 . b ) S u r I ' I n t 6 g r a t i o n d ' L , q u a t i o n sL i n i r i r c s . E x c r c i s e s d ' i \ n a l y s e e t d e I ' h y s i q u e N { a t h 6 r n a t i q u eT . I , p . 5 : . , c l S r r r l a T r a n s f o r m a t i o n e t l a I i d d r r c t i o n d e s I n t 6 g r a l e sG 6 n d r a l e s t l ' u n S y s t d r n ed ' E q u a t i o n sL i n 6 a i r e s a u x d i f f 6 r e n c e s p a r t i e l l e s ,i l r i , l . p . r 7 8 .

:lH

t67

5048

r68

in It thus follows that 2gadmits of expression the form (46), and therefore by merely changing the arbitrary function, rve have (limits of integration -oo and -roo) :

x:

: !),(r,!,2,t)

zrir(8,q,6).aal apr::S:IS c(A-rBrt)y'(-'). dldl.dy,dv .

(s')

To get the contplete integral from these independent particular integrals (a6) and (5r), we add the trvo solutions -(cf. Eatlcndorlf's edition of lliemann's Partielle Differentialgleichungen, r882, p. roo), rnultiplied by- arbitrary constants, -oo t and -roo) :' which may be included under the sextuple integral signs (limits of integration (Dt: 11(D-+'crX

ff jd

''r{

' i *

(sr) r) , -/ \ \ J,I:@ \-f

:

(n t t)y' t)- 4rt (8,q,C)oFazd( dr dy,du . "f"fjfjj,('There is no intrinsic difficulty in either vierv, but at that Af ). now taken at ro-), rvould becone p r e s e n t ( r g r z ) n o m e t h o d i s k n o r v n b y w h i c h r v e r n a y h o p e so to discriminate betrveen,thetr.on the model of material bodiesQu. zr. Is not this l\{edium nuch rarer rvithin the . d e n s eB o d i e s o f t h e S t t n , S t a r s ,P l a n e t s a n d C o m e t s , t h a n i n the empty celestial Spacesbetween them ? .A.ndin passing from thern to great distances, doth it not grorv denser and denser

r ) I n t h e O p t i c s , r 7 z r , p p . 3 4 2 - 3 , N e r u t o n c l i s c u s s e sh e v e r y p r o b l e m h e r e t r e a t e d o f i n t h e f o l l o r v i n g t n a n n e r : ' T h e r e s i s t a n c eo f t if the heavenswere as dense as water' water arise; principally on,I oln,osi'enii."fi from the vis incrtiae of iis matter; and by consequence' m u c h l e s s r e s i s t a n c et h a n q u i c k - s i l v e r ; i r v o u l d n o t h a v e i n u c h l e s s r e s i s t a n - c eh u r r " o t " . ; i f a s d e n s e a s q u i c k . s i l v e r , t h e y r v o u l d n o t h - a l e they u n " ' , u m , I e t t h e r n a t t e r b e n e v e r s o s u b t i l e a n d f l u i d , t h e y l v o u l d h a v e -a g r e a t e r r e s i s t a n c e of matter without if ibsolutely 4ense, or full "qy times the length of its diametcr, and a than quick-silver. l\ solid globe in such a medium rvould lose above half its motion in moving three nrotions of the (such as ,n" pl."",.1. rvouk] bc retarrled sooner. Antl therefore to make way for the regular and lasting -fiJ fi"["'""i "i steamsor effluvia'.arising frorn a n d c o r n e t s , i t ' s n e c e s s a r yt o e m p t y t h e h e a v c n s o f a l l m a t t e r , e x c e p t p e r h a p s s o l n e v e r y t h i n v a p o u r s , ;lanets r a i e a e t h e r e a l m e d i u m a s u ' e d e s c r i b e da b o v e ' A d e n s e f l u i t l t h e a t m o s p h e r e so f t h e e a r t h , p l a n e t s a n d ' c o m e t s , a n < l f r o m s u c h a n "*"""dingly being better explain'd wit.boutit'n c a n b e o f n o u s e f o r e x p l a i n i n g t h e p h a e n o m e n ao f n a t u r e ; t h e m o t i o n s o f t h " ep l a n e t s a n d c o m e t s ,) a t l l n g t h , - L " c " u i e t h i s e d i t i o n i s v e r y i n a c c e s s i b l et o t h e m o d c r n r e a d e r . euoted

