1.0 Summary

Thermal comfort within a building is a significant design consideration, mainly with regard to solar radiation and wind. We start this project by analyzing the orientation, design and materials of building near Old Klang Road, Kuala Lumpur. The entrance of bungalow is facing north. A sliding door at east façade allows morning sunlight while opening at west façade which has the most exposure is minimized to avoid excess solar heat gain. By using data logger in measuring interior temperature and relative humidity, we analyze the results obtained from different aspects. The roof successfully shaded the space of data logger from direct sunlight but the zinc roof of first floor is exposed to sunlight all day long and radiates a lot of heat. Therefore natural ventilation brings the heat into the space and increases the interior temperature. Most of the wind flows from northwest. The highest wind speed occurred in the afternoon while the lowest in the midnight. Without insulation of the building, the interior temperature is higher than outdoor temperature most of the time. As the results of finding, the space does not achieve thermal comfort level since it is an old building without insulation and proper roof materials.

(199 words )

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2.0 Introduction

Taman Desa house - a Description

The house chosen for this project is a 30 years old bungalow corner house located in Taman Desa, Kuala Lumpur. The house occupies a land of approximately 9,000 square meters, and consists of 2 levels. The ground floor (Figure 2.1) consist of a kitchen, a dining hall, a guest room, music room, a storeroom, living room, an altar room, 2 bathrooms and lastly a maid's room. Whereas the first floor(Figure 2.2) consists of a master bedroom, 2 smaller bedrooms, 2 bathrooms and living room. The house was firstly built for a family of 10, and currently consists of 6 occupants.

Looking at the side plan (Figure 2.3), the house was built facing north and it is adjacent to other bungalow houses. A row of shophouses is located at the opposite side of the house. Towards the east, there is a row of Malayhawker stalls right next to a local park. Since the house is facing towards the main road, traffic builds up during the day as cars come and go, whereas the area goes quiet during the night.

Shop houses

Local Park

Purpose of study

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Figure 2.3 Site Plan

Figure 2.1 Ground Floor plan Figure 2.2 First Floor Plan

To understand the effect of several factors such as materials, the situation of the surrounding area and the environment, against the thermal comfort of the living space is analyzed. With the aid of a data logger, we were able to use the data obtained to find out and discuss the factors affecting thermal comfort of the space. As the house is approximately 30 years old, we are able to suggest on a lot of ways to improve the thermal comfort of the living space especially in using the construction materials of the current and most recent technology.

This project would also help us realize and acknowledge that we would put the subject of thermal comfort into consideration in our future designs, which saves any unnecessary costing and energy in air conditioning.

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3.0 Methodology

3.1 Orthographic Drawings

SITE PLAN

GROUND FLOOR PLAN

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FIRST FLOOR PLAN

NORTH ELEVATION

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EAST ELEVATION

SOUTH ELEVATION

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WEST ELEVATION

CROSS SECTION A-A

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3.2 Data Logger

A data logger records data over time via external instruments and sensors. It is typically deployed and left unattended to measure and record information for the duration of the monitoring period upon activation. This allows for a comprehensive picture of the environmental conditions being monitored, such as air temperature and relative humidity (Wikipedia 2013).

The placement of data logger in our case study building is in the middle of the second storey of the building. It is a living room surrounded by three bedrooms, a bathroom and a stairwell. There is a computer in the living room and also a fan.

The data logger place beside the window and does not expose to direct sunlight since there is a zinc overhanging roof for the ground floor, which it becomes buffer zone for the light to reach the building. However, the heat does transfer to the building by reflection due to zinc's thermal conductivity properties.

The reason to put the data logger in the living room is because it is the key part of the circulation and has the most occupancy. Since the thermal comfort level is about human concern and depends on human sensation, therefore the placing of data logger is to relate occupants' activities and their perception of the space.

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3.3 Thermal Comfort Level

Thermal comfort is the condition of mind that expresses satisfaction with the thermal environment and is assessed by subjective evaluation (ASHRAE 1894). The thermal comfort level is vital for occupant's living as it is related to human sensation and health.

