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Weathering of Artificial Grass Yarn CEN TC 217 WG 11, 18/10/2016 Daniel Müller (BASF) & Jeroen Wassenaar (TOTAL)

Weathering Artificial Grass Yarn CEN TC WG Müller(BASF ... › wp-content › uploads › 2017 › 06 › Weathering … · • Accelerated weathering for screening purposes

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Page 1: Weathering Artificial Grass Yarn CEN TC WG Müller(BASF ... › wp-content › uploads › 2017 › 06 › Weathering … · • Accelerated weathering for screening purposes

Weathering of Artificial Grass YarnCEN TC 217 WG 11, 18/10/2016

Daniel Müller (BASF) & Jeroen Wassenaar (TOTAL)

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Why doing Artificial Weathering?

Simulation of the photooxidative behavior of polymers• Purpose:

– Development of new products and applications, screening• Long term outdoor weathering for reproduction of environmental influences needed• Accelerated weathering for screening purposes

– Get insight on quality of a product• Quality of production• Index tests given by standardization

• Properties to be evaluated– Mechanical properties for functionality– Visual properties for aspect

• Requirements:– Representing reality– Reproducible test method– Economic for supplier and end user

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Solar Radiation

– UV‐ Radiation of the wave length:• below 175nm is absorbed by oxygen in the atmospheric layers more than 100km above surface • between 175 and 290nm is absorbed by ozone layer of the stratosphere (max density: ~25km)• between 290 and 400nm reaches the surface

Only the UV‐Radiation of the wave length between 290 and 400nm reachesthe surface and is potentially able to initiate degradation of plastics

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Photooxidation

– Photooxidation is initiated by the action of photons onto the plastic article– Photooxidative degradation results from the combined action of light and 

oxygen– The degradation process proceeds analogous to the autoxidation cycle

+ +

= PHOTOOXIDATION

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Without Light, no Photooxidation

– 1st Law of photochemistry (Grotthus‐Draper):• Only the part of light effectively absorbed  by a substance leads to  photochemical degradation

– 2nd law of photochemistry (Stark‐Einstein):• For each photon of light absorbed by a chemical system, no more than one molecule is 

activated for a photochemical reaction

Jablonski diagram of optical transitions:Solid lines: radiative transitions between statesWavy lines: vibrational relaxations processes (vr)

and radiationless transitions (IC = internal conversion / ISC = intersystem crossing)

« Low wavelength UV light (<290 nm) enables transitions that are not accessible in real life, leading to photochemical reactions that do not naturally occur on earth »

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Wave Length Sensitivity of Plastics

– Polymer degradation is wave length dependent– UV‐light affects different polymers differently

– Polyolefins absorb UV light due to „oxidation products“ formed during processing or by impurities present in the polymer.  

– Engineering resins and rubbers absorb UV‐light due to their intrinsic chemical structure (e.g. Polystyrene, Polyesters..) 

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Geographical Distribution of Sun Ray Energy

– Various climate conditions depending on the regions– Different further factors to be considered beside sun ray energy:

humidity, day and seasonal fluctuations, altitude, pollution,…:• Florida (Miami): standard, fairly constant climate• Arizona (Phoenix): dry / hot climate, high irradiation• Bandol (France): moderate climate, most sun hours in Europe• Hainan Island (China): humid subtropical

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Artificial Weathering

– Different settings possible, potentially influencing the result (variety of standards in the industry)

– Examples of setting parameters: radiation energy, wet/dry cycle, temperature, humidity,…

Widest use in the industry

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Artificial Weathering

– Various Specifications to be met:• WOM spectrum in line with UV‐radiation reaching the Earth• QUVA spectrum fitting UV radiation in the low wavelength area• QUVB spectrum only in very low wavelength area and far below 290nm

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Protection of Polymers from DegradationScreeners

– UV screeners, examples:• Fillers• Carbon black• Pigments

– However:• Metal containing pigments can

catalyze formation of free radicals• Reflected light can concentrate 

UV energy on the surface• Some fillers may absorb and/or

react with stabilizers

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Protection of Polymers from DegradationScreeners ‐ Pigments

– Pigment act as light manager

– Pigments also absorb in the visible. Heat (energy) can additionally build up depending on color and may influence the durability of the whole system

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Protection of Polymers from DegradationUV Absorbers

– Protect the bulk of materials• Light is absorbed• Intensity of light decreases exponentially• Bulk material is well protected,

however surface might degrade

Law of Lambert‐Beer:   A = e . c . d = log I0/IAbsorbance = Molar Absorptivity ∙ Concentration ∙ Path Length

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Protection of Polymers from DegradationHindered Amine Light Stabilizers (HALS)

– Protect the bulk and surface of materials• HALS molecules are active 

in the whole sample, they protect:• Surface (light stability) • Bulk (light and thermal stability)

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Evaluation of Weathering Effects

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Failure Criteria: Visual Aspects

– White appearance can be  due to• Polymer degradation on the surface

• Fading of the pigment• Polymer still intact

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Artificial  Compared to Natural WeatheringPE Films 

– WOM (Xenon Arc) weathering with good correlation– QUVB (Fluorescence Arc) weathering without correlation

Florida / QUVB Florida / WOM

Linear correlationr2 = 0.96

Linear correlationr2 = 0.36

LDPE blown films 200 m;T50 = time to 50% retained elongationE50 = energy to 50% retained elongation

LDPE blown films 200 m;T0.1 = time to 0.1% carbonyl absorbanceE50 = energy to 50% retained elongation

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Artificial  Compared to Natural WeatheringPE Tapes 

– Correlation with Florida• WOM good• QUVB very limitied

kLy

kLy

hours WOM

hours QUVB

hours WOM

hours QUVB

HDPE tapes, 50 m, different formulations;hours resp kLy to 50% retained tensile strength

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Comparison of Different Artificial Light ExposureLLDPE Monofilaments

– QUVA with similar behavior compared to WOM– QUVB with highest impact on degradation 

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Comparison of QUVA with QUVB in LLDPE Yarns*

– Average from 7 monofilaments for sports turf– Tensile strength not significantly affected by any aging method after required 

time frame => no polymer degradation– Colour change more severe with UVA after measurement with proposed new 

test method (UVA, 5000h) => better simulation of effect of solar radiation on colour

* tested by Kiwa ISA Sport 

0

1

2

3

4

5

UVA 3000 UVA 5000 UVB 3000

Colour cha

nge ‐grey scale

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

UVA 3000 UVA 5000 UVB 3000

Retained

 tensile

 strength

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Summary

• Polymers can undergo degradation when exposed to sunlight– Influence of UV radiation from 290‐400nm– Influence of environmental conditions

• Accelerated weathering to be done under realistic conditions– Wave length sensitivity of different plastics– Different ways to protect resins– Different degradation mechanism depending on the UV wave length applied

• Different artificial weathering methods for accelerated testing– QUVA and WOM measurement similar to real life UV radiation– QUVB only covering very low wave lengths and goes below 290nm 

simulating unrealistic conditions for life time considerations

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Conclusion

• QUVA 5000h is the proposed accelerating weathering method for artificial turf applications:– Covers a large part of the critical UV light– Keeps radiation at wave lengths > 290nm– Provides reasonable acceleration– Easily accessible in the market and in testing institutes– Extension of the standard to be fulfilled in CEN and already accepted by most 

of the stakeholders in the market

QUVA QUVB WOM

Representing reality

Reproducible test method

Economic for supplier and end user

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ANNEX

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Solar maximum in different locations*

* From Q-Lab technical bulletin LU-0822

Cleveland

Kitt Peak

Miami