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Wireless History

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Pioneering Era

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Pre Cellular Era

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Cellular Era

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Wireless Technologies

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Cellular System Concept

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Other Wireless Systems Paging Systems

Simplex

Limited to worldwide coverage possible

Broadcast / simulcast

Reliable large Txd. Power, Low data rate

PSTNPagingControlcenter

Pagingtowers

Paging

towers

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Other Wireless Systems Cordless telephone systems

Dedicated Base Station

Limited coverage

No handoff support

PSTNFixedBase

Station

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Cordless Telephones

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A general WLL setup

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Satellite mobile networks: GEO

Public

networks

Gateway

Control

stationPublic

networks

Gateway

Control

station

Japan SingaporeGEO

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Satellite mobile networks: LEO

Public

networks

Gateway

Control

stationPublic

networks

Gateway

Control

station

Japan Singapore

LEO LEO

Inter-satellite link

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Satellite mobile networks:Comparison

MEOLEO GEO

Satellite cost (unit)

Satellite life (year)

Hand-held terminal

Propagation delay

Propagation loss

Network complexityHand-off

Development period

Visibility of satellite

Minimum

3-7

Possible

Short

Low

ComplexVery

Long

Short

Medium

10-15

Possible

Medium

Medium

MediumMedium

Short

Medium

Maximum

10-15

Very Difficult

Large

High

SimpleNo

Long

Always

-A. Jamalipour, Low Earth Orbital Satellites for Personal Communication Networks, ISBN 0890069557, Artech-House, 1998, pp17.

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Satellite mobile networks: Orbitaltitude

GEOMEO

LEO

GEO=Geostationary EO

MEO=Medium EO

LEO=Low EO

EO=Earth Orbit

35,786

(km)

10,000~

20,000

>1,500

-A. Jamalipour, Low Earth Orbital Satellites for Personal Communication Networks, ISBN 0890069557, Artech-House, 1998, pp15.

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Ad-hoc networks

-Nodes can communicate each other directly without needing a

central co-ordination, and move arbitrarily during communication.

-http://www.ericsson.se/Review/er3_98/art1/art1.html

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Bluetooth

A new global standard for data and voiceCable replacement RF technology

Short range (10 meters) 2.4 GHz band

1 Data (700 Kbps) and 3 Voice channels Supported by over 200 telecommunications andcomputer companies

Goodbye Cables !

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Bluetooth SpecificationsConnection Type Spread Spectrum (Frequency

Hopping)MAC Scheme FH-CDMA

Spectrum 2.4 GHz ISM

Modulation Gaussian Frequency Shift Keying

Transmission Power 1 mw100 mw

Aggregate Data Rate 1 Mbps

Range 30 ft

Supported Stations 8 devices

Voice Channels 3

Data Security- Authentication Key 128 bit key

Data Security-Encryption Key 8-128 bits (configurable)

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Wireless LAN

IEEE 802.11a/b/g/h/j/n b : 1999 ~2.4 GHz ISM

a : 20022003 ~5.0 GHz ISM

g : 20022003 ~2.4 GHz ISM

h : 20032004 ~5.0 GHz ISM

j : 2004 ~5.0 GHz ISM

e : QoS support

n : 2006 - MIMO

s : Mesh networking

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Modulation & Filter type b DBPSK / DQPSK ( 11Mbps )

Gaussian filter or vendor specific

a/g/h/j upto 64 QAM on 52 OFDMsubcarriers, rectangular filter or

vendor specific (54 Mbps )

n upto 64 QAM on 108 OFDMsubcarriers, rectangular filter or

vendor specific , MIMO options

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HIPERLAN

Types 1-4 for different user types- Frequency bands: 5.15-5.3 GHz, 17.1- 17.3 GHz

Type 1

- 5.15-5.3 GHz band- 23 Mbps, 20 MHz Channels- 150 foot range (local access only)- Protocol support similar to 802.11- Peer to peer architecture- ALOHA channel access

Types 2-3- Wireless ATM- Local access and wide area services- Standard under development- Two components: access and mobility support

8C32810.63a-Cimini-7/98

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Cellular networks: Evolution

First generation:Based on analog technology, uses a single base station to

communicate with a single portable terminal.

(e.g., Advance Mobile Phone Services - AMPS)

Second generation:Based on digital modulation and advanced call processing

capabilities . (e.g., Global System for Mobile - GSM and

Cordless Telephone - CT2).

Third generation:To provide a single set of standards that can meet a wide

range of wireless applications and provide universal access

throughout the world. (e.g., WCDMA, CDMA-2000, etc.)

- T.S. Rappaport, Wireless communications, principles & practice, ISBN 0133755363, Prentice -Hall, 1996, pp445-449.

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Evolution in United States

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Evolution in Europe

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First Generation Advanced Mobile Phone Service (AMPS)

US trials 1978; deployed in Japan (79) & US (83)

800 MHz band two 20 MHz bands

TIA-553 Still widely used in US and many parts of the world

Nordic Mobile Telephony (NMT)

Sweden, Norway, Demark & Finland

Launched 1981; now largely retired

450 MHz; later at 900 MHz (NMT900)

Total Access Communications System (TACS)

British design; similar to AMPS; deployed 1985

Some TACS-900 systems still in use in Europe

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First Generation Cellular

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First Generation Cellular

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2G - Evolution

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2G Technologies

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2G Technologies

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2G Technologies

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2G Systems Comparison

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2G Systems Comparison

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HIGH-SPEED DIGITAL CELLULAR

North American Digital Cellular CDMA (IS-95) enhancements TDMA (IS-136) enhancements IS-136+ 32-64 kbps IS-136HS 384 kbps

GSM General Packet Radio System (GPRS)

Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution(EDGE)

8C32810.62-Cimini-7/98

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3G Vision Universal global roaming

Multimedia (voice, data & video)

Increased data rates 384 kbps while moving

2 Mbps when stationary at specific locations

Increased capacity (more spectrally efficient)

IP architecture Problems

No killer application

Vendor-driven

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CDMA

GSM

TDMA

PHS(IP-Based)

64Kbps

GPRS

115Kbps

CDMA 1xRTT

144 Kbps

EDGE

384Kbps

cdma2000

1X-EV-DV

Over 2.4 Mbps

W-CDMA

(UMTS)

Up to 2Mbps

2G2.5G

2.75G 3G

1992 - 2000+

2001+2003+

1G

1984 - 1996+

2003 - 2004+

TACS

NMT

AMPS

GSM/GPRS

(Overlay)115 Kbps

9.6 Kbps

9.6 Kbps

14.4 Kbps/ 64 Kbps

9.6 Kbps

PDC

Analog Voice

Digital Voice

Packet Data

IntermediateMultimedia

Multimedia

PHS

TD-SCDMA

2 Mbps?

9.6 Kbps

iDEN

(Overlay)

iDEN

Source: U.S. Bancorp Piper Jaffray

Migration To 3G

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