Way forward to renewable integration

Dipl.-Ing. Dr. techn. Werner FRIEDL

Werner FRIEDL | Energy Department | Electric Energy Systems

The AIT is Austria‘s

largest non-university

research institute

AIT Austrian Institute of Technology

Ownership structure

50.46%

Republic of Austria

49.54% Federation

of Austrian Industries

Funding

30% Co-funded

research

30% Contract

Research

40% Federal Funds

AIT focuses on

Infrastructure-Research

Energy

Mobility

Digital Safety & Security

Health & Environment

Innovation Systems

Research and Technology

Organisation

Employees

≈ 1,300

RTO

Industry

Scientific community Public authority

1.9.2015 2

AIT Energy – Research Fields

Modeling & Simulation

Cyber-Physical Systems

High Performance

Computing

District Heating & Cooling

Energy in Industries

Renewable Heating & Cooling

Thermal Energy Systems Complex Energy Systems

Smart Grids Network Planning & Operation

Smart Grid Controllers & ICT

Power Electronics & Network

Components

Urban & Regional

Energy Strategies

Energy Concepts for

Urban Neighbourhoods

Smart Cities & Regions

Photovoltaics Performance &

Reliability

Building integrated PV

Emerging Technologies

Building Management

Building Optimization

Smart Buildings

1.9.2015 3

AIT Energy – Electric Energy Systems

4 1.9.2015

Integration of Distributed

Generation, Flexibility, E-

Mobility, etc.

Interaction transmission and

distribution system

Interactions electricity and

thermal grids

Robust & scalable control

architectures

Information & communication

technologies for monitoring &

automation

Advanced metering

infrastructure

Power electronic converters

for grid-connected systems

High current applications &

insulation systems

Grid codes & interconnection

requirements

Planning and Operation ICT and Controls Power Electronics & System

Components

Research Field – Smart Grids System, Grid Integration and Technologies

Outline of the presentation

5 1.9.2015

Grid codes

development

Development of

renewable energy

sources in Europe

Use of

Flexibility

Grid integration

of Renewables

Electricity Market

model of Europe

1

2

3

5

4

European Electricity Market Model

6 1.9.2015

Retailer Retailer

Wholesale Market

regulated

monopoly

de

reg

ula

ted

op

en

ma

rke

t

Transmission

Electricity Network

Distribution

P

C C C C C

P P P

C

C

P

E-Control

BnetzA

CRE

… National

Regulatory

Authorities

„European

Regulator“:

European Energy Policy - Overall Timeline

7 1.9.2015

1951 - 1970

1970 - 1986

1986 - 1992

1990s

2000 - today

Start of European cooperation/integration based on post-

war energy needs

A number of severe energy crises demand increased

European cooperation and common policy measures

Single market and liberalisation are discussed

Creation of the EU, Growing importance of

environment/renewables, Gradual liberalisation of

energy markets

Sustainability

Security of supply, competitiveness

Energy policy to become EU competence

Push for Sustainability

8 1.9.2015

before 1990

1990

1996/1997

1997

2009

Link between environmental protection and energy consumption became more apparent

through various World Climate and Environment Conferences: Greenhouse effect

dominated the agenda

Climate and Energy Package:

20-20-20 target

Kyoto Conference brought about more measures to achieve reduced CO2 emissions

Commission tabled a green book and a white book on renewable energy calling for a

market share of renewable energy of 12% until 2010

Commission produced guidelines on energy and environment calling for measures to

combat the greenhouse effect; European Environment Agency was founded

20% reduction of green house gas emissions

20% increase in renewable energy and

20% increase in energy efficiency (until 2020)

2014 EU 2030 climate and energy

Framework:

40% cuts in greenhouse gas emissions (from 1990 levels)

27% share for renewable energy

27% improvement in energy efficiency

Development of generation costs + effects

9 1.9.2015

0.20

0.16

0.12

0.08

0.00

0.04

PV

sm

all

PV

utilit

y

Win

d o

ffsh

ore

Win

d o

nsh

ore

Bio

ga

s

Co

al

lign

ite

Co

al

ha

rd

CC

GT

na

tura

l g

as

Levelized Cost of Electricity in € per kWh

> 34 GW

in Germany

> 23 GW

in Spain

≈ 1700 MW

in Austria

(Source: Fraunhofer ISE, Germany 2013)