r79

so+8

180

perpetually, and thereby cause -the gravity of those great times less than that of \\rater. And so small a resistance Bodieb toward one another, and of their parts towards the rvould scarce make any sensible alteration in the Motions Bodies; every Body. endeavouring to go from the denser of the Planets in ten thousand years.( parts of the Medium torvards the rarer ? For if this Nledium In Ncuton's views above quoted, Qu. zo, dating frorir .be rarer within the Sun's Body than at its surface, and rarer t7zr, it will be noticed that he not only held the aether there than at the hundredth part of an inch frorn its tsody to be a superfine gas, of enormous elasticity, but also caland rarer there than at the fiftieth part of an inch frorn its c u l a t e d t h i s e l a s t i cp o w e r t b b e 6 : 4 g o o o o o o o o o o times Body, and rarer there than at the Orb of Saturn; I see no greater than that of air in proportion to its density. I3y the 'why reason the increase of density should stop anywhere, most careful calculations that can be made today, we find and not rather be continued through all distances lrom the t h i s r e l a t i v ee l a s t i cp o w e r t o l t e d ' : 6 8 g 3 z r 6ooooo; whicb Sun to Saturn, and beyond. And thougb this Increase of shgws that the value found by Ncuton two.centuries ago was density may at great distances be exceeding slow, yet if the .7r percent correct, - a wonderfuliy accurate resrrlt, even flor elastick force of tbis medium be exceeding great,' it may so incomparable a geometer a.s Ateuttonl suffice to impel Bodies from the denser parts of the l\Iedium H i s r e m a r k s i n Q u . z z h a v e b e e n m i s c o n s t r u c t e db y S i r towards tbe rarer, with all that power which rve call Gravity. And that the elastick force of this Medium is exceeding great, O l i u t r L o d g e ( I n t r o d u c t i o n t o h i s > A e t h e r o f S p a c e < , , S o S ) , may be gathered from the swiftness of its Vibrations. Sounds in an effort to make it appear that Ncuton held the aether move about r r4o English feet in a Second \linute of 'Iinre, to have a large density, but the context shos,s the misconand in seven or eight lr{inutes o['Iime they move about one structign involved in this claim. \Yhen tVu,toz sa1,s thaL hundred English lvliles. Light moves from the Sun to us in there is >less resistance (to the planets) in the aethereal about seven or eight Minutes of Time, which distance is medium than in any fluid rvhich fills all space adequately a b o u t T o o o o o o o E n g l i s h M i l e s , s u p p o s i n g t h e h o r i z o n t a l witbout leaving any pores, and by conse(luenceis rnuch denser t h a n q u i c k - s i l v e ro r g o l d i < , h e m g a n s t h a t t h q a e t h e r i s v e r y Parallax of the Sun to be about r z'. And the Vibrations or Pulses of this Medium that they may cause the alternate fine grained, more so than any material fluid like quick-silver Fits of easy Transmission and easy Reflexion, nust be srvifter or gold, rvhich has pores. He thus held the aerher to be than Light, and by consequence above Tooooo tinres s*.ifter s o f i n e g r a i n e d t h a t i t c o u l d t r u l y a c t a s a p l e n u m , y e t a s than Sounds. And therefore the elastick force of this N,Iedium, s i g n e d t h i s n r e d i u m e x c e s s i v e l ys r n a l l d e n s i t 1 , . > N I a y n o t i t s in proportion to its density, must be above Tooooo tilnes r e s i s t a n c eb e s o s r n a l l a s t o b e i n c o n s i d e r a b l e F o r i n s r a n c e : i Z o o o o o ( t h a t i s a b o v e 4 g o o o o o o o o o o ) t i n r e s g r e a t e r t h a n I f t h i s a e t h e r( f o r s o I w i l l c a l l i t ) s h o u l d b e s r r p p o s e d o o o o o T the elastic force o[ the Air in proportion to its density. t i n r e s m o r e