Waves and Wave Travel for the Musician - Toby Chin

8/7/2019 Waves and Wave Travel for the Musician - Toby Chin

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Qivls ieb Qivl Rrivlh gfr t`l Kusjcjie

Aricl Cfhhlal

?2 Iprjh ?494

Rfoy C`je

CTF 344


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Jkiajel yfurslhg sjttjea je ie fhb, aft`jc cit`lbrih je Lurfpl. Is pirt fg i splcjih kusjcih

tfur, i skihh vfcih leslkohl fg lja`t ait`lrs it t`l crfssjea, w`lrl t`l ihtir js hfcitlb. Qjt`fut

iey issjstiecl fg ie ikphjgjcitjfe systlk, t`l arfup olajes i kfvjea plrgfrkiecl fg Myrjl

Lhljsfe. Is t`l pjlcl crlsclebfs ieb bjkjeulebfs, olcfkls hfublr iaije, ieb gjeihhy lebs je i

pfwlrguh uejsfe c`frb, lvlry wfrb fg t`l arfup js chlirhy ueblrstffb ieb sllks tf rjea je t`l

fhb cit`lbrih. R`l cit`lbrih, jechubjea t`l wihhs, ghffr, ieb cljhjea olcfkl pirt fg t`l kusjc, ieb

pirt fg t`l leslkohl. R`lsl fhb cit`lbrihs irl wfeblrguh lxikphls fg icfustjcs tìt irl

ipprlcjitlb, eftjclb, ieb cfkkletlb upfe. Rìt oljea sijb, t`lrl js i arlit blih kfrl tf

icfustjcs tìe rlvlrolritjfe je i spicl suc` is i cit`lbrih.

@fwlvlr, icfustjcs js prfoiohy fel fg t`l hlist rlslirc`lb gjlhbs oy kusjcjies ieb t`l

puohjc je alelrih, iebcfeslqulethyjs prfoiohy t`l hlist ueblrstffb. Fg cfursl, t`lrl irl

plfphl tìt ìvl i blgjejtl pissjfe gfr icfustjcs ieb stuby jt rit`lr jetleslhy. Jg kusjcjies

jebllb, kfst plfphlcie ueblrstieb `fw sfueb trivlhs, t`ly cie ueblrstieb `fw virjfus rffks

ieb scleirjfs igglct lic` hjstlejea lxplrjlecl ieb kiml jt uejqul. I glw giclts fg t`js blgjcjt je

kiey plfphls ueblrstiebjea irl i hicm fg lbucitjfe, i rlibjelss fg jegfrkitjfe, ieb t`l pissjea

fe fg tìt jegfrkitjfe. Kiey plfphl bf eft ueblrstieb icfustjcs> wìt sfueb wivls irl, `fw t`l

wivls trivlh, fr w`le t`ly irl iosfrolb fr rlghlctlb.

R`lrl js i wliht` fg jegfrkitjfe iofut icfustjcs out tìt jegfrkitjfe js eft elclssirjhy

rlibjhy ivijhiohl efr js jt je i gfrkit tìt cie lisjhy ol ueblrstffb oy ie ivlrial Nfl w`f ìs

ef tlcèjcih fr leajellrjea oicmarfueb. Bul tf ie jecrlisl je t`l usl fg sfueb systlks ieb i

blsjrl gfr ojaalr ieb olttlr systlks (je ture kfrl cfkphlx sfueb systlks), ie jecrlisjea eukolr

fg plfphl ìvl rlslirc`lb icfustjcs ieb sfueb systlks it i vlry bllp hlvlh. Sfkl fg t`lsl

C`je 9


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plfphl irl t`l stigg fg Sye-Iub-Cfe (i prfglssjfeih trijejea ieb clrtjgjcitjfe cfkpiey) ieb t`l

Iubjf Leajellrjea Sfcjlty (ILS). Qfrmjea tlcèjcih prfglssjfeihs je cfkpiejls hjml

Hlctrfsfejcs, Sùrl, LW, Klylr Sfueb, Iurihlx Icfustjcs, _lemus-@ljez, ieb ft`lrs ihsf

cfetrjoutl tf t`l lvlr arfwjea hjoriry fg wrjttle kitlrjihs. R`ljr rlslirc` bfls eft rlihhy jkpict

t`l ivlrial kusjcjie. Is t`l blkieb fg t`lsl kitlrjihs jecrlisls, sf wjhh t`l supphy. R`l

lbucitjfeih kitlrjihs t`lsl plfphl rlhlisl ìvl tf bf kijehy wjt` sfueb systlks. Kuc` fg t`ljr

trijejea kitlrjihs prfvlb `lhpguh je t`l prlpiritjfe fg t`js prlsletitjfe lvle t`fua` t`l kitlrjihs

bf eft bjrlcthy ibbrlss icfustjcs.

Ieb gfr t`fsl w`f irl kfrl slrjfus iofut stubyjea icfustjcs, ihh hiral uejvlrsjtjls fgglr

cfursls tìt ihhfw gfr i bllplr lxphfritjfe fg icfustjcs. @fwlvlr, jt js vlry bjggjcuht tf ol i

kinfr je t`lsl prfariks ieb fecl icclptlb, jt js i tfua` rfib tf aribuitjfe. Kiey fg t`l

prfariks tìt irl kfst `ja`hy rlairblb je t`l gjlhb irl it uejvlrsjtjls suc` is Tlee Stitl.

@fwlvlr, kiey fg t`lsl uejvlrsjtjls fehy fgglr Kistlrs fr Bfctfrih blarlls je icfustjcs, out bf

eft fgglr prfglssjfeih hjclesjea. R`js piplr ieb t`l iccfkpieyjea prlsletitjfe js eft kliet tf ol

i blgjejtjvl rlsfurcl gfr kusjcjies w`f blsjrl i bllp stuby fg icfustjcs. _it`lr, t`lsl irl kliet

tf rijsl curjfsjty je t`l iubjlecl ieb tf prfvjbl i oisjc ueblrstiebjea fg t`l gjlhb fg icfustjcs. Jt

wjhh ihsf alelritl i slesl fg jkpfrtiecl ieb i blsjrl je t`l kusjcjie tf gurt`lr `js mefwhlbal fg

icfustjcs.

Sf, wìt js sfueb6 Je Bfeihb @ihhs offm, Kusjcih Icfustjcs, `l stitls tìt sfueb js

t`l slesitjfe fg `lirjea fr t`l ijr bjsturoiecl tìt ciusls jt9. R`l gfhhfwjea ial fhb qulstjfe

cie gjeihhy ol ieswlrlb. Jg i trll gihhs je t`l gfrlst ieb ef fel js prlslet tf `lir jt, bfls jt stjhh

C`je ?

