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Roundtable“Are we victims of development successes?”
UNECE
Geneva, 23rd
September 2009
Effective Enforcement
Dr. Rohit BalujaPresident
Road Safety is
not
a stand alone phenomenon
Unsafe RoadsUnsafe Roads
Roads are
unsafe due to
deficiencies
in
Safer RoadsSafer Roads
Road safety can be achieved by plugging the deficiencies, developing an
effective coordination and supplementing these with education
Traffic
Law
Enforcement
has
been
defined (OECD,1974)
as
the
area
of
activity
aimed
at
controlling
road
user
behavior
by
preventive, persuasive
and
punitive
measures
in
order
to
effect
the
safe
and
efficient
movement
of traffic.
Traffic
Law
Enforcement
has
been
defined (OECD,1974)
as
the
area
of
activity
aimed
at
controlling
road
user
behavior
by
preventive, persuasive
and
punitive
measures
in
order
to
effect
the
safe
and
efficient
movement
of traffic.
ENFORCEMENTENFORCEMENT definitiondefinition
Enforcement of traffic laws may be divided into three main categories
Traffic enforcement is based upon the understanding
of
•
Geometric features of the road, its environment
•
Traffic engineering & control devices
•
Logical, ethical and prescribed driving laws
•
Hazards on the road
•
Road user behavior
•
Vehicle characteristics,
•
Right of the citizen/road user.
Traffic enforcement is based upon the understanding
of
•
Geometric features of the road, its environment
•
Traffic engineering & control devices
•
Logical, ethical and prescribed driving laws
•
Hazards on the road
•
Road user behavior
•
Vehicle characteristics,
•
Right of the citizen/road user.
Who Will Enforce?
Multiplicity of Enforcement Agencies
•Transport Department
•Traffic Police
•Municipal Departments
•Others
Traffic police, over a period of time, has assumed the role of a driver trainer, road
safety educationist, traffic engineer, post‐accident manager, apart from their
scheduled roles of traffic controller and enforcer.
What to Enforce?Traffic Law Enforcement is not only restricted to enforcing the violations
of
Speed, usage of helmet seat belt and mobile phones
Road
Traffic
Violations
Road
Crashes
Enquiry
Understanding the Role of Enforcement?
Enforcement gets handicapped if one or more base components are not supportive
Enforcement
Total Compounding Amount [In Rs.Crores(Ten Million)]
Extent of Road Traffic Violations
14
Police Prosecutions –Delhi 2004
17
GURGAON
DHAULA KAUN
554 PCU'S
392 PCU'S58
77
PEDESTRIAN Vs TRAFFIC VOLUME –
Dhaula Kuan (10 Minutes)
PV2
= 810 X 5369496 = 4 X 109
should be 2X108
Warrants for Controlled Crossing
Control measures at mid‐
block crossings may be warranted when one or more of the following
conditions exist :(i)Peak hour volumes of pedestrians(P) and vehicles (V) are such that PV2
>108
for undivided
carriageways and PV2> 2X108 for divided carriageways.(ii)Approach Speeds of Vehicles exceed 65 kph(iii)Waiting time for pedestrians/vehicles becomes too long(iv)Accident records indicate 5 or more injuries to pedestrians in a year due to collisions with
vehicles
Warrants for Grade Separated Pedestrian Facilities
Provision of Grade Separated facility may be warranted at locations where one or more of the
following conditions exists(i)Volumes of pedestrians and vehicular traffic are so large that insertion of an exclusive
pedestrian phase will increase the cycle time for traffic signals beyond 120secs(ii)Vehicular traffic demands uninterrupted flow as associated with major arterial roads and
expressways(iii)Control at grade pedestrian crossing decisively fails to mitigate the problems of pedestrian
vehicle collisions. Viability of a grade separated pedestrian facility must be checked against
delay costs for both pedestrians and vehicle drivers/users including increase in vehicle
operating costs inflicted by increased delays.
Absence of supporting road markings like pedestrian crossing and stop line
Sequence of ViolationsSequence of Violations
Stop Line
Violation
Pedestrian
Crossing
Violation
Primary Signal
Crossing
Violation
27
Stop Line
Violation
Pedestrian
Crossing
Violation
Primary Signal
Crossing
Violation
How many Violations
has the driver
committed
?
Concept of Hidden ViolationsConcept of Hidden Violations
Wrongful Placement of supporting TCDs
Stop Line
Prim
ary Signal
6 mPED
.Cr.
What cannot be enforced should not be legislatedPositive Example
: Mobile Law ‐
UK
110. ‐
(1) No person shall drive a motor vehicle on a road if he is using ‐
a) a hand‐held mobile telephone; or
(b) a hand‐held device of a kind specified in paragraph (4).
(2) No person shall cause or permit any other person to drive a motor vehicle on a road while that other
person is using ‐
(a) a hand‐held mobile telephone; or
(b) a hand‐held device of a kind specified in paragraph (4).
(5) A person does not contravene a provision of this regulation if, at the time of the alleged contravention
‐
(a) he is using the telephone or other device to call the police, fire, ambulance or other emergency service
on 112 or 999;
(b) he is acting in response to a genuine emergency; and
(c) it is unsafe or impracticable for him to cease driving in order to make the call (or, in the case of an alleged
contravention of paragraph (3)(b), for the provisional licence holder to cease driving while the call was being
made).
Negative Example
: Mobile Law ‐
India
Mobile PhonesLegislation restricts usage of mobile phone
Does not clarify handheld , hands free , definition of driving
Law relating to wearing of Helmets in India
Section 129 of Motor Vehicle Act, 1988Wearing of Protective Headgear
Every Person driving or riding on a motor cycle shall, while in a public place, wear
protective headgear conforming to the standards of Bureau of Indian Standards,
exception to a person who is a sikh, if he is ,while driving or riding on the motor cycle,
in public place, wearing a turban:
“Protective Headgear”
means a helmet which
a)
By virtue of its shape, material and construction expected to protect the
rider from injuries in the event of an accident and,
b)
Is securely fastened to the head of the wearer by means of straps
or
other fastening provided on the gear.