e l a s t i c t h a n o u r a i r , a n d a b o v e T o o o o o t i n r e s nrore rare( rvhich shows clearly that Nctuton's value of' For the Velocities of the Pulses of elastic Mediums are in a sub.duplicate Ratio of the Elasticities and the Rarities of t h e d e n s i t y o f t h e a e t h e r i s : r f o . o o r 2 9 3X r o - 5 : the Mediums taken together.c d o.oooooooor84g (SS), 7 rAs Attraction is stronger in small Magnets than in that of water: r, or d: r/7ooooo, that of 2i1 : 1. great ones in proportion to their bulk, and Gravity is greater b) Viervs of tl[atucll, t877. in the surlaces o[ small Planets than in those of g.eit one, 'in proportion to In the articie Aether, [)ncyclopedia Rritannica, gri'ed., their bulk, and small Ilodies are agitated much more by electric attraction than great ones; so the p . 5 7 z , t 8 7 8 , M a r u r l / s p e a k s a s f o l l o s ' s r e g a r d i n g t h e n . r o l e smallness of the Rays of Light may contribute very nruch cular constitution of the aether: >tr1r., T'o/t,tr prcston (phil. S. to the power of the Agent by which rhey are refracted. N l a g . , S e p t . a n d N o v . , r 8 7 7 ) h a s s u p p o s e d r h a t t h e a e t h e r i s like a gas tvhose molecules very rarely interfere with each And so if any one should suppose that Aether (like our Air) may cont{iin Particles which endeavour to recede frorn one other, so that their mean path is far greater than any plaanother (for I do not know what this Aether is) and that netary distances. He has not investigated the properties of its Particles are exceedingly smaller than those of Air, or such a mediunr with any degree of cornpleteness, l-lut it is even than those of Light: f'he exceeding srnallness of its easy to see that we nright lorm a theory in rvhich the nroleParticles may contribute to tbe greatness of the force by c u l e s n e v e r i n t e r f e r e w i t h e a c h o t h e r ' s n r o t i o n o f t r a n s l a t i o n , which those Particles nray recede from one another, and b u t t r a v e l i n a l l d i r e c t i o n s r v i t h t h e v e l o c i t y o f l i g ! t ; a n d thereby make that Medium exceedingly more rare and elastick i f w e f u r t h e r s u p p o s e t h a t v i b r a t i n g b o d i e s b a v e t h e p o w e r . than Air, and by consequenceexceedingly less able to resist o f i n r p r e s s i n g o n t h e s e m o l e c u l e ss o m e v e c t o r p r o p e r t y ( s u c h the motions of Projectiles, and exceedingly more able to press a s r o t a t i o n a b o u t a n a x i s ) r v h i c h d o e s n o t i n t e r f e r e r v i t h t h e i r nrotion of translation, and rvhich is then carried along by upon gross Bodies, by endeavouring to expand itself.< rQu. zz. IvIay not Planets and Comets, and all gross t h e m o l e c u l e s , a n d i f t h e a l t e r n a t i o n o f t h e a v e r a g e v a l u e . Bodies, perfornr their Motions more freely; and with less o f t h i s v e c t o r f o r a l l t h e m o l e c t r l e s w i t h i n a n e l e m e n t o [ resistance in the Aethereal I\{edium than in any l-luid, which v o l u m e b e t h e p r o c e s sw h i c h r v e c a l l l i g h t , t h e n t h e e q u a t i o n s fills all Space adequately without leaving any pores, and by which express this average will be of the sanre forrn as that w h i c h e x p r e s s e sh e d i s p l a c e r n e n ti n t h e o r d i n a r y t h e o r y . < t consequence is nruch denser than Quick-silver or Gold i l'or instance; If this Aether (for so I will call it) should be Accordingly it rvill be.seen that the prcsent paper is s u p p o s e dT o o o o o t i m e s m o r e e l a s t i ct h a n o u r A i r , a n d T o o o o o a development of the reasoning sketched by Neutlott, r7zt,timetsmore rare; its resistance would be above 6oooooooo and again briefly outlined by Maxwrll in r,877.