The thermal comfort level is affected by both environmental factors and personal factors. In terms of environmental factor, there are:

(i) Air temperature: Temperature of the air surrounding the building

(ii) Radiant temperature: Thermal radiation is the heat that radiates from a warm object. Radiant heat may be present if there are heat sources in an environment. Radiant heat sources such as: furnace, cookers etc.

(iii) Relative Humidity: Relative humidity is the ratio between the actual amount of water vapour in the air and the maximum amount of water vapour that the air can hold at that air temperature.

(iv) Air velocity: The speed of air moving across the worker and may help cool the worker if it is cooler than the environment.

And personal factors consist of :

(i) Clothing insulation: Clothing interferes with our ability to lose heat to the environment. Thermal comfort is very much dependent on the insulating effect of clothing on the wearer.

(ii) Metabolic heat: The metabolic rate describes the heat that we produce inside our bodies as we carry out physical activities. The more physical work we do, the more heat we produce. The more heat we produce, the more heat needs to be lost so we don’t overheat.

(HSE n.d)

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3.4 Thermal Behaviour Of Building

The thermal behaviour of a building refers to the process of the energy transfer between a building and its surrounding. Various heat exchange processes are possible between a building and the external environment. Heat flows by conduction through various building elements such as walls, roof, ceiling, floor etc. Heat transfer also takes place from different surfaces by convection and radiation. Besides, solar radiation is transmitted through transparent windows and is absorbed by the internal surfaces of the building.

Furthermore, there may be evaporation of water resulting in a cooling effect. The presence of human occupants and the use of lights and equipment are also added heat to the space.

('Thermal performance of buildings' n.d)

The thermal behaviour of a building depends on:

(i) Design of building: geometric dimensions of building elements such as walls, roofs, windows, orientation and presence of shading devices

(ii) Material properties: density, specific heat, thermal conductivity, heat transmission etc.

(iii) Climate: wind speed, sun path, ambient temperature and humidity

(iv) Usage of building: Internal gains due to occupants, lighting and ventilating equipment, air exchanges etc.

Figure 3.4 shows how heat transfers through a wall. Conduction, convection and radiation all occurred in this process. The solar radiation incident on the surface of outer wall, part of it reflected back to the environment, the remaining part is absorbed by the wall and converted into heat energy. A part of the heat is again lost to the environment through convection because of air movement and radiation from the outer surface of the wall. The remaining part is conducted into the wall; where it is partly stored thereby raising the temperature of the wall and the rest reaches the interior space. At night, the heat that were being stored in wall release to the interior space keeping the space warm. The inner surface transfers heat by convection and radiation to the room air, raising its temperature.

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Additionally, re-radiation between the inner surfaces of the building also occurs (for example, between walls, or between a wall and roof). The heat transfer processes affect the indoor temperature of a room and consequently, the thermal comfort can be experienced by its occupants.

Figure 3.4 Heat transfer processes that occurred in a wall

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4.0 Result & Analysis

We have generated a few graphs from the raw data that we obtained for the analysis. This includes temperature and relative humidity on 5 th to 7th of September and Bioclimatic chart.

4.1 Results

4.1.1 Temperature

According to Graph 4.1.1, the lowest temperature for outdoor is 24°C and 28°C for indoor whereas the highest temperature for outdoor is 31°C and 30.4°C for indoor. The outdoor and indoor temperatures have differences in the range from 1°C to 5°C. The indoor temperature is generally higher than the outdoor temperature at night and in the morning since the building provides insulation building. This means that the building wouldn't lose heat easily and maintain a warm indoor atmosphere. However, there is certain time that the outdoor temperature is higher than the indoor temperature. It is between noon and afternoon. This is because the building is facing a main road and that particular time is a hectic hour for the road. Hence, there are more vehicles passing through and releasing gases such as mono-carbon oxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO2) that causes a rise in temperature.

4.1.2 Relative Humidity

From Graph 4.1.1, the lowest relative humidity for outdoor is 62% and 63.8% for indoor whereas the highest relative humidity for outdoor is 94% and for indoor is 70%. The outdoor and indoor relative humidity has differences in range from 1.8% to 24%. The outdoor relative humidity fluctuates greatly since there are more air movement in open space whereas the indoor relative humidity is generally lower than outdoor relative humidity since the facade prevents water vapours to enter the building. However, on 7 September 2pm to 4pm, the outdoor humidity falls and has lower than the indoor humidity. It is because the temperature rises greatly and promotes the evaporation of water. After that, condensation occurs and gives a rise in relative humidity. The condensation of water vapours form a thundercloud therefore thunderstorm happens after that.