9Bfeihb L. @ihh,Kusjcih Icfustjcs> Ie Jetrfbuctjfe (Olhkfet, CI,9:04), 9.


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kiml i sfueb6 Iccfrbjea tf @ihhs blgjejtjfe ieb tf t`l olst wfrmjea mefwhlbal fg t`js iut`fr,

yls, t`l gihhjea trll stjhh kimls i sfueb olciusl t`lrl js i bjsturoiecl fg sfueb wivls je t`l ijr

ieb jt bfls eft kittlr jg ieyfel wis t`lrl tf `lir t`l trll gihh. R`l bjsturoiecl fg t`l ijr js t`l

sfueb, eft t`l klrl slesitjfe fg sfueb. I plrsfes plrclptjfe fg sfueb js jkkitlrjih is tf

w`lt`lr fr eft t`l sfueb rlihhy lxjstlb fr eft. I plrsfe w`f ìs i wfrmjea iubjtfry slesl cie

tlstjgy tìt t`lrl wis jebllb i sfueb. Fe t`l ft`lr ìeb, i blig plrsfe bfls eft ìvl `js iubjtfry

slesl ieb wfuhb siy tìt t`lrl js ef sfueb w`le je gict t`lrl ictuihhy wis i klisuriohl sfueb.

Zlt ieft`lr scleirjf tf cfetlkphitl> iubjtfry ìhhucjeitjfes. I plrsfe olhjlvls `l `lirb i sfueb

tìt wis eft prlslet, lvle t`fua` `l ìb plrcljvlb jt. R`lrlgfrl i trul sfueb fr efjsl cie ol

klcìejcihhy klisurlb ieb cie ol ùkiehy foslrvlb is wlhh.

Qìt lxicthy ciusls t`l bjsturoiecls je t`l ijr6 Sfueb wivls trivlhjea t`rfua` t`l ijr

irl t`l bjsturoiecls. I affb wiy tf levjsjfe t`js js tf t`jem fg i shjemy. Shjemys crlitl twf gfrks

fg wivls, kuc` hjml t`l sfueb wivls trivlhjea t`rfua` ijr. R`lsl gfrks irl hfeajtubjeih ieb

triesvlrsl wivls. Hfeajtubjeih wivls cfkprlss iaijest lic` ft`lr, prfplhhjea t`l wivls olgfrl

t`lk, ieb tùs pus`jea t`l wivls tf t`ljr blstjeitjfe. Rriesvlrsl wivls trivlh sjbl tf sjbl, ieb

t`js js wìt wl plrcljvl is ikphjtubl, fr hfubelss.

Jt kiy ylt ol uechlir is tf wìt ciusls t`l bjsturoiecls je t`l ijr. Sf, alttjea oicm tf t`l

qulstjfe wjt` i kfrl scjletjgjc lxphieitjfe, lelray js lxlrtlb upfe t`l pirtjchls elirlst t`l

sfurcl fg t`l sfueb. Is t`l vfhukl fg t`l sfueb jecrlisls, sf bfls t`l eukolr fg pirtjchls

igglctlb. R`l pirtjchls elirlst t`l sfurcl fg t`l efjsl oukp iaijest t`l elxt pirtjchl ieb sf fe

uetjh t`l bjsturoiecl, fr sfueb, rlic`ls yfur lirs. R`js prfclss cie spie i arlit bjstieclkjhls

jg t`l sfurcl lxlrts lefua` lelray (fr js hfub lefua`).

C`je 3


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R`jem oicm tf t`l shjemy. Q`le t`l shjemy js pus`lb, t`l cfjhs fe sjbl I cfkprlss iaijest

t`l cfjhs iwiy grfk w`lrl t`l lelray wis gjrst lxlrtlb, fr tfwirbs sjbl O. R`l cfjhs t`le rlture

tf t`ljr frjajeih pfsjtjfe. R`js cfetjeuls tf t`l leb fg t`l shjemy, w`lrl t`l cfjhs kiy stfp. Jg t`l

cfjhs ìvl lefua` mjeltjc lelray, t`ly kiy bfuohl oicm fe t`lkslhvls ieb rlture tfwirb t`l

Sjbl ISjbl O Gjaurl 9

sjbl tìt wis frjajeihhy pus`lb. R`js sjkphl rlprlsletitjfe js i affb rlprlsletitjfe fg sfueb tìt

wlet strija`t jetf i wihh ieb ìb lefua` lelray tf ofuecl fgg t`l wihh ieb `lib oicm tfwirb t`l

sfurcl. Fg cfursl, sfueb js kuc` kfrl cfkphjcitlb tìe pus`jea i shjemy je tìt jt bfls eft

trivlh je suc` i strija`t hjel. R`l ieihfay fg t`l shjemy, `fwlvlr, js i affb oisjc ueblrstiebjea

fg `fw sfueb wivls trivlh?.

Jg t`l wivls bf eft trivlh je strija`t pit`s, t`le `fw bf t`ly trivlh6 R`jem iofut w`le i

crfwb fg plfphl irl tfalt`lr ieb fel plrsfe js ibbrlssjea t`l arfup. Lvle t`fua` t`l splimlr js

eft bjrlcthy gicjea lic` jebjvjbuih klkolr fg t`l iubjlecl, t`l letjrl arfup cie kfrl fr hlss

`lir wìt t`l splimlr js siyjea. I plrsfe js olttlr iohl tf `lir ieb ueblrstieb t`l splimlr w`le

t`l splimlr js bjrlcthy gicjea `jk. R`lrl irl slvlrih gictfrs it phiy `lrl3. Sfueb sprlibs fut it

C`je 2

?Bfeihb L. @ihh,Kusjcih Icfustjcs> Ie Jetrfbuctjfe (Olhkfet, CI,9:04),


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kuc` arlitlr ieahls tìe wl kiy frjajeihhy t`jem. Gfr lxikphl, hfubsplimlrs cie ohllb sfueb

futsjbl fg t`ljr splcjgjlb ieahl fg cfvlrial. Kiey hfubsplimlrs t`rfw sfueb it iofut i 74 tftih

cfvlrial irli (34 tf ljt`lr sjblfg t`l cletlr ixjs fg t`l splimlr). Jg sfklfel js sjttjea futsjbl

fg t`l 74 cfvlrial irli, `l wjhh stjhh `lir wìtlvlr js oljea ikphjgjlb, out eft wjt` fptjkih

quihjty fr chirjty. R`lrl irl kiey rlisfes gfr t`js, sfkl fg w`jc` irl cfvlrlb olhfw.

Tjtc` ieb hfubelss ìvl olle tfuc`lb upfe orjlghy out i chfslr jesplctjfe js olelgjcjih.