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vector pfoperty, such as rotaiion about an axis; . . Ih. ,*hich Manoal/ supposes might be impressed or) the aether molecules, will be furnished by the rvave motion in the aether, 'when the waves are taken to be flat in the planes of the equators of ordinary atoms. This is shorvn in the theory of magnetism outlined in the first paper, and wilt be treated of more fully in the tbird paper, in connection rvith a correction to the fundamental conceptions of the rvave-theory of light. I I. Under the Kinetic Theory of the Aether M i c l t c l s o n 'c e l e b r a t e d s Experiment of rggT should yield a Negative Result. New.'l.heory of Stellar Aberratiorrbased on the Motion of Light relatively to the uroving Iiarth.

The path of the light, lrom a terrestrial ,ou."", is thus . made parallel and perpndicurar to the direction of the earth's orbital motion; and the two half beams mutually inter_ changed for observation of the relative displacemeni of the, interference fringes. In his work on Light Waves and their Uses, r9o3, p. r58, Michclson sums up his experience thus: >It rvas found that there was no displacement of the interference fringes, so that the result of tlie experiment was negative and would, therefore, show that there still is a dif-, ficulty the theory itself; and this difficulty, I may say, _in has not been satislactorily explained j c c t c dt o n o s t r a i n o f i t s l i n e a r d i r n e n s i o n s . p u s c u l a r m e d i u m , a l w i r y s a d j u s t i n g i t s i n t e r n a l s t r e s s e sr v i t h 1\ttttt/on'sllrst llrv of motion (l'rincipia, Lib. I, Axioms) - t h e i n d i v i d u a l p a r t i c l e sh a v i n g at leastthe velocity of light i s : > l . i v c r y b o t l l ' p c r s e v e r e si n i t s s t a t e o f r e s t ' o r o f u n i f o r m - it follorvsthat around a velocity of r.57 times greater)'et, n r o t i o n i n a r i g h t l i n e , r t n l e s si t i s . c o n r p e l l e d t o c h a n g e t h a t a b o d y m o v i n g r v i t h u n i f o r n r v e l o c i t l ' . t h e r ec o u l d b e e x e r t e d i n r p r e s s e dt h e r e o n . < atolrs, to s t a t e l > y l i > r c e s no sustained forces, irnpressed or acting upon the > > l ) r o j e c t i l el')s r s e v e r ei n t h e i r t r t o t i o n s , s o f a r a s t h e y e alter the linear dirnensions of the uniformly n.rovingbody; a r c n o t r c t r i r d c c l b 1 ' t l r e r e s i s t a n c eo f t h c a i r , o r i m p e l l e d arrd hence we reject 't'-itz,gcrald's hypothesis as altogether d o * n r v e r t l s l - r vt h e f o r c c o f g r a v i t l ' . ' \ t o p , r r ' h o s ep a r t s b y misleading. c tlreir cohesion arc I)erpetrtrrlly lrlrrvnasitle front rectilinear H F i t z , q c r a l d ' s y p o t h e s i s , t h a t t h e i i n e a r c li t n e n n r o t i o n s , d o e s t r o t c t a s e i t s r o t a t i o l l , o l l l e ' r r v i s et h a n a s i t 'l'he sions of bodies are altered by nrotion relative to grertcr l-rociies f the planets o is retarded [rv the air. the aether, superfluous and misleading. a n d c o n r e t s , u r c c t i t r gl i t h l e s s r e s i s t a n c e i n t r i o r e l i e e s p a c e s , ntiorrs In Natrrre for Jttne r6, r89z, Sir OIit'tr Za{q'r Irre l ) r e s e r v e t h c i r m o t i o n s l r o t h p r o g r c s s i v ea r t d c i r c t t l a r f o r a a conversation rvith the late Prol. Gco. F' Fitz,qcrall, (cf. also n r u c h l o r t g e r t i n t e . < Lodge's Aether o[ Space, I go9; p. 68) to the effect that the lf these axiottts \\'ere obYiotls to Sir Isaac Ntu.'lon, it d i m e n s i o n so f r n a t e r i a l b o d i e s a r e s l i g h t l y a l t e r e d r v h e n t h e l ' rvill no doubt be etpralll' obviorts to tls that a body ri'ray 'l'he negative result of - as a r e i n n r o t i o n r e l a t i v e .t o t h e a e t h e r . have its dimensions altercd irt actluirirrg a I'elocity, the Michelson-'lforley experitnent oi r887 rvas the ocqasion i v h e n a b r l l i s s t r u c k b y a b a t - 1 ' e t t l r e e l t r s t i c i t f o f t h e which called forth .l'-itz|'crald's hypothesis. b o d y l , i l l i n t n i e t l i a t e l t 'a s s c r t i t s e l f , s o t h a t t h e f i g t r r e w i l l I t / b e t h e v e l o c i t v o f t h e e a r t h ' so r b i t a l r r l o t i o n , / t h c o s c i l l a t e a b o u t i t s l l ) e a n o r u n d i s t u r b e t l l b r n r ; a n d a f t e r a v e l o c i t y o f l i g h t , / t h e l e n g t h o f p a t h t r a v c r s e d b y t h e b e a t t t c e r t a i n t i u r e t l r c o r i g i n a l f i g u r e r v i l l [ ) c ( ] o l I ) cr e s t o r e d . A n d of light divided in Michelson'sexperirnent; then, one ol' the i t & c r e a f t e r t h c r e r i i l l I r c t t o p e r t t t a n e n tc ] r a n g eo f f i g u r e , T h i s trvo portions of a split beam of light should urake its jottrnel' i s a f a c t o f u r t i l e r s a l e x p e r i e n c e , a n d m a y b e v e r i f i e d e x ' rbe in less time than the other by the interval lz2lf c2, tf 'l'lris lteriurentally in ottr laboratories b1'all lnanner of actual aether itself be motionless, as Mithrlsarz supposed. ll)easurelrents. 'l'he difference, however, would be compensated if the arm of nrost crrrefttl physical experiments shorv that bodies in the direction oI the earth's urotion the apparatus pointed undcr constraint, tend very rapidll'to restore their 1;la\Ve have now arrived at the great discovery by Oersted of the connection between electricity and magnetism. Oersttd found that an electric current acts on a magnetic pole, but 'attracts it nor repels it, but cattsesit to move that it neither round the current. He expressed this by saying that ,the electric conflict acts in a revolving manner',>The most obviotts deduction from this new lact rvas that the action of the current on thd n)agnet is not a pushand-pull force, but a rotatory force, and accordingly many minds were set a-speculating on vortices and streams of aether whirling round the current.( And I have not been able to find any clear staterlrent o f t h e p r o v e d a t t r a c t i o no f n e e d l e t o a w i r e b e a r i n g e c t l r r e r r t , i n l a t e r w r i t e r s ; t h e y a l t e v a d e i t , b y a r g u n t e n t sa s t o t l i c behavior of a unit north pole, rvhen no such single pole exists. In the theory of magnetisrn it is no tnore pert.inent to discuss the actions of hall of a magnet than it rvould be in human physiology to treat of one side of our bodies only, rvhen the whole body is perfectly sylnmetrical, and not to be split up into halves, and cannot act as such. One leg, one arm, one side of the brain and spinal colun-rnperfortrts no functions alone and all such discussion is unscientific and a very imperfect rnakeshift.