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4.1.3 Relationship between Temperature and Relative Humidity

As shown in Graph 4.1.3, the temperature and relative humidity are interrelated. When the temperature is high, the relative humidity is low. There are some situations where the temperature is low but relative humidity is low too. Example, in Graph 4.1.1, on 7 September between 12am to 2am, the indoor relative humidity experienced a sudden drop because of door 4 is opened and induced air movement in the space thus decrease in relative humidity. Besides that, there are also some situations where the relative humidity is high when temperature is in normal value too. For example, in Graph 4.1.1, on 7 September between 7pm to 8pm, the indoor temperature is in the normal standard because of the insulation layer in building which holds the heat, but since the window is open, it draws the humid air in therefore the relative humidity is high.

Graph 4.1.3 Graph of temperature against relative humidity for indoor and outdoor

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4.1.4 Bioclimatic Chart

The mean temperature of indoor is 29.46°C and the mean relative humidity is 71.51%. From graph 5.3 it indicates that our case study building is out of comfort zone. To optimize the thermal comfort level, inducing air velocity would be the best choice. By inducing air movement with velocity of 0.4m/s, it could have make the space into comfort zone. Air temperature is the dominant environmental factor, as it determines convective heat dissipation. Air movement accelerates convection and also changes the skin and clothing surface heat transfer coefficient as well as increases evaporation from the skin, providing a physiological cooling effect. As higher air temperatures were offset by increased air motion, natural ventilation cooling may be the only passive strategy available in humid, hot climates in which temperatures are only slightly lower by night than by day.

Graph 4.1.4 Bioclimatic Chart

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4.2 Natural Factors Analysis

4.2.1 Wind Analysis

Wind Climate in Malaysia

The weather in Malaysia can be characterized into two monsoon regimes which are the Southwest Monsoon from late May to September and the Northeast Monsoon from November to March. The Northeast Monsoon brings heavy rainfall, particularly to the east coast states of Peninsular Malaysia and western Sarawak, whereas the Southwest Monsoon normally signifies relatively drier weather. The transition period in between the monsoons which are April and October is known as the intermonsoon period where thunder rains occur frequently. The data is taken in September which is during the Southwest Monsoon. The wind was supposed to flow from Southwest. But the chosen building was not affected by the monsoon as most of the wind direction came from North West.

As Malaysia is mainly a maritime country, the effect of land and sea breezes on the general wind flow pattern is very marked especially during days with clear skies. Sea breezes of 10 to 15 knots very often develop and reach up to several tens of kilometers inland in the afternoons. While at the nights, the reverse process takes place and land breezes of weaker strength can also develop over the coastal areas. Although the chosen house is not located near to the sea, but it has a similar issue that has more wind during the daytime and less wind in the midnight.

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Figure 4.2.11Wind rose diagram in Kuala Lumpur.

From Figure 4.2.11, the wind rose diagram in Kuala Lumpur for the period of time which the

data is taken is shown on the site plan of the house. It is shown that most of the wind flowed

from the North West towards the house. Meanwhile, the wind speed is indicated with different

types of blue colours. How the wind flowed towards the house passing through the

surrounding buildings is shown in Figure 5.2.12.

Figure 4.2.12 Most of the wind flows from North West towards the selected

building.

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Figure 4.2.13Bar chart shows most of the wind flows from North West while

there is no wind flowing from South East.

Over period of time, typical wind speeds vary from 0m/s to 24km/h, mostly vary from 4km/h to 7km/h. The highest wind speed of 24km/h occurs around 5pm of 6th September at cloudy weather condition. The average win speed from midnight 12am to morning 8am is the lowest with average wind speed of 5km/h, rarely exceeding 7km/h. During the morning after 8am till afternoon, the wind speed will increase. There is less wind during cool mornings with lower temperature and more wind during the afternoons with higher temperature.