SEAT BELTS LAWThe Motor Vehicle Rule ,1989
Rule 138
The driver and the person seated in the front seat or the person occupying front facing rear seats, as the
case may ,wear the seat belts while the vehicle is in motion.
The driver of a motor vehicle moving behind another vehicle
shall
keep
at
a
sufficient
distance
from
that
other
vehicle
to
avoid
collision
if
the
vehicle
in
front should suddenly slow down or stop.
Vienna Convention of 1968 and Geneva
Agreement & Protocols 1971-1973
Code of IRC (IRC-
67-2001)
Means‐
Vehicular Traffic is prohibited in Both Directions
Means: No Entry for Pedestrians. Means “Pedestrians Only”
Is said to mean “Buses Only’
No Entry for Motor Cycles
•
Conventional Methods of Enforcement•
Lack of training to enforcement Personnel
•
Lack of Research and Technology in the field of enforcement•
Lack of Updation
of Enforcement laws and techniques
Bangladesh
United Kingdom Thailand
Germany Deaths By Road User Category
It will not be opt to Cut ‐
Paste Enforcement
Investment in enforcement must be realistic
If Traffic Control Devices and Road Geometrics are
•Not as per standards
•Not Uniform
•Not as per local requirements
If Traffic Control Devices and Road Geometrics are
•Not as per standards
•Not Uniform
•Not as per local requirements
Confuse the Road Users
Road Users will be compelled to violate
Enforcement will become Handicapped
Confuse the Road Users
Road Users will be compelled to violate
Enforcement will become Handicapped
Recommendations
For Effective Enforcement For Effective Enforcement
Investigation into Road Traffic Violations is critical•Moving Violations
•Driver/Passenger Related Violation
•Vehicle Related Violation
•Parking Violation
•Administrative Violation
Investigation into Road Traffic Violations is critical•Moving Violations
•Driver/Passenger Related Violation
•Vehicle Related Violation
•Parking Violation
•Administrative Violation
Investigation
into Causes and Consequences of Road Crashes
•Moving Violations
•Human Behavior
•Vehicle Fitness and Overloading
•Environment Failure
•Lack of Driver Training
•Lack of Awareness amongst Road Users
Investigation
into Causes and Consequences of Road Crashes
•Moving Violations
•Human Behavior
•Vehicle Fitness and Overloading
•Environment Failure
•Lack of Driver Training
•Lack of Awareness amongst Road Users
For Effective Enforcement For Effective Enforcement
More Emphasis should be laid on Moving Violations
Causative Factors in Road Traffic Violations/ Road Crashes
Most violations/crashes have more than one causative factor
Precipitating Factors(What went wrong)
Contributing Factors(Why did it go wrong)
Corrupt practices can be controlled by adopting technology in Violation recordings
There has to be a strategic shift from Conventional methods to Electronic & Automated Enforcement Systems
•
Interceptors
•
Laser Based Speed Measurement Device
•
Camera
•
High Speed Weigh‐in‐Motion Equipment ‐
Virtual Weigh Stations
•
VDRs, Speed Governors
Technology should be Simpler and User Friendly
Aim of the SchemeAim of the Scheme
→To assist the traffic police in traffic management and
road user education.
→To give an incentive to volunteering students by way of
a Stipend, for performing a valuable and socially
important task.
Need for Educative Enforcement ‐
An Example
Violations at 17 Intersections
Type of violationIn the Presence of
STVSIn the absence of
STVS
Stop Line 453 1133
Primary Signal 620 2776
Pedestrians Crossing 426 1675
Total Crossing of intersection (Red Light
Jumping)158 911
Total Violations 1657 6495
453
1133
620
2776
426
1675
158
911
Violations at 17 Intersections
Presence of STVS
Strengthening of the following supportive components for Effective Enforcement
•
Standardisation
and Uniformity in Traffic Engineering esp. Traffic Control Devices
in in accordance with UN Conventions
Traffic EngineeringTraffic Engineering
•
Considering the mixed traffic conditions weightage
should be given to non motorised
traffic
•
Law should be updated regularly with Environment
•
Law should statute standards
LegislationLegislation
•
Awareness regarding the Rights and Responsibilities of the Road user
•
Education should be based upon cultural road usage, Literacy, Type of risks/hazards
Education &
Awareness
Education &
Awareness
Need to Fill the Gap
Legislation Interpretation Application
Stop Line
Violation
Pedestrian
Crossing
Violation
Primary Signal
Crossing
Violation
Traffic Fines should not be taken as revenueTraffic Fines should not be taken as revenue
Fines collected from a violation should be reinvested in developing
tools and systems to reduce that violation.
For e.g. Fines collected from Speed Violation could be invested in
procuring speed guns/strengthening of enforcement
Fines collected from a violation should be reinvested in developing
tools and systems to reduce that violation.
For e.g. Fines collected from Speed Violation could be invested in
procuring speed guns/strengthening of enforcement
Traffic Violation Recognition can be outsourced (sharing or per violation recognition) while
decision to prosecute & prosecution proceedings shall remain with police authorities
For e.g. Enforcement of Parking Laws in a residential area could
be carried out by
Resident Welfare Associations/Authorised
security agencies etc..A Standard Operating Procedure (SOP) could be laid down for NGOs, Welfare
Associations etc.
Enforcement
Enforcement
Enforcement
EnforcementEnforcement