Gjrst js tìt w`jc` js plrcljvlb is pjtc`. Tjtc` js t`l cfkkfe tlrk gfr kusjcih eftls fr rlhitjvl

`jaèlss fr hfwelss fg i sfueb. Tjtc` js ihsf syefeykfus wjt` t`l kfrl tlcèjcih tlrk

grlqulecy. Tjtc` js fgtle rlglrrlb tf je tlrks fg trlohl, kjbrieal (kjbs), ieb oiss. Rrlohl js wìt

wl plrcljvl is `ja` pjtc`ls (iofvl i sfprief fr vjfhje). Kjbs irl pjtc`ls oltwlle trlohl ieb

oiss, nust is t`l eikl suaalsts. I plrsfes ivlrial splimjea pjtc` js i hfw-kjb pjtc`. Oiss js t`l

rieal fg hfw pjtc`ls suc` is t`l hfw tùkp fg i mjcm bruk fr t`l hfw eftls grfk i oiss aujtir

tìt yfu kiy gllh je yfur c`lst.2

Gfr i kfrl sjkphl lxphieitjfe> jkiajel i rfpl, `lhb oy twf plfphl. Fel plrsfe kfvls

t`ljr leb fg t`l rfpl up ieb bfwe je i stliby gis`jfe. Qìt ìpples6 Sjel wivls irl crlitlb

t`rfua`fut t`l hleat` fg t`l rfpl. Efw, jg tìt plrsfe kfvls `js leb fg t`l rfpl gistlr, kfrl

wivls irl crlitlb. Qìt ìs nust olle jhhustritlb js tìt t`ly ìvl afel grfk i hfwlr grlqulecy

tf i `ja`lr grlqulecy. Je ft`lr wfrbs> grfk i hfwlr pjtc` tf i `ja`lr pjtc`. Out, t`l hleat` fg t`l

rfpl bjb eft cìeal. R`js js jkpfrtiet tf rlihjzl olciusl jt js ihsf i blkfestritjfe fg `fw ihh

sfueb trivlhs it t`l sikl spllb


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Ieft`lr wiy fg ueblrstiebjea grlqulecy (pjtc`) js tf ueblrstieb t`l gfhhfwjea gfrkuhi> t

; 9/g w`lrlt js tjkl iebgjs grlqulecy. It gjrst ahiecl, jt kiy ol bjggjcuht tf rlihjzl `fw t`js

gfrkuhi `lhps tfueblrstieb grlqulecy. Is stitlb iofvl, sfueb js klisurlb oy `fw kiey cychls7

fccur je fel slcfeb (`fw kiey wivls irl crlitlb je t`l rfpl), w`jc` t`l 9 je t`l gfrkuhi

rlprlslets (t`l hleat` fg t`l rfpl). R`le, jg yfu mefw ljt`lr t`l grlqulecy fr tjkl jt timls gfr fel

cychl, yfu cie sfhvl gfr t`l uemefwe. Ie lquitjfe rlprlsletjea ? @z js is gfhhfws>

t (slcfebs) ; 9 / ? @z

t ; .< slcfebs

Qìt t`js blkfestritls js tìt lvlry .< slcfebs, t`l wivl rlplits. Efw, timl ieft`lr

hffm, t`js tjkl it 224 @z.

t (slcfebs) ; 9 / 224 @z

t ; 4.44??1?1... slcfebs

Sf, je t`js gjrst lxikjeitjfe fg pjtc` ieb sfueb wivls, wl sll tìt t`l pjtc` rjsls is t`l

grlqulecy fg cychls plr slcfeb ihsf rjsls, t`lrloy iggjrkjea wìt wl mefw tf ol trul.

Cfeslqulethy, is t`l grlqulecy fg t`l wivls blcrlisls, t`l pjtc` afls bfwe.

Is t`l ikphjtubl fg i wivl jecrlisls fr blcrlisls, t`l rlhitjvl hfubelss ihsf jecrlisls fr

blcrlisls, rlsplctjvlhy. Hfubelss js klisurlb je blcjolhs. R`l blcjolh js i hfairjt`kjc guectjfe.

Sf, gfr lvlry rjsl fg tle blcjolhs, t`lrl js i bfuohjea je plrcljvlb hfubelss. R`l t`rls`fhb fg

`lirjea (l.a. i yfuea plrsfe wjt` ef `lirjea hfss) js 4 bO STH. Sf, t`js js t`l hlvlh fg plrcljvlb

iosfhutl sjhlecl1. Ipplebjx I ìs i kfrl cfkphltl hjstjea, out `lrl js i orjlg hffm it wìt i

Lxikphl 9>

Lxikphl ?>

C`je 7

7Cychl> Lvlry tjkl t`l sjel wivl rlplits

1Airy Bivjs ieb _ihp` Nfels, Sfueb _ljegfrclklet @ieboffm(Oulei Tirm, CI, 9:0:), ?


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cfuphl blcjolh hlvlhs irl> 14 bO STH js ie ivlrial vfhukl cfevlrsitjfe it t`rll gllt ieb 944 bO

STH wfuhb ol i ais hiwe kfwlr it iofut t`rll gllt iwiy.

R`l Fccupitjfeih @liht` ieb Siglty Ibkjejstritjfe (FS@I) ìs sfkl rlqujrlklets

iofut vfhukl hlvlhs tìt irl sigl gfr plfphl tf wfrm fr ol je. Qìt bfls sigl fr uesigl klie

t`fua`6 Q`le prfhfealb efjsl hlvlhs ciusl `lirjea hfss0, t`l levjrfeklet js bllklb uesigl it

sfkl hlvlh. Gfr lxikphl, FS@Is wlosjtl stitls, Lkphfylrs kust prfvjbl `lirjea prftlctfrs tf

ihh wfrmlrs lxpfslb tf ]ie[ 0-`fur ]Rjkl Qlja`tlb Ivlrial[ efjsl hlvlhs fg 0< bO fr iofvl.:

Olciusl i bfuohjea fg tìt vfhukl js :< bO STH, it :< bO STH, t`l efjsl hlvlh js t`le fehy sigl

gfr gfur `fursìhg t`l tjkl. R`js kit` cfetjeuls tf `fhb trul ieb it 99< bO STH, plrkielet

`lirjea hfss timls phicl je nust i glw kjeutls. S`fuhb t`lsl hlvlhs fr tjkl grikls ol lxcllblb, jt

js t`l hiwguh rlspfesjojhjty fg wìtlvlr fraiejzitjfe js rlspfesjohl gfr t`l lvlet fr wfrm tf

prfvjbl `lirjea prftlctjfe tf w`fklvlr js suonlctlb tf t`lsl hlvlhs, is prlvjfushy stitlb.