According to Figure 4.2.13, the wind blew from the North West and West North West most often which is 33.3% and 21.6% of the time. There is no wind blew from the South East. This does not give a great advantage for the selected house as it is directly facing the North North East and having more openings such as windows and sliding doors facing the garden which is facing the East South East. However, there are some windows on the left

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elevation of the house as shown in Figure 4.2.14 which is facing the West North West gave better ventilation to the building in this situation.

Figure 4.2.14Windows can be seen on the left elevation of the house

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Cross Ventilation

Cross ventilation forces cool exterior air into the building through an inlet and force warm interior air out of the building through an outlet. The warm air inside the building is replaced with cool and fresh air, at the same time reducing humidity, increasing the thermal comfort through this process. Referring to Figure 4.2.11, the North West wind flows directly into the building through the left side of the building and the wind escapes through the right side of the building. This cross ventilation is less effective as there are only few small inlets on the left side of the building.

Figure 4.2.15Section of the building shows the cross ventilation of the house. The yellow space shows where the data logger is place.

Figure 4.2.15 shows the cross ventilation of the building when all windows and rooms’ doors are opened. However, if the bedroom’s door on

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the second floor of the house is closed, the cross ventilation will be affected.

Figure 4.2.16 Cross ventilation of the house is stopped if the bedroom’s door is closed.

Ventilation Affected by Building Renovation

The ventilation of the house is affected by the building renovation as the window of the area where data logger is placed is facing to the zinc roof of first floor. The zinc roof absorbs and conducts heat easily. When the wind flows in from the window, it is the hot air which flows into the house instead of the cool air.

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Figure 4.2.17 The cross ventilation of the house where wind flows from downstairs and from the inlets is shown on the second floor plan of the house.

Referring to Figure 4.2.17, the orange arrow shows the hot air flowing from the window facing the zinc roof of first floor. The hot air is still managed to flow out from the house through the outlets to maintain the temperature of the house. However, if the rooms’ doors are closed, the hot air will be trapped in the area where data logger is placed.

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Figure 4.2.18The cross ventilation of the house when the rooms’ doors’ are closed.

Referring to Figure 4.2.18, the cross ventilation of the house is affected and at the same time the hot air will be trapped in the area where data logger is placed.

From these factors, it is proved that is why the indoor temperature of the house taken is higher than the outdoor temperature at the most of the time.

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4.2.2 Solar Analysis

Macroclimate

Being a maritime country close to the equator, Malaysia naturally has abundant sunshine and thus solar radiation. Figure 4.2.21 shows the sun path diagram of Malaysia in a year which is concentrated at the equator. However, it is extremely rare to have a full day with completely clear sky even in periods of severe drought. The cloud cover cuts off a substantial amount of sunshine and thus solar radiation. On the average, Malaysia receives about 6 hours of sunshine per day. To achieve thermal comfort of building in this country, the building has to be orientated to north or south and create minimal opening at the most exposure façade.

Figure 4.2.21 Sun path diagram in Malaysia

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During Spring Equinox and Autumn Equinox, the daily Sun path diagrams are encircle around the equator while for Summer Solstice and Winter Solstice, the Sun path diagram is slightly deviated form the equator to South and North respectively as shown in Figure 4.2.22 - 24. The daily Sun path is the highest in June and the lowest in December. For instance, the path at 21st March is the same as at 21st September.

8.00am

4.00pm

Figure 4.2.22 Positions of Sun in Spring Equinox, 31st March which encircle around the equator.

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8.00am

4.00pm

Figure 4.2.23 Positions of Sun in Summer Solstice, 21st June which are slightly deviated from equator to North.

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8.00am

4.00pm

Figure 4.2.24 Positions of Sun in Winter Solstice, 21st December which are slightly deviated from equator to South.

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Microclimate

During our research day (6th September 2013) , the position of the Sun is above the equator so that the sunlight that east façade receive is as much as west façade other than the roof. Figure 5.2.25 shows the Sun path of the day.

Figure 4.2.25 Sun path diagram of the research building at 6th September.

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During Summer Solstice, the backyard receives the most sunlight rays while during winter solstice the entrance of the building receives the most sunlight rays. The west façade of the building is exposed to most of the sunlight rays all year long. Due to the roof does not create sufficient shading for the west façade of the building itself, the number of openings is minimize to block the rays and heat from coming into the building. Figure 4.2.26 shows the sun exposure and shadows of west façade at three critical dates. There are only three openings in the west façade which two are located at the room at ground floor while the another one located at the washroom of first floor.