Installed power of wind (in GW)

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

≈ 120 GW

(end of 2013)

(Source: EWEA, “Wind in power - 2013 European statistics” 2014)

Photovoltaic growth in Europe

10 1.9.2015

> 35 GW

in Germany

> 20 GW

in Italy

≈ 630 MW

in Austria

(Source: EPIA, “Global Market Outlook for Photovoltaics 2014-2018,” 2014)

Massive growth due to:

Substantial subsidies

Reduced costs for PV

heterogeneous distribution of the

installed capacity (countries / regions)

> 80 GW

(end of 2013)

Special characteristics of PV on the example Germany

11 1.9.2015

0

5

10

15

20

25

Leis

tun

g (G

W)

Geothermie

Gase

Biomasse

Wasserkraft

Windkraft

Solarstrom

70 % of the overall

capacity is installed in

low voltage networks

Cost efficient network

integration is a

challenge

≈ 90% of all renewable power generation is connected to distribution

networks

Geothermal

Gas

Biomass

Hydro

Wind

PV

Ca

pa

cit

y (

GW

)

(Source: EnergyMap www.energymap.info)

15 GW

< 30 kW

Distribution of the installed capacity according unit size (Status 11.2014)

Heterogeneous distribution of installed PV capacity

12 1.9.2015

Bavaria:

>800 W/habitant

Italy: >6% of electricity

demand

(Source: EPIA-Global Market Outlook 2013)

€ / kWh

years

grid parity

Trends in photovoltaic

13 1.9.2015

Decreasing PV system costs

Low or even no subsidies

„Photovoltaics is evolving from

an investors’ market to

an energy-savings’ market“ (Press Release EPIA, 27.11.2013)

Grid parity already reached (Spain, Italy, France (South), Germany)

Self consumption (with/without storage systems)

Direct Marketing (since EEG

2012, in Germany) (Source: TheClimateGroup.org)

Transition from uni- to bidirectional distribution grids

14 1.9.2015

(Source: Frauenhofer IWES, 2014)

Example of load flow – measured at 110kV/20kV substation (German MV case study within IEA Task 14 (Courtesy of Bayernwerk AG)

0

dem

an

d

po

we

r to

gri

d

Renewables integration

15 1.9.2015

Distributed Energy Resources (DER) the shift from from

troublemaker to troubleshooter

„fit and forget“

no active role of DER

„network services by DER“

Integration means to take over network

services

disconnection in case of

faults

over- and under frequency

over- and under voltage

resulted in “problems” - e.g. 50.2 Hz problem

RES have to support grid operation

Fault ride through (FRT)

Frequency control

Local voltage support

From DER required grid services

16 1.9.2015

AREA1: Generating plants (GP) have to remain connected to the

networks; AREA2: GP should not disconnect (if DSO ask for) and feed-

in reactive current; AREA3: Short disconnection (>2sec) and

immediate re-synchronisation allowed; AREA4: No requirements to

remain connected

Fault Ride Through

(FRT)

Contribution to

Voltage Control

(Source: Benoit Bletterie et.al. – AIT)

Italy (CEI 0-21 8.4.4.2)

Germany (BDEW and AR4105)

17 1.9.2015

ressources generation transmission distribution demand

trader supplier

fossil

hydro large

wind

sun

hydro small

natural gas

biomass solid/liquid/gaseous

power plants

heat

process energy

e-mobility

cooling energy

data hub, ICT, services

wind mills

PV

hydro power

CHP small

thermal small

Grid

Smart Grid

Smart

Meter

storage

dec. storage

further(optional)

market actors

VPP VPP Demand Response

Regulation Grid Codes and Market Rules

regulation regulation regulation regulation Regulation Grid Codes and Market Rules

Austrian Grid Codes and Market Rules facilitate and guarantee proper functioning of electricity market

18 1.9.2015

TOR Part A

terms, sources

TOR Part C

grids

<110kV

TOR Part D

specific techn. rules

D1: system perturbation relevant electrical equipment

D2: guidelines for the assesment of system perturbation

D3: audio-frequency ripple control, prevention of inadmissible disturbances

D4: parallel operation of el. generating units with distribution networks

TOR Part E

major outages

TOR Part F

metering

Grid Code Technische und organisatorische Regeln (TOR)

ElWOG 2010 section 7, 46.: “market rules” means

the total sum of all legal or contractual rules,

regulations and provisions which participants in the

electricity market must comply with in order to

facilitate and guarantee the proper functioning of this

market

TOR Part B

grids

≥110 kV

Other Market Arrangements Sonstige Marktregeln

Austrian Grid Codes and Market Rules facilitate and guarantee proper functioning of electricity market

19 1.9.2015

Grid Code Technische und organisatorische Regeln (TOR)

Other Market Arrangements Sonstige Marktregeln

Conditions of vital importance for functioning

of market, e.g.:

Relationships market particip.