\egfrtueitlhy, bul tf i hicm fg ueblrstiebjea iofut efjsl hlvlhs ieb i hicm fg tlst lqujpklet tf

kfejtfr t`lsl hlvlhs, t`lsl hiws irl bjggjcuht gfr fraiejzitjfes tf gfhhfw ieb gfr FS@I tf

legfrcl.

Sf, wl mefw wl ellb tf prftlct fur `lirjea ieb wl mefw wìt hlvlhs irl uesigl, out bO

irl stjhh sfklwìt iostrict is jt rlhitls tf kusjc. Qìt irl sfkl cfkkfe hlvlhs fg jestruklets fr

leslkohls6 Fel kusjc ieb icfustjc letùsjist wrftl iofut ie lxplrjlecl `l ìb it i vjfhje ieb

pjief rlcjtih plrgfrklb oy Zurj C`f ieb Kjcìlh Rie. @l ìb ie STH kltlr (i klisurlklet

blvjcl tf bltlrkjel hfubelss je bO STH) ieb sit iofut 9< gllt grfk t`l plrgfrklrs je Klrmje

C`je 1

0Rlkpfriry `lirjea hfss usuihhy rlsuhts je plrkielet bikial. Sf tf siy tìt t`l `lirjea hfss wis tlkpfriry kiy oltrul, t`lrl irl ihkfst ihwiys plrkielet rikjgjcitjfes tìt af wjt` tlkpfriry `lirjea hfss.

:Fccupitjfeih Siglty ieb @liht` Ibkjejstritjfe,@lirjea Cfevlrsitjfe(Qis`jeatfe BC> FS@I, ?44?), `ttp>//www.fsì.afv/Tuohjcitjfes/FS@I3412/fsì3412.`tkh (icclsslb Kirc` ?9, ?494).


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Cfeclrt @ihh je Elw Zfrm. Burjea t`l gjrst ìhg fg t`l rlcjtih, `l rlcfrblb ie ivlrial fg 14 bO

ieb plims fg 0: bO.94R`fua` t`lsl hlvlhs irl eft istfejs`jea, t`ly irl jecrlbjohl je tìt jt js

fehy i vjfhje ieb i pjief. R`lsl jestruklets irl eft elclssirjhy mefwe gfr oljea lsplcjihhy hfub.

Qìt iofut ie frc`lstri6 @fw hfub cie tìt ol6 Nrale Klylr wrftl ie irtjchl gfr t`l ILS ieb

rlcfrblb hlvlhs gfr jebjvjbuih jestruklets is wlhh is gfr t`l letjrl leslkohl fg 2: phiylrs. R`l

byeikjc rieal fg t`js frc`lstri wis ieyw`lrl grfk 74 bO up tf 990 bO (Gjaurl ?)99. Fg cfursl,

t`l `ja`lr hlvlhs irl eft sustijelb gfr vlry hfea ieb s`fuhb prfoiohy eft ol tlrrjohy wfrrjsfkl.

@fwlvlr, jt js pfssjohl tf ìvl `lirjea bikial grfk frc`lstrih phiyjea fr hjstlejea.

Gjaurl ?

Sfueb js fgtle rlprlsletlb oy i sjel wivl, w`jc` js t`l kfst succject ieb sjkphl

rlprlsletitjfe fg i sfueb wivl. Je Gjaurls 3 ieb 2, t`l x-ixjs rlprlslets tjkl ieb t`l y-ixjs

rlprlslets ikphjtubl (hfubelss). Lvlry tjkl t`l gjaurl rlplits js fel cychl, fr 9 @z. Kfrlfvlr,

t`l eukolr fg rlpltjtjfes plr slcfeb js t`l pjtc`. Sf, je Gjaurl 3, t`l sfueb tìt js rlprlsletlb js

C`je 0

94Ihie Hfggt, R`l Blcjolh (bO) ieb t`l Wjfhje/Tjief _lcjtih, Ixjfk Iubjf, ttp>//gfruk.lcfustjcs.cfk/oos/klssials/32?94-?99.


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9 @z olciusl t`l wivl crfssls t`l x-ixjs fe lvlry kirm t`it js i kuhtjphl fg 9. Jg t`l grlqulecy

wlrl tf bfuohl, jt wfuhb ol ? @z (Gjaurl 2). Jg t`l cychl rlplitlb 224 tjkls plr slcfeb, t`l

sfuebs pjtc` wfuhb ol 224 @z, fr i stiebirb I tf tuel ie frc`lstri. Rf ueblrstieb t`js i hjtthl

lisjlr, t`jem oicm tf t`l rfpl lxikphl.

Gjaurls 3 ieb 2 irl affbwiys tf t`jem

fg ipurl tfel. I purl tfel js fehy fel

grlqulecy, wjt` ef fvlrtfels fr ft`lr

grlqulecjls jkpfslb fe t`l sfueb.

Spllc` ieb ft`lr sfuebs olcfkl kuc`

kfrl cfkphjcitlb kuc` kfrl qujcmhy.

R`js cfkphjcitjfe cie ol ueblrstffb oy

stubyjea fvlrtfels. Olciusl t`js

prlsletitjfe js klie tf fehy prfkpt

curjfsjty ieb prfvjbl i oisjc

ueblrstiebjea, fvlrtfels wjhh eft ol

cfvlrlb je t`js bjscussjfe.

Olgfrl wl cfesjblr t`l elxt giclt fg sfueb wivl trivlh, wl kust ueblrstieb t`l spllb

ieb p`ysjcih sjzl fg sfueb wivls. Sfueb wivls kfvl it 322 kltlrs plr slcfeb9?. R`l lquitjfe

tf gjeb t`l sjzl fg i wivl, fr wivlhleat`, js93>

Qivlhleat` (je kltlrs) ; 322 kltlrs plr slcfeb/ grlqulecy (@lrtz)

Gjaurl 3

P ; Rjkl

Z ; Ikphjtubl

Gjaurl 2

P ; Rjkl

Z ; Ikphjtubl

C`je :

9? Sjecl kfst fg p`ysjcs, scjlecl, ieb leajellrjea usls t`l kltrjc klisurlklet systlk, t`js piplr wjhh ihsf gfhhfwt`it gfrkit gfr lisl fg rlglrlecjea wjt` ft`lr sfurcls.

93Tit Orfwe, Jevlstjaitjea Stiebjea Sfueb Qivls, Sye-Iub-Cfe Rlc` Rfpjc?0, ef. 3 (Sukklr ?444)> 9.


11/37

Je t`l lxikphls olhfw, ie 04 @z wivl js lxikjelb. Gjaurjea fut t`l sjzl fg ie 04 @z

wivl js i rlhitjvlhy lisy prfclss.