magnetic metal is at relative rest, but the moment any relative rlotion takes place, th6 rvave-fieldpenetrating the non-magnetic metal undergoes change, and this change of the wave-field disturbs the equilibrium of the aether in the non-magnetic metal, and the result is induction, or the generation of electric waves in the metal, which becomes temporarily magnetic. 'I'he nietal therefore enrits waves rvith rvhirls or rotations opposite to that of the inducing magnet. 'ottr demonstration of the cause of n-ragnetism, Now in r g r 7 , i t i s s h o w n t h a t t h e r e a s o n w h y o p p o s i t ep o l e s a t t r a c t , is that the opposite rotations in the rvaves frorn such poles cause an undoing of the stress of the mediunr, so that it collapses, and this tendency to contriict is rvhat we call attraction. In the same way the relatiie motion o[ a cottrpass needle over a metal plate induces in it opltosite polarity, with opposite rotations iu the rvaves enritted tlierefrorn; and then the tenlporary magnetism induced in tbe plate by tire relative motion of the needle, calls lbrth attraction betrveen the needle and the metal. Accordingly, this induction acts as a drag on the vibrations of the necdle, and brings it to' rest sooller than rvould be the case if the vibrations were over rvood, rvhich is almost devoid of inductive effect, because it is non-rnetallic.