4pm, 21st March & 21st September

4pm, 21st June

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4pm, 21st December

Figure 4.2.26 The sun exposure and shadows of west façade during Spring Equinox, Summer Solstice and Winter Solstice.

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The approximate shadow being cast onto the building is shown in Figure 4.2.27 where the north and east façade are the most shaded. The darker is the colour of the diagram, the higher the percentage of shading of the building at particular time. The only opening of the location of data logger which connecting the exterior is facing south that have only 10% shading. This is why the temperature of the location of data logger is slightly higher than other spaces in the building.

Figure 4.2.27 The percentage of shading of the building.

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Because of the shading device above the space of data logger, there is actually no direct sunlight penetrates into the space while the heat is transferred by reflection of the zinc roof of ground floor as indicated by Figure 4.2.25. Other than that, the heat on the zinc roof is then brought by the wind into the space and increases the interior temperature directly.

5pm, Spring Equinox

5pm, Summer Solstice

5pm, Winter Solstice

Figure 4.2.28 Shadow diagrams at different hours show that no direct sunlight penetrate into the location of data logger

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As a conclusion, solar analysis is very important in pre-design stage as it may affect the function and building performance. A good thermal performance building should meet different thermal requirements according to the climate of respective country, With the Sun path diagrams, different methods such as shading device, position of opening, insulation etc. can be used in the design to create a more thermal comfort space. In our research building, the orientation of the entrance is the typical way which is facing north to minimize the solar heat gain within the space. Without insulation in construction materials itself, the shading device and minimal opening become an important element to achieve thermal comfort level.

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4.3 Artificial Factors Analysis

4.3.1 Human Adjustment

Based on our studies, human adjustments in the space includes opening and closing of doors and the use of the computer. It is studied that the opening and closing of doors does and the use of computer affect the indoor temperature and relative humidity. It is also studied that the weather affects the outdoor temperature and relative humidity. In general, it is studied that the changes of the indoor temperature is not drastic but the space is out of the thermal comfort.

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4.3.2 Construction Materials

In the subject of materials, a few construction materials that affect the thermal comfort of the house was pointed out and their U-Values, R-Values, Specific Heat Capacity and K-value was determined. The data obtained are presented in the table 4.3.21 and 4.3.22 and the materials are compared based on these values.

Materials U Value, [W m-2 K-1] R Value(m2.K/W)Bricks 2 3.5Glass 4.7 0.14Wood 0.64 2.17Granite 1.3 0.05Cement 0.19 0.03Concrete 0.9 0.3Ceramic 0.19 0.02Zinc 8.5 0.001

MaterialsSpecific Heat Capacity, c [J/kgoC] K Value,  [W·m−1·K−1]

Bricks 840 0.6Glass 753 0.96Wood 1700 0.4Granite 790 3.98Cement 920 1.73Concrete 880 0.4Ceramic 1085 1.5 Zinc 388 116

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Table 4.3.21 U value and R value of construction materials

Table 4.3.22 Specific heat capacity and K value of construction materials

Definitions:

U Value:a measure of the flow of heat through an insulating or building material; the lower the U-value, the better the insulating ability

R-Value:  a measure of the effectiveness of insulation in stopping heat flow opposite of conductance; the higher the number, the greater the resistance to heat flow.

Specific Heat Capacity:the heat required to raise the temperature of the unit mass of a given substance by a given amount.

K Value: A measure of the ability of a material to transfer heat per unit time, given one unit area of the material and a temperature gradient through the thickness of the material;the lower a K-Value, the better its performance as an insulator.

According to the data obtained in table 4.3.21 and 4.3.22, the average exterior temperature is higher than the average interior temperature. This might due to the construction materials of the house were not insulated. For a house that is nearly 30 years old, no insulation were made during its first construction. Furthermore, the temperature is also highly affected by the presence of zinc roofing of the house (Figure 4.3.21).As Zinc has the highest U-Value and K-Value, plus the lowest specific heat capacity according to the tables, it is the weakest insulating material as it absorbs and transfer heat quickly to neighboring materials. Hence the heat absorbed by the roof will be quickly transferred into the interior space, thus raising the interior temperature.