!(wivlhleat`) ;322 kltlrs plr slcfeb / 04 cychls plr slcfeb

!; 2.3 kltlrs

Efw, i hffm it t`l pjtc` I (224 @z) tìt ie frc`lstri kiy tuel tf.

!(wivlhleat`) ;322 kltlrs plr slcfeb / 224 cychls plr slcfeb

!; 4.1090 kltlrs

!; 10.90 cletjkltlrs

R`lsl twf wivlhleat` bjstiecls irl lqujvihlet tf 92.940 gllt ieb ?. v?4 ; 322 k/s (9934 gllt plr slcfeb)92w`lrl v js t`l

spllb fg sfueb. R`l civlit js tìt t`js js t`l spllb fg sfueb t`rfua` bry ijr it rffk tlkplriturl,

?4C (70G).

Is wl cie olaje tf sll, t`lrl irl t`rll lhlklets tìt jeghulecl t`l spllb fg sfueb> 9)

kitlrjih (vipfrs, ltc.), ?) ùkjbjty, ieb 3) tlkplriturl. Sfueb trivlhs je bjgglrlet pit`s ieb it

bjgglrlet spllbs w`le fel fg t`lsl virjiohls js cìealb. Gfr lxikphl, sfueb wjhh trivlh gistlr

t`rfua` ùkjb ijr tìe t`rfua` bry ijr.9

Lxikphl 2>

C`je 94

92Bfeihb L. @ihh,Kusjcih Icfustjcs> Ie Jetrfbuctjfe (Olhkfet, CI,9:04), 99.

9//www.riel.cfk/pbg/rieleftls/Levjrfkletih%?4Lgglcts%?4fe%?4t`l%?4Spllb%?4fg%?4Sfueb.pbg (icclsslb Gloruiry


12/37

wjt` sfueb js sjkphl> gfr lvlry fel blarll Clhsjus jecrlisl, t`l spllb fg sfueb jecrlisls 4.7

kltlrs plr slcfeb. R`js klies t`it v34wfuhb lquih 3 Ie Jetrfbuctjfe (Olhkfet, CI,9:04), 99.

91Bfeihb L. @ihh,Kusjcih Icfustjcs> Ie Jetrfbuctjfe (Olhkfet, CI,9:04), 9?.

90I slkjtfel js ]t[`l skihhlst jetlrvih je usl je t`l Qlstlre kusjc tribjtjfe. R`lrl irl twlhvl suc` jetlrvihs tf t`lfctivl (_ieblh, 170)


13/37

R`l iosfrptjfe cflggjcjlet (IC) js t`l ikfuet tìt i kitlrjih iosfros sfueb. R`l IC js

eft i plrcletial. Jestlib, jt js i cfkpiritjvl klisurl tìt js eft kliet tf ol cfkphltlhy prlcjsl.

R`l scihl js grfk 4.44 tf 9.44, wjt` 4.44 oljea tftihhy rlghlctjvl ieb 9.44 tftihhy iosfrptjvl,

rlhitjvlhy splimjea (sll Ipplebjx O). Zfu wjhh eftjcl sfkl kitlrjihs ìvl ie IC arlitlr tìe

9.44. R`js bfls eft klie tìt t`ly irl kfrl tìe 944% iosfrptjvl. R`js klies tìt i kitlrjih

tìt ìs ie iosfrptjfe cflggjcjlet fg 9.4< js kfrl iosfrptjvl tìe i kitlrjih it 9.4. 9:

R`l IC cie ol vlry cfkphjcitlb ieb cfegusjea. @fw bfls fel mefw `fw tf ritl i

suostiecl fr kitlrjih6 Qìt iofut i rffk kibl up fg i kuhtjtubl fg kitlrjihs6 @fw wfuhb .2 Trictjcih Aujblhjels gfr Cfestructjea Iccuritl Icfustjcih Spicls, Jechubjea Ibvjclfe t`l Trfplr Kitlrjihs tf \sl,(Jebjieipfhjs> Iurihlx Icfustjcs, Jec., ?442)> 9?, `ttp>//www.icfustjcs949.cfk/cfkkfe/icfustjcs949v3V4.pbg (icclsslb Gloruiry 9, ?494).


14/37

tlhh sfklfel tìt iey surgicl tìt js ìrb ieb skfft` js kfrl rlghlctjvl tìe i surgicl tìt js

pibblb je sfkl wiy. Je t`l sikl wiy, plfphl ict is i surgicl, out t`ly irl eft fgtle gictfrlb je.

Tlfphl irl, je gict, sfklwìt iosfrptjvl ieb is i hjvl vleul gjhhs wjt` plfphl, sfueb wjhh

blible.

Is kletjfelb olgfrl, jebffrs vlrsus futbffrs cie kiml i bjgglrlecl. Futbffrs, sfueb

ìs vjrtuihhy ef surgicl tf ofuecl fgg fg, out wjeb cie cirry fr bjstfrt sfueb. Jebffrs, sfueb

ofuecls fgg fg ihkfst iey mjeb fg surgicl, out t`l sfueb js eft usuihhy bjstfrtlb oy wjeb.

_lghlctjfe js fel fg t`l ojaalst jeghulecls je jebffr sfueb ieb ihsf fel fg t`l kfst

cfkphjcitlb. Qjt` rlghlctjfe t`lrl irl twf kije virjiohls> rlghlctjfe ieb iosfrptjfe. Ihkfst ef

kitlrjih js guhhy rlghlctjvl ieb fehy slhbfk js i kitlrjih guhhy iosfrptjvl. Out, t`l kfrl rjajb ieb

ìrb i surgicl fr kitlrjih js, t`l hlss lelray (sfueb) jt wjhh iosfro.

Kiey plfphl wrfeahy issukl tìt i rlcfrbjea fr orfibcistjea stubjf js tftihhy sfueb

prffg. Je ihh ictuihjty, t`lrl js stjhh sfkl icfustjcih lelray rlghlctlb is eft ihh surgicls cie ol

icfustjcihhy trlitlb, ùkies gfr lxikphl. R`lsl rlghlctjfes irl vlry kjefr cfkpirlb tf t`l

rlghlctjfe kiaejtubl elclssiry gfr rlvlrolritjfe fr ie lc`f tf ol prlslet. Lc`fs irl usuihhy

`lirb ipprfxjkitlhy Ie Jetrfbuctjfe (Olhkfet, CI,9:04), 7?.


15/37

ihwiys wlimlr tìe t`l frjajeih(s), olciusl pirt fg t`l sfueb lelray js iosfrolb it t`l

rlghlctjea surgicl?9. Rf rljtlritl, t`l wivl kust ol rlghlctlb je jts letjrlty??gfr ie lc`f tf ol

prlslet.