Schedules (injected/ withdrawn

electricity)

Metering & billing

Standard load profiles

Clearing

Customer switching

Regulatory authority drafts documents

together with market participants in order to

publish or regulates via ordinance

C & S Agent *)

Grid Operators

Balance Group

Representative Consumer

Suppliers,

Generators

Control Area

Manager

*) balance group coordinator

European Network Codes

20 1.9.2015

… to facilitate the

of the European electricity market

With guidance from ACER* the network codes

are drafted by ENTSO **

EC defines

priorities

6 months

EC requests ACER

to submit framework

guidelines

Agency prepares

framework

guidelines

ENTSO prepares

network code

12 months

EC requests

ENTSO to

submit

network code

ACER

assesses

network

code ENTSO

submits

network code

to ACER

ACER submits network code

to EC when satisfied, recommending

approval via Comitology

CO

MIT

OL

OG

Y

3 months

* Agency for the Cooperation of

Energy Regulators

** European Network of

Transmission System Operator

harmonisation,

integration and

efficiency

EU network codes are divided along 3 key areas

21 1.9.2015

Operational Codes Market Codes

Requirements for Generators

Demand Connection Code

High Voltage Direct Current

Connections

Operational Security

Operational Planning & Scheduling

Load Frequency Control & Reserves

Capacity Alloc. & Congestion

Management (CACM)

Forward Capacity Allocation

Electricity Balancing (Source: ÊNTSO-E)

Connection Codes Operational Codes Market Codes

intraday

+ day ahead

+ capacity calculation

CACM

Potential key issues and next steps: Flexibility

22 1.9.2015

Opportunities that Smart grids could deliver

interactions and synergies of gas, electricity, heat and cooling

to increase flexibility

Demand Side

Response & flexibility

• maximise incentives

• minimise entry barriers

Potential Barriers, including:

• data access (previous work)

• use of storage

Incentives

• Mechanisms

• Structure

Regulatory and Commercial

Arrangements:

• role of the DSOs/TSOs

• trading/provision of smart grid

services … use market mechanism whenever possible!

„last mile“!

Smart

Grids

1

23 1.9.2015

TSO

TSO

TSO

TSO

DSO

TSO

TSO

DSO

DSO

DSO

DSO

DSO

TSO

Supplier

Supplier

Supplier

TSO

frequency response

short term operating reserve

fast response

overall load reduction

constraints management (load reduction)

portfolio optimization

peak shifting

valley filling

fault management

losses reduction

black start reserve

voltage control

peak shifting (avoid grid reinforcement)

frequency

control

primary

secondary

tertiary

…

Provider:

national differences

domestic consumers

commercial consumers

industrial consumers

distributed generators

generators (> 5 MW)

…

Flexibility services

list of

Users:

Regulatory and Commercial Arrangements

24 1.9.2015

Aggregator

Roles and

responsibilities

Incentives are required

25 1.9.2015

Conclusion

26 1.9.2015

Growing visibility of renewable

energy sources in electric power

grids (on distribution and transmission grid

level)

Renewable/distributed energy

(re)sources offers a wide range of

potential technical services for the grid Compensation of reactive power, Maintaining Voltage

Limitations, Improvement of Power Quality

Fault-Ride-Through, Reduction of Capacity

…

open questions on a technical,

economical and/or political level Integration of renewable energy sources in future smart

grid visions

Fair and adequate distribution of the costs Intelligent planning will reduce costs

Competition is an impressive and

effective tool for innovation!

AIT Austrian Institute of Technology your ingenious partner

Dipl.-Ing. Dr. techn. Werner FRIEDL

AIT Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH

Giefinggasse 2 | 1210 Vienna | Austria

T +43 50550-6037 | M +43 664 9667231

werner.friedl@ait.ac.at | http://www.ait.ac.at