As to other materials such as the glass window, no glazing was made thus no insulating ability was provided as solar radiation are able to penetrate

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Figure 4.3.21 Zinc roof of ground floor

easily into the living space of the interior. On the other hand, the house contains ceramic flooring (Figure 4.3.22) on the 1st floor and granite flooring(Figure 4.3.23) on the ground floor, which aid in temperature regulating and keep the space cool, but still not enough to compensate for the cooling loss due to lack of insulation and the heat transfer from the zinc roofing.

In conclusion, insulation of materials was not placed into account for the purpose of providing thermal comfort during that period where it was built.

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Figure 4.3.22 Ceramic flooring Figure 4.3.23 Granite flooring

5.0 Conclusion

The space studied in this assignment is not in the thermal comfort level. Based on the studies we made, it is shown that the space studied allows ventilation. But even with ventilation occurring, there are a few factors that affect the thermal comfort of the space, such as, the placement of the zinc roof. As the studies shown in this building, the zinc roof is placed in front of the window, which is a high conductive material, this allows the zinc roof to release heat and be blown into the space. Another factor is that the opening and closing for doors will affect the cross ventilation of the space.

Therefore, there are some consideration in the building design could improve the thermal comfort. The windows located in the space are using metal grill bar and ordinary glass planes. Instead, double glazed windows with stainless steel coated, argon filled, low emissivity and reflective glass can be used. The placement of the windows is facing south, installing a 1m overhang to prevent sun radiation penetrating through into indoor can lower the indoor temperature.To add an external wall is also an alternative to improve the thermal comfort of the space. During a hot day, an external wall is capable of absorbing a considerable amount of heat which allows the building environment to remain relatively cool. On the other hand, during the night time, the same wall will need to lose much of the stored best before it can have an appreciable cooling effect in the interior. 

The bungalow is a north - south orientated, an east – west oriented bungalow house (180° rotation) saves 12.3% more chiller electricity in comparison with north – south oriented bungalow house (90 rotation) (Sabouri, S &Fauzi, Mohd 2011). The zinc roof should be of light colour on the outside, and some form of reflecting foil suspended on the underside of the roofing surface in conjunction with 6 or more inches of insulation material. It is essential that this reflecting foil faces an air space between itself and the underside of the roof. Balcony attached to west wall has more effect than north wall balcony. Adding balcony to north wall could reduce 10% of chiller electricity. Bungalow house without balcony will consume 31% more cooling energy. So, existence of balcony in front of both external walls will help energy efficiency of building. A well designed house does not need to rely on mechanical means to improve the thermal comfort. Alternately, a well designed house should have a great energy efficiency without the need to constrain the design of the house and to disrupt the comfort level of the users.

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6.0 Reference

Arch Media Group LLC 2013, R-values of Insulation and Other Building Materials, viewed 28 September 2013, http://archtoolbox.com/materials-systems/thermal-moisture-protection/24-rvalues.html

HSE n.d., The six basic factors, viewed 21 September 2013, http://www.hse.gov.uk/temperature/thermal/factors.htm

Izdihar, A 2013, UBBL 2012 Amendments on EE Bylaw 38A and MS1525:2014 on 9 April 2013, http://www.eria.org/events/6.%20UBBL%202012%20Amendments%20on%20EE%20and%20MS1525%20-%20Ir%20Ahmad%20Izdihar.pdf

Reference Table for "U" Values, http://www.combustionresearch.com/Infra-Spec/infra-spec/uvalue.html

RIBA n.d., Natural ventilation: cross ventilation, viewed 26 September 2013, http://www.architecture.com/SustainabilityHub/Designstrategies/Air/1-2-1-3-naturalventilation-crossventilation.aspx

Sabouri, S &Fauzi, Mohd 2011, ‘Cooling energy and passive energy saving strategies for master bedroom of a tropical bungalow house’, Journal of Surveying, Construction & Property Vol. 2Issue 1, viewed 24 September 2013, http://umrefjournal.um.edu.my/filebank/published_article/2870/JSCP-11-02_saber.pdf