(iv) Arago's rotations and the tlvnanro explained. S o o n a f t e r G a n b e ; , ) so b s e r v a t i o t ti n r 8 2 . 1 , t h e s u b j e c t rvas ini'estigated by .lrago, \'ho found that a col)l)er plate' i u n c l c r t h c n c c d l e w a s m o s t e f l ' e c t i v en d a n r p i n g i t s v i b r a t i o n s . On rotating the copper disc in its oln piane beneath the needle, he found that the needle rvas dragged around b1' an invisible frict.ion; and rvhen the magnet was rotated near the colrperdisc, the disc was dragged by the rotating magnet. 'l'his action rvas spoken of for a tinre, as a sort of magnetisrn of rotation, but in r83 t, Faradal'discovered induction,. and shoned that zlra,qo'srotations depend on this cause. Accorriing to Faraday a tnagnet moved near a solid. llrass or plare of metal, induces in it disturbanceswhich result in currents rvhen they are properly directed, as from (iii) Induction due to rnotion of a.trtagnet explained a dy'narno. If they are not directed through a circuit, they florv fron'r one point to another, ancl the energy is lrittered by the wave-theory. 21 In the year r8z4 it rvas observed by Ganltel' 111a1 dorvn into heat, but meanwhile the electroriragnetic forces. compass needle oscillating in its box came to rest sooller act as a drag on the rotations taking place. if the bottom were made of metal than if of rvood. What ] ' i g . Z , P I . 5 , i l l u s t r a t e st h e e d d y c u r r e n t s l o n g r e i s t h e r e a s o n ' o f t h i s d r a g g i n g a c t i o n o f t h e n r e t a l i I n t h e cognized in such experiments. But from our electrodynamic Electrod. \Vave-Theory of Phys. Forc., rve have explained rvave-theory'of nragnetism, we recognize these rvhirls as the and shown that when waves having, elements of rotations in rvaves receding from the nragnet. induction by rvave-action, say, positive rotation suddenly penetrate a metallic substance, If rve spin the disc of copper as shown in hg. 7, and the effect of these positive rvhirls is to generate negative lead off the disturbances by a circuit of wire connecting the nretallic whirls, in virtue o[ the disturbances of the aethcr' points rz and / rve get the current generated by a dynamo, 'fhat which rvas also invented by ?brada1,. is to say, no such permanent disturbances will 'fhe above explanation of the generatiorr of a current occur when bgth the magnet emitting rvaves and the nont) LI4eue//, fiistory of the Inductive Sciences, ,On attempting h . 3 r de d . r 8 5 7 , v o l . I I I , p . 7 3 , e x p r c s s e s i r n s e l f i n a b o u t t h e s a t n er v a y : to analyse the electro-nlagnetic phenonrena observed by Otrsled and others into their sinrplest fornrs, they appeared, at least at first sight, to be t l i f f e r e n t f r o m a r r y r n e c h a n i c a la c t i o n s w h i c h h a d y e t b e e n o b s e r v e d . l t s e e m e d a s i f t h e c o n d u c t i n g w i r e e x e r t e d o n t h e p o l e o f t h e r n a g n e t o a f o r c e r v h i c h v a s n o t a t t r a c t i v e o r r e p u l s i v e , b u t t r a n s v e r s e ; - n o t t e n d i n g t o d r a u ' t h e p o i n t a c t 'e'd e n n e a r e r , o r t o p u s h i t f u r t h e r o f f , i n lh forces appcared to be such as l{cflcr the Iine rvhich reached frorn the acting point, but urging it to. rnove at right anglcs to this line. had dreamt of in the infancy of mechanical conceptions; rather than such as those of which Neuton had established the existencein the , s o l a r s y s t e m , a n d s u c h a s h e , a n d a l l h i s s u c c e s s o r sh a d s u p p o s e d t o b e t h e o n l y k i n d s o f f o r c e w h i c h e x i s t i n n a t u r e . T h e n o r t h p o l e o f t h e needle moved as if it rvere impelled by a vortex revolving round the wire in one direction, while the south Pole seemedto be driven by an. opposite vortex. The case seerned novel, and almost paradoxical,r