Sfueb ihsf trivlhs oy bjggrictjfe. Bjggrictjfe fccurs w`le sfueb trivlhs irfueb cfrelrs

ieb fonlcts fr t`rfua` fplejeas. Rwf virjiohls fe w`jc` bjggrictjfe blplebs irl t`l sjzl fg t`l

fplejeat`l wivl js kfvjea t`rfua` ieb t`l sjzl fg t`l wivl jtslhg. Jg i hiral wivl?3, siy iofut

04 @z (!; 2.3 k), lecfuetlrs ie fonlct tìt js 94 ck wjbl, t`l wivl wjhh bjggrict irfueb t`l

fonlct ieb prfcllb cfkphltlhy ueigglctlb oy t`l fonlct?2. R`lfonlct bjb eft ict is i sfuebjea

ofirb, rltrieskjttjea t`l icfustjcih lelray fe t`l fppfsjtl sjbl fg t`l fonlct. _it`lr, t`l sfueb

lecfkpisslb t`l letjrl irli irfueb t`l fonlct. Je ft`lr wfrbs, is t`l wivl rlic`lb t`l ft`lr sjbl

fg t`l fostichl, t`l wivl rlic`ls jts guhh sjzl iaije sjecl t`l wivl js hiralr tìe t`l fonlct jt nust

bjggrictlb irfueb. @fwlvlr, w`le i skihh wivl, siy 9< M@z (!; ?.?: ck), lecfuetlrs t`l sikl

fonlct tìt js 94 ck, t`l sfueb wivl wjhh ìvl i sìbfw fe ljt`lr sjbl fg t`l fonlct. R`l wivl

js eft hiral lefua` tf bjggrict irfueb t`l fonlct ieb t`l fonlct olcfkls ie fostructjfe ieb

rlghlcts t`l wivl ieb i sìbfw js gfrklb ol`jeb t`l fonlct? Ie Jetrfbuctjfe (Olhkfet, CI,9:04), 7?.

??Ef bjggusjfe fg t`l wivl wìtsflvlr cie fccur

?3Sll iofvl slctjfe fe sjzl fg wivls gfr i bltijhlb lxphieitjfe

?2Tit Orfwe, Jevlstjaitjea Stiebjea Sfueb Qivls, Sye-Iub-Cfe Rlc` Rfpjc?0, ef. 3 (Sukklr ?444)> 9.

? 9.

?7Bfeihb L. @ihh,Kusjcih Icfustjcs> Ie Jetrfbuctjfe (Olhkfet, CI,9:04), 7


16/37

@lrl irl sfkl rlih hjgl lxikphls. R`jem oicm tf i tjkl w`le yfu `lirb i vlry hfw sfueb,

hjml i bllp offk fg tùeblr. Cfuhb yfu jbletjgy w`lrl t`l sfueb wis cfkjea grfk6 Efw t`jem

fg i `ja` sfueb, suc` is t`l njeahjea fg mlys. @fw lisy wis jt tf jbletjgy t`l alelrih bjrlctjfe

t`l sfueb wis cfkjea grfk6 Q`le t`l sfueb js hfw lefua`, jt js bjggjcuht tf jbletjgy t`l

bjrlctjfe grfk w`jc` t`l sfueb cikl.

Bjggrictjfe `lhps us jbletjgy t`js p`lefklefe. Eft fehy irl fur lirs kfrl slesjtjvl tf

`ja`lr sfuebs, out t`l wivlhleat` fg t`l hfwlr sfueb js kuc` hiralr tìe t`l ùkie `lib.

R`lrlgfrl, t`l sfueb js oisjcihhy lquih je oft` lirs. Q`lrlis t`l s`frtlr wivlhleat` fg t`l

`ja`lr pjtc` cieeft bjggrict irfueb oft` sjbls fg t`l `lib ieb js t`lrlgfrl `lirb je fehy fr js

`lirb prlbfkjeiethy je fel lir. R`lrl irl fccisjfes w`le s`frtlr wivlhleat`s irl `lirb je oft`

lirs. R`js js bul tf rlghlctjfes fr t`l ieahl fg t`l `lib je rlglrlecl tf t`l sfurcl fg t`l sfueb.

R`l sfueb js stjhh kuc` kfrl chlir je fel lir, jg t`l sfueb js eft strija`t je grfet fg fr ol`jeb t`l

hjstlelr.

Qìt jkpict bfls bjggrictjfe ìvl fe kusjcjies6 R`l jkphjcitjfes irl bjgglrlet,

blplebjea fe t`l jestruklet. Sjecl t`l sfueb wivls irl skihhlr gfr `ja`lr jestruklets, t`l

wivls wjhh eft bjggrict irfueb klbjuk ieb hiral fonlcts?1. Kusjcjies tìt phiy `ja`lr pjtc`lb

jestruklets (l.a. ghutjsts ieb vjfhjejsts) s`fuhb sllm tf sleb t`ljr sfueb fvlr ieb iofvl iey

fostichl. Fel fostichl tìt ghutl phiylrs gicl js t`l strjea slctjfes tìt sjt je grfet fg t`lk je ie

frc`lstri. R`js js w`y je i oieb fr wjeb leslkohl ghutls irl slitlb tfwirb t`l grfet fg t`l

leslkohl. R`l upplr strjea kusjcjies?0s`fuhb ihsf sllm tf sleb t`ljr sfueb fvlr t`ljr fwe

ofbjls ieb slctjfes ieb tfwirb t`l iubjlecl. Wjfhjsts fgtle struaahl wjt` t`js bul tf t`l typjcih

C`je 9 ijr ieb witlr. Je t`l ijr, t`l blesjty fg

witlr js vlry t`je ieb t`l kfhlcuhir kiml up js kuc`

hja`tlr tìe witlr. Je t`l ahiss, t`l witlr js fovjfushy

vlry iouebiet ieb rlhitjvlhy blesl. R`l bjgglrlecl je

kitlrjihs ciusls t`l striw tf ipplir olet fr orfmle

olciusl t`l spllb fg hja`t cìeals is jt pissls t`rfua`

t`l bjgglrlet klbjuks.