The Engineering Toolbox n.d , Specific Heat of some common Substances, viewed27 September 2013, http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/specific-heat-capacity-d_391.html

The Engineering Toolbox n.d., Thermal Conductivity of some common Materials and Gases, viewed 27 September2013, http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/thermal-conductivity-d_429.html

'Thermal performance of buildings' n.d., Chapter 4, viewed 23 September 2013, http://mnre.gov.in/solar-energy/ch4.pdf

Wikipedia 2013, Data logger, viewed 1 October 2013, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_logger

Wikipedia 2013, List of thermal conductivities, viewed 29 October 2013, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_thermal_conductivitie

Arch Media Group LLC 2013, R-values of Insulation and Other Building Materials, viewed 28 September 2013, http://archtoolbox.com/materials-systems/thermal-moisture-protection/24-rvalues.html

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Grondzik, W, Kwok, A, Stein, B & Reynolds, J, 2010, Mechanical and electrical equipment for building, Wiley.

HSE n.d., The six basic factors, viewed 21 September 2013, http://www.hse.gov.uk/temperature/thermal/factors.htm

Izdihar, A 2013, UBBL 2012 Amendments on EE Bylaw 38A and MS1525:2014 on 9 April 2013, http://www.eria.org/events/6.%20UBBL%202012%20Amendments%20on%20EE%20and%20MS1525%20-%20Ir%20Ahmad%20Izdihar.pdf

Reference Table for "U" Values, http://www.combustionresearch.com/Infra-Spec/infra-spec/uvalue.html

RIBA n.d., Natural ventilation: cross ventilation, viewed 26 September 2013, http://www.architecture.com/SustainabilityHub/Designstrategies/Air/1-2-1-3-naturalventilation-crossventilation.aspx

Sabouri, S & Fauzi, Mohd 2011, ‘Cooling energy and passive energy saving strategies for master bedroom of a tropical bungalow house’, Journal of Surveying, Construction & Property Vol. 2 Issue 1, viewed 24 September 2013, http://umrefjournal.um.edu.my/filebank/published_article/2870/JSCP-11-02_saber.pdf

The Engineering Toolbox n.d , Specific Heat of some common Substances, viewed27 September 2013, http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/specific-heat-capacity-d_391.html

The Engineering Toolbox n.d., Thermal Conductivity of some common Materials and Gases, viewed 27 September2013, http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/thermal-conductivity-d_429.html

'Thermal performance of buildings' n.d., Chapter 4, viewed 23 September 2013, http://mnre.gov.in/solar-energy/ch4.pdf

Wikipedia 2013, Data logger, viewed 1 October 2013, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_logger

Wikipedia 2013, List of thermal conductivities, viewed 29 October 2013, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_thermal_conductivities

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7.0 Appendix

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Table 7.1 – The data obtained from the data logger with the addition of the state of doors, windows and the computer in every hour.

Figure 7.1– The position of doors noted in table 7.1.

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Figure 7.2– Clockwise: Door 1, Door 2, Door 4, Door 3.

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Figure 7.3 - climate data for 5/9-7/9

Table 7.2 - Psychrometric Calculation

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HUMIDITY RATIO

ENTHALPY(kJ/kg)

SPECIFIC VOLUME(mᶟ/kg)

0.018 70.482 0.868 0.018 70.482 0.868 0.018 70.482 0.868 0.018 69.204 0.865 0.018 69.204 0.865 0.018 69.204 0.865 0.018 69.204 0.865 0.018 69.204 0.865 0.018 69.204 0.865 0.018 69.204 0.865 0.018 70.482 0.868 0.018 70.482 0.868 0.018 71.593 0.871 0.018 72.517 0.874 0.019 76.372 0.878 0.018 73.233 0.876 0.018 74.386 0.879 0.019 78.188 0.884 0.019 78.188 0.884 0.019 78.188 0.884 0.019 77.048 0.881 0.019 76.372 0.878 0.018 75.475 0.875 0.018 75.475 0.875 0.018 75.475 0.875 0.019 74.380 0.872 0.019 74.380 0.872 0.018 71.593 0.871 0.019 74.380 0.872 0.018 73.107 0.869 0.018 70.482 0.868 0.018 73.107 0.869 0.018 73.107 0.869