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'into the history' of the subject But we should look , since the earliest experiments, eighty years ago, in order to get a connected view of the whole subject of electric oscillations' ---' -i. It r842, Profes sor Josclh Eenry was occupied with jar, and reached the the study of the discharge of a Leyden that what upp"..t to the naked eye as a single conclusion of soark, >is not correctly iepresented by the single transfer fluid from one side of the jar to the other'( .an impo.rderable rThe phenomena,( he adds, >require us .to admit the ex' istence of a principle discharge in one direction and then feeble several reflex actions backward and forward, each more >I{enry's than the preceeding until equilibrium is obtained' conclusions *"re dr^*r, from observations of the irregular jar discharges magetizations of steel needles rvhen Leyden through a coil, as in Sauarl's experiments' are-directed ' were mathematically confirmed 5. I{cnry's conclusions for the in ,rSj3 by Lord Kclain, who reached the formula time of these oscillations:

jar' If oniy is released, as in the discharge of. a Leyden inductance or capacity, were present' one of these factors, but not both, the disturbance would rise and fall according to some exponential function of the time, yet without regular

oscillations. When both inductance and capacity are present, as in all metallic systems, the disturbance calls forth both elasticity and inertia, because the electric disturbance is physically impeded and the aether is set into wave motion of the kind nbove described. g. So long as difference of potential is maintained at the trvo ends of a circuit this electric wave oscillation is maintained along the wire. As in the case of the Leyden jar, so also for a battery; the oscillatory discharge begins ihe moment the circuit is-complete, and continues to flow as a steady current. Since there is finite but small loss of \\'ave energy through the body of the rvhire, owing to its physical ...i.ton." to the free movements of the aether, the wave disturbance erlvelopes the rvire cylindrically, traveling nrore rapidly in the free aether outside; but the wave front \ " J / T: znlt/0lKL-/t2laL2) just is continualiy bent inward ton'ards the metailic cylinder, exaround the globe, by the greater where ,( is the capacity of the condenser, now usually as the *'ireless wave is bent oressed in Farads; Z the inductance, now usuaily expressed resistance to the n)otion of the radio wave in the solid globe - o'ot i . , H " n r y s ; a n d , ? t h e r e s i s t a n c e ,i n O h m s ' I f ' ( - o, ihe time of of the earth. Henry, and i? 'l'he Microfarad, ,f :6.ees6r above bxpianation of the waves propagated from the frean oscillation will be found to be I : 5o3ooo' or gives a very satisfactory account of the phe'l'hey niey be a conductor quency of the oscillations 5o3ooo per second' liom a physicai standpoint. Ilut it is hdvisable to h i g h e r nornena made'as rapid as rooooooo per second, or even of look into the matter also from the historical point of view, as rapid as the rvaves frequency; yet we cannot make them to perceive the driti of research during the past atonric i n o r c l e r of iight,- becruse our physical apparatus is not of sixty years. 'freatise dimensions. on lilectricity and ltlagner o. ln the celebrated 6. When R'l+Lt is so small as to be negligible comtism, r87S, S lZ r et se(l', '4[axu'ell tirst irrought out the fundaof pared to tf I{L, tie time of oscillation becomes like that mental differen.e betrveen electromagnetic and electrostatic simPle harmonic motion: undamped u,a u n i t s , a n d s h o w e d t h a t t h e r a t i o i s a l ' v a y se q u a l t o L f T : \z+) f :2ryI/KL. velocity. flpon this basis Martacl/ erected the foundation of But if R2f+L2 is snrall, yet not wholly insensible, the discharge the electromagnetic theory of light, rvhich has come into the is oscillaiory, for undei the danrping due to resistance, general use, titough the mystery of the connection between electricity was not fully cleared up' For example, period is aitered, and the tinre of oscillation becomes of the iight ".rd telegraPhY: iorm us"d in radio Lorcl .Kttuiu never could see how it helped the rvave-theory of light (Baltimore Lectures, r904, p' 9)' zy'(nzt-12)'1/I{L T ' As already pointed out, it witl be seen from the table where / is the logarithmic decrenrent' given belorv, that the dimensions of resistance, in electroexperimentally confirmed Lord 7. In r858 Feddcr:scn which represents.a velocity' This jar iragnetic units, is LT-', theory 6f tbe oscillatory character of the'Le1'den ' Kcluinis is i uery remarkable fact, having profound physical signifia discharge, by photographing the image of the spark 'in cance, which may well claim our attention' ls it possibie .rotating" mi.iot, and found that the image of light rvas drawn and obeying Ohnls each that the resistance felt in all conductors, out inio a series of images, due to sparks following 'Ihe law, is an indication of the motion of electromagnetic wavesiilustration of this oscillatory. other in rapid succession. along the wires, by which the resistance is generated? lf in fig. 8, Plate 5, was o