Rìt olas t`l qulstjfe, `fw bfls sfueb oleb t`le6

Sfueb olebs je kuc` t`l sikl wiy. Sfkl cfetrjoutfry jeghulecls je t`l olebjea fg sfueb

wivls jechubl> bjgglrlet bjgglrlet blesjtjls fg witlr vipfr?:, i cìeal je suostiecls t`rfua`

w`jc` t`l sfueb js trivlhjea, ieb tlkplriturl bjgglrlecls. R`jem iaije fg t`l shjemy. Jg yfu oleb

jt, t`l cfkprlssjfe fg t`l cfjhs wjhh stjhh trivlh grfk fel leb tf t`l ft`lr. R`l sikl t`jea ìpples

wjt` sfueb (ieb wivls je alelrih) je t`l itkfsp`lrl. Q`le t`l ijr chfslr tf t`l arfueb js cfhblr

tìe t`l ijr iofvl jt, wivls wjhh ol bjrlctlb oicm tfwirb t`l arfueb. R`js klies w`le t`l

arfueb js cfhblr, jt js lisjlr tf `lir sfuebs grfk gir iwiy olciusl t`l sfueb js olet oicm tfwirb

t`l lirt`. Hjmlwjsl, t`l fppfsjtl js trul. Jg t`l ijr elir t`l arfueb js wirklr, jt wjhh ol ìrblr tf

`lir sfuebs grfk gir iwiy olciusl hlss sfueb wjhh ol olet oicm tfwirb t`l lirt`34. Ie

jetlrlstjea lxikphl fg t`js, t`jem fg i rfib trjp. Jg yfu brjvl tf i cjty fe i chlir, kjhb biy, yfu

cie pjcm up ie GK ribjf stitjfe tìt js 944 kjhls iwiy. R`js js prfoiohy olciusl t`l ijr elirlr

Gjaurl 1> Eftl `fw t`l striw

hffms hjml twf slpiritl striws bultf rlgrictjfe.

C`je 90

?:@ukjbjty

34Bfeihb L. @ihh,Kusjcih Icfustjcs> Ie Jetrfbuctjfe (Olhkfet, CI,9:04), 73-72.


20/37

t`l arfueb js t`l sikl tlkplriturl fr cfhblr tìe t`l ijr slvlrih ùebrlb fr t`fusieb gllt iofvl

t`l arfueb. @fwlvlr, jg t`lrl js i subble rjsl je tlkplriturl fe t`l arfueb fr i subble brfp je

tlkplriturl iofvl t`l arfueb, t`l ribjf stitjfe yfu ìb olle lenfyjea wfuhb ef hfealr ol

icclssjohl.

Qìt irl t`l kusjcih jkphjcitjfes fg t`js6 R`l prictjcih ipphjcitjfe je kusjcih

plrgfrkiecls js slhbfk rlihjzlb. _lgrictjfe js eft ie jecrlbjohy jeghuletjih gictfr je jebffr

sjtuitjfes. @fwlvlr, jt kiy ol eftjclb je sfkl vlry hiral cfeclrt ìhhs fr irleis. Q`le t`l ijr js

wirklrfe t`l ghffr, sfueb wjhh rlgrict tfwirbs t`l upplr slits. R`js cfuhb ol i blsjrlb lgglct tf

utjhjzl i gfrcl fg eiturl gfr eiturih sfueb rljegfrclklet. Jg t`l tlkplriturl js cfesjstlet

t`rfua`fut t`l vleul, t`l sfueb cie ol cfetrfhhlb kuc` kfrl lisjhy wjt` icfustjcih trlitklet fr

wjt` i sfueb systlk. R`js js i plrglct cisl gfr i affb @WIC systlk. Ie lggjcjlet, pfwlrguh,

qujlt ijr ìebhjea systlk js mly tf mllpjea t`l kusjc `lirb chlirhy je ihh slits.

Fel virjiohl tìt rlgrictjfe cfuets fe js ef wjeb fr ijr currlet je t`l plrgfrkiecl vleul.

Jg t`lrl js ie iaarlssjvl vletjhitjfe systlk39

jestihhlb je t`l vleul, t`js wjhh arlithy jeghulecl t`l

sfueb3?. Jg yfu ìvl olle it i cfeclrt `lhb futsjbl, yfu kiy ìvl eftjclb tìt w`le t`l wjeb

wis cihk t`l sfurcl wis lisy tf `lirieb ueblrstieb jg jt wis spfmle wfrb. Out, jg i crfsswjeb

pjcmlb up, jt olcikl bjggjcuht tf `lir wìtlvlr t`l sfurcl wis> w`lt`lr jt ol prfnlctlb sfueb

grfk i hfubsplimlr, i plrsfe splimjea, i kusjcih jestruklet, lt cltlri. R`l sikl cie fccur it i

cfeclrt `lhb jesjbl. R`l lgglct wjhh eft ol is lxtrlkl, w`lrl jt olcfkls bjggjcuht tf ueblrstieb i

plrsfe fr `lir ie jestruklet, out t`l sfueb js jeghuleclb oy ijr currlets. Blplebjea fe w`jc`

C`je 9:

39R`js wfuhb ol ie @WIC systlk je w`jc` yfu cie ictuihhy gllh i orllzl.

3?Lrjc R. Skjt`,Icfustjcs 949> Trictjcih Aujblhjels gfr Cfestructjea Iccuritl Icfustjcih Spicls, Jechubjea Ibvjclfe t`l Trfplr Kitlrjihs tf \sl,(Jebjieipfhjs> Iurihlx Icfustjcs, Jec., ?442)> 33, `ttp>//www.icfustjcs949.cfk/cfkkfe/icfustjcs949v3V4.pbg (icclsslb Gloruiry 9, ?494).


21/37

wiy t`l ijr js oljea gfrclb, sfueb wjhh cìeal jts bjrlctjfe grfk w`le jt hlivls t`l sfurcl fg t`l

sfueb ieb w`le t`l sfueb rlic`ls t`l lirs fg t`l iubjlecl.

R`lrlgfrl, t`js klies tìt ihh kusjcjies, blspjtl oljea tfhb tf usl t`ljr lyls, eft t`ljr

lirs kust timl t`js siyjea wjt` t`l cfrrlct ueblrstiebjea. Blplebjea fe t`l frc`lstri, i

cfebuctfr kiy stfp t`l leslkohl tf siy, _lihhy hjstle tf t`js c`frb, kiml surl tìt t`l C js i

plrglct gjgt` iofut t`l G. R`l cfebuctfr kiy stfp i cfuphl kjeutls hitlr ieb siy, Zfu cieeft

rlhy fe yfur lirs. Zfu ìvl tf witc`! It gjrst, wjt`fut t`l cfrrlct grikl fg rlglrlecl, jt ipplirs

is t`fua` t`ljr olhfvlb cfebuctfr ìs hfst `js kjeb. Qìt `l rlihhy klies tf siy js tìt

kusjcjies kust usl t`ljr lirs tf stiy je tuel wjt` fel ieft`lr, ylt usl t`ljr lyls tf stiy je tlkpf.

R`js buihjty cie ol i bjggjcuht tf kistlr ieb js ylt ieft`lr ivleul gfr kusjcjies tf bjvjbl t`ljr

ittletjfe. Elvlrt`lhlss, jt js vjtih tf t`l kusjcih jetlarjty fg t`l leslkohl.

R`l kusjcih jetlarjty fg t`l leslkohl fr iey plrgfrkiecl js utkfst ieb gfrlgrfet. Jt js

olciusl fg t`js tìt kusjcjies s`fuhb ueblrstieb `fw sfueb wivls trivlh. _lgrictjfe `lhps

lxphije `fw sfueb cie oleb bul tf itkfsp`lrjcs suc` is ùkjbjty ieb tlkplriturl. Bjggrictjfe

`lhps lxphije `fw jt js kuc` lisjlr tf tlhh w`lrl i sfprief js fe stial tìe w`lrl i oiss phiylr js

phiyjea grfk. _lghlctjfes ieb iosfrptjfes irl iosfhutlhy mly tf i kusjcjies ueblrstiebjea fg

`fw tf prlbjct wìt i vleul wjhh sfueb hjml. Hjmlwjsl, plrgfrklrs s`fuhb ueblrstieb tìt is t`l

ìhh gjhhs wjt` plfphl, t`l sfueb wjhh cìeal bristjcihhy ieb ol hlss rlghlctjvl. Ihsf, is t`l ìhh

gjhhs wjt` plfphl, t`l tlkplriturl wjhh prfoiohy rjsl ieb ùkjbjty kiy cìeal, w`jc` ihsf igglcts

t`l sfueb fg t`l plrgfrkiecl ieb vleul. \eblrstiebjea wìt sfueb js, `fw jt wfrms, ieb slljea

lvle nust i skihh ikfuet fg `fw jt ipphjls tf kusjcjies, cie hlib tf jkprfvlb sfueb fg i

C`je ?4


22/37

plrgfrkiecl. R`l jkprfvlb sfueb `lja`tles t`l lenfyklet fg t`l kusjc tf i w`fhl elw hlvlh gfr

oft` kusjcjie ieb iubjlecl klkolr.

C`je ?9


23/37

Ipplebjx I

Sfueb LevjrfekletSfueb Trlssurl

HlvlhIpprfxjkitl

Hfubelss

R`lrs`fhb fg lirjea 4 bOI STH Bfet @lir ieyt`jea

Orfibcist Stubjf 94 9/3? fg cfevlrsitjfe

Yujlt fusl, rurih eja`t ?4 9/97t` is hfub

Yujlt fgcl jetlrjfr 34 9/0t` is hfub

Yujlt rurih irli/skihht`litrl

24 9/2t` is hfub

Bjs`wis`lr je ft`lr rffk


24/37

KGA Blscrjptjfe R`jcmelss Kfuetjea \ejt Sjzl 9?


25/37

OribJes Ahisswffh oujhbjea ohiemlt wjt` plrgfritlb gfjh gicjea (944) I 9?4ck x 9


26/37

CRllb JO?


27/37

Brupi Sjhlecjf Tlrgfritlb stllh pielh wjt` icfustjc rlsfeitfrs 3.44 \EL 12429 :4 x :4 4.4< 4.9< 4.2< 4.:4 4.:4 4.1 :7", kix hleat` 9.


29/37

Meiug Rypl ME Gjolrahiss buct, wrip 9.


30/37

KvH Kjcrfhjtl Gjolrahiss ohiemlt ?.44 I rfhh 4.?3 4.7< 4.:4 4.:0 4.:0 9.49

KvH Kjcrfhjtl Gjolrahiss ohiemlt 9.44 I rfhh 4.40 4.32 4.


31/37

FC Ilrflx Thus Gjolrahis buct hjelr wjt` surgicl cfitjea 9.44 I rfhhs 4.41 4.?< 4.


32/37

Tllr Ihkutl Sikl is iofvl out oicmlb wjt` ?" olrahiss ?.9 L-244 ?2 x 20 4.11 9.43 4.:3 9.41 9.43 9.41

Tllr Ihkutl Sikl is iofvl out ?" olrahiss spiclb .?


33/37

Sfelx 9 Oi!ls ?-sjblb wlbal-sìplb klhikjel gfik, ieajea pielhs 3.44 ùea ?2 x 20 4.12 4.10 9.2? 9.17 9.03 9.02

Sfelx 9 @ypihfe Qlbal-sìplb klhikjel gfik pielhs ?.44 I ?2 x 20 4.90 4.7< 9.42 4.13 4.70 4.


34/37

Rlctuk pielh Sjhjcitl-trlitlb wffb olr, fraiejc ojeblr 9.


35/37

\SA Frjfe Cljhjea pielh wjt` hikjeitlb tlxturlb surgicl 4.


36/37

Sfelx, ?" 4.40 4.?< 4.79 4.:? 4.:< 4.:?

Sfelx, 3" 4.92 4.23 4.:0 9.43 9.44 9.44

Sfelx, 2" 4.?4 4.14 9.47 9.49 9.49 9.44

SfuebRlx 4.92 4.3< 4.


37/37

Ofè, Bleejs. Levjrfekletih Lgglcts fe t`l Spllb fg Sfueb.Nfureih fg t`l Iubjf

Leajellrjea Sfcjlty 37, vfh. 2 (9:00), `ttp>//www.riel.cfk/pbg/rieleftls/Levjrfkletih

%?4Lgglcts%?4fe%?4t`l%?4Spllb%?4fg%?4Sfueb.pbg (icclsslb Gloruiry 9-7.

Bivjs, Airy ieb _ihp` Nfels. Sfueb _ljegfrclklet @ieboffm. Oulei Tirm, CI, 9:0:.

@ihh, Bfeihb L.Kusjcih Icfustjcs> Ie Jetrfbuctjfe. Olhkfet, CI,9:04.

Hfggt, Ihie. R`l Blcjolh (bO) ieb t`l Wjfhje/Tjief _lcjtih, Ixjfk Iubjf, `ttp>//

gfruk.lcfustjcs.cfk/oos/klssials/32 FS@I,

?44?), `ttp>//www.fsì.afv/Tuohjcitjfes/FS@I3412/fsì3412.`tkh (icclsslb Kirc`

?9, ?494).

Skjt`, Lrjc R.Icfustjcs 949> Trictjcih Aujblhjels gfr Cfestructjea Iccuritl Icfustjcih Spicls,

Jechubjea Ibvjcl fe t`l Trfplr Kitlrjihs tf \sl. Jebjieipfhjs> Iurihlx Icfustjcs, Jec.,

?442, `ttp>//www.icfustjcs949.cfk/cfkkfe/icfustjcs949v3V4.pbg (icclsslb Gloruiry

9, ?494).

C`je 37

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